Academic literature on the topic '327.201 4'

Zusammenfassung Einleitung In Deutschland sind mehr als 250 000 Patienten an einer chronischen Hepatitis C (CHC) erkrankt. Seit 2014 sind zahlreiche potente direkt antivirale Substanzen gegen HCV zugelassen worden. Ziel des Deutschen Hepatitis-C-Registers (DHC-R) ist es, die Epidemiologie und Versorgung von Patienten mit CHC abzubilden und die Effektivität und Sicherheit der neuen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten im Praxisalltag zu untersuchen. Methoden Das DHC-R ist eine prospektive, multizentrische, nicht interventionelle Registerstudie. Bundesweit sind 327 Zentren für die Dokumentation freigeschaltet. Alle in Deutschland zugelassenen Medikamente wurden im DHC-R dokumentiert. Für die aktuelle Auswertung wurden 4 Phasen unterschieden: 2/2014 bis 12/2014, 1/2015 bis 12/2015, 1/2016 bis 7/2017 und 8/2017 bis 7/2018. Ergebnisse Zwischen Februar 2014 und Juli 2018 wurden 12 170 Patienten in das Register eingeschlossen (61,3 % Männer), eine antivirale Therapie erhielten 11 268. Das Behandlungsalter sank von 52,3 (Phase 1) auf 49,3 Jahre (Phase 4), der Anteil der Behandelten mit einer Drogenanamnese nahm zu (von 26,9 auf 43,1 %). 2014 wurden viele Patienten mit Leberzirrhose (35,1 %) behandelt, deren Anteil im Verlauf deutlich abnahm (Phase 4: 16,5 %). Die HCV-Genotypenverteilung änderte sich im Zeitverlauf deutlich, zuletzt stieg der Anteil des HCV-Genotyps 3 (30 % in Phase 4). Die Ausheilungsrate (PP-Analyse) steigerte sich von 92,8 % im Jahre 2014 auf zuletzt 97,4 % bei sehr guter Verträglichkeit. Zusammenfassung Das DHC-R beschreibt die Versorgungssituation der Patienten mit CHC in Deutschland, zeigt epidemiologische Tendenzen auf und belegt die ausgezeichneten Behandlungsmöglichkeiten.

Background: Ozenoxacin is a topical antibiotic approved in Europe to treat non-bullous impetigo in adults and children aged ≥6 months. This analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of ozenoxacin in paediatric patients by age group. Methods: Pooled data for patients aged 6 months to <18 years who had participated in a phase I or in two phase III clinical trials of ozenoxacin 1% cream were analysed by age group: 0.5–<2, 2–<6, 6–<12, and 12–<18 years. Results: The combined population comprised 529 patients with non-bullous impetigo treated with ozenoxacin (n = 239), vehicle (n = 201), or retapamulin as internal validation control (n = 89). Studies were well matched for extent and severity of impetigo and therapeutic schedule (twice daily application for 5 days). The clinical success rate after 5 days’ treatment (day 6–7, end of therapy), and microbiological success rates after 3–4 days’ treatment and at the end of therapy, were significantly higher with ozenoxacin than vehicle (p < 0.0001 for all comparisons). Clinical and bacterial eradication rates were higher with ozenoxacin than vehicle in each age group. No safety concerns were identified with ozenoxacin. One (0.3%) of 327 plasma samples exceeded the lower limit of quantification for ozenoxacin, but the low concentration indicated negligible systemic absorption. Conclusion: This combined analysis supports the efficacy and safety of ozenoxacin administered twice daily for 5 days. Ozenoxacin 1% cream is a new option to consider for treatment of non-bullous impetigo in children aged 6 months to <18 years.

1. Cyclosporin A absorption was examined after the instillation of approximately 2 mg/kg into four segments (mean length 15 cm) of rat small bowel, isolated in situ in fed Wistar female rats: SI (duodenum and proximal jejunum distal to the common bile duct); SII (distal jejunum); SIII (proximal ileum) and SIV (distal ileum). 2. Cyclosporin A concentrations in whole blood were assayed by an enzyme-mediated immunoassay for up to 4 h in samples drawn from the femoral vein and used to determine the following pharmacokinetic parameters: the area under the blood cyclosporin A concentration versus time curve (AUC, 0–4 h), the maximum blood concentration of cyclosporin A (Cmax.), the time to reach Cmax. (tmax.), the absorption half-life (t1/2a), the elimination half-life (t1/2λ), and the mean residence time (MRT). 3. Cyclosporin A absorption in SI (AUC, 991 μ l−1 h) was nearly double that in more distal segments and decreased progressively (SII, 533 μg l−1 h; SIII, 470 μg l−1 h; SIV, 419 μg l−1 h). There were corresponding differences in Cmax: 327 μg/l in SI and 201 μg/l, 169 μg/l and 151 μg/l in SII, SIII and SIV, respectively. Tmax. was shorter in SIV (0.9 h) than in other segments (1.3-1.5 h), but there were no significant differences between the segments for t1/2a, t1/2λ or MRT. 4. In the presence of continuous bile flow (diverted via a cannula for SIV), cyclosporin A absorption significantly increased by 23% in SI and by 50% in SIV, but the differential between absorption in SI and SIV was maintained. 5. We conclude that cyclosporin A is absorbed throughout the rat small intestine with the greatest absorption rate in the proximal duodenum and jejunum, and that bile significantly augments cyclosporin A absorption in both the proximal and particularly the distal small bowel.

Abstract. Brazil's CH4 emissions over the period 2010–2018 were derived for the three main sectors of activity: anthropogenic, wetland and biomass burning. Our inverse modelling estimates were derived from GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite) satellite measurements of XCH4 combined with surface data from Ragged Point, Barbados, and the high-resolution regional atmospheric transport model NAME (Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment). We find that Brazil's mean emissions over 2010–2018 are 33.6±3.6Tgyr-1, which are comprised of 19.0±2.6Tgyr-1 from anthropogenic (primarily related to agriculture and waste), 13.0±1.9Tgyr-1 from wetlands and 1.7±0.3Tgyr-1 from biomass burning sources. In addition, between the 2011–2013 and 2014–2018 periods, Brazil's mean emissions rose by 6.9±5.3Tgyr-1 and this increase may have contributed to the accelerated global methane growth rate observed during the latter period. We find that wetland emissions from the western Amazon increased during the start of the 2015–2016 El Niño by 3.7±2.7Tgyr-1 and this is likely driven by increased surface temperatures. We also find that our estimates of anthropogenic emissions are consistent with those reported by Brazil to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change. We show that satellite data are beneficial for constraining national-scale CH4 emissions, and, through a series of sensitivity studies and validation experiments using data not assimilated in the inversion, we demonstrate that (a) calibrated ground-based data are important to include alongside satellite data in a regional inversion and that (b) inversions must account for any offsets between the two data streams and their representations by models.

Going Concerned is one of the considerations seen by investors before making an investment. Going concern audit opinion is an audit opinion issued by the auditor to determine whether the entity can maintain its life within a certain period of time. The object of research used in this study is the infrastructure sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the period 2018 - 2020. The sample of this study consisted of 44 companies so that the observation data obtained 132 data. The sampling technique used the purposive sampling method. The data analysis method used is the descriptive statistical test, classical assumption test of normality, multicollinearity, autocorrelation, regression model feasibility test, overall model fit test, coefficient of determination test, logistic regression model test, partial model significance test, and simultaneous test with SPSS application. version 25. The conclusion of this study shows that the profitability ratio has a negative effect on going-concern audit opinion. While the ratio of liquidity and solvency has no effect ongoing concern audit opinion. Keywords: Profitability, Liquidity, Solvency, Audit Opinion, Going Concern. References: Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program IBM SPSS 25. Edisi 9.Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponnegoro. Hery. (2015). Analisis Laporan Keuangan: Pendekatan Rasio Keuangan. Yogyakarta : CAPS (Center for Academic Publishing Service). Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia. (2011). PSA 29 Seksi 508: Laporan Auditor Independen Atas Laporan Keuangan. 29, 1–23. Indriyani (Akademi Maritim Nusantara), & Pandasari, T. (Universitas M. P. (2019). Pengaruh Current Ratio Dan Return On Asset (ROA) Terhadap Opini Audit Going Concern Perusahaan Pelayaran Yang Go Publik Periode 2012-2016. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis media ekonomi, XIX(1), 182–189. Institut Akuntan Publik Indonesia. (2011). PSA No. 30 SA Seksi 341. Standar Profesional Akuntan Publik, 30, 2. Investasi.kontan (2018), Ini yang jadi penyebab Turba alam manunggal (TRUB) didelisting, https://investasi.kontan.co.id/news/ini-yang-jadi-penyebab truba-alam-manunggal-trub-didelisting Irwanto, F., & Tanusdjaja, H. (2020). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, dan Solvabilitas terhadap Opini Audit Terkait Going Concern (Studi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di BEI Periode 2015-2017). Jurnal Multiparadigma Akuntansi Tarumanagara, 2(1), 298–307. Jensen, Michael C. dan W.H. Meckling. (1976). Theory of The Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Cost and Ownership Structure, Journal of Financial Economics 3. Hal 305-360. Kasmir. (2017). Analisis Laporan Keuangan. Jakarta: PT Rajagrafindo Persada. Miraningtyas, A. S. A., & Yudowati, S. P. (2019). Pengaruh Likuiditas, Reputasi Auditor dan Disclossure terhadap pemberian Opini Audit Going Concern (Studi Pada Perusahaan Properti dan Real Estate yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2013-2017) Anindya. Jurnal Ilmiah MEA (Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi), 3(3), 76–85. Mutsanna, H., & Sukirno, S. (2020). Faktor Determinan Opini Audit Going Concern Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2016-2018. Nominal: Barometer Riset Akuntansi Dan Manajemen, 9(2), 112–131. Petronela, T. A. (2004). Pertimbangan going concern perusahaan dalam pemberian opini audit. Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, 1(1996), 46–55. Rahmadona, S., Sukartini, & Djefris, D. (2019). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Opini Audit Going Concern (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Pertambangan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2015-2017). Akuntansi Dan Manajemen, 14(1), 15–42. Rahman, M. A., & Ahmad, H. (2018). Pengaruh Likuiditas, Profitabilitas, dan Solvabilitas Terhadap Opini Audit Going Concern. Jurnal Akuntansi, 1(2), 44–55. Riyadi, T. (2019). Analisis Pengaruh Rasio Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, Solvabilitas dan Arus Kas Terhadap Opini Audit (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia). Jurnal Renaissance, 4(1), 465–478. Sahamok,net (2018), Saham delisting 2018 di BEI, akses 21 Januari 2020, Sartono, Agus. 2010. Menejemen Keuangan Teori dan Aplikasi. Edisi 4. BPFE Yogyakarta Spence, M., 1973. Job market signaling. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87: 355-374 Wijaya, S., Dewi, K., Monica, M., Tendatio, C., Sitepu, W. R. B., & Dinarianti, R. (2019). Pengaruh Audit Committee, Audit Quality, Solvability, dan Sales Growth terhadap Going Concern Audit Opinion pada Perusahaan Industri Dasar dan Kimia yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2014-2017. Jesya (Jurnal Ekonomi & Ekonomi Syariah), 2(2), 17–38.

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Katalog poloników w Biblioteca Universitaria Alessandrina, oprac. Krzysztof Soliński, Warszawa: Biblioteka Narodowa, 2014, ss. 168, ISBN 9788370097721, ISSN 2391-5226 – Maja Bogajczyk [327-332] Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies: An Introduction, general ed. Alessandro Bausi, Hamburg: COMSt Hamburg, Tredition, 2015, ss. 677, ISBN: 978-3-7323-1768-4 – Marcin Krawczuk [332-338] Agnieszka Bartoszewicz, Piśmienność mieszczańska w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2012, ss. 348, ISBN 978-83-235-0988-2 – Grażyna Łabęcka-Jóźwiakowska [338-342] Mnemonika i pamięć kulturowa epok dawnych, red. Aleksandra Jakóbczyk- Gola, Marek Prejs, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa 2013, ss. 384, 18 nlb., ISBN 978-83-7543-289-3 – Grażyna Łabęcka-Jóźwiakowska [343-346] Studia z dziejów książki, prasy i bibliotek. Stan badań za lata 2010–2013, opracowanie zbiorowe pod red. Zdzisława Kropidłowskiego i Dariusza Spychały, Bydgoszcz: Uniwersytet Jana Kazimierza w Bydgoszczy 2014, ss. 394, ISBN: 978-83-7096-978-3 – Anna Kamler [346-354]

Ключові слова: пам’ять, ідентичність, національна ідентичність, комеморація, кмеморативні практики. Анотація Національна ідентичність, з одного боку, є однією з фундаментальних ідентичностей, тобто, вона може служити орієнтиром для людини навіть тоді, коли інші (професійні, родинні, класові) швидко змінюються внаслідок трансформації суспільства. З іншого боку, зміни суспільства, його соціальних інститутів (як агентів впливу) змінюють зміст і форми національної ідентичності членів суспільства. Відтак усталення тієї чи іншої моделі ідентичності здійснюється в певному соціальному контексті, який задає не тільки спектр альтернатив, але й набір різних комеморативних практик. У статті обґрунтовується взаємообумовленість смислоконституювання пам’яттєвого та ідентичнісного дискурсів, із урахуванням того, що пам’яттєвий дискурс, з одного боку, віддзеркалює характерні риси національної ідентичності, а з іншого – формує своєрідну смислову основу останньої, моделює її, впливаючи на зміни з різним ступенем інтенсивності. Доведено, що національна ідентичність формується за допомогою колективної пам’яті та комеморативних практик. Посилання Anderson, 2001 – Anderson B. Voobrazhaemыe soobshchestva. Razmыshlenyia ob ystokakh y rasprostranenyy natsyonalyzma [Imaginary communities. Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism]. M. : Kanon-press, 2001. 288 s. [in Russian] Assman, 2012 – Assman A. Prostory spohadu. Formy ta transformatsii kulturnoi pam’iati [Spaces of memory . Forms and transformations of cultural memory] / per. z nim. K. Dmytrenko, L. Doronicheva, O. Yudin. K.: Nika-Tsentr, 2012. 440 s. (Seriia «Zmina paradyhmy». Vyp. 15). 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Kommemoratsyia ystorycheskykh sobytyi kak ynstrument symvolycheskoi polytyky: Vozmozhnosty sravnytelnoho analyza [Commemorating Historical Events as a Tool of Symbolic Politics: Possibilities for Comparative Analysis] // Polytyia. 2017. № 4 (87). S. 6-11. [in Russian] Malynova, 2018 – Malynova O.Yu. Kommemoratsyia stoletyia revoliutsyy(i) 1917 hoda v RF: analyz stratehyi kliuchevykh mnemonycheskykh aktorov [Commemoration of the centenary of the revolution (s) of 1917 in the Russian Federation: analysis of the strategies of key mnemonic actors] // Polys. Polytycheskye yssledovanyia. 2018. № 1. S. 9–25. [in Russian] Mehyll, 2007 – Mehyll A. Ystorycheskaia epystemolohyia [Historical epistemology] / Perevod Kukartsevoi M., Kashchaeva V., Tymonyna V. M.: «Kanon+»; ROOY «Reabylytatsyia», 2007. 480 s. [in Russian] Nahorna, 2005 – Nahorna L. Identychnist natsionalna [National identity] // Entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy: T. 3: E-I / Redkol.: V.A. Smolii (holova) ta in. NAN Ukrainy. 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O presente artigo volta-se para a análise da obra Chicas muertas (2014), de Selva Almada, visando mostrar de que maneira se cumpre a função social da arte, conforme Candido (2000), na voz dessa escritora argentina e também indicar como exemplo do processo de ocupação de espaço pela mulher no universo literário. Apresentam-se ainda dados biográficos situando-a também como mulher que se inclui na própria obra ficcional. Palavras-chave: Autoria feminina. Selva Almada. Chicas muertas. Referências ALMADA, Selva. Biografia. Disponível em: https://www.portaldaliteratura.com/autores.php?autor=3049 . Acesso em: 08 out 2018. ALMADA, S. Chicas muertas. Youtube, 13 nov. 2015. Disponível em <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBpESnvgTHk&t=28s>. Acesso em: 08 jun.19 BEAUVOIR, Simone de. O segundo sexo: a experiência vivida. Tradução Sérgio Milliet. São Paulo: Difusão Européia do Livro, 1967. Disponível em: <http://brasil.indymedia.org/media/2008/01/409680.pdf>. Acesso em: 08 out. 2018. 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1. Александров Г.А., Вяткина И.В., Скорцова Г.Г. Коррупционная и криминальная составляющие в факторах, обусловливающих инвестиционный климат региона // Региональная экономика: теория и практика, 2014. – №\ 14(341). 2. Васенко В.Е. Определение уровня развития региона на основе методики оценки устойчивого развития // Региональная экономика: теория и практика, 2013. – № 1(280). 3. Виниченко В.А., Баранова Н.В. Современный стратегический анализ: Практикум для магистрантов. – Казань: Бук, 2017. 4. Живаева Т.В., Владимирова О.Н., Горошко А.С. Экономико-статистическое исследование инновационного потенциала (на примере Красноярского края) // Вопросы инновационной экономики. – 2017. – Том 7. – № 3. – С. 201-210. – doi: 10.18334/vinec.7.3.38213 5. Клейнер В.Г. Коррупция в России, Россия в коррупции: есть ли выход? // Вопросы экономики.  2014.  № 6.  С. 81-96.  https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21604352 6. Кондратьева Е.А. Процессы противодействия легализации (отмыванию) доходов, полученных преступным путём, и финансированию терроризма (ПОД/ФТ): категориальные подходы // Теневая экономика. – 2017. – Том 1. – № 1. – с. 31-46. – doi: 10.18334/tek.1.1.37716. 7. Конопляник А.А., Жигулина Е. Больной зуб экономики. как уровень коррупции влияет на объем прямых иностранных инвестиций? // Нефтегазовая вертикаль. – 2017. – № 17. – С. 6-11. – https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=36856164 8. Конференция «Инвестирование в России: возможности и трудности для французских компаний» была организована аудиторско-консалтинговой группой «Градиент Альфа Инвестментс Групп» и Ассоциацией экономистов Le Cercle Kondratieff («Кружок Кондратьева»), проходившая 23. 02. 2012 в Париже 9. Красноярский край. Инвестиционный портал. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://krskinvest.ru (дата обращения: 27. 11. 2018). 10. Кузнецова Е.И., Филатова И.В. Экономическая преступность и ее влияние на экономическую безопасность // Вестник Экономической безопасности, 2017. – № 3. – doi: 20.05.2019. 11. Подпятникова К.В., Савельева И.П. Оценка и анализ инвестиционного климата и инновационной активности в разрезе федеральных округов // Вестник Южно-уральского государственного университета. Серия: Экономика и менеджмент, 2013. – № 1. 12. Руйга И.Р. Перспективные направления инвестиционной политики Красноярского края // Вестник Сибирского государственного аэрокосмического университета им. академика М.Ф. Решетнева, 2014. – № 1-1(22). 13. Русина А.Н., Карпычева О.В. Моделирование сценарных условий прогнозирования кадровой потребности экономики региона // Экономика труда. – 2017. – Том 4. – № 4. – С. 309-322. – doi: 10.18334/et.4.4.38469 14. Статистика МВД. Statistika. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https:// statistika-mvd (дата обращения: 18. 05. 2019). 15. Сухаренко А.Н. Влияние преступности и коррупции на инвестиционную привлекательность субъектов Дальневосточного федерального округа // Региональные проблемы. – 2015. – № 1. – c. 52-58. 16. Тимлев Е.А. Остановить коррупцию, хищения при реализации национальных проектов // Национальные интересы: приоритеты и безопасность. – 2009. – Т. 5. – № 5 (38). – С. 28-30. – https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=11725272 17. Указ Президента РФ от 12 мая 2009 г. № 537 “О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации до 2020 года”. Гарант. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/95521 (дата обращения: 17.06.2019). 18. Яхъяев М.А. Особенности оценки эффективности инновационно-инвестиционных проектов и программ // Экономика и социум: современные модели развития. – 2017. – Том 7. – № 4. – с. 94-105.

Etwa 100 Personen besuchten am 4. April 2011 die Veranstaltung der GRÜNEN Landtagsfraktion zu den Nazidemos und den Gegenaktionen am 19. Februar 2011. Sie stand unter dem Titel 'Protest der Bürger unerwünscht?': denn obwohl sich neben der Menschenkette und den Mahnwachen ca. 20.000 Menschen an diesem Tag den Nazis aktiv entgegenstellten und den Naziaufmarsch undurchführbar machten, stand in den nächsten Tagen nicht dieser Erfolg, sondern gewalttätige Ausschreitungen von 'links' im Mittelpunkt der Berichterstattung. Tatsächlich prägte diese Gewalt aber keineswegs den Tag. Und auch das neue Ausmaß der Nazigewalt war kein Thema. Die Wahrnehmung vieler Demonstrierender von unverhältnismäßiger Polizeigewalt fand ebenfalls kaum ein Echo in den Medien.

Important Information Technology topics are presented: multimedia systems, data-bases, protection of data, access to the content. Particular reference is reserved to digital images (2D, 3D) regarding Cultural Institutions (Museums, Libraries, Palace – Monuments, Archaeological Sites). The main parts of the Conference Proceedings regard: Strategic Issues, EC Projects and Related Networks & Initiatives, International Forum on “Culture & Technology”, 2D – 3D Technologies & Applications, Virtual Galleries – Museums and Related Initiatives, Access to the Culture Information. Three Workshops are related to: International Cooperation, Innovation and Enterprise, Creative Industries and Cultural Tourism.

This digest includes scientific articles of Humanities students and graduate students of the Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU). The articles cover a wide range of topics, ranging from the theory and history of language, sociolinguistics, translation studies, political discourse and advertising to the history and theory of literature, literary criticism and narratology. The collection, previously published under the title «Works of the Young Researchers of the Faculty of Philology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University» (issues 1-3), is intended for philologists, journalists, historians, philosophers and representatives of other fields of Humanities.

Abstract The Department of Agriculture (DOA) in Sri Lanka initiated mutation breeding in the 1960s with the introduction of a cobalt-60 source. The first rice mutant variety, MI 273, was released for general cultivation in 1971. M1 273, derived from irradiation of the H-4 variety, was identified as a drought-tolerant variety. An indirect rice mutant variety, developed by crossing the short mutant line BW267-3 with a highly adaptable variety, was released as BW 372 in 2013. It is moderately tolerant to blast, bacterial leaf blight, brown plant hopper, gall midge and iron toxicity, and thus increases productivity to 3-4 t/ha on lands prone to iron toxicity. The most popular groundnut variety cultivated in the country, 'Tissa', is a mutant developed by irradiation with gamma-rays at 200 Gy. It showed attributes of high yield, medium maturity (90-100 days) and high oil content (42%). 'Tissa' presently covers 80% of the groundnut cultivated area in Sri Lanka. A sesame mutant line, derived from the variety MI-3 irradiated at 200 Gy with 60Co gamma-rays, was released as 'Malee' (ANK-S2) in 1993. It is a high-yielding variety (1.1-1.8 t/ha) resistant to Phytophthora blight. A cherry-type mutant tomato variety, developed by irradiation of seeds with gamma-rays (320 Gy), was released as 'Lanka Cherry' in 2010. Improved attributes are pear-shaped fruits and bacterial wilt resistance. Narrow genetic variability in many crops is a constraint to the development of new varieties adapted to the changing climate. Hence, the DOA is emphasizing integration of induced mutagenesis in conventional breeding programmes to develop resistant/tolerant varieties having high yield, quality and health-promoting functional properties in field and horticultural crops. The newly installed gamma irradiation chamber facilitates the creation of genetic variability in food crops, thus paving the way for the development of greener varieties.

AbstractAgriculture is an important sector of the Indian economy. Covering 11.24% of the world’s arable land area and 4% of the world’s renewable water resources, India produces sufficient food, feed and fibre to sustain about 18% (1.38 billion) of the world’s population (as of 2020). Over the last few decades (1980/81–2019/20), the sector has registered an average annual growth of 3.2%—almost double the population growth of 1.7% per annum during the same period. As a result, it has turned India from a food deficit country to one with a net trade surplus of 3.7% of agri-gross domestic product (GDP) in 2018–19. Agriculture contributes about 16.5% to the country’s overall GDP, and employs nearly 42.3% of the country’s workforce (2019/–20), with an average holding size of just 1.08 hectares (2015/16). This chapter dwells on how Indian agriculture was structurally transformed over the long run and the role of technologies, investments and institutions and policies in this transformation. In the light of this, a moot question addressed in this paper is: can India remain a food surplus nation by 2030, especially in the wake of emerging challenges of sustainability, climate change, urbanisation, etc.? The chapter ends on a positive note that with emerging innovations across food value chains, India can remain largely self-reliant in food—with the possibility of some net surpluses—and can also graduate to more nutritious diets, provided agriculture policy is not only crop-neutral but also neutral between consumers and producers.

AbstractBased on the assumption that globalization should not imply homogenization, it is important for education to promote dialogue and intercultural understanding. The first appearance of the term ‘intercultural education’ in Europe dates back to 1983, when European ministers of education at a conference in Berlin, in a resolution for the schooling of migrant children, highlighted the intercultural dimension of education (Portera in Intercultural Education 19:481–491, 2008). One of the mandates of intercultural education is to promote intercultural dialogue, meaning dialogue that is “open and respectful” and that takes place between individuals or groups “with different ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic backgrounds and heritage on the basis of mutual understanding and respect” (Council of Europe in White paper on intercultural dialogue: Living together as equals in dignity. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, p. 10, 2008). Such backgrounds and heritages form cultural identities, not limited to ethnic, religious and linguistic ones, as culture is a broader concept including several layers such as “experience, interest, orientation to the world, values, dispositions, sensibilities, social languages, and discourses” (Cope and Kalantzis in Pedagogies: An International Journal 4:173, 2009). As cultural identities are multi-layered, so is cultural diversity, and therefore it becomes a challenge for educators and researchers to address it (Hepple et al. in Teaching and Teacher Education 66:273–281, 2017). Referring to Leclercq (The lessons of thirty years of European co-operation for intercultural education, Steering Committee for Education, Strasbourg, 2002), Hajisoteriou and Angelides (International Journal of Inclusive Education 21:367, 2017) argue that “intercultural education aims to stress the dynamic nature of cultural diversity as an unstable mixture of sameness and otherness.” This challenge relates to the dynamic concept of culture itself, as socially constructed, and continuously shaped and reshaped through communicative interactions (Holmes et al. in Intercultural Education 26:16–30, 2015).

AbstractThe Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (Tokyo Electric Power Co. Ltd.) accident caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake (11 March 2011) contaminated farmland, grassland, and grass silage in the Tohoku region of Japan with radioactive cesium. In previous studies, we have converted contaminated pasture grasses to compost by employing aerobic ultrahigh temperature fermentation and this showed below acceptable levels of radioactivity. In the present study, we verified whether the decontaminated compost could be safely applied to grassland. A 1200 m2 pastureland (average 320 Bq/kg) in Kurihara-city, Miyagi-prefecture, Japan, was divided into 6 plots, of which 4 plots were treated with 2, 5, 10, and 30 kg of grass silage compost (297 Bq/kg) per m2. In the control plot, chemical fertilizers or nonradioactive cattle manure were applied. After those plots were plowed, orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) was sown and grown for about 2 months. No significant changes in soil radiocesium concentrations or air dose rates were observed in the pastures during and after the cultivation period. The water quality of the river in the vicinity of the pasture was also not affected. The radiocesium levels in the grass harvested from all plots, including the test plot with 30 kg per m2 of application, were below the detection limit (below 20 Bq/kg), less than one-fifth of the provisional value (100 Bq/kg) for forage. These results demonstrate that radioactive contaminated grass silage compost can be safely applied to actual pastures.

One of the first structures explored at Dura in 1920, this temple (or perhaps better, sanctuary: Buchmann 2016, 116) was subsequently completely excavated but never fully published. Preliminary accounts were written by the excavators (Cumont 1926, 29–41; PR 2, 11–12, 67–9 (Pillet), PR 4, 16–19 (Pillet); Rostovtzeff 1938, 68–75 and pl. VI) and it has been much discussed since (Downey 1988, 105–10 for overview and references; Dirven 1999, 326–49 for the Palmyrene evidence; Leriche et al. 2011, 28). It remained a temple through the Roman period, apparently no part of it other than, presumably, the upper levels of city wall Tower 1 being used for secular military purposes. However, its continued existence in the farthest corner of the military base, and its attested use for worship by the Roman military community, demand discussion here. Indeed one of the very first military discoveries was the Terentius wall painting on the N wall of the temple’s room A, depicting a Roman military sacrifice by cohors XX Palmyrenorum before a triad of its national deities and the Tychai of Dura and Palmyra (Pl. I; Breasted 1922; Cumont 1923; Breasted 1924, 94–101, pl. XXI). Cumont consequently called the sanctuary the ‘Temple of the Palmyrene Gods’ (Cumont 1926, 29). In recent decades it has been more usually known as the ‘Temple of (i.e. Palmyrene) Bêl’, following Rostovtzeff (1938, 51), although in Parthian times it was probably dedicated to Zeus (Welles 1969, 63; Millar 1998, 482; Kaizer 2002, 122). No evidence indicates Palmyrene worship in the Parthian-era temple (Dirven 1999, 327–8). There is no consensus on the name for the sanctuary, so I follow MFSED’s ‘Temple of Bêl’ (Leriche et al. 2011, 28; also now Kaizer 2016b, 37–41). Described as laying in ‘J3/5’ by the Yale expedition, it actually lies N of these blocks in an area MFSED has labelled J9 (Leriche et al. 2011, 28–30). During the third century when the temple lay within the Roman base area, it did become the focus of Palmyrene cults, likely ‘related to Palmyrene soldiers or people associated with them’ (Dirven 1999, 328).

Josep Bonjoch of the Universitat de Barcelona extended (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 326) the Jørgensen variation of the Robinson annulation to the amine-substituted β-keto ester 1. The product cis-fused sulfonamide 3, readily brought to high ee by recrystallization, was carried onto (+)-lycoposerramine Z 4. Intramolecular ketene 2+2 cycloaddition is underdeveloped as a synthetic method. Kozo Shishido of the University of Tokushima observed (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 200) high diastereoselectivity in the cyclization of 5 to 6. This set the stage for the synthesis of (-)-esermethole 7. Jieping Zhu of the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne prepared (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 3272) the cyclopentene 8 by coupling the alkenyl triflate with the salt of an α-alkyl arylacetic acid. Ozonolysis followed by reductive work-up led to a diamino keto aldehyde that cyclized to 9. Benzyl ether cleavage delivered (±)-goniomitine 10. Richard J.K. Taylor of the University of York developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 1490) a powerful tandem conjugate addition-imination-methanolysis protocol. He had already prepared (+)-grandisine 11 from N-Boc prolinol. Amination-imination converted 11 to (+)-grandisine 12. This was opened by methanolysis to (+)-grandisine G 13. Four diastereomers are possible from the condensation of 14 and 15. Eric N. Jacobsen of Harvard University developed (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 706) an organocatalyst that delivered 16 as the dominant diastereomer. This was readily converted to (+)-reserpine, the enantiomer of the natural product.

A house is a place where we all aspire to cherish quality time with our family. It is believed that a house functions as a home, where one spends most of the life-creating memorable moments with friends and family. With the rapid increase in world population, there has been a surge in the demand for housing space. As more and more individuals are in search of affordable and multipurpose space, it becomes even more important to design a house with a relaxing, pleasant, and aesthetically appealing interior (Husein, 2021). Today’s society is affected by urbanization, which is resulting in an increased demand for housing in the cities, lending to higher marketing prices and smaller apartments. There is a rise in the number of people struggling in present societies due to the increased population and urbanization. More people are drawn towards living in cities, which causes a rise in the number of small spaces (Urist, 2013). According to Doshi, (2019), people living in small houses face various difficulties such as the lack of clearance space, unorganized furniture arrangements, lack of storage space, improper selection of size-wise furniture which could make the room look smaller, the colour of the walls can also make the house look unpleasant, and low ceiling gives an illusion of shorter and bulkier room. Thus, to utilize the space available in the most beautiful way and with the least possible error, proper guidance is of utmost importance. Keywords : Cite : References : Desai, N. (2023). Designing Multipurpose Furniture for Small Spaces using a Combination of Interior Materials. Vadodara: Published Ph.D. Thesis. Doshi, N. (2019). Design Development and Space Utilization of selected Small Houses in Vadodara city. Vadodara: Unpublished Master's Thesis. Gandotra, V., & Patel, S. (2006). Housing for Family Living. Vadodara: Dominant Publishers and Distributors. Gauer, J. (2004). The new American dream: Living well in small homes. New York: The Monacelli Press, Inc. Husein, H. A. (2021). Multifunctional Furniture as a Smart Solution for Small Spaces for the Case of Zaniary Towers Apartments in Erbil City, Iraq. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 12(1), 12A1H, 1-11. http://TUENG Rangwala, S. (2015). Building Construction. Anand, Gujarat, India: Charotar Publishing House. Rao, R. (2018). Ergonomic Evaluation of Residences (External Areas and Living Room) of the Elderly. International Journal of Research Culture Society. Vol 2, Issue 4, Apr 2018 pp.320 – 330. (201804063.pdf (ijrcs.org) Suman Singh (2007) Ergonomic Interventions for Health and Productivity. Himanshu Publications, Udaipur. ISBN: 81-7906-148-5. Susanka, S. (2000). Creating the not-so-big house: Insights and ideas for the new American home. The Taunton Press, Inc. T. (2014, August 21). Are tiny houses and micro-apartments the future of urban homes? https://www.theguardian.com/: Urist, J. (2013, December 19). The Health Risks of Small Apartments Living in tiny spaces can cause psychological problems. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/12/the-health-risks-of-small-apartments/282150/ Wilhide, E. (2008). Small spaces: Maximizing limited spaces for living. London, England: Jacqui Small LLP.

Until the middle of 20th century, there was a strong conviction that the next century would be the age of renewable and nuclear energy resources. However, at present, the whole world is dependent on fossil fuels to satisfy their energy need. Environmental pollution and global warming are the main issues associated with the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation. As per the report of US Energy Information IE Outlook 2016, coal, natural gas, and petroleum share nearly 67.2% of global electricity generation whereas renewable energy shares only 21.9%. This share is only one-fifth of the global electricity demand. According to the IEA 2016 Medium Term Renewable Energy Market Report, worldwide power production capacity of marine was only 539 MW in 2014, and to reach at a level of 640 MW, it will take 2021. The oceans cover about 70% of the Earth and acts as the largest thermal energy collector. A recent study reveals that global development capability of ocean energy is approximated to be 337 GW, and more than 885 TWH of electricity can be produced from this potential.

The paper presents a visualization of the mixing processes of non-isothermal flows in the model of a ship's nuclear power plant under static and dynamic modes. The values obtained at the experimental stand served as the database for visualization. It is a four-loop model of the flow part of a ship's nuclear power plant. To create a dynamic mode (oscillations in one plane), the model is placed on a swinging platform. This paper shows the processes occurring during periodic pitching with a period of 4 seconds and amplitude of 15 degrees. The descending annular section of the circulation tract was chosen as the object of research. Then the resulting database was visualized using the 3DFieldPro program, where a color scale was matched to the temperature data and model coordinates, and also with the help of the OpenCV library with a high-level implementation program С++, the characteristic hot/cold vortices (spots), the boundary of the mixing process, its character in static mode (without fluctuations) and dynamic mode were analyzed. The uneven mixing process was noted, especially in the dynamic mode. The resulting tools allow you to quickly and clearly visualize these processes.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for Sri Lankans, and it serves as a key source of essential mineral elements. The variation of grain nutrient concentrations as affected by genetic factors (variety, grain color and age group) are not known, and those were tested in the current study. Total of 200 rice grain samples were collected using a stratified random sampling approach, representing all agro-climatic zones in Sri Lanka. Grain nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations were measured using Kjeldahl, Colorimetric, and General methods, respectively. Grain N P and K concentrations were significantly different among rice varieties (P<0.1). Grain N concentration varied between 4-19 mg g−1 . The highest grain N concentration was recorded in Bg 307 (14 mg g−1 ) while the lowest (i.e., < 10 mg g−1 ) in Bg 367, Bg 374, Bg 358, Bg 310 and Bg 379-2. Grain P concentration varied in the range 0.6- 1.7 mg g−1 . Grain P concentration in At 406 was the highest (1.6 mg g-1), followed by Bg 307, Bg 94-1, Bg 367 i.e., >1.3 mg g-1 and the lowest in Bg 403, Ld 365 and Bg 310 i.e., < 1 mg g−1 . Bg 357, Ld 365, Bg 406, Ld 368 and Bg 310 rice varieties showed significantly lower P concentration than other varieties (P<0.1) Grain N, P and K concentrations were similar among different age classes of rice varieties (P>0.05). Moreover, grain N and P concentrations between the red and white grain varieties were similar (P>0.05). However, varieties with white color grains had higher K concentration than in red rice varieties. There was a significant correlation between grain P and K concentrations (r =0.496, P<0.001). This information would be useful when selecting rice varieties with high and low nutritional qualities and implementing sustainable nutrient management practices in rice-based cropping systems in Sri Lanka. KEYWORDS: Age class, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Rice

The potential for using eye-tracking as quantitative and objective tools for training and assessment has gained substantial attention across domain with high standards for safety [1]. The aim of this study is to synthesize results from previous reviews on eye-tracking support in training and assessment for work in complex socio-technical domains. In particular, the objective is to map out a) how eye-tracking is currently used in training and assessment, and b) the barriers and benefits of using eye-tracking reported in the literature. To answer the research questions, this study is designed as a meta-review, that is, a review of previous reviews or meta-analyses [2]. Since this study takes on broad re-search questions and aims to include different types of methodological contributions from various field to synthesize the state of knowledge between disciplines, a semi-structured review approach is chosen. Semi-structured approaches are suitable for mapping a field of research and synthesize the state of knowledge to set an agenda for future studies [3]. The approach takes on systematic search strategies but often lack the level of scientific rigour of systematic or scoping reviews. What is considered important for the semi-structured review method is a transparent and developed research strategy for the audi-ence to determine the worth and value of the chosen topic, method used and findings from the study [3]. In accordance with best practices, the study design is guided by the PRISMA-protocol for systematic reviews [4]. A search for literature was conducted in February 2021. Advanced search options for discriminating type of articles (reviews) and timespan (2010-2021) were used on three databases: Scopus, Web of Science and Science Direct. Using search words “eye tracking”, “simulator”, “training” and “assessment” when searching through article titles, abstracts and keywords, a total of 403 studies were identified. After removing duplicates, 373 studies were screened. Articles that didn’t meet the inclusion criteria or lacked an explicit focus on eye-tracking support in simulator training and/or assessment were excluded. In all, 20 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. After reading full-text, 12 studies remained and are included in the meta-review. The results show how eye-tracking most commonly is used for 1) summative assessment of technical skills, 2) formative assessment of non-technical skills, 3) identifying differences between novices and experts, and 4) capturing expert gaze patterns. The results show how eye-tracking is appreciated as an unobtrusive technology that enables a quantitative assessment of objective parameters. Hence, the promise of using eye-tracking for informing instructional design as well as for designing training systems and improve learning environments is clear. However, it is important to consider that implementing eye-tracking is a rather expensive and time-consuming endeavour that requires carefully designed tasks and task analyses to fulfil its potential. References1.Rosch, J. L., & Vogel-Walcutt, J. J. A review of eye-tracking applications as tools for training. Cogn. Technol. Work. 15(3), 313–327 (2013)2.Sarrami‐Foroushani, P., Travaglia, J., Debono, D., Clay‐Williams, R., & Braithwaite, J. Scoping meta‐review: introducing a new methodology. Clin. Transl. Sci. 8(1), 77–81 (2015)3.Snyder, H. Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. J. Bus. Res, 104, 333–339 (2019)4.Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., ... & Stewart, L. A. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst. Rev. 4(1), 1-9 (2015)

AISI 300 series austenite stainless steel tensile tests under cryogenic conditions were performed to determine the effect of strain-rate and cryogenic temperature. Four types of commercial austenitic stainless steels widely used in LNG applications, AISI 304L, 316L, 321 and 347, were tested. To analyse strain-rate and temperature dependency, material properties were compared quantitatively. Temperatures ranging from 110K to 293K and strain-rates ranging from 1.6E−4/sec to 1.0E−2/sec have been studied as test conditions. From the test results, both strain-rate and temperature have substantial effect on material properties such as strength and elongation. The experimental results could be used to validate numerical techniques for tested materials as well as structures in cryogenic environment.

The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film is a highly-ordered molecular assembly of multilayered architechture which is prepared by transferring a compact monolayer spread on a water surface onto a quartz substrate. In this paper, we report new aspects of molecular association of pyrene in LB multilayers studied by means of a synchronously pumped, cavity-dumped dye laser and a single-photon counting apparatus [1]. LB films with different numbers of layers were prepared from stearic acid and small amounts of 16-(1-pyrenyDhexadecanoic acid (PHA). Dependence of the layered structure and of the concentration of PHA on molecular association was investigated. Figure 1 shows an typical example of time-resolved fluorescence spectra of the LB film. Four kinds of fluorescence bands appear depending on the time region. (1) F 1 band at 0-200 ps with three peaks located at 380, 400 and 421 nm. This band is shifted by 3 nm to longer wavelength relative to F2 band. (2) E 1 band at 100 ps-7.0 ns. A broad band with a peak at 422 nm. (3) E 2 band after 1 ns with a peak at 470 nm, corresponding to the well-known fluorescence of pyrene excimer in solution. (4) F 2 band after 3 ns with peaks at 377, 397 and 421 nm. This band is assigned to the monomer fluorescence of pyrene. The fluorescence excitation spectra are different depending on the monitoring wavelength: the excitation spectrum of the monomer region exhibits peaks at 345 and 329 nm for 1La absorption band of pyrene, while that of the excimer E2 at 347 and 331 nm. This means that the pyrene chromophores in the LB film form an associated complex in the ground state. The fluorescence decay curves for various concentrations of PHA are reasonably analyzed in terms of (1) rapid excimer formation in the dimer sites and (2) energy transfer and trapping in the isolated-monomer site. The dimer fluorescence F1 rapidly decays, and its decay (150 ps) is associated with a rise of the excimer fluorescence E2 indicating that the excimer (E2) forms through the dimer (F1). The excimer fluorescence E1 also shows a rise with much shorter rise time than that of E2. From the spectral difference between E1 and E2, the conformation of the excimer (E1) should be significantly different from that of E2 which is known to be of a sandwich type. Its conformation is of a type of partially overlapping pyrene rings.

В рамках отечественных исследований закономерностей формирования и распространения растительного покрова и оптимизации способов его использования на урбанизированных территориях наблюдается рост актуальности изучения малых и средних городов. В результате анализа порядка 60 публикаций и статистических материалов за период с 2010 по 2022 гг., представленных в российских электронных научных библиотеках Elibrary, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, обсуждаемые сегодня вопросы изучения растительного покрова, рассматриваемой категории городов России были объединены в несколько направлений: Видовое богатство урбанофлоры и ее структуры. За указанный период найдено и проанализировано 50 публикаций и статистических материалов, в которых отражены полные списки видов урбанофлоры для 86 городов (18 малых и 68 средних). Видовое богатство колеблется от 140 (г. Анива, Сахалинская область) до 786 (г. Ливны, Орловская область). В 6 городах отмечено до 200 видов растений, в 37 – от 201 до 400, в 27 – от 401 до 600 и только в 12 зарегистрировано свыше 600 видов [3]. Как отмечают специалисты, разница в количестве зависит от многих факторов: площади и численности населения города, возраста населенного пункта, природно-климатических условий и др. [1, 5, 6]. Однако нами не выявлено тесных корреляционных связей между факторами. В структуре урбанофлоры преобладают семейства: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Brassiaceae, Cyperaceae, Сaryophyllaceae, Apiaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranuncllaceae [3]. Аборигенная и адвентивная (чужеродная) фракция урбанофлоры. В анализируемых научных публикациях отмечено, что в среднем на долю аборигенной и адвентивной фракции приходится 71% (317 видов) и 29% (130) соответственно. В урбанофлоре 7 городов отмечается до 200 аборигенных видов, в 37 – от 201 до 400 и в 8 городах свыше 400. Что касается адвентивных, то в 42 городах отмечено не больше 200 видов и только в 5 – от 201 до 400. В связи с тем, что в некоторых городах процесс адвентизации достигает 40-50%, актуальным является организация охраны аборигенных, в том числе редких и охраняемых видов. Это связано с их приспособленностью к внешней среде, а также они поддерживают устойчивость биоразнообразия [3]. Охрана урбанофлоры. В урбанофлоре малых и средних городов - Абазы (Республика Хакасия) 8 видов занесены в Красную книгу (6 – Красная книга России и 2 – региональная), Кинешма (Ивановская область) 2 вида в региональной Красной книге, Кумертау (Республика Башкортостан) 11 видов занесено в Красную книгу России, Мелеуз (Республика Башкортостан) 10 видов и другие. В некоторых городах отмечены редкие и охраняемые виды: Гаврилов Посад (Ивановская область) 24 вида, Кадников (Вологодская область) 74 вида отнесены к статусу «редкие», 34 – «охраняемые» и для 40 видов необходим ботанический контроль, Сенгилей (Ульяновская область) – 19 редких видов и другие. В настоящее время в городах активно организуется сеть ООПТ различного типа (памятники природы, ботанические сады, дендрарии, парки и другие). Однако большинство публикаций по данному направлению касается больших и крупных городов. Отмечено всего 4 средних города, имеющих ООПТ – Туапсе и Геленджик (Краснодарский край), Биробиджан (ЕАО), Магадан (Магаданская область) [4, 6].

The Extended Country Program Evaluation (XCPE) for Costa Rica will analyze two successive Bank strategies and the IDB Group program with the country, covering the 2015-2022 period. This will be the sixth OVE evaluation of the IDB Group's program with Costa Rica. Previous country program evaluations (CPEs) covered the periods 1990-2001 (document RE-277), 2002-2006 (document RE-325), 2006-2010 (document RE-377), 2011-2014 (document RE-472-1), and 2015-2018 (document RE-535-4). In this sixth evaluation, the first extended one, OVE will cover the 2015-2022 period (corresponding to the country strategies for 2015-2018 and 2019-2022), providing an independent evaluation of the relevance, effectiveness, and sustainability of the IDB Group program and strategies in Costa Rica. The analysis will encompass the financial and nonfinancial products made available to the country (details provided in Section II(C). The objective is for the findings and recommendations of the evaluation to be used as inputs in preparing the new IDB Group strategy with Costa Rica for the 2023-2026 period.

The presence of hard spots, a localized confined region of relatively higher hardness, cause pipelines to be prone to crack initiation and hydrogen embrittlement. Early detection and mitigation of hard spots following plate manufacturing are essential to mitigation of any hard spot-related failures. This issue of early detection of hard spots and the related verification and validation of applicable technologies are the primary focus of PRCI project NDE 4-11. PRCI project NDE 4-11 consisted of two phases: Phase I, "Review of Existing and Emerging Technologies for Hard Spot Detection" (2017-2018), and Phase II, "Statistical Evaluation and Performance Assessment of Emerging Hard Spot Detection Technologies" (2018-2019). Phase I of this project reviewed the electromagnetic principles that apply to hard spot detection/discrimination, and the identification of applicable non-destructive evaluation technologies that have either been developed or are being developed. Six different non-destructive evaluation technologies were identified for their further evaluation during Phase-II.

The October 2013 surveys of expectations conducted by Central Banks with inflation targeting regimes indicate that both average growth expectations and average inflation expectations for 2013 have remained stable. However, expected 2013 growth fell in Mexico by some 0. 2% comparing the October to September surveys, while other countries saw rebounds - Brazil (0. 1%), Guatemala (0. 1%), Paraguay (0. 2%), and Uruguay (0. 2%). Expected growth now ranges from 11. 8% (Paraguay) to 1. 2% (Mexico). The simple average inflation expectation for the region for 2013 is 4. 5%, whereas the simple average expectation for growth remained at 4. 5%, and GDP weighted growth remained stable at 2. 5%. Inflation expectations fell in Chile (0. 2%), Mexico (0. 1%) and Paraguay (0. 2%) and rose in Uruguay (0. 5%).

Managers are challenged with the impact of problematic plants, including exotic, invasive, and pest plant species. Information on the cover and frequency of these plants is essential for developing risk-based approaches to managing these species. Based on surveys conducted in 2008, 2011, 2015, and 2019, Heartland Network staff and contractors identified a cumulative total of 51 potentially problematic plant species in Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. Of the 37 species found in 2019, we characterized 7 as very low frequency, 9 as low frequency, 17 as medium frequency, and 4 as high frequency. Of these, midpoint cover estimates of 2 medium frequency and 2 high frequency species exceeded the 10-acre threshold. Because of the number, extent, and cover of problematic plants in the park and the small park size, control efforts should focus on treating high priority species across the entire park. High priority species may include plant species capable of rapid spread, species at low population levels, and species which can effectively be controlled.

The National Park Service (NPS) began monitoring landbirds at Channel Islands National Park in 1993 as part of its long-term inventory and monitoring program. The park’s landbird monitoring later became part of the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Division’s Mediterranean Coast Network long-term monitoring programs. Consequently, landbird monitoring has been conducted during every breeding season since 1993. In this report, we summarize data collected during the 2021 breeding season and we analyze trends in a select number of species. Landbird monitoring was conducted between 10 March and 22 May 2021. Using distance-based sampling methods in a standardized protocol, birds were counted on 334 of 338 permanent point count stations (99%) across the Channel Islands monitored for landbirds. These surveys were conducted at 29 of 33 points on Santa Barbara Island, 8 of 8 on East Anacapa Islet, 112 of 112 on Santa Cruz Island, 40 of 40 on San Miguel Island, and 145 of 145 on Santa Rosa Island. Four points on Santa Barbara Island were not counted due to nesting California Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) and Western Gulls (Larus occidentalis); 3 of 4 points (i.e., 17, 19, and 20) were also not counted in 2016–2021 to avoid disturbing breeding pelicans. This was the first monitoring season that the permanent line transects on Santa Barbara, East Anacapa, and San Miguel Islands were not surveyed. During the 2021 monitoring season, Channel Islands National Park decided to stop using line transects and focus on point count stations only, based on an external review of the landbird monitoring program. Fifty-six bird species were counted at point count stations across all of the islands in 2021. Parkwide, 40 of these species are breeders in Channel Islands National Park. Parkwide, the 10 most detected breeding landbirds in 2021 were, in descending order: Spotted Towhee, Song Sparrow, Bewick’s Wren, Orange-crowned Warbler, House Finch, Western Meadowlark, Horned Lark, Common Raven, Island Scrub-Jay, and Pacific-slope Flycatcher (scientific names in Table 2 and Appendix A). On East Anacapa Islet, 26 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 7 species were counted in 2021. No new transient species were detected in 2021; 6 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island overall since 1993. On Santa Barbara Island, 50 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 13 species were counted in 2021. Lincoln’s Sparrow was a new transient species counted in 2021 on Santa Barbara; 23 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1993. On Santa Cruz Island, 78 landbird species have been counted since 2013; 45 species were counted in 2021. Hermit Warbler, Lawrence’s Goldfinch and Warbling Vireo were new transient species counted in 2021 on Santa Cruz Island; 21 transient or visiting species have been counted on this island since 2013. On San Miguel Island, 70 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 10 were counted in 2021. No transient species were counted in 2021; 32 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1993. On Santa Rosa Island, 78 landbird species have been counted since 1994; 39 were detected in 2021. No new transient species were counted in 2021 on Santa Rosa; 21 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1994. Nonnative and invasive birds were counted on only 1 of the 5 islands in 2021: 23 European Starlings on Santa Rosa Island. However, anecdotal sightings of nonnative species occurred more frequently (i.e., outside of survey times) on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands in 2021. The highest numbers of nonnative species detections occurred on Santa Rosa Island, with 25 detections of Eurasian Collared Dove (primarily at the Historic Ranch), 18 detections of European Starling (Historic Ranch), 2 detections of Brown-headed Cowbird, and 1 Rock Pigeon detection (Historic Ranch). Other species were not reported by Channel Islands National Park landbird monitors or in eBird in 2021. This was the first annual monitoring report since the Coonan and Dye (2016) trend report to incorporate density estimates for particular species across Channel Islands National Park. Parkwide, 13 species were analyzed using the Distance Package in R. Of the 13 species analyzed, 5 had either increasing or decreasing densities from 2016 to 2021. All park islands except for Santa Barbara had a species that showed an increasing or decreasing trend from 2016 to 2021. Horned Lark and House Finch on San Miguel Island were the only species to show decreasing trends from 2016 to 2021, which is opposite from the trend presented by Coonan and Dye (2016).

Vietnam’s strong performance on the 2012 and 2015 PISA assessments has led to interest in what explains the strong academic performance of Vietnamese students. Analysis of the PISA data has not shed much light on this issue. This paper analyses a much richer data set, the Young Lives data for Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana), Peru and Vietnam, to investigate the reasons for the strong academic performance of 15-year-olds in Vietnam. Differences in observed child and household characteristics explain 37-39% of the gap between Vietnam and Ethiopia, while observed school variables explain only about 3-4 additional percentage points (although an important variable, math teachers’ pedagogical skills, is not available for Ethiopia). Differences in observed child and household characteristics explain very little of the gaps between Vietnam and India and between Vietnam and Peru, yet one observed school variable has a large explanatory effect: primary school math teachers’ pedagogical skills. It explains about 10-12% of the gap between Vietnam and India, raising the overall explained portion to 14-21% of the gap. For Peru, it explains most (65-84%) of the gap.

The April 2016 surveys of expectations conducted by Central Banks with inflation targeting regimes indicate that simple average growth expectations for 2016 for the eight countries covered by REVELA have decreased by 0.1% from 1.8% to 1.7% compared to previous month. Similarly, the GDP weighted average growth expectations have decreased by 0.1% from -0.6% to -0.7%. Meanwhile, inflation expectations for 2016 have remained stable at 5.3% on a simple average basis, and have fallen by 0.2% on a GDP weighted average basis from 5.7% to 5.5% compared to the previous month. There were differences across countries both for growth and inflation expectations. Growth expectations increased in Guatemala and Peru by 0.1%, while they decreased in Uruguay by 0.7%, in Brazil by 0.2% and in Colombia by 0.1% - and they remained stable in Paraguay at 3.0%, in Mexico at 2. 4% and in Chile at 1.7%. Inflation expectations increased in Colombia by 0.3%, Uruguay by 0.2% and Guatemala by 0.1%, and they decreased in Brazil by 0.4% and in Chile, Mexico and Paraguay by 0.1% in all three cases, and remained constant in Peru at 3. 5%. Expected growth for the region is as low as -3.8% for Brazil and as high as 3.7% in Guatemala, while expected inflation ranges from 3.2% in Mexico to 10.1% in Uruguay.

The present study examines the relationships between structure (floristic composition, dendrometric parameters), diversity (diversity and evenness indexes) of urban forest park stands and the ecological (soil fertility, soil moisture), environmental factors (air pollution). The study is based on the forest park stands inventory data, performed from 2012 to 2017 in Kryvyi Rih City, Central Ukraine. The floristic compositions of the urban forest park stands are poor. There are only 23 species that belong to 14 families and 12 genera. More families were represented by at least more than 2% of taxon diversity. While Ulmaceae (2 genera, 4 species–17,39 %), Fabaceae (3 genera, 2 species–17,39 %), Aсеrасеае (1 genera, 4 species–17,39 %) were the most representative families. It was established that at forest park the values of stand density varied from 490 to 660 trees*ha-1, stem heights were from 26 to 31 m, stem diameters were from 13 to 17 cm, stand basal area were from 32 to 49 m2*ha-1, stand volume were from 200 to 415 m3*ha-1. the values of relative stem heights were from 0,63 to 0,82 m*year-1, relative stem diameters were from 0,31 to 0,43 cm*year-1, relative stand basal area were from 0,80 to 1,19 m2*ha-1*year-1, relative stand volume were from 5,45 to 10,28 m3*ha-1*year-1. The varied values of the forest park stands index (Shannon-Wiener diversity index from 0,75 to 1,61, Pielou‟s evenness index from 0,53 to 0,86, Simpson‟s diversity from 0,24 to 0,60, Margalef‟s diversity index from 0,87 to 6,97) indicate the ecological instability of these woody plant communities. Current state of the urban forest park stands determined by the combined influence of ecological (soil fertility, soil moisture) and environmental factors (air pollution).

Two major components of insensitive munition formulations, nitroguanidine (NQ) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), are highly water soluble and therefore likely to photo-transform while in solution in the environment. The ecotoxicities of NQ and NTO solutions are known to increase with UV exposure, but a detailed accounting of aqueous degradation rates, products, and pathways under different exposure wavelengths is currently lacking. We irradiated aqueous solutions of NQ and NTO over a 32-h period at three ultraviolet wavelengths and analyzed their degradation rates and transformation products. NQ was completely degraded by 30 min at 254 nm and by 4 h at 300 nm, but it was only 10% degraded after 32 h at 350 nm. Mass recoveries of NQ and its transformation products were >80% for all three wavelengths. NTO degradation was greatest at 300 nm with 3% remaining after 32 h, followed by 254 nm (7% remaining) and 350 nm (20% remaining). Mass recoveries of NTO and its transformation products were high for the first 8 h but decreased to 22–48% by 32 h. Environmental half-lives of NQ and NTO in pure water were estimated as 4 and 6 days, respectively. We propose photo-degradation pathways for NQ and NTO supported by observed and quantified degradation products and changes in solution pH.

INTRODUCTION: Given the increased risk for infections among pregnant patients and newborns, vaccination against influenza (>50,000,000 annual US cases affecting all ages) and pertussis (>15,000 annual US cases disproportionately affecting newborns) are recommended among pregnant patients in order to protect them and their babies via passive immunity to cover a newborn’s window of vaccine ineligibility. Though flu and Tdap vaccination rates among pregnant patients have been trending upwards nationally, there is still room for improvement to achieve optimal rates. OBJECTIVES: The primary objectives were to study factors that affect the vaccination rates at the University of Tennessee Family Medicine Clinic at Memphis (UTFMC-M), compare those rates with national pregnancy flu/Tdap vaccination rates, and to generate recommendations based off observed factors associated with vaccine uptake to improve flu/Tdap vaccination rates in UTFMC-M pregnant patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of UTFMC-M patients who were pregnant from September 1, 2019-April 24, 2020 (included 2019-2020 flu season) (n=465). Variables studied included demographic data (race, age, insurance), immunization history (vaccine status, history of physician encouragement), and prenatal history (parity, number of prenatal visits, trimester at first visit, high risk clinic (HRC) admittance status). Vaccination status was based on ACIP recommendations (Flu shot eligible = any gestational age; Tdap eligible = ≥27 weeks). Positive HRC admittance was noted for patients with ≥2 visits to the UTFMC-M HRC, a clinic that specializes in high risk pregnant patient care. RESULTS: The patient sample was predominantly black (84.3%) and insured by Medicaid programs (88%). Among eligible UTFMC-M pregnant patients, 50.1% were flu-vaccinated (n=465); 73.8% were Tdap-vaccinated (n=317); and 52.1% were Flu+Tdap-vaccinated (n=317). No significant associations were found between vaccine uptake and HRC status, parity, and age. However, statistically significant relationships were found between vaccine uptake and physician encouragement (positive relationship with flu shot: X2(1, N = 465) =131, p < 0.001, Tdap: X2 (6, N = 465) =476, p < 0.001), number of prenatal visits (flu shot group median 8 visits, Tdap group median 9 visits vs. unvaccinated group median 4 visits; p < 0.001), and early trimester age at first prenatal visit (X2(6, N = 465) =47.635 , p CONCLUSION: 2019-2020 UTFMC-M vaccination rates were on par with 2018-2019 US flu vaccine rates and higher than 2018-2019 US Tdap and Flu+Tdap rates. There were statistically significant relationships between vaccine uptake at UTFMC-M and physician encouragement, number of prenatal visits, and early trimester age at first prenatal visit but no significant relationships with UTFMC-M HRC admittance, parity, or age. Recommendations following from our observations to address further vaccine rate improvement include: continue vaccine encouragement, continue booking multiple visits (8 for flu, 9 for Tdap), prioritize Tdap vaccine higher for late trimester intake patients, and focus on flu vaccine encouragement and education.