Academic literature on the topic '352.530 944'

Introduction: Among the complications caused by HIV infection, tuberculosis (TB) is the most important challenge. The study aimed to determine the predictors of TB and HIV coinfection by using Firth logistic regression analysis. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 32,168 HIV-positive patients diagnosed in Iran. The required information was obtained from the national HIV/AIDS surveillance data. Results: The prevalence of TB in HIV patients was 3.2%; the prevalence of TB in males and females was 944 (91.83%) and 84 (8.17%), respectively. Based on results of multivariate Firth logistic regression, male gender OR male/female = 1.91; injecting drug use (IDU) OR YES/NO = 1.46; illiterate or primary groups OR illiterate or primary /university = 2.23; high school group OR high school/ university = 2.24 all increased the risk of TB and HIV coinfection (p < 0.05). Also, having CD4 > 500 [OR CD4 > 500 / < 200 = 0.39], CD4 351-500 [OR351 / < 200 = 0.65], and CD4 200-350 [OR200-350 / < 200 = 0.64] decreased the risk of TB and HIV coinfection (p < 0.001). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, male gender, low education, injecting drug users, and low CD4 count at the time of diagnosis, were significant predictors of TB and HIV coinfection. Therefore, regular and periodic screening programs and linkage to the care and treatment of HIV patients need special attention.

352 Background: In France, following a pilot population-based screening program in 2002-2003, a national organized program targeting 17 million people was progressively implemented from 2005 to 2009. EDIFICE surveys are iterative polls focusing on cancer screening behavior. The EDIFICE 3 survey was conducted in 2011 and partly dedicated to knowledge of the colorectal cancer screening process. Methods: This third nationwide observational study, EDIFICE 3, was conducted via phone interviews among a representative sample of 946 subjects aged between 50 and 74 years, who had never been treated for cancer. 59% of the population declared having undergone colorectal cancer screening (fecal test or colonoscopy). Results: Interviewed about the screening process, 510/946 (54%) of the French population were unaware of the procedure after a positive fecal test and 782/946 (83%) were unaware of how soon a new test should be performed after a negative result. Only 79/946 (8%) were aware of what to do after either a positive or a negative test and 47% in one out of the two cases. 84% of subjects over assessed (by a factor 2 to 10) the probability of having cancer after a positive test. In contrast, 65% were aware of the possibility of a false negative test. Only 3% of our sample know both the right screening agenda (every other year) and the need for a colonoscopy after a positive test. Neither gender, educational level and socio economic level significantly impacted the rate of right answers. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a lack of detailed knowledge on the colorectal cancer screening process in the French national program. This raises the issue of the fairness of the process (an ethical issue) and may be a reason for the current poor uptake (an effectiveness issue). This should be tackled by improving the transmission of information, preferentially via general practitioners, institutional letters sent directly to subjects (in our survey these two media were found to be readily accepted) and lay press.

1200 V/ 3 mm2 active-area SiC “Super” Junction Transistors (SJTs) display current gains as high as 88 and majority carrier operation up to 250 °C. The SJT operation shifts from purely unipolar to bipolar-mode at temperatures ≥ 300 °C. The leakage currents at a blocking voltage of 1200 V remain below 100 μA, even at 325 °C. Temperature-independent turn-on and turn-off times &lt; 15 ns are measured up to 250 °C. A short-circuit withstand time of 22 μs at VDS=800 V, and a single-pulse avalanche energy of 20.4 mJ are measured. No degradation of the blocking I-V characteristics was observed after a 934 hour repetitive avalanche stress test.

Abstract The objective was to determine if a 7-day lactic acid adaptation in cannulated steers affected ruminal fermentation during an acidosis challenge. Steers (n=18; 790 ± 68 kg) were assigned to one of two treatments: control (CON) 500 mL of H2O or 1 mM DL-Lactic acid solution per kg steer BW (LAC). Steers were dosed with treatments via the cannula prior to feeding for seven days during the adaptation period. The adaptation diet consisted of 25% corn silage, 30% grass hay, 15% dry distillers grains, 25% dry rolled corn, 5% molasses and 10% supplement. To induce acidosis, steers were fasted for 24 hours and subsequently fed a high concentrate diet consisting of 15% corn silage, 15% dry distillers grains, 55% high moisture corn, 5% molasses, 10% supplement. Rumen fluid was collected throughout the acidosis challenge to measure fermentation characteristics including rumen pH, redox, ammonia, volatile fatty acids, and lactic acid. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with a repeated measures analysis. Dry matter intake was not affected (P ≥ 0.65) by treatment before or after the acidosis challenge. A treatment × time interaction was not observed (P = 0.83) for ruminal pH, but pH was affected (P &lt; 0.01) by time and remained between 5.6 and 5.0 for about 14 hours during the challenge. A treatment × hour interaction tended (P = 0.08) to be observed for lactate; LAC had a greater concentration than CON at hour 14 during the challenge. However, a treatment × hour interaction was not detected (P ≥ 0.38) for ammonia, volatile fatty acids, fecal pH and redox potential. In conclusion, these results indicate that a 7-day lactic acid adaption at 1 mM per kg BW did not affect ruminal fermentation characteristics during an acidosis challenge.

Abstract. Observations of multiwavelength Mie–Raman lidar taken during the SHADOW field campaign are used to analyze a smoke–dust episode over West Africa on 24–27 December 2015. For the case considered, the dust layer extended from the ground up to approximately 2000 m while the elevated smoke layer occurred in the 2500–4000 m range. The profiles of lidar measured backscattering, extinction coefficients, and depolarization ratios are compared with the vertical distribution of aerosol parameters provided by the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). The MERRA-2 model simulated the correct location of the near-surface dust and elevated smoke layers. The values of modeled and observed aerosol extinction coefficients at both 355 and 532 nm are also rather close. In particular, for the episode reported, the mean value of difference between the measured and modeled extinction coefficients at 355 nm is 0.01 km−1 with SD of 0.042 km−1. The model predicts significant concentration of dust particles inside the elevated smoke layer, which is supported by an increased depolarization ratio of 15 % observed in the center of this layer. The modeled at 355 nm the lidar ratio of 65 sr in the near-surface dust layer is close to the observed value (70 ± 10) sr. At 532 nm, however, the simulated lidar ratio (about 40 sr) is lower than measurements (55 ± 8 sr). The results presented demonstrate that the lidar and model data are complimentary and the synergy of observations and models is a key to improve the aerosols characterization.

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo construir una escala psicométrica sobre violencia escolar entre estudiantes y estudiantes-profesores de educación pública superior para determinar las prácticas violentas por género, utilizando el modelo desarrollado por Delgadillo (2010, 2012). Es un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, exploratorio. Se trabajó con 744 estudiantes universitarios, 354 hombres, 388 mujeres; se obtuvieron valores estadísticos pertinentes: adecuación muestral KMO de .940; esfericidad de Bartlett de .000; valores de comunalidad superiores a .500; varianza total explicada de 44.15%, 64 reactivos distribuidos en 8 factores; confiabilidad de α de Cronbach de .946; arrojando ocho indicadores: F1, física-psicológica; F2, desvalorización-control; F3, discriminación; F4, arbitrariedad; F5, indiferencia-desprecio; F6, desaprobación-rechazo; F7, abuso; F8, calumnia. Los resultados indican que las medias por grupo, según el sexo, los hombres son quienes presentan significativamente más interacciones violentas y encabezan los registros de violencia a comparación de las mujeres, independientemente del nivel escolar. Disponer de una herramienta psicométrica técnicamente sólida es la mayor contribución de este trabajo, sobretodo hablando de un tema escasamente abordado, la violencia horizontal y vertical en educación púbica superior. Esto significa que las IES (Instituciones de Educación Superior) junto con el sector de la administración de justicia, podrán hacer uso de esta herramienta, EVIESS para documentar evidencia objetiva en caso de queja o denuncia de violencia escolar por pares o no pares, para la protección de la garantía establecida en el artículo 3º, fracción II, inciso “c” de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos.

Self-regulation is important at every stage of the education process and must be measured accurately in order to know at what students’ levels are. The aim of this study is to develop a scale that is able to validly and reliably determine the self-regulation levels of secondary school students regarding science. The study uses the survey design, a quantitative research method. The sample of the research consists of 500 students enrolled in three secondary schools in Kayseri Province’s Melikgazi district during 2018 spring semester. While preparing the scale, which was developed based on social cognitive theory, a literature review was conducted, expert opinions were sought, and a pilot study was conducted to test the suitability of the items. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) were performed to ensure the construct validity. As a result of the EFA, a structure consisting of 26 questions was obtained whose three factors explain 48% of the variance. This structure was confirmed through CFA, which was conducted on the data obtained from a sample different than the one used in the EFA. Cronbach’s alpha of reliability for the scale was calculated as .940. As a result, a valid and reliable scale for science education based on social cognitive theory and Zimmerman’s self-regulation model was obtained that is simple enough that middle school student can understand it.

Our paper aimed to develop rapid, sensitive, and specific LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of niacin (NA) and its metabolite nicotinuric acid (NUA) in human plasma. Following protein precipitation with acetonitrile, the NA, NUA, and internal standard (5-fluorouracil) were separated on a Zorbax 300SB-C8column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of methanol-2 mM ammonium acetate (3 : 97, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min (split 1 : 1). A tandem mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source was used as the detector and operated in negative ion mode. The linear concentration ranges of the calibration curves were 5–800 ng/mL for NA and NUA. The intra-assay RSD for quality control (QC) samples were from 5.0% to 8.7% for NA, and 5.5% to 7.6% for NUA. The interassay RSD for QC samples were from 2.8% to 9.4% for NA, and 3.7% to 5.8% for NUA. The relative errors for QC samples were from −2.2% to 2.3% for NA, and −0.6% to 3.2% for NUA. The method was successfully applied to the investigation of the pharmacokinetic profiles of NA, NUA in human after single dose administration of Niacin extended-release/Simvastatin tablet (500 mg/10 mg).

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding transcripts which are involved in the pathogenesis of pituitary gland tumors. LncRNAs that participate in the pathogenesis of pituitary gland tumors mainly serve as sponges for miRNAs. CLRN1-AS1/miR-217, XIST/miR-424-5p, H19/miR-93a, LINC00473/miR-502-3p, SNHG7/miR-449a, MEG8/miR-454-3p, MEG3/miR-23b-3p, MEG3/miR-376B-3P, SNHG6/miR-944, PCAT6/miR-139-3p, lncRNA-m433s1/miR-433, TUG1/miR-187-3p, SNHG1/miR-187-3p, SNHG1/miR-302, SNHG1/miR-372, SNHG1/miR-373, and SNHG1/miR-520 are identified lncRNA/miRNA pairs that are involved in this process. Hsa_circ_0001368 and circOMA1 are two examples of circRNAs that contribute to the pathogenesis of pituitary gland tumors. Meanwhile, SNHG1, LINC00702, LINC00460, and MEG3 have been found to partake in the pathogenesis of meningioma. In the current review, we describe the role of non-coding RNAs in two types of brain tumors, i.e., pituitary tumors and meningioma.

337 Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is common in China. With the total incidence of cancer keeping rising in China, the occurrence of multiple primary cancers with GC is growing. Early detection and diagnosis of second or more primary cancers are vital for patients’ survival. Methods: Patients with multiple primary cancers containing gastric adenocarcinoma treated in China National Cancer Center from January 2010 to December 2017 were included. A 6-month interval was used to separate synchronous and metachronous cancers (according to IARC/IACR criteria). Results: 479 patients met the criteria were included, with 452 (94.4%), 24 (5.0%), 3 (0.6%) patients having two, three or more primary cancer sites respectively, contributing a total of 510 cancer sites besides stomach (Table). Malignancies at 257 (50.4%) sites occurred with GC synchronously, while 253 (49.6%) occurred metachronously. The median age at the diagnosis of first cancer was 59 (interquartile range [IQR], 53-66) years. The median interval between the diagnosis of first primary cancer and metachronous second one was 50.3 (IQR, 23.7-97.0) months. Cancers outside gastrointestinal (GI) tract were more likely to occur with GC metachronously, while GI tract cancers were more likely to occur synchronously (χ²=55.36, p<0.001). Out of 479 patients, there were 352 (73.6%) male and 127 (26.4%) female. The most common associated cancer was esophagus cancer (142, 40.3%) in male, and breast cancer (31, 25.4%) in female. 236 (49.8%) patients were current smokers or ex-smokers, and 190 (40.1%) were regular alcohol consumers. 110 (23.2%) had first-degree relative cancer family history, with 84 (17.7%) having GI tract cancer family history. Conclusions: GI tract including esophagus and colorectum should be carefully scrutinized during GC peri-operation period. Further genetic research is warranted to explore the potential pathogenesis of multiple primary cancers.[Table: see text]

For a review of a monograph by C. Wiles and P. Watts on applications of flow reactors in organic synthesis, see Org. Process. Res. Dev. 2011, 15, 947. For a review by Klavs S. Jensen of MIT of flow approaches, see Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 7502. Hans-René Bjørsvik of the University of Bergen described (Org. Process. Res. Dev. 2011, 15, 997) a multijet oscillating disc microreactor, and Andreas Schmid of the Technische Universität Dortmund (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 2511) and László Poppe of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics discussed (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 2481) continuous flow reactors for biotransformations. Gases are readily handled in a flow apparatus. S. Chandrasekhar of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad demonstrated (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 3865) partial deuteration of 1 to 2, using D2O as the deuterium source. Peter H. Seeberger of the Max Planck Institute, Potsdam oxidized (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 5008) 3 to 4 with singlet oxygen. Dong-Pyo Kim of Chungnam National University and Robert H. Grubbs of Caltech effected (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 2398) ethenolysis of 5 to give 6 and 7. Takashi Takahashi of the Tokyo Institute of Technology showed (Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 12661) that even phosgene could be handled in a flow system, using it to activate 8 for condensation with benzylamine to give 9. In the liquid phase, Stephen L. Buchwald of MIT prepared (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 8900) 11 by the fluorination of 10. Jesús Alcázar of Janssen Pharmaceutical, Toledo, showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 6058) that a nitrile 12 could be reduced in a flow system to the aldehyde 13. Mark York of CSIRO prepared (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 6267) the furan 16 by condensation of 14 with 15. Floris P.J.T. Rutjes of Radboud University Nijmegen used (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2011, 15, 783) the careful controls of a flow reactor to optimize the exothermic combination of 17 with 18 to give 19. Professor Buchwald demonstrated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 10665) a flow protocol for the lithiation of 20 with in situ borylation and Pd-catalyzed coupling with 21 to give 22.

Carrying out organic synthesis with a flow reactor can offer significant advantages over the more conventional batch processing. Andreas Kirschning of Leibniz Universität Hannover concisely summarized (Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 4583) the issues surrounding both micro and meso flow methods. Walter Leitner of RWTH Aachen focused (Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 3691) on near- and supercritical fluids as solvents, and Steven V. Ley of the University of Cambridge discussed in-line IR monitoring for the accurate dispensing of reagents in a flow apparatus (Chem. Sci. 2011, 2, 765) and cryogenic operations (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 3312). Nicholas E. Leadbeater of the University of Connecticut addressed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 263) the handling of solid reaction products, and Thomas Wirth of Cardiff University (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 357) and Martyn Poiakoff of the University of Nottingham (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 3788) outlined software-based reaction optimization. A recent monograph (reviewed in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 9948) by Charlotte Wiles of Chemtrix BV and Paul Watts of the University of Hull provides a detailed overview of many of these issues. Simple thermal reactions are easily carried out under flow conditions, with optimized temperature and dwell times. Peter H. Seeberger of Max Planck Potsdam carried out (Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 2688) the Hemetsberger-Knittel cyclization of 1 to the indole 2, and Lukas J. Goossen of TU Kaiserslautern and Toby Underwood of Pfizer/Sandwich effected ( Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 3628) the decarboxylative coupling of 3 with 4 to give 5. A flow apparatus can also be used for gas-liquid reactions. C. Oliver Kappe of Karl-Franzen University Graz effected (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 984) ozonolysis of 6, using the Dussault protocol, and Dong-Pyo Kim of Chungnam National University generated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 5952) diazomethane in situ to homologate 8 to 9. Mixing can be a serious issue under flow conditions. Sarah J. Dolman of Merck Process observed (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 993) that kinetic deprotonation and formylation of 10 gave 11, but that formylation after aging led to increasing quantities of 12. Using magnetically driven agitation in a tube mixer, she was able to make 11 the dominant product from the flow procedure.

The failure of fibrinolytic therapy to restore physiologic myocardial perfusion in upward of 40% of patients supports the development of strategies to improve response rates to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in those requiring early procedures. The construct of facilitated PCI (pharmacoinvasive therapy) provides a platform for utilizing the strengths of existing therapies and treatment modalities. The Heparin in Early Patency (HEAP) trial (Zijlstra et al., 2002) included 1,702 patients treated with primary PCI for myocardial infarction (MI); 860 patients received aspirin (500 mg IV) and UFH (≥5,000 U IV) before being transported to the hospital and 842 patients received the same antithrombotic therapy in the hospital. TIMI 2 or 3 flow rates were higher in the pretreated group (31% vs. 20%; p = .001), and patients with TIMI 2 or 3 flow initially had a higher PCI success rate (94% vs. 89%; p <.001) and a lower 30-day mortality (1.6% vs. 3.4%; p = .04). The Plasminogen Activator Angioplasty Compatibility Trial (PACT) randomized 606 patients to receive a 50-mg bolus of alteplase or placebo, followed by immediate angiography and angioplasty if needed (Ross et al., 1999). TIMI flow rates on arrival to the catheterization laboratory were 33% and 15%, respectively. Facilitated PCI and primary PCI restored TIMI 3 flow in occluded vessels equally (77% and 79%, respectively). There were no differences in major bleeding. Left ventricular ejection fraction was highest in those with TIMI 3 flow on arrival to the catheterization laboratory or following PCI within 1 hour of alteplase administration. Full-dose fibrinolytic therapy with alteplase or reteplase followed by coronary angiography and PCI (if no clinical evidence of reperfusion) was evaluated retrospectively in the Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries (GUSTO) III trial (Miller et al., 1999). Among those undergoing PCI (n = 392), 87 patients received in-laboratory abciximab. A trend toward reduced mortality was observed in abciximab-treated patients, but at a higher cost of hemorrhagic complications. In the Strategies for Patency Enhancement in the Emergency Department (SPEED) trial (Herrmann et al., 2000), 323 patients who underwent PCI had an 88% procedural success rate and a 30-day composite of death, reinfarction, or revascularization of 5.6%.

Kyungsoo Oh of Chung-Ang University cyclized (Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 450) the chloro enone 1 with NBS to the furan 2. Hongwei Zhou of Zhejiang University acylated (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2015, 357, 389) the imine 3, leading to the furan 4. H. Surya Prakash Rao of Pondicherry University found (Synlett 2014, 26, 1059) that under Blaise conditions, exposure of 5 to three equivalents of 6 led to the pyrrole 7. Yoshiaki Nishibayashi of the University of Tokyo and Yoshihiro Miyake, now at Nagoya University, prepared (Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 8900) the pyrrole 10 by adding the silane 9 to the enone 8. Barry M. Trost of Stanford University developed (Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 1433) the phosphine-mediated cyclization of 11 to an intermediate that on brief exposure to a Pd catalyst was converted to the pyridine 12. Nagatoshi Nishiwaki of the Kochi University of Technology added (Chem. Lett. 2015, 44, 776) the dinitrolactam 14 to the enone 13 to give the pyridine 15. Metin Balci of the Middle East Technical University assembled (Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 964) the tricyclic pyridine 18 by adding propargyl amine 17 to the aldehyde 16. Chada Raji Reddy of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology cyclized (Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 896) the azido enyne 19 to the pyridine 20 by simple exposure to I2. Björn C. G. Söderberg of West Virginia University used (J. Org. Chem. 2015, 80, 4783) a Pd catalyst to simultaneously reduce and cyclize 21 to the indole 22. Ranjan Jana of the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology effected (Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 672) sequential ortho C–H activation and cyclization, adding 23 to 24 to give the 2-substituted indole 25. In a complementary approach, Debabrata Maiti of the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay added (Chem. Eur. J. 2015, 21, 8723) 27 to 26 to give the 3-substituted indole 28. In a Type 8 construction, Nobutaka Fujii and Hiroaki Ohno of Kyoto University employed (Chem. Eur. J. 2015, 21, 1463) a gold catalyst to add 30 to 29, leading to 31.

The depletion of fossil fuels is a major concern for the world because of the demand for energy that has increased rapidly with population growth and urbanization. For sustainable development, energy producing industries are trying to find suitable substitutes for petroleum fuel that are environmentally friendly and economically feasible. Biomass ,such as bio-oil and biochar production, could be a possible alternative energy source. Production of biochar and bio-oil from chicken manure(CM) by the pyrolysis process could be a robust approach for organic waste recycling. In this work, experiments were conducted to examine the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the quality of chicken manure biochar (CMB) and to identify the optimal pyrolysis temperature for the conversion of CM into biochar. As the maximum pyrolysis temperature gradually increased from 350 to 650OC, the biochar yield, total nitrogen content in biochar, organic carbon (OC) content, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the produced biochar decreased ,while the pH value, ash content and BET surface area of the biochar increased. The generated biochar showed yields of 44.87�61.15% reported to raw material mass, organic carbon of 320�370 g/kg, pH value of 9.4�11.7, BET surface area of 2.65�6.35 m2/g and CEC of 50.21� 31.45 cmolc/kg. The maximum transformation of organic carbon from CM to biochar occurred at 550 OC, however 80.5% of N contained in CM was lost to volatile compounds at this temperature. To produce CMB for use as fertilizer, a temperature value of 350 OC should be selected in pyrolysis process while for environmental applications, 550OC is a suitable temperature value. The obtained results suggest that chicken manure could be used as potential feedstocks for slow pyrolysis process to produce high-value products useful as energy resources.

Abstract A micromechanical finite element model (FEM) has been developed using ANSYS to investigate the effects of temperature and cross-ply stacking on failure of graphite fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix (P75 graphite/934 epoxy) composites. Thermal residual stresses develop as a result of the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion of the fiber and the matrix, and the operating and stress-free or cure temperature. It has been shown that these thermal stresses can be large enough to cause matrix cracking and possibly even laminate failure. Results from the 3-D micromechanical FEM are compared to those of the 2-D work, using laminated plate theory, done by Bowles and Griffin. A new curve of ultimate radial stress as a function of temperature was also developed. Using this curve, it is shown that the [0]s laminate model does not cross the failure criterion line when subjected to a delta temperature of −500°F. The [0/0/90/90]s model, however, reaches the ultimate radial stress at a temperature of about −15°F, assuming a stress-free temperature of 350°F. Bowles and Griffin’s ultimate radial stress curve, based on a single radial peaking factor, predicted the matrix failure at about 32°F. Further investigation of the model examines the effect of thermal loading on the matrix cracking.

Introdução: Por muito tempo a mulher foi limitada às tarefas domésticas e à maternidade. Todavia, com a maior atuação do movimento feminista nas décadas de 1930–60, a mulher passou a buscar cada vez mais a independên-cia financeira e o sucesso acadêmico e profissional, o que contribuiu para o adiamento da maternidade, aliado ao advento da pílula anticoncepcional. Assim, o assunto da maternidade é abordado em torno dos 30–35 anos, idade em que a fertilidade já pode estar prejudicada. O fator idade possui grande contribuição para a infertilidade feminina. Fisiologicamente, as mulheres possuem número finito de oócitos e, ao longo dos anos, ocorre a diminuição da reserva ovariana, influenciando no sucesso da gravidez. Com isso, as técnicas de reprodução assistida estão crescendo cada vez mais, com o objetivo de preservar a fertilidade e tornar uma gravidez possível. A criopreservação de oócitos interrompe o desenvolvimento das células por tempo indeterminado e, posteriormente, essas amostras podem ser utiliza-das para viabilizar uma gravidez por meio das técnicas de reprodução assis-tida. Hipotetizamos que a pandemia do SARS-CoV-2, a nova Resolução nº 2.294/21 do Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM), aliados à popularização da reprodução humana assistida nas mídias sociais, estejam promovendo maior procura e realização dos procedimentos de criopreservação oocitária. Objetivo: Avaliar quantitativamente os casos de criopreservação de oócitos em um centro de reprodução assistida do Rio de Janeiro entre os anos 2016 e 2021. Materiais e métodos: O estudo foi realizado utilizando-se o banco de dados e a revisão de prontuários. Os números de casos com e sem o pro-cedimento de criopreservação de oócitos entre os anos 2016 a 2021 foram incluídos na análise. Foram gerados gráficos comparando o tempo com o número de observações para testar se houve ou não aumento nos anos de análise. Resultados: Em 2016, ocorreram 500 ciclos de punção ovariana, sendo 60 de criopreservação de oócitos. Em 2017, realizaram-se 645 pro-cedimentos, 105 deles de criopreservação de oócitos. Em 2018, ocorreram 109 casos de criopreservação de oócitos no total de 664 casos. Em 2019, foram 944 casos, sendo 169 de criopreservação de oócitos. Já em 2020, rea-lizaram-se 239 procedimentos de congelamento de oócitos do total de 1.007 procedimentos. Por fim, em 2021 foram concluídos 1.230 casos, 355 deles de criopreservação de oócitos. A porcentagem de casos de criopreservação de oócitos em cada ano permaneceu praticamente constante durante 2016 (12,0%), 2017 (16,2%), 2018 (16,4%) e 2019 (17,9%), porém observou-se aumento em 2020 (23,7%) e 2021 (29,1%). Conclusão: Com base na análise de dados, observamos que houve aumento progressivo dos casos totais e de criopreservação de oócitos nos cinco anos analisados. Logo, foi observado aumento progressivo no número de ciclos totais, representando 20% ao ano, e nos casos de criopreservação de oócitos, representando 40% ao ano, nos últimos cinco anos.

Five-needle white pines (Family Pinaceae, Genus Pinus, Subgenus Strobus), and in particular whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), limber pine (P. flexilis), and foxtail pine (P. balfouriana) are foundation species in upper subalpine and treeline forests of several National Park Service Pacific West Region parks, including Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) and Yosemite National Park (YOSE). The Sierra Nevada Network Inventory & Monitoring Program, in collaboration with the Klamath Network, Upper Columbia Basin Network, and Mojave Desert Network have implemented a joint long-term monitoring protocol to assess the current status and future trends in high elevation white pine communities. Key demographic parameters within white pine forest communities will be estimated by monitoring individual trees within permanent plots through time. This report documents the results of the 2022 field season, which was the ninth year of monitoring in SEKI and YOSE. The 2021 goal was to complete the first full measure of the third of three rotating panels (Panel 3) for each species-park population: YOSE-whitebark pine, SEKI-whitebark pine, and SEKI-foxtail pine. Each panel consists of 12 permanent 50 x 50 m (2,500 m2) plots that were randomly selected for each of the three populations. The full sampling array thus includes a total of 36 whitebark pine plots in YOSE, 36 whitebark pine plots in SEKI, and 36 foxtail pine plots in SEKI. Data from plot surveys will be used to characterize white pine forest community dynamics in SEKI and YOSE, including changes in tree species composition, forest structure, forest health, and demographics. Partial measures of Panel 3 were completed in 2017 (11 plots) in Yosemite whitebark pine, in 2017 (9 plots) in SEKI whitebark pine, and in 2014 (7 plots) and 2017-2018 (8, 1 plots) in foxtail pine. In 2022, the first full measure of all Panel 3 plots (and 2nd or 3rd remeasure of most plots) was successfully completed, and installation was completed on four of these plots in SEKI whitebark pine and two in foxtail pine. In total, the crew visited 36 sites during the 2022 field season, all from Panel 3. Within the 36 completed Panel 1 plots, a total of 6,398 trees were measured. Species composition, forest structure, and factors affecting tree health and reproduction including incidence and severity of white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) infection, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) infestation, dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.) infection, canopy kill, and female cone production were recorded. During the 2022 field season crews continued to count the total number of mature cones per tree for whitebark and foxtail pine, use crown condition codes to assess crown health, and tag individual seedlings to be tracked through time. All three of these procedures started in 2017 and are to be evaluated by each of the three participating networks over several years, to determine whether they should become permanent changes to the monitoring protocol. In YOSE, all 12 Panel 3 whitebark pine plots were measured. A total of 2,720 trees were sampled, which included 977 live whitebark pine trees and 1,605 other live conifers. An additional 135 trees (including 26 whitebark) were recorded as dead. The average number of live whitebark pine trees per plot was 81 (SD = 94). White pine blister rust (WPBR) aecia were observed on five whitebark pine in one plot in YOSE in 2022, and no trees in any plot had inactive cankers showing three or more indicators of WPBR. WPBR had previously been documented in this plot, so the number of plots where rust has ever been observed in Yosemite remains unchanged at six. However, an infection documented in plot 42 in 2021 was not observed again when the plot was resampled in 2022, so it is possible this number should be five. Mountain pine beetle activity was observed on one live whitebark pine and three live and one dead lodgepole pine in YOSE in 2022. Despite documentation of many stands impacted by beetle attack in the field crew notes, the quantified rate of MPB attack was lower than in 2021. Twenty-one percent of live whitebark pine trees produced female cones. Cone-bearing trees averaged 7 (SD = 10) cones/tree. Whitebark pine seedling density averaged 80 (SD = 152) seedlings per hectare. The largest number of whitebark pine seedlings found in a plot was 51 and five of the twelve plots contained whitebark seedlings. All 12 Panel 3 SEKI whitebark pine plots were measured in 2022, and installation was completed on four of these, so this Panel is now fully installed. Within these plots, 2,179 live whitebark pine, 10 live foxtail pine, and 297 other live conifers were sampled (including 5 live western white pine). The average number of live whitebark pine trees per plot was 181 (SD = 125). Although the crew observed white pine blister rust in seven SEKI whitebark Panel 3 plots, no active cankers (aecia) were observed, and no trees displayed 3 of 5 indicators, so no infections were quantified. Mountain pine beetle activity was observed in 18 live and 23 dead whitebark pine and 1 live and one dead lodgepole pine within three plots in SEKI. Dwarf mistletoe was not encountered. Seven percent of live whitebark pine trees produced female cones. Cone-bearing trees averaged 3.7 (SD = 3.6) cones/tree. Whitebark seedling regeneration averaged 700 (SD = 752) seedlings per hectare. The largest number of whitebark seedlings found in a plot was 19, and two of the 12 plots did not contain any whitebark seedlings. In the foxtail pine Panel 3, all 12 plots were measured in 2022, and installation was completed on two of these, so installation of the panel is now complete. Within these plots we measured 309 live foxtail pine, 302 live whitebark pine, and 380 other live conifers, including four live western white pine. An additional 112 dead or recently dead trees and 22 unidentified snags were also measured, 19 of which were foxtail pine. The average number of foxtail pine trees per plot was 26 (SD = 26). No signs of blister rust infection or mistletoe were observed on foxtail pine. Mountain pine beetle activity was observed on one dead foxtail pine, one live whitebark pine, and seven live and one dead lodgepole pines within four plots. Sixty-two percent of the foxtail pine trees produced female cones. Cone-bearing trees averaged 33 (SD = 53) cones/tree. Seven foxtail pine seedlings were recorded within five plots, resulting in an estimated 72 (SD = 98) seedlings per hectare. Eight whitebark pine seedlings and three lodgepole pine seedlings were also found within three additional plots.