Journal articles on the topic '360 photogrammetry'
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Janiszewski, Mateusz, Masoud Torkan, Lauri Uotinen, and Mikael Rinne. "Rapid Photogrammetry with a 360-Degree Camera for Tunnel Mapping." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 5494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215494.
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Structure-from-Motion Multi-View Stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry is a viable method to digitize underground spaces for inspection, documentation, or remote mapping. However, the conventional image acquisition process can be laborious and time-consuming. Previous studies confirmed that the acquisition time can be reduced when using a 360-degree camera to capture the images. This paper demonstrates a method for rapid photogrammetric reconstruction of tunnels using a 360-degree camera. The method is demonstrated in a field test executed in a tunnel section of the Underground Research Laboratory of Aalto University in Espoo, Finland. A 10 m-long tunnel section with exposed rock was photographed using the 360-degree camera from 27 locations and a 3D model was reconstructed using SfM-MVS photogrammetry. The resulting model was then compared with a reference laser scan and a more conventional digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera-based model. Image acquisition with a 360-degree camera was 3x faster than with a conventional DSLR camera and the workflow was easier and less prone to errors. The 360-degree camera-based model achieved a 0.0046 m distance accuracy error compared to the reference laser scan. In addition, the orientation of discontinuities was measured remotely from the 3D model and the digitally obtained values matched the manual compass measurements of the sub-vertical fracture sets, with an average error of 2–5°.
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Barazzetti, L., M. Previtali, and F. Roncoroni. "3D MODELLING WITH THE SAMSUNG GEAR 360." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W3 (February 23, 2017): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w3-85-2017.
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The Samsung Gear 360 is a consumer grade spherical camera able to capture photos and videos. The aim of this work is to test the metric accuracy and the level of detail achievable with the Samsung Gear 360 coupled with digital modelling techniques based on photogrammetry/computer vision algorithms. Results demonstrate that the direct use of the projection generated inside the mobile phone or with Gear 360 Action Direction (the desktop software for post-processing) have a relatively low metric accuracy. As results were in contrast with the accuracy achieved by using the original fisheye images (front and rear facing images) in photogrammetric reconstructions, an alternative solution to generate the equirectangular projections was developed. A calibration aimed at understanding the intrinsic parameters of the two lenses camera, as well as their relative orientation, allowed one to generate new equirectangular projections from which a significant improvement of geometric accuracy has been achieved.
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Janiszewski, Mateusz, Markus Prittinen, Masoud Torkan, and Lauri Uotinen. "Rapid tunnel scanning using a 360-degree camera and SfM photogrammetry." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1124, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1124/1/012010.
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Abstract Photogrammetric scanning can be employed for the digitization of underground spaces, for example for remote mapping, visualization, or training purposes. However, such a technique requires capturing many photos, which can be laborious and time-consuming. Previous research has demonstrated that the acquisition time can be reduced by capturing the data with multiple lenses or devices at the same time. Therefore, this paper demonstrates a method for rapid scanning of hard rock tunnels using Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry and a 360-degree camera. The test was performed in the Underground Research Laboratory of Aalto University (URLA). The tunnel is located in granitic rocks at a depth of 20 m below the Otaniemi campus in Espoo, Finland. A 10 m long and 3.5 m high tunnel section with exposed rock was selected for this study. Photos were captured using the 360-degree camera from 27 locations and 3D models were reconstructed using SfM photogrammetry. The accuracy, speed, and resolution of the 3D models were measured and compared with models scanned with a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera. The results show that the data capture process with a 360-degree camera is 6x faster compared to a conventional camera. In addition, the orientation of discontinuities was measured remotely from the 3D model and the digitally obtained values matched the manual compass measurements. Even though the quality of the 360-degree camerabased 3D model was visually inferior compared to the DSLR model, the point cloud had sufficient accuracy and resolution for semi-automatic discontinuity measurements. The quality of the models can be improved by combining 360-degree and DSLR photos which result in a point cloud with 3x higher resolution and 2x higher accuracy. The results demonstrated that 360-degree cameras can be used for the rapid digitization of underground tunnels.
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Murtiyoso, A., H. Hristova, N. Rehush, and V. C. Griess. "LOW-COST MAPPING OF FOREST UNDER-STOREY VEGETATION USING SPHERICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-2/W1-2022 (December 8, 2022): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-2-w1-2022-185-2022.
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Abstract. This paper is an attempt to respond to the growing need and demand of 3D data in forestry, especially for 3D mapping. The use of terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) dominates contemporary literature for under-storey vegetation mapping as this technique provides precise and easy-to-use solutions for users. However, TLS requires substantial investments in terms of device acquisition and user training. The search for and development of low-cost alternatives is therefore an interesting field of inquiry. Here, we use low-cost 360° cameras combined with spherical photogrammetric principles for under-storey vegetation mapping. While we fully assume that this low-cost approach will not generate results on par with either TLS or classical close-range photogrammetry, its main aim is to investigate whether this alternative is sufficient to meet the requirements of forest mapping. In this regard, geometric analyses were conducted using both TLS and close-range photogrammetry as comparison points. The diameter at breast height (DBH), a parameter commonly used in forestry, was then computed from the 360° point cloud using three different methods to determine if a similar order of precision to the two reference datasets can be obtained. The results show that 360° cameras were able to generate point clouds with a similar geometric quality as the references despite their low density, albeit with a significantly higher amount of noise. The effect of the noise is also evident in the DBH computation, where it yielded an average error of 3.5 cm compared to both the TLS and close-range photogrammetry.
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Genovese, Katia, and Carmine Pappalettere. "Axial stereo-photogrammetry for 360° measurement on tubular samples." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 45, no. 5 (May 2007): 637–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2006.08.009.
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Teppati Losè, Lorenzo, Filiberto Chiabrando, and Fabio Giulio Tonolo. "Documentation of Complex Environments Using 360° Cameras. The Santa Marta Belltower in Montanaro." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (September 11, 2021): 3633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183633.
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Low-cost and fast surveying approaches are increasingly being deployed in several domains, including in the field of built heritage documentation. In parallel with mobile mapping systems, uncrewed aerial systems, and simultaneous location and mapping systems, 360° cameras and spherical photogrammetry are research topics attracting significant interest for this kind of application. Although several instruments and techniques can be considered to be consolidated approaches in the documentation processes, the research presented in this manuscript is focused on a series of tests and analyses using 360° cameras for the 3D metric documentation of a complex environment, applied to the case study of a XVIII century belltower in Piemonte region (north-west Italy). Both data acquisition and data processing phases were thoroughly investigated and several processing strategies were planned, carried out, and evaluated. Data derived from consolidated 3D mapping approaches were used as a ground reference to validate the results derived from the spherical photogrammetry approach. The outcomes of this research confirmed, under specific conditions and with a proper setup, the possibility of using 360° images in a Structure from Motion pipeline to meet the expected accuracies of typical architectural large-scale drawings.
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Murtiyoso, A., P. Grussenmeyer, and D. Suwardhi. "TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN LOW-COST HERITAGE DOCUMENTATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W17 (November 29, 2019): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w17-225-2019.
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Abstract. The use of photogrammetry in 3D heritage documentation has matured over the recent years. In the same time, many types of sensors have also been developed in the field of imaging. While photogrammetry is considered as a low-cost alternative to TLS, several options exist in terms of sensor type with trade-offs between price, ease of use, and quality of resolution. Nevertheless, a proper knowledge on the acquisition and processing is still required to generate acceptable results. This paper aims to compare three photogrammetric sensors, namely a classical DSLR camera, a drone, and a spherical 360° camera in documenting heritage sites. Main comparison points include quality of the bundle adjustment and quality of the dense point cloud. However, an important point of the paper is also to determine whether a sensor at a given cost and effort is enough for documentation purposes. A TLS point cloud data was used as a common reference, as well as control and check points issued from geodetic surveying. In the aftermath of the comparison, several technical suggestions and recommendations were proposed as regards to the use of each sensor.
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Kwiatek, K., and R. Tokarczyk. "Photogrammetric Applications of Immersive Video Cameras." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-5 (May 28, 2014): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-5-211-2014.
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The paper investigates immersive videography and its application in close-range photogrammetry. Immersive video involves the capture of a live-action scene that presents a 360° field of view. It is recorded simultaneously by multiple cameras or microlenses, where the principal point of each camera is offset from the rotating axis of the device. This issue causes problems when stitching together individual frames of video separated from particular cameras, however there are ways to overcome it and applying immersive cameras in photogrammetry provides a new potential. The paper presents two applications of immersive video in photogrammetry. At first, the creation of a low-cost mobile mapping system based on Ladybug®3 and GPS device is discussed. The amount of panoramas is much too high for photogrammetric purposes as the base line between spherical panoramas is around 1 metre. More than 92 000 panoramas were recorded in one Polish region of Czarny Dunajec and the measurements from panoramas enable the user to measure the area of outdoors (adverting structures) and billboards. A new law is being created in order to limit the number of illegal advertising structures in the Polish landscape and immersive video recorded in a short period of time is a candidate for economical and flexible measurements off-site. The second approach is a generation of 3d video-based reconstructions of heritage sites based on immersive video (structure from immersive video). A mobile camera mounted on a tripod dolly was used to record the interior scene and immersive video, separated into thousands of still panoramas, was converted from video into 3d objects using Agisoft Photoscan Professional. The findings from these experiments demonstrated that immersive photogrammetry seems to be a flexible and prompt method of 3d modelling and provides promising features for mobile mapping systems.
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Barazzetti, L., M. Previtali, and F. Roncoroni. "CAN WE USE LOW-COST 360 DEGREE CAMERAS TO CREATE ACCURATE 3D MODELS?" ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-69-2018.
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360 degree cameras capture the whole scene around a photographer in a single shot. Cheap 360 cameras are a new paradigm in photogrammetry. The camera can be pointed to any direction, and the large field of view reduces the number of photographs. This paper aims to show that accurate metric reconstructions can be achieved with affordable sensors (less than 300 euro). The camera used in this work is the Xiaomi Mijia Mi Sphere 360, which has a cost of about 300 USD (January 2018). Experiments demonstrate that millimeter-level accuracy can be obtained during the image orientation and surface reconstruction steps, in which the solution from 360° images was compared to check points measured with a total station and laser scanning point clouds. The paper will summarize some practical rules for image acquisition as well as the importance of ground control points to remove possible deformations of the network during bundle adjustment, especially for long sequences with unfavorable geometry. The generation of orthophotos from images having a 360° field of view (that captures the entire scene around the camera) is discussed. Finally, the paper illustrates some case studies where the use of a 360° camera could be a better choice than a project based on central perspective cameras. Basically, 360° cameras become very useful in the survey of long and narrow spaces, as well as interior areas like small rooms.
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Barazzetti, L., M. Previtali, F. Roncoroni, and R. Valente. "CONNECTING INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THROUGH 360° IMAGERY FOR CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W9 (January 31, 2019): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w9-87-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Metric documentation of buildings requires the connection of different spaces, such as rooms, corridors, floors, and interior and exterior spaces. Images and laser scans have to be oriented and registered to obtain accurate metric data about different areas and the related metric information (e.g., wall thickness). A robust registration can be obtained with total station measurements, especially when a geodetic network with multiple intersections on different station points is available. In the case of a photogrammetric project with several images acquired with a central perspective camera, the lack of total station measurements (i.e., control and check points) could result in a weak orientation for the limited overlap between images acquired through doors and windows. The procedure presented in this paper is based on 360&deg; images acquired with an affordable digital camera (less than 350$). The large field of view of 360&deg; images allows one to simultaneously capture different rooms as well as indoor and outdoor spaces, which will be visible in just a picture. This could provide a more robust orientation of multiple images acquired through narrow spaces. A combined bundle block adjustment that integrates central perspective and spherical images is here proposed and discussed. Additional considerations on the integration of fisheye images are discussed as well.</p>
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Sun, Hung, Tsun-Hung Tsai, and Ke Jiang. "Combining 360° Video and Camera Mapping for Virtual Reality: An Innovative Solution." Educational Innovations and Emerging Technologies 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35745/eiet2022v02.02.0004.
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Changing the framework of traditional video with limited viewing angles, 360° photo/video provides an immersive viewing experience. 360° video is one of the applications and the most important feature of virtual reality for immersion and the feeling of being in another space. However, when viewing 360° videos with a head-mounted display, the viewer feels like a fixed rotatable camera, and the viewer's movement does not change the viewing angle of the object, which greatly reduces the spatial immersion required for virtual reality. Therefore, we propose a solution that maintains high-quality graphics and low hardware demands and supports 6DoF head-mounted displays. Through the camera mapping function in the 3D animation software, 360° surround video is projected into a 3D sphere to create a simple 3D object that corresponds to the shape of the object in the image. With pristine video quality and a realistic 3D spatial perspective, it provides better virtual reality immersion than 360° video and is not as complex as a full 3D virtual reality environment. In the future, 3D scanning and photogrammetry can be integrated to reconstruct a more easily applied 3D virtual reality environment
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Herban, Sorin, Domenica Costantino, Vincenzo Saverio Alfio, and Massimiliano Pepe. "Use of Low-Cost Spherical Cameras for the Digitisation of Cultural Heritage Structures into 3D Point Clouds." Journal of Imaging 8, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8010013.
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The digitization of Cultural Heritage is an important activity for the protection, management, and conservation of structures of particular historical and architectural interest. In this context, the use of low-cost sensors, especially in the photogrammetric field, represents a major research challenge. In this paper, the use of cameras capable of capturing a 360° scene with a single image was assessed. By using spherical photogrammetry and the algorithm based on the structure from motion and multi-view stereo, it is possible to reconstruct the geometry (point cloud) of an object or structure. In particular, for this experiment, the Ricoh theta SC2 camera was used. The analysis was conducted on two sites: one in the laboratory and another directly in the field for the digitization of a large structure (Colonada in Buziaș, Romania). In the case study of the laboratory, several tests were carried out to identify the best strategy for reconstructing the 3D model of the observed environment. In this environment, the approach that provided the best result in terms of both detail and dimensional accuracy was subsequently applied to the case study of Colonada in Buziaș. In this latter case study, a comparison of the point cloud generated by this low-cost sensor and one performed by a high-performance Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), showed a difference of 15 centimeters for 80% of the points. In addition, the 3D point cloud obtained from 360° images is rather noisy and unable to construct complex geometries with small dimensions. However, the photogrammetric dataset can be used for the reconstruction of a virtual tour for the documentation and dissemination of Cultural Heritage.
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Fangi, G., R. Pierdicca, M. Sturari, and E. S. Malinverni. "IMPROVING SPHERICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY USING 360° OMNI-CAMERAS: USE CASES AND NEW APPLICATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-331-2018.
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During the last few years, there has been a growing exploitation of consumer-grade cameras allowing one to capture 360&deg; images. Each device has different features and the choice should be entrusted on the use and the expected final output. The interest on such technology within the research community is related to its use versatility, enabling the user to capture the world with an omnidirectional view with just one shot. The potential is huge and the literature presents many use cases in several research domains, spanning from retail to construction, from tourism to immersive virtual reality solutions. However, the domain that could the most benefit is Cultural Heritage (CH), since these sensors are particularly suitable for documenting a real scene with architectural detail. Following the previous researches conducted by Fangi, which introduced its own methodology called Spherical Photogrammetry (SP), the aim of this paper is to present some tests conducted with the omni-camera Panono 360&deg; which reach a final resolution comparable with a traditional camera and to validate, after almost ten years from the first experiment, its reliability for architectural surveying purposes. Tests have been conducted choosing as study cases <i>Santa Maria della Piazza</i> and <i>San Francesco alle scale Churches</i> in Ancona, Italy, since they were previously surveyed and documented with SP methodology. In this way, it has been possible to validate the accuracy of the new survey, performed by means an omni-camera, compared with the previous one for both outdoor and indoor scenario. The core idea behind this work is to validate if this new sensor can replace the standard image collection phase, speeding up the process, assuring at the same time the final accuracy of the survey. The experiment conducted demonstrate that, w.r.t. the SP methodology developed so far, the main advantage in using 360&deg;&thinsp;omni-directional cameras lies on increasing the rapidity of acquisition and panorama creation phases. Moreover, in order to foresee the implications that a wide adoption of fast and agile tools of acquisition could bring within the CH domain, points cloud have been generated with the same panoramas and visualized in a WEB application, to allow a result dissemination between the users.
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Gurses, Muhammet Enes, Abuzer Gungor, Sahin Hanalioglu, Cumhur Kaan Yaltirik, Hasan Cagri Postuk, Mustafa Berker, and Uğur Türe. "Qlone®: A Simple Method to Create 360-Degree Photogrammetry-Based 3-Dimensional Model of Cadaveric Specimens." Operative Neurosurgery 21, no. 6 (October 18, 2021): E488—E493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opab355.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Human cadavers are an essential component of anatomy education. However, access to cadaveric specimens and laboratory facilities is limited in most parts of the world. Hence, new innovative approaches and accessible technologies are much needed to enhance anatomy training. OBJECTIVE To provide a practical method for 3-dimensional (3D) visualization of cadaveric specimens to maximize the utility of these precious educational materials. METHODS Embalmed cadaveric specimens (cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum) were used. The 3D models of cadaveric specimens were built by merging multiple 2-dimensional photographs. Pictures were taken with standard mobile devices (smartphone and tablet). A photogrammetry program (Qlone®, 2017-2020, EyeCue Vision Technologies Ltd, Yokneam, Israel), an all-in-one 3D scanning and augmented reality technology, was then used to convert the images into an integrated 3D model. RESULTS High-resolution 360-degree 3D models of the cadaveric specimens were obtained. These models could be rotated and moved freely on different planes, and viewed from different angles with varying magnifications. Advanced editing options and the possibility for export to virtual- or augmented-reality simulation allowed for better visualization. CONCLUSION This inexpensive, simple, and accessible method for creating 360-degree 3D cadaveric models can enhance training in neuroanatomy and allow for a highly realistic surgical simulation environment for neurosurgeons worldwide.
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Wróżyński, Rafał, Krzysztof Pyszny, and Mariusz Sojka. "Quantitative Landscape Assessment Using LiDAR and Rendered 360° Panoramic Images." Remote Sensing 12, no. 3 (January 25, 2020): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12030386.
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The study presents a new method for quantitative landscape assessment. The method uses LiDAR data and combines the potential of GIS (ArcGIS) and 3D graphics software (Blender). The developed method allows one to create Classified Digital Surface Models (CDSM), which are then used to create 360° panoramic images from the point of view of the observer. In order to quantify the landscape, 360° panoramic images were transformed to the Interrupted Sinusoidal Projection using G.Projector software. A quantitative landscape assessment is carried out automatically with the following landscape classes: ground, low, medium, and high vegetation, buildings, water, and sky according to the LiDAR 1.2 standard. The results of the analysis are presented quantitatively—the percentage distribution of landscape classes in the 360° field of view. In order to fully describe the landscape around the observer, graphs of little planets have been proposed to interpret the obtained results. The usefulness of the developed methodology, together with examples of its application and the way of presenting the results, is described. The proposed Quantitative Landscape Assessment method (QLA360) allows quantitative landscape assessment to be performed in the 360° field of view without the need to carry out field surveys. The QLA360 uses LiDAR American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) classification standards, which allows one to avoid differences resulting from the use of different algorithms for classifying images in semantic segmentation. The most important advantages of the method are as follows: observer-independent, 360° field of view which simulates human perspective, automatic operation, scalability, and easy presentation and interpretation of results.
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Funtik, Tomas, and Pavol Mayer. "ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF ON-SITE LIGHTING CONDITIONS TO THE POTENTIAL VARIABILITY OF THE 360 ° PHOTOGRAMMETRY USABILITY." Czech Journal of Civil Engineering 6, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51704/cjce.2020.vol6.iss2.pp41-50.
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Today's technologies enable efficient data management and generally contribute to effective control of the construction process. There are various ways of focusing on a real construction project based on laser or digital camera measurements, however, the quality of outputs is depending on the lighting conditions. Proper lighting conditions greatly affect the result of the processed record, especially its final texture, geometry, and affect any errors in the measured values. There are various lighting conditions on the construction site, which affect the quality of the documentation made. While in the outdoor parts this situation is affected by daylight, inside the building we must rely on artificial lighting and as a result there are many parts without sufficient lighting, or the lighting is completely absent.In this article we focus on the evaluation of the impact of lighting in documenting the course of work on the site using 360 ° photogrammetry, especially in relation to verification of geometric accuracy, position of structures and current work in progress and follows the analysis of standard and technical requirements to determine appropriate ways to ensure adequate lighting.
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Drofova, Irena, Wei Guo, Haozhou Wang, and Milan Adamek. "Use of scanning devices for object 3D reconstruction by photogrammetry and visualization in virtual reality." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 868–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i2.4584.
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This article aims to compare two different scanning devices (360 camera and digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera) and their properties in the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the object by the photogrammetry method. The article first describes the various stages of the process of 3D modeling and reconstruction of the object. A point cloud generated to the 3D model of the object, including textures, is created in the following steps. The scanning devices are compared under the same conditions and time from capturing the image of a real object to its 3D reconstruction. The attributes of the scanned image of the recon-structed 3D model, which is a mandarin tree in a citrus greenhouse in a daylight environment, are also compared. Both created models are also compared visually. That visual comparison reveals the possibilities in the application of both scanning devices can be found in the process of 3D reconstruction of the object by photogrammetry. The results of this research can be applied in the field of 3D modeling of a real object using 3D models in virtual reality, 3D printing, 3D visualization, image analysis, and 3D online presentation.
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Calantropio, A., F. Chiabrando, D. Einaudi, and L. Teppati Losè. "360° IMAGES FOR UAV MULTISENSOR DATA FUSION: FIRST TESTS AND RESULTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (June 4, 2019): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-227-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> A relevant research topic in the photogrammetry field is related with experimenting, at different levels, data fusion and sensors integration, aiming at the development of rapid mapping systems, capable of quickly delivering accurate data, for a wide range of applications. The presented contribute aims at exploiting the potentialities of spherical images and videos acquired using a 360° camera mounted on board of a medium-sized Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). More specifically, the focus has been the development and testing of a rapid-mapping hybrid system, capable of fast acquisition of data from both the on-board sensors. The reduction of the data acquisition time has been, and still is, a hot topic faced by the researchers in the Geomatics community, especially linked to some hazardous operative scenarios, where the reduction of the time on the field is crucial for operators’ safety reasons (like in post-earthquake early damage assessment surveys).</p><p>After a deep analysis of the available scientific literature, it turned out that researchers have been more focused on terrestrial applications of these emerging sensors (360° cameras), and no significant studies for aerial application have been conducted yet. First of all, some laboratory tests have been carried out, in order to evaluate the metric accuracy of the 3D models generated using the employed 360° sensor; thereafter, a solution for acquiring spherical images from 360° camera mounted on a light UAV has been designed. Problems and issues have been addressed and discussed, and results and improvements are, at the end of the paper, evaluated and proposed.</p>
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Barbosa, Amanda S., and Dayana B. Costa. "Use of BIM and visual data collected by UAS and 360° camera for construction progress monitoring." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 8 (November 1, 2022): 082007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/8/082007.
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Abstract Despite progress monitoring is an essential practice for achieving the success of construction, traditional monitoring methods based on manual information gathered through visual inspections are error-prone, depending on the experience of those who carry them out. Furthermore, most studies of progress monitoring using digital technologies focus on activities carried out outdoors, limiting the application of these methods in residential construction sites, which have several indoor activities. This study proposes a method for outdoor and indoor visual monitoring of construction progress using Building Information Modeling (BIM), 360° camera, and photogrammetry aided by an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). For this purpose, exploratory case studies were carried out. The first exploratory study aimed to understand data collection and processing operationalization using the proposed technologies. Then, these technologies were used and evaluated to monitor progress in a second exploratory case study, enabling the development of a proposed method for using visual data collected by UAS and 360° camera integrated to BIM for progress monitoring. The status of the external area of the construction site was represented by point clouds generated through images collected by UAS. For monitoring inside the buildings, a 360° camera attached to the safety helmet was used. The results include evaluating the use of a 360° camera to monitor the internal progress of works, presenting its strengths, limitations, and use recommendations. In addition, the results also include the proposal of a method for visual progress monitoring of indoor and outdoor activities using BIM, UAS, and 360° cameras.
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Cote, David J., Ben A. Strickland, Jacob Ruzevick, and Gabriel Zada. "Commentary: Qlone®: A Simple Method to Create 360-Degree Photogrammetry-Based 3-Dimensional Model of Cadaveric Specimens." Operative Neurosurgery 22, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): e101-e101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/ons.0000000000000037.
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Abhijeet, Kapoor, Eesha Mody, Brintha Jei J., Peter John, Murugesan Krishnan, and Muthukumar B. "Mobile Phone Assisted 3D Extra Oral Scanner for Acquiring Dental Digital Models - An Innovative Approach." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 23 (June 7, 2021): 1815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/375.
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An accurate impression of the edentulous arch is of utmost importance in the rehabilitation of completely edentulous cases. The steps that follow the impression making are highly influenced by the accuracy of the impression. In order to overcome the manual inadequacies and to improve the accuracy, various advancements have been made manually as well as digitally. Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD / CAM)is one such digital advancement, which primarily aims at scanning the edentulous arches, followed by subsequent designing of the dentures and processing through various methods such as milling or 3d printing. A major drawback of using CAD / CAM technology is its high cost. Photogrammetry, as a proof of concept, works on the principle of obtaining reliable information about physical objects through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images. Recently photogrammetry has been gaining interest in the field of dentistry. It can be used as a more cost-effective alternative for diagnosis, treatment planning and fabrication of surgical guides and in maxillofacial prosthetics. In the current article, a novel 360-degree mobile phone scanner was devised which rotates around the object and takes images in order to compute a 3d image, which can be further used for treatment planning and fabrication of dentures.
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Caroti, G., A. Piemonte, I. Martínez-Espejo Zaragoza, and G. Brambilla. "INDOOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY USING UAVS WITH PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES: ISSUES AND PRECISION TESTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W4 (March 6, 2018): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w4-137-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Management of disaster scenarios requires applying emergency procedures ensuring maximum safety and protection for field operators. Actual conditions of disaster sites are labelled as “Triple-D: Dull, Dusty, Dangerous” areas. It is well known that in this kind of areas and situations remote surveying systems are at their very best effective, and among these UAVs currently are an effective and performing field tool. Indoor spaces are a particularly complex scenario for this kind of surveys. In this case, technological advances currently offer micro-UAV systems, featuring 360° protective cages, which are able to collect video streams while flying in very tight spaces. Such cases require manual control of the vehicle, with the operator piloting the aircraft without prior knowledge of the status quo of the survey object and therefore without prior planning of flight paths. A possible benefit in terms of knowledge of the survey object could lay in the creation of a 3D model based on images extracted by video streams; to date, widely tested methods and techniques are available for processing UAV-borne video streams to obtain such models. Anyway, the protective cage and the need to use, in these operating conditions, wide-angle lenses presents some issues linked to ever-changing image framing, due to the presence of the cage wires on the field of view. The present work focused on this issue. Using this type of UAVs, video streams have been collected in different environments, both indoors and outdoors, testing several procedures for photogrammetric processing in order to assess the ability to create 3D models. These have been tested for reliability based on data collection conditions, also assessing the level of automation and speed attainable in post-processing. The present paper describes the different tests carried out and the related results.</p>
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Walmsley, Alexander P., and Thomas P. Kersten. "The Imperial Cathedral in Königslutter (Germany) as an Immersive Experience in Virtual Reality with Integrated 360° Panoramic Photography." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 23, 2020): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041517.
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As virtual reality (VR) and the corresponding 3D documentation and modelling technologies evolve into increasingly powerful and established tools for numerous applications in architecture, monument preservation, conservation/restoration and the presentation of cultural heritage, new methods for creating information-rich interactive 3D environments are increasingly in demand. In this article, we describe the development of an immersive virtual reality application for the Imperial Cathedral in Königslutter, in which 360° panoramic photographs were integrated within the virtual environment as a novel and complementary form of visualization. The Imperial Cathedral (Kaiserdom) of Königslutter is one of the most important examples of Romanesque architecture north of the Alps. The Cathedral had previously been subjected to laser-scanning and recording with 360° panoramic photography by the Photogrammetry & Laser Scanning lab of HafenCity University Hamburg in 2010. With the recent rapid development of consumer VR technology, it was subsequently decided to investigate how these two data sources could be combined within an immersive VR application for tourism and for architectural heritage preservation. A specialised technical workflow was developed to build the virtual environment in Unreal Engine 4 (UE4) and integrate the panorama photographs so as to ensure the seamless integration of these two datasets. A simple mechanic was developed using the native UE4 node-based programming language to switch between these two modes of visualisation.
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Pulcrano, M., S. Scandurra, G. Minin, and A. di Luggo. "3D CAMERAS ACQUISITIONS FOR THE DOCUMENTATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W9 (January 31, 2019): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w9-639-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Photography has always been considered as a valid tool to acquire information about reality. Nowadays, its versatility, together with the development of new techniques and technologies, allows to use it in different fields of application. Particularly, in the digitization of built heritage, photography not only enables to understand and document historical and architectural artifacts but also to acquire morphological and geometrical data about them with automated digital photogrammetry. Nowadays, photogrammetry enables many tools to give virtual casts of reality by showing it in the way of point cloud. Although they can have metric reliability and visual quality, traditional instruments &ndash; such as monoscopic cameras &ndash; involve a careful planning of the campaign phase and a long acquisition and processing time. On the contrary, the most recent ones, based on the integration of different sensors and cameras, try to reduce the gap between time and results. The latter include some systems of indoor mapping who, thanks to 360&deg; acquisitions and SLAM technology, reconstruct the original scene in real time in great detail and with a photorealistic rendering. This study is aimed at reporting a research evaluating metric reliability and the level of survey detail with a Matterport Pro2 3D motorized rotating camera, equipped with SLAM technology, whose results have been compared with point clouds obtained by image-based and range-based processes.</p>
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Gottardi, C., and F. Guerra. "SPHERICAL IMAGES FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE: SURVEY AND DOCUMENTATION WITH THE NIKON KM360." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-385-2018.
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The work presented here focuses on the analysis of the potential of spherical images acquired with specific cameras for documentation and three-dimensional reconstruction of Cultural Heritage. Nowadays, thanks to the introduction of cameras able to generate panoramic images automatically, without the requirement of a stitching software to join together different photos, spherical images allow the documentation of spaces in an extremely fast and efficient way.<br> In this particular case, the Nikon Key Mission 360 spherical camera was tested on the Tolentini’s cloister, which used to be part of the convent of the close church and now location of the Iuav University of Venice. The aim of the research is based on testing the acquisition of spherical images with the KM360 and comparing the obtained photogrammetric models with data acquired from a laser scanning survey in order to test the metric accuracy and the level of detail achievable with this particular camera.<br> This work is part of a wider research project that the Photogrammetry Laboratory of the Iuav University of Venice has been dealing with in the last few months; the final aim of this research project will be not only the comparison between 3D models obtained from spherical images and laser scanning survey’s techniques, but also the examination of their reliability and accuracy with respect to the previous methods of generating spherical panoramas. At the end of the research work, we would like to obtain an operational procedure for spherical cameras applied to metric survey and documentation of Cultural Heritage.
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Cullen, Sean, Ruth Mackay, Amir Mohagheghi, and Xinli Du. "The Use of Smartphone Photogrammetry to Digitise Transtibial Sockets: Optimisation of Method and Quantitative Evaluation of Suitability." Sensors 21, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 8405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248405.
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The fit of a lower limb prosthetic socket is critical for user comfort and the quality of life of lower limb amputees. Sockets are conventionally produced using hand-crafted patient-based casting techniques. Modern digital techniques offer a host of advantages to the process and ultimately lead to improving the lives of amputees. However, commercially available scanning equipment required is often expensive and proprietary. Smartphone photogrammetry could offer a low cost alternative, but there is no widely accepted imaging technique for prosthetic socket digitisation. Therefore, this paper aims to determine an optimal imaging technique for whole socket photogrammetry and evaluate the resultant scan measurement accuracy. A 3D printed transtibial socket was produced to create digital and physical twins, as reference models. The printed socket was photographed from 360 positions and simplified genetic algorithms were used to design a series of experiments, whereby a collection of photos were processed using Autodesk ReCap. The most fit technique was used to assess accuracy. The accuracy of the socket wall volume, surface area and height were 61.63%, 99.61% and 99.90%, respectively, when compared to the digital reference model. The scanned model had a wall thickness ranging from 2.075 mm at the top to 7.758 mm towards the base of the socket, compared to a consistent thickness of 2.025 mm in the control model. The technique selected did not show sufficient accuracy for clinical application due to the degradation of accuracy nearer to the base of the socket interior. However, using an internal wall thickness estimation, scans may be of sufficient accuracy for clinical use; assuming a uniform wall thickness.
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Tommaselli, A. M. G., M. B. Campos, L. F. Castanheiro, and E. Honkavaara. "A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON INCREMENTAL BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT WITH FISHEYE IMAGES AND LOW-COST SENSORS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W18 (November 29, 2019): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w18-167-2019.
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Abstract. Low cost imaging and positioning sensors are opening new frontiers for applications in near real-time Photogrammetry. Omnidirectional cameras acquiring images with 360° coverage, when combined with information coming from GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) and IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit), can efficiently estimate orientation and object space structure. However, several challenges remain in the use of low-cost sensors and image observations acquired by sensors with non-perspective inner geometry. The accuracy of the measurement using low-cost sensors is affected by different sources of errors and sensor stability. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) present a large gap between predicted and actual accuracy. This work presents a study on the performance of an integrated sensor orientation approach to estimate sensor orientation and 3D sparse point cloud, using an incremental bundle adjustment strategy and data coming from a low-cost portable mobile terrestrial system composed by off-theshelf navigation systems and a poly-dioptric system (Ricoh Theta S). Experiments were performed in an outdoor area (sidewalk), achieving a trajectory positional accuracy of 0.33 m and a meter level 3D reconstruction.
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Cecotti, Hubert. "Cultural Heritage in Fully Immersive Virtual Reality." Virtual Worlds 1, no. 1 (September 14, 2022): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds1010006.
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Fully immersive virtual reality (VR) applications have modified the way people access cultural heritage—from the visiting of virtual museums containing large collections of paintings to the visiting of ancient buildings. In this paper, we propose to review the software that are currently available that deal with cultural heritage in fully immersive virtual reality. It goes beyond technologies that were available prior to virtual reality headsets, at a time where virtual was simply the synonym of the application of digital technologies to cultural heritage. We propose to group these applications depending on their content—from generic art galleries and museums to applications that focus on a single artwork or single artist. Furthermore, we review different ways to assess the performance of such applications with workload, usability, flow, and potential VR symptoms surveys. This paper highlights the progress in the implementation of applications that provide immersive learning experiences related to cultural heritage, from 360 images to photogrammetry and 3D models. The paper shows the discrepancy between available software to the general audience on various VR headsets and scholarship activities dealing with cultural heritage in VR.
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Foreman, G., and J. Liu. "Reality Capture for Historic BIM (HBIM) Development of the Old Polk County Courthouse in Bartow, Florida, USA." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 8 (November 1, 2022): 082024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/8/082024.
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Abstract Nestled in the historic district of the small Central Florida town of Bartow, the Old Polk County Courthouse (OPCC) served the citizens of Polk County from 1909 to 1987. Eventually replaced by a high-rise courthouse to accommodate population growth, the OPCC underwent major restorations between 1993 and 1996 and now serves as the Polk County History Center, which houses a historical museum and genealogical library. Due to its historical value within local and regional contexts, it was deemed important to archive the courthouse in a manner that can be utilized from a practical standpoint of preservation, operations, and maintenance and an academic standpoint for research of early 20th century buildings in the southeastern U.S. A research project has been done to use Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) technology to digitally preserve and reconstruct the OPCC building. The findings of this project can be implemented to help digitally document and recreate other historic structures. This paper presents the work flow and technologies that were utilized to capture data for developing HBIM models of the OPCC, including conventional field surveys, LiDAR scanning, photogrammetry, and 360-degree photography.
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Castanheiro, L. F., A. M. G. Tommaselli, M. B. Campos, A. Berveglieri, and G. Santos. "3D RECONSTRUCTION OF CITRUS TREES USING AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL OPTICAL SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W12-2020 (November 4, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w12-2020-7-2020.
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Abstract. This paper presents a feasibility study on the use of omnidirectional systems for 3D modelling of agricultural crops, aiming a systematic monitoring. Omnidirectional systems with multiple sensors have been widely used in close-range photogrammetry (CRP), which can be a good alternative to provide data for digital agriculture management. The GoPro Fusion dual-camera is the omnidirectional system used in this work. This system is composed of two cameras with fisheye lenses that cover more than 180° each one in back-to-back position. System calibration, camera orientation and 3D reconstruction of an agricultural cultivated area were performed in Agisoft Metashape software. A 360° calibration field based on coded targets (CTs) from Agisoft Metashape software was used to calibrate the omnidirectional system. The 3D reconstruction of an orange orchard was performed using fisheye images taken with GoPro Fusion. The results show the potential of using an omnidirectional system for 3D modelling in agricultural crops, in particular citrus trees. Interior orientation parameters (IOPs) was estimated using Agisoft Metashape target/software with a precision of 9 mm. A 3D reconstruction model of the orange orchard area was obtained with an accuracy of 3.8 cm, which can be considered acceptable for agricultural purposes.
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Syrides, George, Spyros Pavlides, and Alexandros Chatzipetros. "The geological structure of Kastas hill archaeological site, Amphipolis, eastern Macedonia, Greece." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 51 (November 29, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.14333.
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This paper presents research results on the geological structure of Kastas hill in Amphipolis, as well as the broader area. They consist of geological and geomorphological observations at Kastas and 133 hills and the surrounding areas, on their geological structure, the stratigraphy and the paleoenvironment. Kastas hill is the site of the largest burial mound discovered in Greece to date. The slopes of its embankment were recorded and modelled in detail using near field photogrammetry. The problem of distinguishing between in situ geological formations and ex situ anthropogenic deposits is also addressed. The bulk volume of Kastas hill consists of natural sediments; these sediments are exposed as successive alternating beds of grayish loose and cohesive sands with scattered pebbles and locally with cobbles. Clayey beds up to ~20-30 cm thick intercalate between the sands. At the top of the hill the anthropogenic deposits are typical of Macedonian tumuli, with soil and clay alternations for sealing and stabilizing them. Paleosoil horizons were observed both in natural sediments and within anthropogenic substrates. Two horizons were sampled for dating by different methods (OSL – optical stimulated luminescence and 14C – Accelerated Mass Spectroscopy). Their dating shows the development of successive deposits during the Iron, Archaic and Classical ages. The AMS dating of a charcoal which is closely associated to the construction of the main monument yielded an age of Cal. BP 2310 = Cal. 360 BC.
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Bahrani, Zainab, Haider Almamori, Helen Malko, Gabriel Rodriguez, and Serdar Yalcin. "THE PARTHIAN ROCK RELIEFS AND BAHDINAN GATE IN AMADIYA/AMEDI: A PRELIMINARY REPORT FROM THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY MAPPING MESOPOTAMIAN MONUMENTS SURVEY." Iraq 81 (August 13, 2019): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2019.4.
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This article presents three rock reliefs of the Parthian era in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, documented in Amadiya/Amedi by Columbia University's Mapping Mesopotamian Monuments survey project in 2013. The paper discusses the iconography, style and date of the reliefs and the methods that the Columbia team used to document them, including photogrammetry, perspectival corrected and perspective controlled stills, and 360° immersive, processed panoramas. At the same time as presenting a reading of the relief imagery, the article offers a preliminary self-reflective consideration of the documentation methods we have been utilizing for the study of rock reliefs in the past seven years. These technological advances, enormously useful for digital image capture, are nevertheless a form of imaging and must be understood as such methodologically. The final results of these kinds of technically advanced images of rock reliefs must rely on modes of visual interpretation that remain subjective and dependent on visual analytical skills based in historical knowledge, stylistic and iconographic analyses, as well as on-site, close up material-tactile studies of surfaces, of carving styles and methods. Finally, taking architectural context and landscape into account, the paper makes the case that the location of the reliefs dating to the Parthian era, at the citadel's entry, guided and inspired the Seljuk era monumental portals of Amadiya/Amedi that were subsequently erected and sculpted in dialogue with the ancient remains.
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Vigo, Vera, Félix Pastor-Escartín, Ayoze Doniz-Gonzalez, Vicent Quilis-Quesada, Pau Capilla-Guasch, José Manuel González-Darder, Pasquale De Bonis, and Juan Carlos Fernandez-Miranda. "The Smith-Robinson Approach to the Subaxial Cervical Spine: A Stepwise Microsurgical Technique Using Volumetric Models From Anatomic Dissections." Operative Neurosurgery 20, no. 1 (August 31, 2020): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opaa265.
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Abstract BACKGROUND The Smith-Robinson1 approach (SRA) is the most widely used route to access the anterior cervical spine. Although several authors have described this approach, there is a lack of the stepwise anatomic description of this operative technique. With the advent of new technologies in neuroanatomy education, such as volumetric models (VMs), the understanding of the spatial relation of the different neurovascular structures can be simplified. OBJECTIVE To describe the anatomy of the SRA through the creation of VMs of anatomic dissections. METHODS A total of 4 postmortem heads and a cervical replica were used to perform and record the SRA approach to the C4-C5 level. The most relevant steps and anatomy of the SRA were recorded using photogrammetry to construct VM. RESULTS The SRA was divided into 6 major steps: positioning, incision of the skin, platysma, and muscle dissection with and without submandibular gland eversion and after microdiscectomy with cage positioning. Anatomic model of the cervical spine and anterior neck multilayer dissection was also integrated to improve the spatial relation of the different structures. CONCLUSION In this study, we review the different steps of the classic SRA and its variations to different cervical levels. The VMs presented allow clear visualization of the 360-degree anatomy of this approach. This new way of representing surgical anatomy can be valuable resources for education and surgical planning.
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Paolini, P., G. Forti, G. Catalani, S. Lucchetti, A. Menghini, A. Mirandola, S. Pistacchio, U. Porzia, and M. Roberti. "FROM ”SAPIENZA” TO “SAPIENZA, STATE ARCHIVES IN ROME”. A LOOPING EFFECT BRINGING BACK TO THE ORIGINAL SOURCE COMUNICATION AND CULTURE BY INNOVATIVE AND LOW COST 3D SURVEYING, IMAGING SYSTEMS AND GIS APPLICATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W8 (April 7, 2016): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xl-5-w8-17-2016.
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High Quality survey models, realized by multiple Low Cost methods and technologies, as a container to sharing Cultural and Archival Heritage, this is the aim guiding our research, here described in its primary applications. The SAPIENZA building, a XVI century masterpiece that represented the first unified headquarters of University in Rome, plays since year 1936, when the University moved to its newly edified campus, the role of the main venue for the State Archives. By the collaboration of a group of students of the Architecture Faculty, some integrated survey methods were applied on the monument with success. The beginning was the topographic survey, creating a reference on ground and along the monument for the upcoming applications, a GNNS RTK survey followed georeferencing points on the internal courtyard. Dense stereo matching photogrammetry is nowadays an accepted method for generating 3D survey models, accurate and scalable; it often substitutes 3D laser scanning for its low cost, so that it became our choice. Some 360° shots were planned for creating panoramic views of the double portico from the courtyard, plus additional single shots of some lateral spans and of pillars facing the court, as a single operation with a double finality: to create linked panotours with hotspots to web-linked databases, and 3D textured and georeferenced surface models, allowing to study the harmonic proportions of the classical architectural order. The use of free web Gis platforms, to load the work in Google Earth and the realization of low cost 3D prototypes of some representative parts, has been even performed.
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Casella, V., and M. Franzini. "MODELLING STEEP SURFACES BY VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS OF NADIR AND OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAMMETRY." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-1 (June 2, 2016): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-1-175-2016.
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Among the parts of the territory requiring periodical and careful monitoring, many have steep surfaces: quarries, river basins, land-slides, dangerous mountainsides. Aerial photogrammetry based on lightweight unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is rapidly becoming the tool of election to survey limited areas of land with a high level of detail. Aerial photogrammetry is traditionally based on vertical images and only recently the use of significantly inclined imagery has been considered. Oblique photogrammetry presents peculiar aspects and offers improved capabilities for steep surface reconstruction. Full comprehension of oblique photogrammetry still requires research efforts and the evaluation of diverse case studies. In the present paper, the focus is on the photogrammetric UAS-based survey of a part of a large sandpit. Various flight configurations are considered: ordinary linear strips, radial strips (as the scarp considered has a semi-circular shape) and curved ones; moreover, nadir looking and oblique image blocks were acquired. Around 300 control points were measured with a topographic total station. The various datasets considered are evaluated in terms of density of the extracted point cloud and in terms of the distance between the reconstructed surface and a number of check points.
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Casella, V., and M. Franzini. "MODELLING STEEP SURFACES BY VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS OF NADIR AND OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAMMETRY." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-1 (June 2, 2016): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-1-175-2016.
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Among the parts of the territory requiring periodical and careful monitoring, many have steep surfaces: quarries, river basins, land-slides, dangerous mountainsides. Aerial photogrammetry based on lightweight unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is rapidly becoming the tool of election to survey limited areas of land with a high level of detail. Aerial photogrammetry is traditionally based on vertical images and only recently the use of significantly inclined imagery has been considered. Oblique photogrammetry presents peculiar aspects and offers improved capabilities for steep surface reconstruction. Full comprehension of oblique photogrammetry still requires research efforts and the evaluation of diverse case studies. In the present paper, the focus is on the photogrammetric UAS-based survey of a part of a large sandpit. Various flight configurations are considered: ordinary linear strips, radial strips (as the scarp considered has a semi-circular shape) and curved ones; moreover, nadir looking and oblique image blocks were acquired. Around 300 control points were measured with a topographic total station. The various datasets considered are evaluated in terms of density of the extracted point cloud and in terms of the distance between the reconstructed surface and a number of check points.
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Tigarev, V., Y. Barchanova, I. Prokopovych, O. Lopakov, and R. Vinokurov. "AN INDIVIDUAL MASK CREATION USING THE INFORMATION MODEL." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet Pratsi 1, no. 63 (2021): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.1.63.2021.10.
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The development of individual respiratory protection (masks) during a coronavirus pandemic is relevant. Modern technologies of design and manufacture allow creating masks taking into account individual anatomical features of the person. The paper considers different types of construction of protective masks. It is necessary to create masks taking into account the anatomical features of the person. To address this issue, various countries are holding competitions to create a new generation of masks, such as the Mask Innovation Challenge in the United States. We offer creation of a protective mask with use of modern computer technologies on the basis of information model. The general approach and an option of practical realization of creation of a mask taking into account individual features of the person are considered. The information model has 5 main stages of creating a protective mask. To create a model of the human head, the method of photogrammetry is used, when its three-dimensional model is formed from two-dimensional photographs. On the surface of the head model in the program Autodesk 3DS Max created the basis of the mask frame using retopology technology. Then a three-dimensional solid model of the mask frame was developed, which was tested for mechanical loads when changing facial expressions. The creation of a solid model of the mask frame and simulation of mechanical loads were carried out in the program Autodesk Fusion 360. Fabrication of the supporting frame of the mask using additive technology is simulated. As a result, a mask is created using a replaceable multilayer filter. A further development of the work is the design of a reusable mask using different types of filters.
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Pirotti, F., M. Piragnolo, A. Vettore, and A. Guarnieri. "COMPARING ACCURACY OF ULTRA-DENSE LASER SCANNER AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY POINT CLOUDS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2022 (May 30, 2022): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2022-353-2022.
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Abstract. Massive point clouds have now become a common product from surveys using passive (photogrammetry) or active (laser scanning) technologies. A common question is what is the difference in terms of accuracy and precision of different technologies and processing options. In this work four ultra-dense point-clouds (PCs) from drone surveys are compared. Two PCs were created from imagery using a photogrammetric workflow, with and without ground control points. The laser scanning PCs were created with two drone flights with Riegl MiniVUX-3 lidar sensor, resulting in a point cloud with ~300 million points, and Riegl VUX-120 lidar sensor, leading to a point cloud with ~1 billion points. Relative differences between pairs from permutations of the four PCs are analysed calculating point-to-point distances over nearest neighbours. Eleven clipped PC subsets are used for this task. Ground control points (GCPs) are also used to assess residuals in the two photogrammetric point clouds in order to quantify the improvement from using GCPs vs not using GCPs when processing the images.Results related to comparing the two photogrammetric point clouds with and without GCPs show an improvement of average absolute position error from 0.12 m to 0.05 m and RMSE from 0.03 m to 0.01 m. Point-to-point distances over the PC pairs show that the closest point clouds are the two lidar clouds, with mean absolute distance (MAD), median absolute distance (MdAD) and standard deviation of distances (RMSE) respectively of 0.031 m, 0.025 m, 0.019 m; largest difference is between photogrammetric PC with GCPs, with 0.208 m, 0.206 m and 0.116 m, with the Z component providing most of the difference. Photogrammetry without GCP was more consistent with the lidar point clouds, with MAD of 0.064 m, MdAD of 0.048 m and RMSE value of 0.114 m.
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Zhan, K., Y. Song, D. Fritsch, G. Mammadov, and J. Wagner. "COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY DATA COLOURING BASED ON PHOTOGRAMMETRIC IMAGES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-361-2020.
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Abstract. Nowadays various methods and sensors are available for 3D reconstruction tasks; however, it is still necessary to integrate advantages of different technologies for optimizing the quality 3D models. Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging technique which takes a large number of radiographic measurements from different angles, in order to generate slices of the object, however, without colour information. The aim of this study is to put forward a framework to extract colour information from photogrammetric images for corresponding Computed Tomography (CT) surface data with high precision. The 3D models of the same object from CT and photogrammetry methods are generated respectively, and a transformation matrix is determined to align the extracted CT surface to the photogrammetric point cloud through a coarse-to-fine registration process. The estimated pose information of images to the photogrammetric point clouds, which can be obtained from the standard image alignment procedure, also applies to the aligned CT surface data. For each camera pose, a depth image of CT data is calculated by projecting all the CT points to the image plane. The depth image is in principle should agree with the corresponding photogrammetric image. The points, which cannot be seen from the pose, but are also projected on the depth image, are excluded from the colouring process. This is realized by comparing the range values of neighbouring pixels and finding the corresponding 3D points with larger range values. The same procedure is implemented for all the image poses to obtain the coloured CT surface. Thus, by using photogrammetric images, we achieve a coloured CT dataset with high precision, which combines the advantages from both methods. Rather than simply stitching different data, we deep-dive into the photogrammetric 3D reconstruction process and optimize the CT data with colour information. This process can also provide an initial route and more options for other data fusion processes.
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Pérez Ramos, A., and G. Robleda Prieto. "ONLY IMAGE BASED FOR THE 3D METRIC SURVEY OF GOTHIC STRUCTURES BY USING FRAME CAMERAS AND PANORAMIC CAMERAS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-363-2016.
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Indoor Gothic apse provides a complex environment for virtualization using imaging techniques due to its light conditions and architecture. Light entering throw large windows in combination with the apse shape makes difficult to find proper conditions to photo capture for reconstruction purposes. Thus, documentation techniques based on images are usually replaced by scanning techniques inside churches. Nevertheless, the need to use Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for indoor virtualization means a significant increase in the final surveying cost. So, in most cases, scanning techniques are used to generate dense point clouds. However, many Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) internal cameras are not able to provide colour images or cannot reach the image quality that can be obtained using an external camera. Therefore, external quality images are often used to build high resolution textures of these models. This paper aims to solve the problem posted by virtualizing indoor Gothic churches, making that task more affordable using exclusively techniques base on images. It reviews a previous proposed methodology using a DSRL camera with 18-135 lens commonly used for close range photogrammetry and add another one using a HDR 360° camera with four lenses that makes the task easier and faster in comparison with the previous one. Fieldwork and office-work are simplified. The proposed methodology provides photographs in such a good conditions for building point clouds and textured meshes. Furthermore, the same imaging resources can be used to generate more deliverables without extra time consuming in the field, for instance, immersive virtual tours. In order to verify the usefulness of the method, it has been decided to apply it to the apse since it is considered one of the most complex elements of Gothic churches and it could be extended to the whole building.
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Pérez Ramos, A., and G. Robleda Prieto. "ONLY IMAGE BASED FOR THE 3D METRIC SURVEY OF GOTHIC STRUCTURES BY USING FRAME CAMERAS AND PANORAMIC CAMERAS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b5-363-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Indoor Gothic apse provides a complex environment for virtualization using imaging techniques due to its light conditions and architecture. Light entering throw large windows in combination with the apse shape makes difficult to find proper conditions to photo capture for reconstruction purposes. Thus, documentation techniques based on images are usually replaced by scanning techniques inside churches. Nevertheless, the need to use Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for indoor virtualization means a significant increase in the final surveying cost. So, in most cases, scanning techniques are used to generate dense point clouds. However, many Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) internal cameras are not able to provide colour images or cannot reach the image quality that can be obtained using an external camera. Therefore, external quality images are often used to build high resolution textures of these models. This paper aims to solve the problem posted by virtualizing indoor Gothic churches, making that task more affordable using exclusively techniques base on images. It reviews a previous proposed methodology using a DSRL camera with 18-135 lens commonly used for close range photogrammetry and add another one using a HDR 360° camera with four lenses that makes the task easier and faster in comparison with the previous one. Fieldwork and office-work are simplified. The proposed methodology provides photographs in such a good conditions for building point clouds and textured meshes. Furthermore, the same imaging resources can be used to generate more deliverables without extra time consuming in the field, for instance, immersive virtual tours. In order to verify the usefulness of the method, it has been decided to apply it to the apse since it is considered one of the most complex elements of Gothic churches and it could be extended to the whole building.
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Filipe, Frédéric, and Judith Sausse. "Use of close-range photogrammetry to characterize fracture surfaces." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 175, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/175.5.481.
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Abstract Natural fractures are characterized by rough surfaces and complex fluid flows. A large distribution of apertures (residual voids) within their walls and the presence of contact points produce heterogeneous flows (channelling). The resulting permeabilities, porosities or fluid-rock exchange surfaces cannot be realistically modelled by parallel and smooth plate models. It is therefore very important to better constrain models of the fracture planes : asperity heights and aperture distribution to be able to fix specific models of permeability in specific fracture void geometry. In this approach, a precise description of the fracture surface planes is given by providing some new quantitative data of surface roughness in the case of natural fractures. Studied fractures are sampled in a granite and a sandstone in the deep basement of the Hot Dry Rock site of Soultzsous-Forêts (Bas-Rhin, France). An original use of close-range photogrammetry is performed to quantify XYZ data on fracture walls. This methodology is presented as a non destructive, precise and accurate technology to quantify some digital terrain models (DTM) of the fracture plane topography. XYZ results are statistically treated in terms of surface roughness and tortuosity and are compared for different rocks to previous data obtained by mechanical profilometry. The results shows that the photogrammetric approach gives same order of asperity heights magnitudes as profilometry despite a shift towards more important values of roughness when close range photogrammetry uses relative autocorrelation models. The advantage of photogrammetry is that this technique gives very quick results and is non destructive when thin alteration or pulverulent deposits are present within fracture walls or in the rock matrix. The disadvantage is that a slight smoothing of data is inherent to an absolute model calibration. Finally only relative 300*300 DTM are finally chosen to match profilometry data because of their higher precision in terms of micro roughness description to compare natural fracture surfaces. In the objective of a classification of fracture roughness in specific geological contexts, the photogrammetric approach gives a good estimation of different classes of roughness in function of rock alteration and type.
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Barazzetti, L., M. Previtali, and F. Roncoroni. "3D MODELING WITH 5K 360° VIDEOS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-2/W1-2022 (February 25, 2022): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-2-w1-2022-65-2022.
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Abstract. Video acquisition with 360° (spherical) cameras is becoming increasingly popular for the opportunity to capture the entire scene around the user in a relatively short time. The method can also be attractive for photogrammetric applications. As the overlap between consecutive frames is undoubtedly guaranteed, 3D models can be generated with an automated processing workflow. The paper illustrates the results achieved with 5k 360° videos captured with different Insta360 cameras. As the number of frames can become large, two complementary solutions are proposed to provide approximate initial exterior orientation parameters: the integration of the trajectory captured through GNSS, and the creation of an acquisition plan with a GIS-based application. The availability of approximated EO parameters provides a visibility map between the frames and reduces the computational cost during image matching. Experimental results demonstrate that such preliminary information is necessary for large datasets. Indeed, the photogrammetric processing of the entire dataset without the proposed preliminary EO parameters resulted in unreliable or incomplete orientation results.
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Simon, Mihai, Loredana Copăcean, Cosmin Popescu, Margareta Măgureanu, and Lumința Cojocariu. "POSSIBILITIES OF OBTAINING CADASTRAL PLANS ON LARGE SURFACES USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY." Current Trends in Natural Sciences 10, no. 19 (July 31, 2021): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2021.v10i19.019.
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The importance of research in the field of topo-cadastral or photogrammetry has been revealed by many studies but strictly with reference to the general cadastre without considering the relevance for agriculture: arable land, pastoral space, forests or other uses. In this context, the purpose of the research was to bring "automated" alternatives, remotely, to the preparation, updating or completion of cadastral plans available in the past in analog format, at the level of each ATU. The working methodology consisted of: flying over the territory with WingtraOne photogrammetric equipment, at an altitude of 300 m, generating the orthophotoplan with very high spatial resolution (below 0.5 m), vectoring the lands according to the category of use, both in the urban area and outside the commune and the creation of geospatial databases. The obtained results materialized through the topo-cadastral inventory of all the buildings in the analyzed territory (arable land, pastures, hayfields, forests, built spaces, etc.), both as a spatial location (vector format) and as a descriptive database. The application of high precision photogrammetric techniques has a practical application in real estate inventory, especially in the case of large areas, but also a complement to theoretical research in various fields.
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Teppati Losè, L., F. Chiabrando, and A. Spanò. "PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF A COMMERCIAL 360 MULTI-CAMERA RIG FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PURPOSES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 1113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-1113-2018.
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The research presented in this paper is focused on a preliminary evaluation of a 360 multi-camera rig: the possibilities to use the images acquired by the system in a photogrammetric workflow and for the creation of spherical images are investigated and different tests and analyses are reported. Particular attention is dedicated to different operative approaches for the estimation of the interior orientation parameters of the cameras, both from an operative and theoretical point of view. The consistency of the six cameras that compose the 360 system was in depth analysed adopting a self-calibration approach in a commercial photogrammetric software solution. A 3D calibration field was projected and created, and several topographic measurements were performed in order to have a set of control points to enhance and control the photogrammetric process. The influence of the interior parameters of the six cameras were analyse both in the different phases of the photogrammetric workflow (reprojection errors on the single tie point, dense cloud generation, geometrical description of the surveyed object, etc.), both in the stitching of the different images into a single spherical panorama (some consideration on the influence of the camera parameters on the overall quality of the spherical image are reported also in these section).
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Carnevali, L., E. Ippoliti, F. Lanfranchi, S. Menconero, M. Russo, and V. Russo. "CLOSE-RANGE MINI-UAVS PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR ARCHITECTURE SURVEY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-217-2018.
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The survey of historical façades contains several bottlenecks, mainly related to the geometrical structure, the decorative framework, the presence of natural or artificial obstacles, the environment limitations. Urban context presents additional restrictions, binding by ground acquisition activity and leading to building data loss. The integration of TLS and close-range photogrammetry allows to go over such stuff, not overcoming the shadows effect due to the ground point of view. In the last year the massive use of UAVs in survey activity has permitted to enlarge survey capabilities, reaching a deeper knowledge in the architecture analysis. In the meanwhile, several behaviour rules have been introduced in different countries, regulating the UAVs use in different field, strongly restricting their application in urban areas. Recently very small and light platforms have been presented, which can partially overcome these rules restrictions, opening to very interesting future scenarios. This article presents the application of one of these very small RPAS (less than 300&thinsp;g), equipped with a low-cost camera, in a close range photogrammetric survey of an historical building façade in Bologna (Italy). The suggested analysis tries to point out the system accuracy and details acquisition capacity. The final aim of the paper is to validate the application of this new platform in an architectonic survey pipeline, widening the future application of close-range photogrammetry in the architecture acquisition process.
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Cera, V., and M. Campi. "FAST SURVEY PROCEDURES IN URBAN SCENARIOS: SOME TESTS WITH 360° CAMERAS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-2/W1-2022 (December 8, 2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-2-w1-2022-45-2022.
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Abstract. The use of spherical cameras (with a field of view of 360°) is becoming increasingly popular for photogrammetric applications characterised by the opportunity to capture entire scenes in a relatively short time.This potential may be even more interesting for the digitisation of complex areas where, in addition to geometry, time, cost and social context play an important role.This contribution is part of this field of investigation by describing two experiments conducted on the use of an inexpensive 360° camera, the Insta360 OneX2, for the expeditious survey of residual spaces below road junctions.The area under investigation is a node in the city of Naples (Italy) located in the eastern area, considered particularly significant for the interaction between the geographical and infrastructural system.Two different approaches are tested starting from the acquisition of the spherical photographic dataset: the traditional one by means of photogrammetric software and the more economical and user-friendly one by employing the Matterport Capture application. Pros and cons of the two approaches are discussed: the first experimental results are encouraged and support the validity of the approach for surveying complex urban spaces.
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Fangi, G. "ALEPPO BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR 2010–2018." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 22, 2019): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-449-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> What remains of Cultural Heritage in Syria? And in particular in Aleppo? Aleppo, according to UNESCO, is the oldest city in the world. The first settlements date back to 12,000 years ago, the first evidence of the city to 8,000. The A. visited the city in October 2018 at the invitation of the Syrian Trust for Development. He previously went to Syria for a photographic tour in 2010. It was a unique opportunity to document some noticeable buildings and monuments, later on affected by the war. When the war began in 2012, the A. retrieved the photographs and gave them to his students, who then ran some 28 projects of Cultural Heritage items. They are small monuments or small projects, neither complete not very accurate, but sometimes they are unique for the monuments that have already disappeared. In 2017 the book <i>Reviving Palmyra</i> was published, whose main author is the Finnish archaeologist Minna Silver. The book shows the results of the surveys of some monuments of Palmyra, including the Roman theater, the temple of Bel, the triumphal arch and the funerary tower of Al-Habel. The A. made an exibition of the these projects in Ancona, Italy, and produced a video of the exibition, which was then published online. Reme Sackr saw the video and invited the A. to visit Syria. She is a Syrian woman of the Syrian Trust for Development, a Syrian NGO for reconstruction of Syria. She is responsible for the Living Heritage Program inside the Trust, in practice responsible for the reconstruction and the restoration of the monuments in Syria. So in October 2018 the A. went to Aleppo, Syria, for a second time. The present paper shows some results and comparisons for same monuments before and after the war. The objects of the survey are some parts of the Citadel walls, the entrance tower of the Citadel, the southern tower, one mosque and the minaret of the Citadel mosque. One of the first monuments to be restored will be the minaret of the Great Omoyyad Mosque in Aleppo. Some monuments, the minority, are apparently in good condition, seemingly untouched by the war. Some are badly damaged and unsafe. They must first be made sade and subsequently restored. Finally, other monuments – and these are the majority – no longer exist because they have been destroyed to their very foundations. It seems that the war, besides the population, has particularly targeted monuments, perhaps because they represent the soul and history of a people and a country. For them the problem arises whether to reconstruct or not, and in case of reconstruction with which instruments and with which technique, if there are previous findings. This is precisely the case of the minaret. Here they will try to reconstruct the monument where it was, as it was and with the same materials, with possibly the same blocks in the same position they were in. For this task, however, their identification is necessary. The minaret is the most important monument in Syria, because it is the symbol of the country. It was built in 1092, and its restoration was completed in 2007. A special commission now follows the restoration work. It is composed by public, religious and technical-scientific authorities. They are the same university professors who carried out the restoration of 2007 and now curate the reconstruction. Work began in February 2018. The minaret stones were placed in the square of the mosque. Using a crane they raised the stones one by one, then photographed them from all positions. They then proceeded to the identification stage. A computer program was created in MATHLAB<sup>®</sup> which could carry out the first automatic selection of 6–8 possible candidates. The operator then manually selected the choosen one. Of the 1300 stones of the external face, 40&thinsp;% have already been recognized. The high-resolution photographs of the A. of 2010 will help the identification. It is hoped to reach 70&thinsp;%. Many blocks are no longer usable because they are broken, being limestone and therefore fragile. They no longer have the necessary resistance and will have to be replaced. A museum will be set up for the reconstruction of the minaret and the mosque. It is hoped to complete the work in two years. The surveying technique used by the A. is Spherical Photogrammetry. He published in 2018 <i>The book of Spherical Photogrammetry</i> a collection of related papers and experiences. This technique has been set up by the A. since 2006. It is based on spherical panoramas. These are cartographic representations on planes of spheres, on which the partially overlapping photographs taken from a single shooting point, are projected. Its main feature is the shooting speed. The technique is very much suitable for heritage documentation and the A. hopes to transfer it to the students of the local faculty of architecture. In this last mission, especially for the interiors, the A. made extensive use of Panono, a multi-image camera capable of covering 360°. These results prove undoubtedly that photogrammetry is an essential instrument for the 3D documentation and digital preservation of cultural heritage.</p>
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Gagnon, P. A., J. P. Agnard, and C. Nolette. "Evaluation of a soft-copy photogrammetry system for tree-plot measurements." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1781–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-225.
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This article describes and evaluates the application of a soft-copy photogrammetry system to large-scale forest inventories. A specially designed software, developed by the authors, has been investigated in terms of accuracy and general operability. Tests based on 1:1100 color aerial photographs, taken with a 10-m cross-boom system and digitized at resolutions of 300, 450, and 600 dots per inch, confirmed the expected tree-height accuracies of 48, 32, and 24 cm, respectively. This indicates that a photographic scale of 1:800 and a scanning resolution of 800 dots per inch could produce a tree-height precision of the order of 10 cm. The tests have shown that model orientation takes about 15 min; for a tree plot of 24 trees, measurements (height and crown diameter) and observations (species and condition) also take about 15 min. As the important problem of positioning a helicopter over a tree plot has now been solved using global positioning system receivers, the results and information presented in this paper indicate that the existing technology can provide a rigorous and operational photogrammetric system for large-scale forest inventories and regeneration monitoring.
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Zeng, Wei, Si Dong Zhong, Yuan Yao, and Zhen Feng Shao. "3D Model Reconstruction Based on Close-Range Photogrammetry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 2393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.2393.
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Close-range photogrammetry is a technique of calculating the location, size and shape of measured object by photography whose object distance is generally not greater than 300 meters. Three-dimensional (3D) model reconstruction based on close-range photogrammetry has higher efficiency than that based on Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) technique since acquiring texture data simultaneously. This technology reduces the consuming time of 3D model reconstruction, while ensuring high precision. In this paper, processes and key technologies of 3D model reconstruction based on portable close-range photogrammetry are provided, and it feasibility of the technology is verified via taking Taizhou TV Tower as an example.