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Relevant bibliographies by topics / 3D and 4D printing

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Academic literature on the topic '3D and 4D printing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "3D and 4D printing"

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Chu, Honghui, Wenguang Yang, Lujing Sun, Shuxiang Cai, Rendi Yang, Wenfeng Liang, Haibo Yu, and Lianqing Liu. "4D Printing: A Review on Recent Progresses." Micromachines 11, no. 9 (August 22, 2020): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11090796.

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Since the late 1980s, additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has been gradually popularized. However, the microstructures fabricated using 3D printing is static. To overcome this challenge, four-dimensional (4D) printing which defined as fabricating a complex spontaneous structure that changes with time respond in an intended manner to external stimuli. 4D printing originates in 3D printing, but beyond 3D printing. Although 4D printing is mainly based on 3D printing and become an branch of additive manufacturing, the fabricated objects are no longer static and can be transformed into complex structures by changing the size, shape, property and functionality under external stimuli, which makes 3D printing alive. Herein, recent major progresses in 4D printing are reviewed, including AM technologies for 4D printing, stimulation method, materials and applications. In addition, the current challenges and future prospects of 4D printing were highlighted.

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Carrell, John, Garrett Gruss, and Elizabeth Gomez. "Four-dimensional printing using fused-deposition modeling: a review." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 5 (January 2, 2020): 855–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2018-0305.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide a review of four-dimensional (4D) printing using fused-deposition modeling (FDM). 4D printing is an emerging innovation in (three-dimensional) 3D printing that encompasses active materials in the printing process to create not only a 3D object but also a 3D object that can perform an active function. FDM is the most accessible form of 3D printing. By providing a review of 4D printing with FDM, this paper has the potential in educating the many FDM 3D printers in an additional capability with 4D printing. Design/methodology/approach This is a review paper. The approach was to search for and review peer-reviewed papers and works concerning 4D printing using FDM. With this discussion of the shape memory effect, shape memory polymers and FDM were also made. Findings 4D printing has become a burgeoning area in addivitive manufacturing research with many papers being produced within the past 3-5 years. This is especially true for 4D printing using FDM. The key findings from this review show the materials and material composites used for 4D printing with FDM and the limitations with 4D printing with FDM. Research limitations/implications Limitations to this paper are with the availability of papers for review. 4D printing is an emerging area of additive manufacturing research. While FDM is a predominant method of 3D printing, it is not a predominant method for 4D printing. This is because of the limitations of FDM, which can only print with thermoplastics. With the popularity of FDM and the emergence of 4D printing, however, this review paper will provide key resources for reference for users that may be interested in 4D printing and have access to a FDM printer. Practical implications Practically, FDM is the most popular method for 3D printing. Review of 4D printing using FDM will provide a necessary resource for FDM 3D printing users and researchers with a potential avenue for design, printing, training and actuation of active parts and mechanisms. Social implications Continuing with the popularity of FDM among 3D printing methods, a review paper like this can provide an initial and simple step into 4D printing for researchers. From continued research, the potential to engage general audiences becomes more likely, especially a general audience that has FDM printers. An increase in 4D printing could potentially lead to more designs and applications of 4D printed devices in impactful fields, such as biomedical, aerospace and sustainable engineering. Overall, the change and inclusion of technology from 4D printing could have a potential social impact that encourages the design and manufacture of such devices and the treatment of said devices to the public. Originality/value There are other 4D printing review papers available, but this paper is the only one that focuses specifically on FDM. Other review papers provide brief commentary on the different processes of 4D printing including FDM. With the specialization of 4D printing using FDM, a more in-depth commentary results in this paper. This will provide many FDM 3D printing users with additional knowledge that can spur more creative research in 4D printing. Further, this paper can provide the impetus for the practical use of 4D printing in more general and educational settings.

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Aldawood, Faisal Khaled. "A Comprehensive Review of 4D Printing: State of the Arts, Opportunities, and Challenges." Actuators 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2023): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act12030101.

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Over the past decade, 3D printing technology has been leading the manufacturing revolution. A recent development in the field of 3D printing has added time as a fourth dimension to obtain 4D printing parts. A fabricated design created by 3D printing is static, whereas a design created by 4D printing is capable of altering its shape in response to environmental factors. The phrase “4D printing” was introduced by Tibbits in 2013, and 4D printing has since grown in popularity. Different smart materials, stimulus, and manufacturing methods have been published in the literature to promote this new technology. This review paper provides a description of 4D printing technology along with its features, benefits, limitations, and drawbacks. This paper also reviews a variety of 4D printing applications in fields such as electronics, renewable energy, aerospace, food, healthcare, and fashion wear. The review discusses gaps in the research, the current challenges in 4D printing, and the future of 4D printing.

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Jeong, Hoon Yeub, Eunsongyi Lee, Soo-Chan An, Yeonsoo Lim, and Young Chul Jun. "3D and 4D printing for optics and metaphotonics." Nanophotonics 9, no. 5 (February 4, 2020): 1139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0483.

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AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) printing is a new paradigm in customized manufacturing and allows the fabrication of complex optical components and metaphotonic structures that are difficult to realize via traditional methods. Conventional lithography techniques are usually limited to planar patterning, but 3D printing can allow the fabrication and integration of complex shapes or multiple parts along the out-of-plane direction. Additionally, 3D printing can allow printing on curved surfaces. Four-dimensional (4D) printing adds active, responsive functions to 3D-printed structures and provides new avenues for active, reconfigurable optical and microwave structures. This review introduces recent developments in 3D and 4D printing, with emphasis on topics that are interesting for the nanophotonics and metaphotonics communities. In this article, we have first discussed functional materials for 3D and 4D printing. Then, we have presented the various designs and applications of 3D and 4D printing in the optical, terahertz, and microwave domains. 3D printing can be ideal for customized, nonconventional optical components and complex metaphotonic structures. Furthermore, with various printable smart materials, 4D printing might provide a unique platform for active and reconfigurable structures. Therefore, 3D and 4D printing can introduce unprecedented opportunities in optics and metaphotonics and may have applications in freeform optics, integrated optical and optoelectronic devices, displays, optical sensors, antennas, active and tunable photonic devices, and biomedicine. Abundant new opportunities exist for exploration.

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Jeong, Hoon Yeub, Soo-Chan An, Yeonsoo Lim, Min Ji Jeong, Namhun Kim, and Young Chul Jun. "3D and 4D Printing of Multistable Structures." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 7254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207254.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a new paradigm in customized manufacturing and allows the fabrication of complex structures that are difficult to realize with other conventional methods. Four-dimensional (4D) printing adds active, responsive functions to 3D-printed components, which can respond to various environmental stimuli. This review introduces recent ideas in 3D and 4D printing of mechanical multistable structures. Three-dimensional printing of multistable structures can enable highly reconfigurable components, which can bring many new breakthroughs to 3D printing. By adopting smart materials in multistable structures, more advanced functionalities and enhanced controllability can also be obtained in 4D printing. This could be useful for various smart and programmable actuators. In this review, we first introduce three representative approaches for 3D printing of multistable structures: strained layers, compliant mechanisms, and mechanical metamaterials. Then, we discuss 4D printing of multistable structures that can help overcome the limitation of conventional 4D printing research. Lastly, we conclude with future prospects.

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Khan, Ahmar, Mir Javid Iqbal, Saima Amin, Humaira Bilal, ,. Bilquees, Aneeza Noor, Bushra Mir, and Mahak Deep Kaur. "4D Printing: The Dawn of “Smart” Drug Delivery Systems and Biomedical Applications." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 5-S (October 15, 2021): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5-s.5068.

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With the approval of first 3D printed drug “spritam” by USFDA, 3D printing is gaining acceptance in healthcare, engineering and other aspects of life. Taking 3D printing towards the next step gives birth to what is referred to as “4D printing”. The full credit behind the unveiling of 4D printing technology in front of the world goes to Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), who revealed “time” in this technology as the fourth dimension. 4D printing is a renovation of 3D printing wherein special materials (referred to as smart materials) are incorporated which change their morphology post printing in response to a stimulus. Depending upon the applicability of this technology, there may be a variety of stimuli, most common among them being pH, water, heat, wind and other forms of energy. The upper hand of 4D printing over 3D printing is that 3D printed structures are generally immobile, rigid and inanimate whereas 4D printed structures are flexible, mobile and able to interact with the surrounding environment based on the stimulus. This capability of 4D printing to transform 3D structures into smart structures in response to various stimuli promises a great potential for biomedical and bioengineering applications. The potential of 4D printing in developing pre-programmed biomaterials that can undergo transformations lays new foundations for enabling smart pharmacology, personalized medicine, and smart drug delivery, all of which can help in combating diseases in a smarter way. Hence, the theme of this paper is about the potential of 4D printing in creating smart drug delivery, smart pharmacology, targeted drug delivery and better patient compliance. The paper highlights the recent advancements of 4D printing in healthcare sector and ways by which 4D printing is doing wonders in creating smart drug delivery and tailored medicine. The major constraints in the approach have also been highlighted. Keywords: 4D printing, smart, drug delivery system, patient compliance, biomaterials, tailored medicine

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Kausar, Ayesha, Ishaq Ahmad, Tingkai Zhao, O. Aldaghri, and M. H. Eisa. "Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites via 3D and 4D Printing—Design and Technical Potential." Processes 11, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030868.

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Graphene is an important nanocarbon nanofiller for polymeric matrices. The polymer–graphene nanocomposites, obtained through facile fabrication methods, possess significant electrical–thermal–mechanical and physical properties for technical purposes. To overcome challenges of polymer–graphene nanocomposite processing and high performance, advanced fabrication strategies have been applied to design the next-generation materials–devices. This revolutionary review basically offers a fundamental sketch of graphene, polymer–graphene nanocomposite and three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) printing techniques. The main focus of the article is to portray the impact of 3D and 4D printing techniques in the field of polymer–graphene nanocomposites. Polymeric matrices, such as polyamide, polycaprolactone, polyethylene, poly(lactic acid), etc. with graphene, have been processed using 3D or 4D printing technologies. The 3D and 4D printing employ various cutting-edge processes and offer engineering opportunities to meet the manufacturing demands of the nanomaterials. The 3D printing methods used for graphene nanocomposites include direct ink writing, selective laser sintering, stereolithography, fused deposition modeling and other approaches. Thermally stable poly(lactic acid)–graphene oxide nanocomposites have been processed using a direct ink printing technique. The 3D-printed poly(methyl methacrylate)–graphene have been printed using stereolithography and additive manufacturing techniques. The printed poly(methyl methacrylate)–graphene nanocomposites revealed enhanced morphological, mechanical and biological properties. The polyethylene–graphene nanocomposites processed by fused diffusion modeling have superior thermal conductivity, strength, modulus and radiation- shielding features. The poly(lactic acid)–graphene nanocomposites have been processed using a number of 3D printing approaches, including fused deposition modeling, stereolithography, etc., resulting in unique honeycomb morphology, high surface temperature, surface resistivity, glass transition temperature and linear thermal coefficient. The 4D printing has been applied on acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, poly(lactic acid) and thermosetting matrices with graphene nanofiller. Stereolithography-based 4D-printed polymer–graphene nanomaterials have revealed complex shape-changing nanostructures having high resolution. These materials have high temperature stability and high performance for technical applications. Consequently, the 3D- or 4D-printed polymer–graphene nanocomposites revealed technical applications in high temperature relevance, photovoltaics, sensing, energy storage and other technical fields. In short, this paper has reviewed the background of 3D and 4D printing, graphene-based nanocomposite fabrication using 3D–4D printing, development in printing technologies and applications of 3D–4D printing.

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Ibanga, Isaac John, Onibode Bamidele, Cyril B. Romero, Al-Rashiff Hamjilani Mastul, Yamta Solomon, and Cristina Beltran Jayme. "Revolutionizing Healthcare with 3D/ 4D Printing and Smart Materials." Engineering Science Letter 2, no. 01 (March 6, 2023): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56741/esl.v2i01.291.

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3D printing technology has revolutionized the way products are manufactured, and it has opened up new possibilities in the field of smart materials. Smart materials are materials that can change their properties in response to external stimuli, such as temperature, pressure, or light. By combining 3D printing technology with smart materials, highly customizable and responsive products are created. The addition of the time dimension to 3D printing has introduced 4D printing technology, which has gained considerable attention in different fields such as medical, art, and engineering. To bridge the gap in knowledge of 4D, this paper assessed the revolution in healthcare with 3D/4D printing and smart materials. Data was generated as part of a broader empirical study which sought to explore healthcare personnel and electrical engineers’ perception on the practices around the use of 3D/4D printing technology and smart materials. The main method used was structured interviews. 12 participant were purposively selected and interviewed including healthcare personnel and electrical engineers form Philippines and Nigeria. The findings reveal an array of activities undertaken using both 3D and 4D. Furthermore, the study revealed that 4D printing is a new generation of 3D printing. Another aspect of the 3D usage is the integration of electrical stimulation and smart implant as a new area of study in healthcare. 3D could also be used to monitoring the smart implant performance. The study also evaluate the possibility of using Internet of things (IoT) in the smart implant as some device embeds smart materials. Smart implant commonly used includes orthopedic applications, such as knee and hip replacement, spine fusion, and fracture fixation. The smart materials used in this technology are important because 3D printing allows printed structures to be dynamic. The paper highpoints is that 4D printing has great potential for the future.

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Shie, Ming-You, Yu-Fang Shen, Suryani Dyah Astuti, Alvin Kai-Xing Lee, Shu-Hsien Lin, Ni Luh Bella Dwijaksara, and Yi-Wen Chen. "Review of Polymeric Materials in 4D Printing Biomedical Applications." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2019): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111864.

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The purpose of 4D printing is to embed a product design into a deformable smart material using a traditional 3D printer. The 3D printed object can be assembled or transformed into intended designs by applying certain conditions or forms of stimulation such as temperature, pressure, humidity, pH, wind, or light. Simply put, 4D printing is a continuum of 3D printing technology that is now able to print objects which change over time. In previous studies, many smart materials were shown to have 4D printing characteristics. In this paper, we specifically review the current application, respective activation methods, characteristics, and future prospects of various polymeric materials in 4D printing, which are expected to contribute to the development of 4D printing polymeric materials and technology.

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Mondal, Kunal, and Prabhat Kumar Tripathy. "Preparation of Smart Materials by Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A Review." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 6442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216442.

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Over the last few decades, advanced manufacturing and additive printing technologies have made incredible inroads into the fields of engineering, transportation, and healthcare. Among additive manufacturing technologies, 3D printing is gradually emerging as a powerful technique owing to a combination of attractive features, such as fast prototyping, fabrication of complex designs/structures, minimization of waste generation, and easy mass customization. Of late, 4D printing has also been initiated, which is the sophisticated version of the 3D printing. It has an extra advantageous feature: retaining shape memory and being able to provide instructions to the printed parts on how to move or adapt under some environmental conditions, such as, water, wind, light, temperature, or other environmental stimuli. This advanced printing utilizes the response of smart manufactured materials, which offer the capability of changing shapes postproduction over application of any forms of energy. The potential application of 4D printing in the biomedical field is huge. Here, the technology could be applied to tissue engineering, medicine, and configuration of smart biomedical devices. Various characteristics of next generation additive printings, namely 3D and 4D printings, and their use in enhancing the manufacturing domain, their development, and some of the applications have been discussed. Special materials with piezoelectric properties and shape-changing characteristics have also been discussed in comparison with conventional material options for additive printing.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "3D and 4D printing"

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Peng, Bangan. "FUNCTIONAL 4D PRINTING BY 3D PRINTING SHAPE MEMORYPOLYMERS VIA MOLECULAR, MORPHOLOGICAL AND GEOMETRICALDESIGNS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1605873309517501.

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Shun, Li. "Studies on 4D printing Thermo-responsive PNIPAM-based materials." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron161969592363207.

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Chabaud, Guillaume. "3D and 4D printing of high performance continuous synthetic and natural fibre composites for structural and morphing applications." Thesis, Lorient, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORIS563.

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L’impression 3D et plus spécifiquement la technique de Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) de matériaux composites à renforts continus est un domaine d’étude en plein essor visant à pallier les faibles performances mécaniques rencontrées par les composites élaborés en impression 3D et ainsi ouvrir les champs d’applications (aéronautique, course au large…). Autre tendance, l’impression 4D qui permet de développer des matériaux stimulables (capteurs et/ou actionneurs) et d’envisager des structures architecturées complexes se déformant sous l’action de divers stimuli (humidité, électricité, température, pression…). Le travail de thèse s’inscrit dans ce contexte pluriel et vise à développer de nouveaux matériaux multifonctionnels par impression 3D et 4D. Dans un premier temps, le travail de thèse a pour objectif scientifique de comprendre les relations entre le procédé, la microstructure induite, les performances mécaniques et hygro-mécaniques en vue d’applications structurelles (aéronautique, course au large …) sur des matériaux composites renforcés de fibres synthétiques (carbone et verre) et naturelles (lin). La deuxième partie des travaux de thèse vise à développer des matériaux composites hygromorphes renforcés de fibres continues (synthétiques et naturelles) par impression 4D avec une architecture en bilame bio-inspirée de la pomme de pin. Le caractère conducteur des fibres de carbone est utilisé pour développer de nouveaux actionneurs electro- thermo-hygromorphes présentant un actionnement contrôlé et accéléré par rapport aux hygromorphes classiques. Enfin, la liberté de design offerte par l’impression 3D a été utilisée pour contrôler localement la rigidité et l’actionnement d’actionneurs composites renforcés de fibres de lin continues
3D printing and especially Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology for composite materials reinforced by continuous fibers is an emerging research field which aims to enhance the mechanical performance of 3D printing structures and to widen the field of application (aerospace, sailing…). Another trend, 3D printing allows to develop stimulable materials (sensor and/or actuators) and to consider parts with complex architecture that can be deployed under various stimulation (electricity temperature, pressure…). The present work is therefore part of this context and aims to develop new multi-functional materials elaborated by 4D printing. First, the scientific objective of this work is to better understand the relationship between the process, the induced microstructure, mechanical and the hygromechanical performances in order to target structural applications (aeronautic, sailing) for composite materials reinforced with synthetic fibers (carbon and glass) and natural fibers (flax). The second part of this work aimed to develop hygromorphic composites reinforced with continuous fibers (synthetic and natural) by 4D printing with a bioinspired bilayer architecture inspired by the pinecone scale. The conductive behavior of carbon fiber was used to create new electro-thermo-hygromorph actuators with controlled and accelerated actuation compared to conventional hygromorphs. Finally, the design freedom provided by 4D printing made it possible to control the local stiffness and actuation of composite actuators reinforced with continuous flax fiber

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Wu, Siqi. "Structural and Molecular Design, Characterization and Deformation of 3D Printed Mechanical Metamaterials." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1605880414342785.

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Lara, Garcia Alejandra. "Optimisation de l'adhésion interfaciale dans l'impression 3D multi-polymère pour améliorer les propriétés mécaniques des structures spatialement amorties." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0340.

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Au cours de cette thèse, des solutions innovantes ont été étudiées afin d'améliorer l'adhésion interfaciale entre du PLA et un TPC lors du procédé d'impression par dépôt de fil fondu. Deux solutions ont été proposées : (i) l'utilisation d'additifs promoteurs d'adhésion et (ii) la synthèse de copolymères incorporant des blocs PLA comme éléments constitutifs. Dans le premier cas, différents additifs issus de la biomasse ont été incorporés individuellement dans la formulation du PTC. Des conditions de fabrication des filaments ont été optimisées pour obtenir des filaments sans défaut et de diamètre constant. L'évaluation de l'adhésion a été faite en utilisant une version modifiée du test T Peel de pelage. L'amidon 2-hydroxyéthyle a présenté la plus forte amélioration de l'adhésion avec de faibles variabilités des résultats. Elle prouve que les additifs peuvent être utilisés comme promoteurs d'adhésion dans des systèmes où l'adhésion est faible, par exemple entre des polymères incompatibles comme un PLA et un TPC. De plus, cette formulation n'a pas modifié le comportement d'amortissement et de filtrage des vibrations du TPC. Par conséquent, il a été possible d'imprimer à l'aide d'un FFF multi-polymère un prototype d'équipement de protection combinant un PLA et le TPC formulé, comme une genouillère. En parallèle, la deuxième solution testée consiste à synthétiser par extrusion réactive de nouveaux copolymères multiblocs via des réactions de transestérification entre le PLA et le PBT. Différentes expériences ont été réalisées pour optimiser les conditions de la réaction de transestérification. Bien que les résultats obtenus par FTIR, RMN 1H, DSC et DMA confirme la formation du copolymère en petites quantités, le matériau présentait une faible imprimabilité et une délamination des couches. Par conséquent, l'évaluation de l'adhésion n'a pas été réalisée avec ce matériau
Solutions for improving multi-polymer FFF interlayer adhesion between PLA and a TPC were studied. Two solutions were proposed: (i) the use of adhesion promoter additives and (ii) the synthesis of copolymers incorporating PLA as building blocks. In the first one, different biosourced additives were individually incorporated into the formulation of the TPC. Filament fabrication conditions were optimized to achieve filaments with no defects and a constant diameter. Evaluation of adhesion was done using a modified version of the T-peel test. Only 2-hydroxyethyl starch presented the highest adhesion enhancement with low variabilities. Findings demonstrate the strategic potential of using modified biosourced additives to boost interfacial adhesion between two incompatible polymers. Furthermore, this formulation did not change the vibration-damping and filtering behavior of the TPC. Therefore, it was possible to print a prototype of protective equipment combining a PLA and the formulated TPC, such as a knee pad, using a multi-polymer FFF. The second solution refers to the synthesis through transesterification reactions of PLA and PBT new multiblock copolymers with a reactive extrusion process. Different experiments were done to optimize the transesterification's conditions. Although FTIR, 1H NMR, DSC and DMA results evidence the presence of the copolymer in small amounts, material had low printability presenting layer delamination. Therefore, the evaluation of adhesion was not achieved with this material

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Sossou, Comlan. "Une approche globale de la conception pour l'impression 4D." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCA001/document.

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Inventée en 1983, comme procédé de prototypage rapide, la fabrication additive (FA) est aujourd’hui considérée comme un procédé de fabrication quasiment au même titre que les procédés conventionnels. On trouve par exemple des pièces obtenues par FA dans des structures d’aéronef. Cette évolution de la FA est due principalement à la liberté de forme permise par le procédé. Le développement de diverses techniques sur le principe de fabrication couche par couche et l’amélioration en quantité et en qualité de la palette de matériaux pouvant ainsi être mis en forme, ont été les moteurs de cette évolution. De nombreuses autres techniques et matériaux de FA continuent de voir le jour. Dans le sillage de la FA (communément appelée impression 3D) a émergé un autre mode de fabrication : l’impression 4D (I4D). L’I4D consiste à explorer l’interaction matériaux intelligents (MIs) – FA. Les MIs sont des matériaux dont l’état change en fonction d’un stimulus ; c’est le cas par exemple des matériaux thermochromiques dont la couleur change en réponse à la chaleur ou des hydrogels qui peuvent se contracter en fonction du pH d’un milieu aqueux ou de la lumière. Les objets ainsi obtenus ont – en plus d’une forme initiale (3D) – la capacité de changer d’état (en fonction des stimuli auxquels sont sensibles les MIs dont ils sont faits) d’où la 4e dimension (temps). L’I4D fait – à juste titre – l’objet d’intenses recherches concernant l’aspect fabrication (exploration de nouveaux procédés et matériaux, caractérisation, etc.). Cependant très peu de travaux sont entrepris pour accompagner les concepteurs (qui, a priori, ne sont ni experts FA ni des experts de MIs) à l’utiliser dans leurs concepts. Cette nouvelle interaction procédé-matériau requiert en effet des modèles, des méthodologies et outils de conception adaptés. Cette thèse sur la conception pour l’impression 4D a pour but de combler ce vide méthodologique. Une méthodologie de conception pour la FA a été proposée. Cette méthodologie intègre les libertés (forme, matériaux, etc.) et les contraintes (support, résolution, etc.) spécifiques à la FA et permet aussi bien la conception de pièces que celle d’assemblages. En particulier, la liberté de forme a été prise en compte en permettant la génération d’une géométrie minimaliste basée sur les flux fonctionnels (matière, énergie, signal) de la pièce. Par ailleurs, les contributions de cette thèse ont porté sur la conception avec les matériaux intelligents. Parce que les MIs jouent plus un rôle fonctionnel que structurel, les préoccupations portant sur ces matériaux doivent être menées en amont du processus de conception. En outre, contrairement aux matériaux conventionnels (pour lesquels quelques valeurs de paramètres peuvent suffire comme information au concepteur), les MIs requièrent d’être décrits plus en détails (stimulus, réponse, fonctions, etc.). Pour ces raisons un système d’informations orientées conception sur les MIs a été mis au point. Ce système permet, entre autre, d’informer les concepteurs sur les capacités des MIs et aussi de déterminer des MIs candidats pour un concept. Le système a été matérialisé par une application web. Enfin un cadre de modélisation permettant de modéliser et de simuler rapidement un objet fait de MIs a été proposé. Ce cadre est basé sur la modélisation par voxel (pixel volumique). En plus de la simulation des MIs, le cadre théorique proposé permet également le calcul d’une distribution fonctionnelle de MIs et matériau conventionnel ; distribution qui, compte tenu d’un stimulus, permet de déformer une forme initiale vers une forme finale désirée. Un outil – basé sur Grasshopper, un plug-in du logiciel de CAO Rhinoceros® – matérialisant ce cadre méthodologique a également été développé
Invented in 1983, as a rapid prototyping process, additive manufacturing (AM) is nowadays considered as a manufacturing process almost in the same way as conventional processes. For example, parts obtained by AM are found in aircraft structures. This AM evolution is mainly due to the shape complexity allowed by the process. The driving forces behind this evolution include: the development of various techniques on the layer-wise manufacturing principle and the improvement both in quantity and quality of the range of materials that can be processed. Many other AM techniques and materials continue to emerge. In the wake of the AM (usually referred to as 3D printing) another mode of manufacturing did emerge: 4D printing (4DP). 4DP consists of exploring the smart materials (SM) – AM interaction. SMs are materials whose state changes according to a stimulus; this is the case, for example, with thermochromic materials whose color changes in response to heat or hydrogels which can shrink as a function of an aqueous medium’s pH or of light. The objects thus obtained have – in addition to an initial form (3D) – the capacity to shift state (according to the stimuli to which the SMs of which they are made are sensitive) hence the 4th dimension (time). 4DP is – rightly – the subject of intense research concerning the manufacturing aspect (exploration of new processes and materials, characterization, etc.). However, very little work is done to support the designers (who, in principle, are neither AM experts nor experts of SMs) to use it in their concepts. This new process-material interaction requires adapted models, methodologies and design tools. This PhD on design for 4D printing aims at filling this methodological gap. A design methodology for AM (DFAM) has been proposed. This methodology integrates the freedoms (shape, materials, etc.) and the constraints (support, resolution, etc.) peculiar to the AM and allows both the design of parts and assemblies. Particularly, freedom of form has been taken into account by allowing the generation of a minimalist geometry based on the functional flows (material, energy, and signal) of the part. In addition, the contributions of this PhD focused on designing with smart materials (DwSM). Because SMs play a functional rather than a structural role, concerns about these materials need to be addressed in advance of the design process (typically in conceptual design phase). In addition, unlike conventional materials (for which a few parameter values may suffice as information to the designer), SMs need to be described in more detail (stimulus, response, functions, etc.). For these reasons a design-oriented information system on SMs has been developed. This system makes it possible, among other things, to inform designers about the capabilities of SMs and also to determine SMs candidates for a concept. The system has been materialized by a web application. Finally, a modeling framework allowing quickly modeling and simulating an object made of SMs has been proposed. This framework is based on voxel modeling (volumetric pixel). In addition to the simulation of SMs behaviors, the proposed theoretical framework also allows the computation of a functional distribution of SMs and conventional material; distribution which, given a stimulus, makes it possible to deform an initial form towards a desired final form. A tool – based on Grasshopper, a plug-in of the CAD software Rhinoceros® – materializing this methodological framework has also been developed

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Noirbent, Guillaume. "Nouveaux systèmes d'amorçage radicalaire : la catalyse photoredox comme nouvelle stratégie pour la synthèse de polymère." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0359.

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Ces dernières années, la photopolymérisation a fait l'objet d'intenses efforts de recherche en raison de la croissance constante des applications industrielles. C’est un processus rapide pouvant être réalisée à température ambiante, sans solvant et permettant d'obtenir un contrôle spatial et temporel de la polymérisation. Ces dernières années, l'utilisation de conditions d'irradiation douce qui constitue une alternative aux procédés de photopolymérisation UV à l'origine de nombreux soucis de sécurité est activement recherchée. Par conséquent, le développement de nouveaux systèmes photoamorceurs absorbant fortement dans la région visible ou du proche infra-rouge sont activement recherchés par les communautés académiques et industrielles. Néanmoins, même si certains résultats sont prometteurs, les systèmes reportés sont souvent caractérisés par des réactivités modérées et rivalisent difficilement avec les systèmes UV actuels. Dans ce contexte, nous avons synthétisé une large librairie de molécules photosensibles capables d’absorber la lumière dans le domaine du visible ou du proche infrarouge et capables d’amorcer une réaction de polymérisation avec un système photoamorceur basée sur la catalyse photoredox. Dans ce manuscrit, nous présentons aussi bien la synthèse et les capacités de polymérisation de différentes familles de colorants. Leurs propriétés photochimiques ont également été étudiées par spectrométrie UV-visible, luminescence, photolyse, surveillance de la température et expériences de résonance paramagnétique électronique. Des applications telles que l'impression 3D et les expériences d'écriture laser sont également présentées
In recent years, photopolymerization has been the subject of intense research efforts due to the constant growth of industrial applications. It is a quick process that can be performed at room temperature, solvent-free conditions and enables to get a spatial and a temporal control of the polymerization process. In recent years, the use of irradiation conditions that constitutes an alternative to the UV photopolymerization processes at the origin of numerous safety concerns are actively researched. Therefore, the development of new photoinitiating systems which absorb strongly in the visible or near infrared region are actively researched by both the academic and industrial communities. Nevertheless, even if some results are promising, the reported systems are often characterized by moderate reactivities and hardly compete with current UV systems. In this context, we have synthesized a large library of photosensitive molecules capable of absorbing light in the visible or near infrared range and capable of initiating a polymerization reaction with a photoinitiating system based on photoredox catalysis. In this manuscript, we present both the synthesis and the polymerization abilities of different families of dyes. Their photochemical properties were also studied by UV-Visible spectrometry, luminescence, photolysis, temperature monitoring and electronic paramagnetic resonance experiments. Applications such as 3D printing and laser write experiments are also presented

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Gladman, Amelia Sydney. "Biomimetic 4D Printing." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493522.

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Advances in the design of adaptive matter capable of programmable, environmentally-responsive changes in shape would enable myriad applications including smart textiles, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and smart machines. 4D printing is an emerging approach in which 3D objects are produced whose shape changes over time. Initial demonstrations have relied on commercial 3D printers and proprietary materials, which limits both the tunability and mechanisms that can be incorporated into the printed architectures. My Ph.D. thesis focuses on a new 4D printing method, which is inspired by the movements or natural plants. Specifically, we encode swelling and elastic anisotropy in printed hydrogel composites through the alignment of stiff cellulose fibrils on-the-fly during printing. Filler alignment parallel to the print path leads to enhanced stiffness in that direction; hence, upon immersion in water, the printed filaments expand preferentially in the direction orthogonal to the printing path. When structures are patterned with broken-symmetry, i.e., as bilayers, their anisotropic swelling leads to programmable out-of-plane deformation, determined by the orientation of printed filaments. We have demonstrated complex changes in curvature including bending, twisting, ruffling, conical defects, and more, all using a single hydrogel-based ink printed in a single step. We have demonstrated the ability to precisely control curvature by varying the actual and the effective thickness, the latter of which is governed by the interfilament spacing within the printed architectures. With collaborators, a model has been developed for solving both the forward and inverse design problems, based on an adaptation of the classic Timoshenko bending theory, allowing us to create nearly arbitrary structures. Our filled hydrogel ink is modular, allowing a broad range of hydrogel chemistries and anisotropic filler compositions to be explored. For example, both reversible and non-reversible hydrogels were explored; namely poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAm) and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAm), respectively. Additionally, light-absorbing carbon microfibers were incorporated to demonstrate reversible, multi-stimuli responsive 4D printing. In this case, reversible shape changes were encoded via 4D printing and then triggered either by heating PNIPAm or illuminating the printed architectures with a near IR laser. In summary, this biomimetic 4D printing platform enables the design and fabrication of complex, reversible shape changing architectures printed with one composite hydrogel ink in a single step. These biocompatible shape-shifting architectures with interesting mechanical and photothermal properties may find applications in smart textiles, tissue microgrippers or scaffolds, or as actuators and sensors in soft machines.
Engineering and Applied Sciences - Engineering Sciences

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Tsai, Elizabeth Yinling. "4D printing : towards biomimetic additive manufacturing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91821.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, September 2013.
"September 2013." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-76).
Inherent across all scales in Nature's material systems are multiple design dimensions, the existences of which are products of both evolution and environment. In human manufacturing where design must be preconceived and deliberate, static artifacts with no variation of function across directions, distances or time fail to capture many of these dimensions. Inspired by Nature's ability to generate complex structures and responses to external constraints through adaptation, "4D printing" addresses additive fabrication of artifacts with one or more additional design dimension, such as material variation over distance or direction and response or adaptation over time. This work presents and evaluates a series of enabling explorations into the material, time and information dimensions of additive manufacturing: a variable elasticity rapid prototyping platform and an approach towards Digital Anisotropy, a variable impedance prosthetic socket (VTS) as a case study of interfaces between nature and manufacture, CNSilk as an example of on-demand material generation in freeform tensile fabrication, and Material DNA as an exploration into embedded spatio-temporal content variation.
by Elizabeth Yinling Tsai.
S.M.

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Panchenko, O. O., and E. O. Gumennyy. "3D printing." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35039.

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3D printing or Additive manufacturing is a process of making a three-dimensional solid object of virtually any shape from a digital model. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35039

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Books on the topic "3D and 4D printing"

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Maniruzzaman, Mohammed, ed. 3D and 4D Printing in Biomedical Applications. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527813704.

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André, Jean-Claude. From Additive Manufacturing to 3D/4D Printing 2. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119428299.

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André, Jean-Claude. From Additive Manufacturing to 3D/4D Printing 1. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119428510.

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André, Jean-Claude. From Additive Manufacturing to 3D/4D Printing 3. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119451501.

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Marasso, Simone Luigi, and Matteo Cocuzza, eds. High Resolution Manufacturing from 2D to 3D/4D Printing. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13779-2.

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Lamprou, Dimitrios, ed. 3D & 4D Printing Methods for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Personalised Drug Delivery. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34119-9.

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Singh, Rupinder. 4D Imaging to 4D Printing. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003205531.

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1981-, Williams Josh, ed. 3D printing. Ann Arbor, Mich: Cherry Lake Pub., 2014.

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van den Berg, Bibi, Simone van der Hof, and Eleni Kosta, eds. 3D Printing. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-096-1.

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Kerr, Tyler. 3D Printing. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19350-7.

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Book chapters on the topic "3D and 4D printing"

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Dering, Lorena Maria, Beatriz Luci Fernandes, Matheus Kahakura Franco Pedro, André Giacomelli Leal, and Mauren Abreu de Souza. "3D and 4D Printing for Biomedical Applications." In 3D Printing, 325–38. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003296676-21.

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Busulwa, Richard. "3D and 4D Printing Primer." In Navigating Digital Transformation in Management, 421–31. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003254614-31.

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Bertana, Valentina, and Monica Periolatto. "Volumetric 3D Printing." In High Resolution Manufacturing from 2D to 3D/4D Printing, 131–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13779-2_6.

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Firth, Jack, Simon Gaisford, and Abdul W. Basit. "A New Dimension: 4D Printing Opportunities in Pharmaceutics." In 3D Printing of Pharmaceuticals, 153–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90755-0_8.

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Akbari, Saeed, Yuan-Fang Zhang, Dong Wang, and Qi Ge. "4D Printing and Its Biomedical Applications." In 3D and 4D Printing in Biomedical Applications, 343–72. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527813704.ch14.

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Ong, Chin Siang, Pooja Yesantharao, and Narutoshi Hibino. "3D and 4D Scaffold-Free Bioprinting." In 3D and 4D Printing in Biomedical Applications, 317–42. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527813704.ch13.

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Zolfagharian, Ali, Mir Irfan Ul Haq, Marwan Nafea, and Mahdi Bodaghi. "4D Printing of Smart Magnetic-Based Robotic Materials." In 3D Printing and Sustainable Product Development, 213–26. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003306238-12.

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Busulwa, Richard, and Nina Evans. "Robotics, drones, and 3D / 4D printing technologies." In Digital Transformation in Accounting, 232–50. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Business & digital transformation: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429344589-22.

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Choi, Andy H., and Besim Ben-Nissan. "3D, 4D Printing, and Bioprinting of Hydrogels." In Hydrogel for Biomedical Applications, 29–59. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1730-9_2.

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Awad, Atheer, and Abdul W. Basit. "3D and 4D Printing in Digital Healthcare." In AAPS Introductions in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34119-9_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "3D and 4D printing"

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Tao, Ye, Shuhong Wang, Junzhe Ji, Linlin Cai, Hongmei Xia, Zhiqi Wang, Jinghai He, et al. "4Doodle: 4D Printing Artifacts Without 3D Printers." In CHI '23: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581321.

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Chapuis, Joël N., Andrin M. Widmer, and Kristina Shea. "Direct 4D Printing of a Deployable Polymer Wave Spring." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-88327.

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Abstract 4D printing is now commonly defined as a targeted evolution of a 3D printed structure to change its shape, properties, and functionality over time. In direct 4D printing this targeted evolution is embedded in the structure during the 3D printing process. A heat stimulus can be used to trigger a transition between two states of a printed shape memory polymer. 3D and 4D printing have greatly expanded the design space of a variety of engineering parts. However, 3D printed parts often show anisotropic behavior due to layering, especially when using fused filament fabrication. Here, it is shown how direct 4D printing on a fused filament fabrication system can be used to create deployable polymer wave springs. By introducing a pattern of multimaterial bilayer actuators into the wave spring, it can be printed flat and deployed to a designed spring shape through a thermal stimulus. This method eliminates the typical layering issues found in 3D printed springs due to printing at angles. Additionally, it reduces the print time and support material consumption. These findings show the great potential of direct 4D printing on 3D printers using fused filament fabrication to create functional, 4D printed components with complex geometry, such as polymer springs.

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Hu, G. F., A. R. Damanpack, M. Bodaghi, and W. H. Liao. "Shape Adaptive Structures by 4D Printing." In ASME 2017 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2017-3773.

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This paper introduces a 4D printing method to program shape memory polymers (SMPs) during fabrication process. Fused deposition modeling is employed to program SMPs during depositing the material. This approach is implemented to fabricate complicated polymeric structures by self-bending features without need of any post-programming. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate feasibility of one-dimensional (1D)-to 2D and 2D-to-3D self-bending. It is shown that 4D printed plate structures can transform into 3D curved shell structures by simply heating. A 3D macroscopic constitutive model is developed to predict thermo-mechanical behaviors of the printed SMPs. Governing equations are also established to simulate programming mechanism during printing process and shape change of self-bending structures. In this respect, a finite element formulation is developed considering von-Kármán geometric non-linearity and solved by implementing iterative Newton-Raphson scheme. The accuracy of the computational approach is checked with experimental results. It is shown that the structural-material model is capable of replicating the main features observed in the experiments.

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Rong, Zhicheng, Chang Liu, and Yingbin Hu. "4D Printing of Complex Ceramic Structures via Controlling Zirconia Contents and Patterns." In ASME 2021 16th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2021-63642.

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Abstract In recent years, more and more attentions have been attracted on integrating three-dimensional (3D) printing with fields (such as magnetic field) or innovating new methods to reap the full potential of 3D printing in manufacturing high-quality parts and processing nano-scaled composites. Among all of newly innovated methods, four-dimensional (4D) printing has been proved to be an effective way of creating dynamic components from simple structures. Common feeding materials in 4D printing include shape memory hydrogels, shape memory polymers, and shape memory alloys. However, few attempts have been made on 4D printing of ceramic materials to shape ceramics into intricate structures, owing to ceramics’ inherent brittleness nature. Facing this problem, this investigation aims at filling the gap between 4D printing and fabrication of complex ceramic structures. Inspired by swelling-and-shrinking-induced self-folding, a 4D printing method is innovated to add an additional shape change of ceramic structures by controlling ZrO2 contents and patterns. Experimental results evidenced that by deliberately controlling ZrO2 contents and patterns, 3D-printed ceramic parts would undergo bending and twisting during the sintering process. To demonstrate the capabilities of this method, more complex structures (such as a flower-like structure) were fabricated. In addition, functional parts with magnetic behaviors were 4D-printed by incorporating iron into the PDMS-ZrO2 ink.

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Lin, Yan-Ting, Yi-Hung Chiu, Yi-Xian Xu, Yu-Ting Huang, and Jia-Yang Juang. "Multi-Material 4D Printing Technology of Masks via the Inverse Design of Fully Convolutional Network Models." In ASME 2023 32nd Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2023-109752.

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Abstract Fabricating free-standing 3D surfaces using conventional 3D printing technology often requires much supporting material, which is later discarded and hence wasted. Moreover, using supporting material tends to rough the printed surfaces, and removing it can damage the printed parts. By contrast, 4D printing can create 3D surfaces without needing supporting material. By integrating active material into the 3D printing, 4D printing allows the printed structure to re-deform through external stimuli, such as heating. Because of this characteristic, 4D printing can achieve shape-morphing from the designed 2D grid into the target 3D gridshell. In this work, we utilize multi-material 4D printing technology to fabricate face-like masks. We first print a 2D grid consisting of rectangular arranged double-layered segments; each segment has four different material combinations, in which each layer is made of either shape memory polymer (SMP55) or PLA. Based on those different material combinations, 4D printing can generate corresponding deformation modes as SMP55 shrinks by heating to release the residual stress stored during 3D printing. Lastly, a highly complex human-face mask gridshell can be achieved by controlling the deformed grid’s global and local curvature through the material combination of each segment and their distribution. The inverse design from the target 3D gridshell to the initial 2D grid is challenging due to the high nonlinearity of the deformation mechanism. To solve this problem, we use a deep learning model: fully convolutional networks (FCNs) to automate the inverse design process. This study uses human-face and Noh (a traditional Japanese art) masks as examples. First, we divide the human-face mask 2D grids into several parameters to generate random 2D human-face mask grid designs, which can be converted to corresponding depth images as 60,000 datasets after simulating their heat deformation processes by finite element method (FEM). Next, the depth images are used for training the FCN model that executes image segmentation tasks for inverse design, and then we can use Noh mask depth images to verify the validity of trained FCN models. Finally, although the average similarity of human-face masks between using 4D printing and the target is 0.9, the trained FCN model does not perform well for Noh masks since human-face masks’ parameters cannot describe Noh masks adequately. In conclusion, our 4D printing technology successfully demonstrates the feasibility and potential to generate complex 3D curved structures.

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Hazem, Raphaël, Yannick Petit, Lionel Canioni, Ludovic Belhomme, Manuel Gaudon, and Serge Ravaine. "4D printing of micro-optics and photonic components using hybrid polymers and nanomaterials with minimum shrinkage." In Laser 3D Manufacturing XI, edited by Bo Gu and Hongqiang Chen. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3002702.

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Boca, Marius-Andrei, Alexandru Sover, and Launrențiu Slătineanu. "Short foray into the stages of conversion from 2.5D to volumetric printing." In 5th International Conference. Business Meets Technology. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/bmt2023.2023.16748.

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Additive manufacturing gained popularity in the 2000s and is now considered a new or emerging technology of the 21st century. However, the origin of the process is much older and has existed for several decades, more precisely since the 19th century, when it appeared in small science fiction novels. In addition to these layer-by-layer approaches, there are also additive tomographic or volumetric approaches that allow the 3D object to be printed in a single step. These approaches, along with 3D printing of smart materials, are not so popular and consequently not fully understood or utilised. Thus, the paper briefly outlines the history of the transition from classical 2.5D printing, to 3D or non-planar printing, to 4D printing (with smart materials), to 5D printing (on equipment with more than three degrees of freedom), to 6D printing (a combination of 4D and 5D printing) and finally to volumetric printing. The future perspective of this technology are briefly presented with some application and examples.

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Pivar, Matej, and Deja Muck. "Study of 4D primitives' self-transformation." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p58.

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4D printing is the process through which a 3D printed object or primitive is transformed into another structure under the influence of external energy input such as temperature, light or other extertal stimuli. The 4th dimension is the time in which the primitive changes its appearance. In most cases, the shape changes. We call this a self-assembly or self-transformation process. In the process of printing a primitive, capable of transforming themselves from one shape to another, we often encounter combinations of one or two thermoplastic materials that have different thermal and physico-mechanical properties. The printed primitive is transformed where the active element is contained. The active element is the basic building block of the self-transforming primitive. For this purpose, it is necessary to choose the appropriate combination of thermoplastic materials, to determine the length of the active element and the number of layers of which it is composed. For the printing of the active element two thermoplastic materials can be selected which differ from each other in their thermal transitions and physico-mechanical properties. The process of transformation under the influence of elevated temperature should be carried out in such a way that the printed primitive is heated above the temperature of the glass transition that the material used on the active elements has. This releases the residual stresses created during the printing process and causes the active material to shrink. In this way, a primitive can be transformed from a flat shape to a final 3D shape. This shape is then maintained by controlled cooling below the glass transition temperature of the active element. In this paper the first research results of the primitive transformation were presented. The appropriate combination of materials and the optimal temperature of the water as external stimuli were determined, and finally the primitives’ shape recovery. In the research we used the active element which consists of a single layer of flexible, elastic thermoplastic material (passive material) and three layers of thermoplastic materials with the properties of shape memory polymers (active material). For printing we used the multitool 3D printer ZMorph which is based on Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology.

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Herath, Madhubhashitha, Mainul Islam, Jayantha Epaarachchi, Fenghua Zhang, and Jinsong Leng. "4D Printed Shape Memory Polymer Composite Structures for Deployable Small Spacecrafts." In ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2019-5583.

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Abstract Four dimensional (4D) printing is the convergence of three dimensional (3D) printing, which is an emerging additive manufacturing technology for smart materials. 4D printing is referred to the capability of changing the shape, property, or functionality of a 3D printed structure under a particular external stimulus. This paper presents the structural performance, shape memory behavior and photothermal effect of 4D printed pristine shape memory polymer (SMP) and it’s composite (SMPC) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Both materials have demonstrated the ability to retain a temporary shape and then recover their original. It is revealed that the incorporation of MWCNTs into the SMP matrix has enhanced the light stimulus shape recovery capabilities. Light stimulus shape transformation of 4D printed SMPC is advantageous for space engineering applications as light can be focused onto a particular area at a long distance. Subsequently, a model 4D printed deployable boom, which is applicable for small spacecrafts is presented. The shape fixity and recovery behaviors of the proposed boom have been investigated. Notably, the model boom structure has demonstrated ∼86 % shape recovery ratio. The proposed innovative approach of additive manufacturing based deployable composite structures will shape up the future space technologies.

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Zhao, Jing, Muyue Han, Lin Li, and Miao Tan. "Effects of Stimulus Conditions on Shape Memory Cycle Durability of 4D Printed Parts in Stereolithography Additive Manufacturing." In ASME 2022 17th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2022-85830.

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Abstract 4D printing has recently emerged as a new manufacturing paradigm by integrating shape memory materials with 3D printing technology. Distinctively, 4D printed structures exhibit dynamic shape changing capability over time in response to certain stimuli. The emerging shape memory property of 4D printed components has attracted increasing research attention due to its potential applications in soft-robotic, origami, and self-construction structures. Ensuring product durability is key to enhancing the technology diffusion of 4D printing as it significantly affects the product service life. In the current literature, durability issues in 4D printing have been largely overlooked and the relationships between external stimulus conditions and the thermo-mechanical cycle life of 4D printed parts remain unknown. To tackle this challenge, in this study, the design of experiments approach is adopted to comprehensively investigate the impacts of external stimulus conditions on the shape memory cycle life of the 4D printed thermo-responsive parts. The results suggest that increasing the operating temperature within the material-allowable temperature range would negatively affect the shape memory cycle times; meanwhile, varying the shape programming hold time also exhibits noticeable impacts on the durability of 4D printed parts. In addition, the extreme stimulus conditions with respect to the high temperature and prolonged shape programming time would worsen the shape memory cycle life.

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Reports on the topic "3D and 4D printing"

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Hamza, Hosamuddin. Dental 4D Printing: An Innovative Approach. CTOR Press, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30771/2018.4.

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Kunc, Vlastimil, John R. Ilkka, Steven L. Voeks, and John M. Lindahl. Vinylester and Polyester 3D Printing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1490578.

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Kunc, Vlastimil, Christopher Hershey, John Lindahl, Stian Romberg, Steven L. Voeks, and Mark Adams. Vinylester and Polyester 3D Printing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1606801.

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Carlton, Bryan. 3D Printing at Los Alamos. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1883122.

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Carlton, Bryan. The Future of 3D Printing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1883121.

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Hamel, Jesse W. Adaptive Airpower: Arming America for the Future Through 4D Printing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012775.

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Al-Chaar, Ghassan, Allison Brandvold, Andrij Kozych, and William Mendoza. 4D printing structures for extreme temperatures using metakaolin based geopolymers. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46750.

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Geopolymers (GPs) are a class of amorphous, aluminosilicate-based ceramics that cure at room temperature. GPs are formed by mixing an aluminosilicate source, which is metakaolin in this case, with an alkali activator solution, which can be either sodium or potassium water glass. GPs have attracted interest for use in structural applications over the past few decades because they have superior mechanical properties to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Additionally, they can tolerate much higher temperatures and produce a fraction of the CO₂ compared to OPC. This project aims to develop geopolymer composites for 4D printing (the fourth dimension being time) and test their mechanical properties. Rheology and the effects of curing in ambient conditions will be evaluated for fresh geopolymer. Freeze-thaw resistance will be evaluated on potentially printable composites for extreme temperature resistance, etc.

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Sun, Lushan. Daring to Sprint: 3D printing textile. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-247.

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Reese, Cody M. Remote Collaborative 3D Printing - Process Investigation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada636909.

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Carlton, Bryan. The Future of 3D Printing Script. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1883120.

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