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Gibson, Troy John. "Electroencephalographic responses of calves to the noxious sensory input of slaughter by ventral neck incision and its modulation with non-penetrative captive bolt stunning : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physiology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1010.
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Slaughter by ventral neck incision (VNI) is performed on some animals without prior stunning in New Zealand and other countries. A single incision with a razor sharp blade is made in the ventral aspect of the neck, sectioning both carotid arteries and jugular veins, though, not the vertebral arteries. There are a number of potential welfare concerns surrounding slaughter by VNI including pain due to the incision, which may lead to distress during the time before loss of consciousness. The aims of this thesis were to identify cortical responses indicative of noxious stimulation due to slaughter by VNI using analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectrum and to investigate the effects of non-penetrative captive bolt (NPCB) stunning on these cortical responses. The studies utilised adaptations of a minimal anaesthesia model, which has been validated in a range of mammalian species. Surgical dehorning was used as a validation technique for this methodology in cattle and demonstrated a ‘typical’ EEG response to noxious stimulation. Cattle slaughtered by VNI without prior stunning produced specific responses in the EEG that strongly indicated responses to noxious stimulation. Causation was investigated in cattle where blood flow through the brain remained intact during neck tissue incision (NTI) or the major blood vessels of the neck were isolated and transected independently of other neck tissues (BVT). The response to neck incision in intact animals was principally due to the noxious sensory input due to incision of neck tissues and not mainly as a result of loss of blood flow through the brain. NPCB stunning produced states of cortical activity that were incompatible with the maintenance of sensibility and pain perception. Experimental examination of the time to onset of undoubted insensibility was attempted in cattle subsequent to a pilot study in sheep. The generation of somatosensory-evoked potentials was problematic in cattle. The conclusions of this thesis are that incision of neck tissues during slaughter without prior stunning constitutes a substantial noxious stimulus. Were an animal conscious, this stimulus would be perceived as painful until the onset of hypoxiainduced insensibility. This would represent a significant compromise to animal welfare.
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McDermott, Joshua D. "The ovine lens cytoskeleton." Lincoln University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/700.
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The lens of the eye is a vital tissue in the visual system, responsible for the collection and focusing of light on to the retina. Comprised of epithelial cells at differing stages of differentiation, the transparency of the lens is dependent on the highly ordered crystalline structure of lens proteins. The lens consists of several proteins including crystallins (α, β, γ) that make up 90% of the soluble protein, and the lens cytoskeletal proteins. Cytoskeletal proteins contribute only a fraction of the total lens protein, but are thought to play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of transparency. Calpain-induced degradation of these proteins may be involved in the development of cataracts. This has been an area of research at Lincoln University where a flock of sheep genetically predisposed to cataract maintained as a cataract development model. The aim of this research was to investigate the distribution of cytoskeletal proteins in the lens, and to examine the effects of calpain proteolysis on these proteins, with the goal of establishing the role of the lens cytoskeletal proteins in the ovine cataract model. A combination of techniques was used including immunohistochemistry, which required the development of a specific protocol for ovine lenses. Cytoskeletal proteins were identified using immunohistochemistry in lens tissue sections and exhibited characteristic distributions. Actin displayed preferential distribution in the short sides of the fibre cells in the cortex of the lens but was absent in the lens nucleus, while spectrin in the cortex and nucleus was associated with the fibre cell membrane. Filensin was observed in the outer cortex of lens sections associated with the fibre cell membrane and cytoplasm, although the pattern of localisation was indistinct due to the abundance of filensin breakdown products. Vimentin displayed membrane and cytoplasmic association in the outer cortex that diminished toward the lens nucleus, with membrane associated vimentin only persisting in the deeper regions of the cortex and nucleus. Additionally, the effect of novel calpain inhibitors (Cat0059 and Cat811) in preventing proteolysis of lens cytoskeletal protein was investigated and compared with calpain inhibitors developed elsewhere (SJA6017). The inhibitors were tested at between 10 and 0.1 μM (100 nM). All inhibitors were effective at 10 μM. SJA6017 provided significant protection to vimentin at 1 μM. Cat0059 was found to protect spectrin and filensin at 1 μM, but not vimentin, while inhibitor Cat811 was found to protect spectrin only. SJA6017 added to assays at 100 nM offered significant protection to spectrin, and Cat0059 was found to protect filensin and spectrin to a significant degree at 100 nM, indicating the novel inhibitors were comparable to those developed elsewhere in terms of their effectiveness. Taken together, the evidence presented in this thesis shows the cytoskeletal proteins as crucial elements in the lens. Their pervasive presence coupled with evidence that lens cytoskeletal proteins are sensitive to calpain-induced proteolysis that is inhibited with novel calpain inhibitors suggests that the lens cytoskeletal proteins may be useful targets in cataract prevention for future research.
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Brown, Patrick J. P. "Anatomy and Physiology: A Guided Inquiry." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. http://amzn.com/1119175259.
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Students Learn when they are actively engaged and thinking in class. The activities in this book are the primary classroom materials for teaching Anatomy and Physiology, sing the POGIL method. The result is an "I can do this" attitude, increased retention, and a feeling of ownership over the material.https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1027/thumbnail.jpg
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RODRIGUES, PRISCILA ANDRADE MAGALHAES. "ANATOMY E PHYSIOLOGY OF AN APPRENTICESHIP." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14119@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOA pesquisa procura investigar como um estágio supervisionado na formação de professores acontece em uma escola de educação básica. Este estudo tem como base o projeto O estágio nos cursos de formação de professores como uma via de mão dupla entre universidade e escola, que buscou juntar todos os envolvidos no estágio - estagiários, professores supervisores de estágio e professores regentes - para a discussão conjunta sobre o papel do estágio na formação de futuros docentes. Os sujeitos centrais desta pesquisa são aqueles envolvidos nesse projeto, em seu primeiro semestre de desenvolvimento, ao redor de dois cursos de formação de professores da PUC-Rio, Geografia e Letras (Português-Inglês), e de uma escola municipal do Rio de Janeiro. Foram entrevistados oito estagiários, quatro professores supervisores de estágio, dois professores regentes e a diretora da escola. Durante dois meses, as aulas dos dois professores regentes, das respectivas licenciaturas, foram observadas com e sem a presença de seus estagiários. Além disso, as reuniões e encontros com todos os envolvidos foram acompanhados, na tentativa de entender como o estágio se desenvolvia em todas as suas dimensões. A literatura que entende a escola como espaço real da formação inicial e continuada e do desenvolvimento profissional de professores, como se observa em Nóvoa, Perrenoud, Canário, Roldão, Tardif, Lüdke, entre outros, dá sustentação à pesquisa, juntamente com a literatura sobre estágio de Ghedin, Pimenta e Lima. A análise do estágio já foi feita pelos trabalhos de Cardozo (2003) e Albuquerque (2007), um pela ótica dos alunos estagiários, outro pela ótica dos professores regentes. A presente dissertação analisa o estágio supervisionado pela ótica da escola, contribuindo, assim, para sua análise do estágio em três diferentes perspectivas. As constatações indicam que o estágio, no contexto aqui estudado, constitui rica possibilidade de troca entre os envolvidos, mobilizando todos, inclusive os alunos da escola, ou seja, provocando algum tipo de movimento interno de cada sujeito. O estágio observado revelou-se também como mais significativo e menos burocrático para os estudantes, favorecendo a imersão desses futuros professores em seu contexto de trabalho. Constata-se ainda que a aproximação entre todos os sujeitos, estagiários, supervisores de estágio e professores da escola, em uma proposta conjunta de estágio, permite entender o cruzamento de saberes entre universidade e escola. A adesão de todos os envolvidos no estágio a um projeto comum abre possibilidades para se pensar em futuras propostas de formação docente em real colaboração entre estas duas instituições formadoras de professores.
This research seeks to investigate how a supervised teaching practice occurs at a secondary school during teacher education. The study is based on the project Teaching practice in courses for teacher education as a two-way road between university and school, which has sought to bring together those who are involved in teaching practice, such as future teachers, teacher trainers and school teachers, in order to discuss with the group the role of teaching practice in the training of future teachers. The central subjects of this research are those who are involved in the above mentioned project, mainly in its first six months. They come from two teacher education degree courses for teachers in PUC-Rio - Geography and Languages (Portuguese-English) - and from a public sector secondary school in Rio de Janeiro. We interviewed eight future teachers, four teacher trainers, two school teachers and the principal of the school involved. During two months, we observed the classes with or without the presence of future teachers. Besides, we have participated in every meeting with the people involved in the project, in the attempt to understand how the teaching practice would develop as a whole. Our bibliographical support is the literature on school as a real space of initial and continual training and of teacher professional development, as it is possible to learn from Nóvoa, Perrenoud, Canário, Roldão, Tardif and Lüdke among others. We also based our study on the literature on teaching practice taken from Ghedin, Pimenta and Lima as well as on the analysis of teaching practice that has already been carried out by Cardozo (2003) and Albuquerque (2007), the former from the perspective of future teachers, and the latter from that of the school teachers. This dissertation analyzes teaching practice departing from the school, contributing to the analysis of supervised teaching practice from three different perspectives. The analyses indicates that teaching practice, in the context in which we have studied, constitutes a rich opportunity for interchange between those who are involved in it, mobilizing everyone, including the students attending the school; that is, leading to some kind of internal movement of every subject. The observed teaching practice also reveals itself as more significant and less bureaucratic for the trainees, contributing to the immersion of these future teachers in their job context. It is also possible to observe that the approximation between the subjects of the teaching practice, such as future teachers, teacher trainers and school teachers, allows us to understand the movement of knowledge between university and school. The engagement of everyone involved in the current teaching practice process in a common project opens possibilities for thinking about future proposals for teacher education in real collaboration between both teaching institutions.
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Paulet, Julia. "MATURATION OF THE CAROTID BODY OXYGEN-SENSOR DURING RAT DEVELOPMENT." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1337703804.
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Schulz, Leslie. "Anatomy and Physiology Syllabus for Community Colleges." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2500/.
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This syllabus includes both lecture notes and laboratory activities for a two-semester anatomy and physiology community college course. The syllabus is based on a 16-week semester that is comprised of a three-hour lecture section and a one-hour laboratory class each week. Both the lecture course and laboratory are necessary to fulfill the requirement for anatomy and physiology. Laboratory activities coincide with lectures to enhance understanding of each topic by providing visual and hands-on experiments for the concepts learned in the lecture. Laboratory quizzes will be given each week to help students maintain a working knowledge of the material learned in the laboratory. This course is appropriate for the typical anatomy and physiology student and should benefit both students who plan to major in biology and also those who are non-biology majors. Because subject matter in anatomy and physiology is quite difficult, the importance of attendance and good study skills is stressed.
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Poscher, Elisabeth. "Salinity Effects on Guayule Leaf Anatomy and Physiology." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194362.
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Salinity usually reduces plant growth in terms of height and biomass, but can increase secondary metabolite production. This frequently reported observation in guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray, Asteraceae) was investigated for possible mechanisms.Osmotic and specific ion effects of four chloride salts (CaCl2, MgCl2, KCl, and NaCl) on leaf anatomical and plant physiological parameters were studied. One-year-old plants of guayule line AZ 2 were grown under two salt concentrations (750 ppm and 1500 ppm) for each salt type (plus a control) in sand culture (semi-hydroponic) for eight weeks under controlled greenhouse conditions in Tucson, Arizona.Growth in height decreased with increasing salt concentration. Shoot dry weight, rubber, and resin contents, however, showed no significant differences between treatments, indicating no effect from either salt concentration or salt type. There was a trend for increasing rubber content with increasing salt concentration, although not statistically significant. At the same time, net CO2 gas exchange rates decreased significantly with increasing salinity.With increasing salt concentration, guayule showed osmotic effects in terms of height, indicating a lower hydraulic conductivity. Although plants of higher salt concentrations utilized significantly less water, they had the same shoot dry weights, rubber, and resin contents. Salt-stressed plants therefore achieved higher water use efficiencies. The diurnal net CO2 gas exchange rates were significantly reduced with increasing salinity; the nocturnal net CO2 gas exchange rates showed no significant difference between the treatments.Anatomically, it was found that the stomata were raised or elevated above the epidermis, and supported by upwardly curving cells. When guayule was grown under salt treatments, the trichomes were found to include deposits of material. Trichomes might act as a detoxification repository for excess ions. Although the physiological significance of raised stomata is unknown, it is hypothesized that the unique combination of raised stomata, indumentum, and multiple layers of palisade parenchyma allows for an overall high photosynthetic capacity and performance. During stress conditions such as salinity or drought, guayule might activate an internal CO2 concentrating mechanism, i.e., bicarbonate/CO2 pump, internal CO2 recycling, or PEP carboxylation activity.
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Sanders, Theresa A. "Quantitation of Teratogenic Effects of 5-fluorouracil Administered to Mice in Vivo or in Submerged Limb Culture." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1987. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2786.
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This study demonstrates the use of submerged limb culture in teratologic testing. Pregnant mice were treated on day 11 of gestation (E11, plug date = E0) with 10, 20 or 40 mg of 5-fluorouracil (FU) per kg body weight. On E17, treated and untreated fetuses were examined for gross malformations and were fixed in 95% ethanol. Reduction of limb size and digital defects, including ectrodactyly (ED), syndactyly (SD), microdactyly and polydactyly were dose-dependent. In parallel studies, pregnant mice were treated on the morning of E11 and embryos were removed either 7h (E11) or 24h (E12) later for submerged limb culture. Changes in limb area showed a dose-response relationship while treatment had little effect on the shape of individual bones. This indicates the relatively unspecific nature of FU-induced embryotoxicity. E11 studies revealed a dose dependent response of ED, SD and fusion of the metacarpals/metatarsals (MC/MT) to the proximal phalanges. Unlike E11 cultures, middle phalanges were present but decreased in number as dosage increased. Limbs from embryos of untreated females were cultured (E11) in the presence of 0.002, 0.02, 0.2 or 2.0 mg FU/ml culture medium. The percentage of limbs void of paw cartilage or with decreased numbers of MC/MT was dose-dependent. A dose-dependent decrease in the deleterious effects of 0.02 mg FU/ml was observed when 0.2 or 0.02 mg thymine/ml was added to the cultures. In both culture and non-culture studies, hindlimbs (HL) were more affected than forelimbs (FL) and distal regions were more affected than proximal ones. In addition to the morphometric analyses, biochemical parameters of growth and differentiation were examined at 0, 36 and 72h of culture in untreated and treated limbs. Both DNA and protein of FU treated limbs were decreased compared to untreated controls. FL demonstrated greater capacity for regulation of losses in protein content, HL for DNA content. Submerged limb culture provides a useful model for the examination of xenobiotic effects on limb development and allows some comparative evaluation among in vivo, in vivo/in vitro and in vitro studies. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
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Kardegar, Nadia. "Electrical Brain Stimulation and Depressive-like Behavior in Guinea Pigs." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1342408797.
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Garza, Chelsea Raye. "Analysis of Frontal and Maxillary Sinus Dimensions by Computed Tomography scans for Sex Determination." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503234651997034.
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Slominski, Tara. "Drawing on Student Knowledge in Human Anatomy and Physiology." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27280.
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Prior to instruction, students may have developed alternative conceptions about the mechanics behind human physiology. To help students re-shape these ideas into correct reasoning, the faulty characteristics reinforcing the alternative conceptions need to made explicit. This study used student-generated drawings to expose alternative conceptions Human Anatomy and Physiology students had prior to instruction on neuron physiology. Specifically, we investigated how students thought about neuron communication across a synapse (n=355) and how neuron activity can be modified (n=311). When asked to depict basic communication between two neurons, at least 80% of students demonstrated incorrect ideas about synaptic transmission. When targeting spatial and temporal summation, only eleven students (3.5%) were able to accurately depict at least one form of summation. In response to both drawing questions, student drawings revealed multiple alternative conceptions that resulted in a deeper analysis and characterization of the wide variation of student ideas.North Dakota State University. Department of Biological Sciences
National Science Foundation (NSF DUE-0833268)
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Findlay, Robin. "The anatomy and physiology of the crab balancing organ." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1985. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU362771.
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This thesis examines the way in which the crab balancing organ detects low frequency angular accelerations and vibrations. Anatomical studies using light and electron microscopy have confirmed that the statocyst comprises two fluid-filled orthogonal canals in which the sensory elements are long thin hairs (thread hairs) or short hooked hairs (free hook hairs and statolith hairs) which poke into the lumen of the canals. The thread hairs are innervated by two bipolar neurones which send their dendritic processes into modified chordotonal organs; these are characterised by the presence of scolopidial elements accompanied by chitinous strands which link scolopidia with thread hairs. A linear systems technique, namely sinusoidal oscillation of the statocyst was used to examine the frequency response of the statocyst hair receptors in the range 0.6-78Hz. The thread hair/statocyst system is shown to behave as a velocity transducer in the range 0.6-4Hz. Free hook hair receptors also respond to low frequency sinusoids but their output is non-linear. Other nonlinearities exhibited by both receptors include gain adaptation and rectification of the response. In addition a marked position sensitivity is shown by the thread hair receptors. It is concluded that both types of receptor contribute to the detection of low frequency angular accelerations. A response to vibration is demonstrated by both types of receptor although the thread hairs respond only in a very transient way to frequencies above 30Hz. By contrast the free hook hair receptors respond throughout the vibration range tested and are suited to the detection of substrate and water borne signals. They have a best frequency between 30 and 40Hz.
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Gaten, Edward. "The anatomy and physiology of selected reflecting superposition eyes." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34352.
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Aspects of the morphology and optical physiology of reflecting superposition eyes have been investigated using species from various decapod crustacean taxa. The eyes all have the same basic structure of a distal dioptric layer and a proximal retinula layer, separated by an unpigmented clear zone. In the eyes of shrimps, lobsters and crayfish the clear zone is crossed by crystalline cone cell extensions. In squat lobsters this region is crossed by rhabdomeric lightguides. Porcelain crabs possess an eye intermediate in design. The superposition ray path, the action of corneal lenses and the presence of lightguides have been demonstrated and the refractive indices of several optical elements determined. These results have been used to produce ray tracing diagrams showing the optical pathways within these eyes. All of the eyes function by redirecting light across the clear zone by reflection within a mirrored crystalline cone. In squat lobsters a rhabdomeric lightguide transmits axial light to the rhabdoms. The eyes have a small f-number resulting in good light-gathering power and maximum sensitivity. However, intracellular electrophysiological determinations of retinula cell angular sensitivity show that these eyes have poor resolution. Variations in morphology and optics represent adaptations to the underwater light field, especially in the tapeta and in the light- sensitive rhabdoms. In oceanic species the tapetum varies in both structure and reflectivity along a dorso-ventral gradient within each eye and also interspecifically. It is proposed that the need to remain well-camouflaged in the low-contrast oceanic environment leads to tapetal modifications. Where sufficient light is available the rhabdoms are adapted to maximize resolution and permit sensitivity to polarized light. In deeper water, where little light remains, the rhabdoms are adapted to increase sensitivity at the expense of resolution. The dorsal region of the eye retains apposition optics for the purpose of detecting small objects in silhouette against the downwelling light.
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Ade-Ademilua, Omobolanle Elizabeth. "Plastochron index - an indicator of plant structure and function a case study using Pisum sativum L." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003751.
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The use of chronological age for example, using days after sowing (DAS), or days after germination (DAG) as a time variable may result in the inherent variability between plants resulting in differences which can be large enough to obscure subtle developmental trends that become evident among plants sown at the same time. An alternative to DAS or DAG is the plastochron index (PI), first used by Erickson and Michelini (1957) as a morphological time scale and numerical index; which to according to the authors suggested and represented a more accurate reflection of the developmental status of a plant. The research presented in this thesis was therefore aimed specifically at utilizing the index in qualitative and quantitative analyses, to confirm its usefulness in analyzing and predicting plant growth and development. Specifically this research focused on investigating various morphological and physiological events that together, hopefully, would serve as a template for the prediction of the growth, development and reactions of Pisum sativum L. to different growth conditions. In Chapter 3, the use of the average length of the first pair of leaflets on each node as a suitable parameter for calculating PI in P. sativum is suggested. The results presented in Chapter 3 suggest that plant age is best expressed using the plastochron index, as this reflects the time interval between the initiations of successive pairs of leaflets. This section of the research has been published as “Ade-Ademilua OE, Botha CEJ (2005) A re-evaluation of plastochron index in peas - a case for using leaflet length. South African Journal of Botany 71: 76-80”. The PI formula developed was subsequently used in this research to conduct qualitative and quantitative investigations of plant growth and development in which all data and observations were related directly to the plastochron index. In Chapter 4, the sink to source transition in Pisum sativum L. leaves at different plastochron ages in nodulating plants was investigated using the phloem-mobile fluorescent marker, 5,6-carboxyfluorescein (5,6-CF). The results demonstrated that young leaves remained strong sinks up until LPI 0, after which sink-source transition occurred up to LPI 1.8 and leaflets transitioned to strong source systems by LPI 2.0. A well-developed cross-connected phloem system between paired leaflets in peas, and the petiole and the stem vascular supply was observed. The data presented in the second part of Chapter 4 suggest that the phloem transport between leaflet pairs is independent of the sink/source state of the leaflets, or of movement along the source to sink gradient. The data support the presence of a modular transport system which may ensure re-allocation and balancing between leaflets of the same physiological age and photosynthetic and transport status, thereby load-balancing the local transport system, before exporting to other younger (sink) regions. The investigation of leaf development using the plastochron index (Chapter 5) revealed that the formation of air spaces in the palisade and spongy mesophyll, one of the preparatory events for transition from sink to source state in developing leaves, occurs between LPI 0 and LPI 1 in pea leaflets. Results of the anatomical and ultrastructural study related to PI are presented in Chapter 5. The density of wall ingrowths in transfer cells of minor veins increased with LPI and appeared to be associated with the probable transition to source state and the related potential increase in the production of assimilates for export. The onset of wall ingrowth development in leaflets at LPI 0 provided evidence that sink-to-source transition commences at LPI 0 in P. sativum. Presumably-functional plasmodesmata as well as a few mature sieve elements were evident in class IV veins in the apical region of young and older leaflets at LPI 0. The number of mature sieve elements per vein however, increased with increasing LPI. Most class V veins were still undergoing division at LPI 0 and their sieve elements did not show signs of maturity until LPI 1. The increase in the number of mature metaphloem sieve elements in young, supposedly importing tissue at LPI 0 to older, supposedly exporting tissues at LPI 2 is evidence of the association between phloem maturation and transition from importing to exporting status. In Chapter 6, I report on the effects of elevated CO[subscript 2] on the growth and leaf development of nodulating and non-nodulating Pisum sativum L var. Greenfeast grown under controlled environment of the same nitrogen (6mM) and nitrogen- free nutrient solution conditions. Shortterm exposure to elevated CO[subscript 2] induced rapid plant growth, irrespective of treatment. However, long-term elevated CO[subscript 2] treatment did not affect rate of leaf appearance (RLA) in nodulated plants, irrespective of mineral N supply but enhanced RLA in non- nodulating plants supplied with mineral N. Supplied N resulted in a significant increase in leaflet elongation rate (LfER) under both ambient and elevated CO[subscript 2], but LfER was not significantly affected by nodulation but was increased by high CO[subscript 2]. This suggested that the growth of nodulating P. sativum L may not be significantly affected under CO[subscript 2] levels as high as 1000 μmol mol[superscript -1]. The data suggest that elevated CO[subscript 2] will enhance canopy size, provided adequate soil N is available and more so in non-nodulating plants. This section of the research has been published as “Ade-Ademilua OE, Botha CEJ (2004) The effects of elevated CO[subscript 2] and nitrogen availability supersedes the need for nodulation in peas grown under controlled environmental conditions. South African Journal of Botany 70: 816 – 823”. This thesis demonstrates that the similarity in the qualitative analyses results obtained from plants from different CO[subscript 2], nitrogen and nodulation treatment conditions, highlights the fact that plants of same PI value are at the same developmental state, irrespective of the growth condition. Furthermore, changes in plant structure and function observed under different growth conditions can be related simply to changes in plastochron index. The work presented in this thesis demonstrate that changes in plant structure and function analyzed are related to changes in PI. An important finding of this thesis is that with the use of PI, results can be compiled as a template for predicting the structure- function state of pea plants at any plastochron age, under any growth conditions, before using small representative sample populations.
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Muir, Eric R. "Magnetic resonance imaging of retinal physiology and anatomy in mice." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37268.
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MRI can provide anatomical, functional, and physiological images at relatively high spatial resolution and is non-invasive and does not have depth limitation. However, the application of MRI to study the retina is difficult due to the very small size of the retina. This thesis details the development of MRI methods to image blood flow (BF), anatomy, and function of the retina and choroid, and their application to two diseases of the retina: diabetic retinopathy and retinal degeneration.
A unique continuous arterial spin labeling technique was developed to image BF in mice and tested by imaging cerebral BF. This method was then applied to image layer-specific BF of the retina and choroid in mice, and to acquire BF functional MRI of the retina and choroid in response to hypoxic challenge. Additionally blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI of the mouse retina and choroid in response to hypoxic challenge was obtained using a balanced steady state free precession sequence which provides fast acquisition, has high signal to noise ratio, and does not have geometric distortion or signal dropout artifacts.
In a mouse model of diabetic retinopathy, MRI detected reduced retinal BF in diabetic animals. Visual function in the diabetic mice, as determined by psychophysical tests, was also reduced. Finally, in a mouse model of retinal degeneration, BF and anatomical MRI detected reductions of retinal BF and the thickness of the retina. The studies detailed in this thesis demonstrate the feasibility of layer-specific MRI to study BF, anatomy, and function, in the mouse retina. Further, these methods were shown to provide a novel means of studying animal models of retinal disease in vivo.
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Bountra, Charanjit. "Physiology of fertilization of mammalian eggs." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29937.
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Ragland, Mary C. "The Velocity of Hyolaryngeal Excursion in Normal Swallowing." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1400521302.
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Boue, Jenna E. "Sex Differences in Thrombosis with Canine Basilar Artery and Murine Middle Cerebral Artery Thromboembolic Stroke Models." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587048703654416.
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De, Boef Maria Elizabeth. "Effects of phylogeny, physiology, and function on bone microstructure in extant endothermic vertebrates." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86513.
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A strong relationship between bone macrostructural morphology and bone mechanical function has been well documented and is an essential component of many vertebrate biomechanical studies. However, a vastly richer data set could be had if the relationship between bone microstructure and bone function were as well understood. This thesis enumerates the bone microstructure-function relationship in a statistically consistent manor in extant endotherms.Phylogeny, physiology and function have been shown to independently contribute to bone microstructure morphology. However, rarely have two or more of these factors been examined in combination. In this work the author used various statistical and experimental techniques to quantify the contribution of each of these factors to bone microstructure.
This work is organized into four parts: First, a review of methods used to quantify bone microstructure is given and a new method for quantifying vascular orientation proposed. This method allows the researcher to observe vascular orientation as an unbiased continuous measure and therefore complete more extensive statistical testing. Second, an analysis of the use of skeletochronology for aging three species of extant carnivores is given. This technique, although rarely used in extant endotherms, is commonly used for aging specimens from palaeontological findings. Upon discovering a significant discordance between organismal age and skeletochronology in the carnivorans studied here, I discuss the validity of its use in palaeontology. Third, using a sample of seven carnivoran species, the impact of phylogeny, function and physiology on bone microstructure was tested using a variance partitioning method. It was found that phylogeny has a large and significant impact on bone microstructural characteristics but only in conjunction with functional and physiological variables. When considering the effects of the three "pure" factors I found that physiological factors are the major drivers of bone microstructure. To further explore these findings, the final chapter presents an experimental study on the effects of biomechanical function and repeated loading on the humerus and tibiotarsus in Helmeted GuineaFowl. It was found that the type of strain and the repetition of strain from exercise both significantly impact bone microstructure but the relationship between tensile, compressive and shear strains to microstructure is complex with no obvious correlation.
Il existe une forte relation entre la morphologie de la structure macroscopique des os et leurs caractéristiques fonctionnelles au niveau mécanique. Cette relation est bien documentée et est un aspect essentiel de plusieurs études sur la biomécanique des vertébrés. Cependant, un ensemble de données beaucoup plus étoffé serait disponible si la relation entre la morphologie de la microstructure des os et leur fonction était mieux comprise. La présente thèse comporte une énumération des relations entre la microstructure des os et leurs caractéristiques fonctionnelles chez certaines espèces actuelles d'endothermes, en suivant une approche statistique cohérente.
Il a été démontré que la phylogénie, la fonction et la physiologie contribuent séparément à la morphologie de la microstructure des os. Cependant, les effets combinés de deux ou plusieurs de ces facteurs ont rarement été examinés. Dans la présente étude, l'auteur a utilisé plusieurs méthodes statistiques et expérimentales afin de quantifier l'impact respectif de chacun de ces facteurs sur la microstructure des os.
Cette thèse est organisée en quatre parties. D'abord, une revue des méthodes utilisées pour quantifier la microstructure des os est présentée et une nouvelle méthode pour quantifier l'orientation vasculaire est proposée. Cette nouvelle méthode permet d'observer l'orientation vasculaire d'une manière continue et non-biaisée, et permet donc une analyse statistique plus approfondie. Ensuite, l'utilisation de la squelettochronologie pour la détermination de l'âge de trois espèces de carnivores est analysée. Cette technique, bien que rarement utilisée pour déterminer l'âge chez les endothermes actuels, est communément employée pour les espèces paléontologiques. À la suite de la découverte d'une discordance significative entre l'âge des organismes et la squelettochronologie chez les carnivores étudiés ici, la validité de cette technique en paléontologie est discutée. En troisième partie, à partir d'un échantillon de sept espèces de carnivores et au moyen d'une analyse de partition de variance, l'impact de la phylogénie, de la fonction et de la physiologie sur la microstructure des os a été testé. Il a été découvert que la phylogénie avait un impact important sur la microstructure des os, mais seulement en conjonction avec les variables liées à la fonction et à la physiologie. Lorsque les effets des trois facteurs « purs » étaient considérés, la physiologie était le facteur qui contribuait le plus à la variabilité observée dans la microstructure des os. Afin d'examiner ces résultats plus en détail, le chapitre final présente une expérience investiguant les effets d'une charge répétée et de la fonction biomécanique sur l'humérus et le tibiotarse de la pintade de Numidie (Numida meleagris). Le type d'effort et la répétition de l'effort imposé par l'exercice avaient tous les deux un impact significatif sur la microstructure des os, mais les relations entre les forces de tension, de compression et de cisai
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Lazic, Tamara. ""Anatomy, physiology and management of patients with diffuse pulmonary arteriovenous malformations"." [New Haven, Conn. : s.n.], 2008. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-12092008-103910/.
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St, Aubin Helen. "Implementing a Virtual Reality Paradigm in Human Anatomy/Physiology College Curricula." NSUWorks, 2000. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/393.
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Modes of instruction in the college course called Human Anatomy/Physiology are changing. Due to ethical concerns and the ever-increasing source of new physiological data, there is a need for enhancements to assist the instructor and student. The computer science of virtual reality (VR) provides a method to electronically educate, train, prototype, and test and evaluate new enhancements to the college curricula. This study detailed the modeling and simulation of a skeletal human hand with degrees of freedom of movement, which provided the students with a physiological representation of some of the movements of the hand. The primary objectives of the study were to assess the use of the VR simulation by college students and to assess the potential learning outcomes of students in their use of the VR simulation. The simulation was implemented into classes of Human Anatomy/Physiology are as an adjunct enhancement for the students' use. The expectation centered on the constructivist theory that students develop an analytic outlook to the various articulations of the human skeleton. Positive results were shown based on the answers to the questionnaire, summary and post -test taken by the students, after their use of the VR simulation. The results supported the constructivist theory that critical thinking took place. The results showed that the virtual reality simulation enhanced the learning ability of the students. The recommendations of the study include future experimentation to be done on increasing the number of VR simulations, incorporating the VR simulations into undergraduate courses, testing the outcomes, and following the progression of students into graduate programs that are using VR simulations. Faculty and administration are advised to consider implementing the paradigm of VR simulations in undergraduate courses of Human Anatomy/Physiology are.
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Viessmann, Olivia. "Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrovascular anatomy and physiology at 7 Tesla." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6439960f-0da1-44c0-a67d-489cc36cdd40.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can study the cerebrovasculature non-invasively in humans. It can image the vascular anatomy, as well as functional attributes such as flow and perfusion. This multi-modal capability renders MRI one of the most favourable imaging techniques to study the cerebrovasculature in research and in clinical settings. The advent of human 7 Tesla (7T) MRI offers further benefits to existing methods. Most evidently, the higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be used to improve resolution. However concomitant changes in contrast mechanisms, an increase in the specific absorption rate (SAR) and transmit B1-field inhomogeneity need to be addressed when transitioning to higher field. Vessel wall imaging (VWI) is an exemplar application that benefits from higher resolution but is based on SAR intense methods. In the first part of this thesis the implementation of a VWI method, DANTE-SPACE, is described. The readout scheme was specifically optimised for high resolution wall depiction and enhanced suppression of cerebrospinal fluid to produce vessel wall contrast in the major intracranial arteries at 7T. Besides refining spatial scales, recent technical developments have accelerated information content in the temporal domain. In-slice acceleration and simultaneous excitation of multiple slices substantially reduced acquisition times for many applications. In particular, multiband techniques have pushed sampling speeds in functional MRI (fMRI) to sub-second regimes. Traditionally, fMRI is used to study low frequency neuro-vascular signals below 0.1Hz. Aliases of cardio-respiratory-induced signals have been regarded as "physiological noise". Sufficiently fast sampling resolves the spectrum beyond the cardiac frequency, thus transforming noise into valuable signal. In the second part of this thesis strategies to map and quantify signal fluctuations at the cardiac frequency are described using echo-planar imaging (EPI). Potential age-related difference in the cardiac EPI signal power were studied. Also, an investigation was made into the underlying MR-mechanisms that form these fluctuations by decomposing the EPI-signal over the cardiac cycle into S0 and T2* waveforms. Ultimately this research aims to foster the understanding of the vascular origins of cardiac-induced EPI signals. This will hopefully serve future research into how EPI data can be exploited to study cerebrovascular properties in healthy and diseased states.
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Levee, Kathryn E. "Gross and Histological Features of a Myofascial Trigger Point in the Upper Trapezius." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1996. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2938.
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The purpose of this study was to precisely locate, in living humans, a myofascial trigger point associated with the upper portion of the trapezius muscle (TrP1) that refers pain to the head and neck and to determine if this point is associated with anatomical structures. This study is descriptive and utilizes data from measurements of the location of TrP1 in relation to anatomical landmarks, of pressure sensitivity overlying the trigger point and electromyography recordings in localizing the trigger point. Information obtained from living humans was used to determine anatomical correlation to structures in cadavers. Results indicated there is little variability in the location of TrP1 among individuals or from one extremity to the other, and this point may be associated with structures of the skin. A neurovascular supply (NAV) emerging from the upper trapezius to the skin was located in cadavers resembling the location of TrP1 in living humans. This NAV contained only small diameter nociceptive nerve fibers. Conclusion from the study show that TrP1 in living humans can be precisely located and that the mechanism of pain referral may involve structures of the skin. Future studies to precisely locate other myofascial trigger points may aid in identifying mechanisms of trigger point activation as well as aid clinicians in more precisely locating trigger points for treatment.
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Joung, Hyojee. "Changes in copper and zinc metabolism after trauma." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1382028154.
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Jaggers, Robert Maxwell. "Is Polyvinylidene diflouride (PVDF) film biocompatible in the Murine Cochlea?" Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1440944212.
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Watson, Patricia A. "The biochemistry and physiology of the immature cereal pericarp." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27625.
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Montplaisir, Lisa Marie. "Opportunities for learning in an introductory undergraduate human anatomy and physiology course." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280438.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the course conditions that support the development of meaningful student learning in an introductory undergraduate human anatomy and physiology course. The study was conducted during an 8-week summer-session at a small mid-western university. Classroom observations and taped recordings of class sessions were used to determine content episodes within the instructional unit, opportunities for learning created by the instructor, demonstrations of information processing by the students, and the ways in which the instructor used the Personal Response System (PRS). Student interviews were used to determine students' level of understanding of pre-test and post-test items. Student interviews and a questionnaire were used to determine students' perceptions of the PRS as a learning tool. Findings reveal that the instructor had different expectations of students when posing verbal questions in-class than he had when posing PRS questions. The use of verbal questions did not permit demonstrations of student understanding; however, the use of the PRS did result in demonstrations of student understanding. Questions posed via the use of the PRS were categorized according to cognitive level. The cognitive level of the questions increased with time over the instructional unit and within the content episodes. Students demonstrated deeper understanding of the topics after instruction than they did before instruction. Students reported more in-class thinking about the content, more discussion of the content with their neighbors, more regular class attendance, more opportunities for deeper learning, and a general preference for the PRS over traditional lectures. Findings of the study indicate that the instructional decisions about the use of questions influences the opportunities for students to process information and demonstrate their understanding of the content and that students valued these opportunities. A better understanding of the conditions that promote meaningful student learning may help us make decisions that result in improved student learning in our own classes.
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Levy, Jacqueline Anita. "Causal-comparative study analyzing student success in hybrid anatomy and physiology courses." Thesis, Northern Arizona University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3606821.
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In the biological sciences, higher student success levels are achieved in traditionally formatted, face-to-face coursework than in hybrid courses. The methodologies used to combine hybrid and in-person elements to the course need to be applied to the biological sciences to emulate the success seen in the traditional courses since the number of hybrid course offerings at community colleges are rapidly increasing.
Research has delineated that creating online collaborative communities and increasing student engagement all function to increase student successful outcomes. This causal-comparative study was conducted using student data from four sections of hybrid, introductory anatomy and physiology courses over the 2011 and 2012 calendar years. The study included two sources of data: unit exam scores and student surveys. Analysis of the unit exam scores determined that there were statistically significant differences in student success and achievement by the implementation of the following web-enhanced technologies: a) discussion boards, b) Breeze, and c) Wiki tools. In the scope of this study, student success and achievement was defined as a student earning a C (70%) or higher at the completion of the course.
There were a total of 29 surveys conducted per each unit during the 2012 semesters that related to the web-enhanced technologies implemented into the course: Discussion boards, Breeze®, and Wiki tools. Demographic data was also compiled on all of the students enrolled in the classes during this study to demonstrate that there is no specified niche or trend seen in the students enrolling for this particular course. Unit 1 was used as a baseline to compare the students from the two years. It was determined that the students were not significantly different in aptitude levels at the beginning of the courses based on their Unit 1 exam scores.
Inferential statistical analysis was done to examine student success and achievement using the following tools: t-test of independent means of the variables, mean, standard deviation, and magnitude of effect. The findings of this study indicate that the web-enhanced technology Wiki tools provided the largest increase in student success and achievement in the hybrid, introductory anatomy and physiology course. Descriptive analysis of the surveys revealed that more than a third of each class felt that the implemented web-enhanced technology functioned to increase collaboration amongst the students and helped to emulate a traditional, face-to-face formatted course.
The study included four recommendations for practice and nine recommendations for further research. A couple of recommendations for practice included using a single web-enhanced technology for the duration of the semester and having instructors and students complete tutorial sessions for the chosen technology being implemented. Examples of recommendations for research include replicating this study at other institutions and comparing face-to-face, traditional classes to hybrid courses within the same STEM discipline.
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Pagani, Angelo. "The Effects of Raspberry Ketone Supplementation on Body Composition." Ohio Dominican University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oduhonors1430845300.
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Quinn, Melissa Marie. "Learning Styles of Undergraduate Students and Its Influence on the Preference of Lecture Delivery Method in a Large Enrollment Undergraduate Gross Anatomy Course." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440146297.
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Formenti, Federico. "The role of hypoxia-inducible factor in systemic human physiology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:421232a5-1bab-4612-a6d4-30bdb35beb7a.
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This thesis summarizes a research programme on the role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and its 2alpha subunit in systemic human physiology. Experiments were performed to assess the role of HIF in the regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism, cardiac anatomy, function and energy metabolism, and in cardiopulmonary physiology. Patients with different genetic mutations affecting the HIF pathway were recruited for each main study. Chapter 1 presents an overview of human physiological responses to hypoxia in a historical perspective, with particular attention to the areas of human physiology that are relevant for the studies presented in the experimental chapters. Chapter 1 also presents a summary of the HIF pathway and the novel findings presented in this thesis. Chapter 2 illustrates the methods used to perform the experiments. Chapter 3 investigates skeletal muscle metabolism, cardiac anatomy, function and energy metabolism in patients with Chuvash polycythaemia, who have mildly elevated levels of HIF, associated with a mutation in von Hippel-Lindau gene, at whole body level. Chapter 3 shows major abnormalities associated with HIF pathway alterations in skeletal muscle energy metabolism, especially in conditions of metabolic stress such as during exercise and digestion of a meal. Chapter 4 shows that patients with Chuvash polycythaemia also have small hearts and reduced cardiac energy levels. Chapter 5 explores cardiopulmonary abnormalities in patients with gain-of-function mutations specifically in HIF-2alpha subunit; these patients are polycythaemic like patients with Chuvash polycythaemia. Observed abnormalities include pulmonary hypertension, elevated heart rate, cardiac output, ventilation, and the increment in pulmonary blood pressure in response to moderate hypoxia. Chapter 6 presents results from experiments in patients with classic von Hippel- Lindau disease, who are not usually polycythaemic. However, some degree of haploinsufficiency was observed in their neutrophils, suggesting a pseudo-hypoxic phenotype. Chapter 6 shows that von Hippel-Lindau disease is not associated with major cardiopulmonary abnormalities. Overall, the research reported in this thesis presents original experimental evidence for the effects of alterations in the HIF pathway on human physiology.
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Everard, J. D. "The physiology of plants subjected to oxygen deficient rooting environments." Thesis, University of Reading, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355689.
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Haubert, Lisa Marie. "Surgical Clinical Correlates in Anatomy: Implementation of a First-Year Medical School Program." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1253374287.
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Magee, Corin Wolfgang. "EFFICACY OF MASTERY-BASED AND AUTONOMY-SUPPORTIVE NEUROANATOMY CURRICULUM IN GRADUATE LEVEL HUMAN NEUROBIOLOGY COURSE." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1431086741.
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Kätzel, Dennis. "Optogenetic analysis of inhibitory circuits in the neocortex." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b6b39ccc-25e9-49d2-aa1d-ef7ff6abb486.
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Crook, Tracy. "The functional anatomy of equine hind limb muscles and their activation patterns during different locomotor tasks." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572457.
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Macnish, Andrew James. "Anatomy and physiology of floral organ abscission in geradton waxflower (chamelaucium uncinatum schauer) /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17956.pdf.
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Rich, David L. "Uveoscleral drainage of aqueous humor: anatomy, physiology, and measurement of alternate outflow route." Thesis, Boston University, 2000. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/38091.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversityPLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
Bill (1965) and Bill and Helsing (1965) were among the first to report on the existence of a uveoscleral pathway for the d rainage of aqueous humor. Prior to their work, the conventional, or trabecular pathway, was thought to be the only method of drainage. This paper will analyze the anatomy in the order of production, movement, and drainage of the aqueous humor. Following that will be a discussion of aqueous humor physiology, including pharmacological effects of p rostaglandins. Finally, there will be an examination of measurement techniques.
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Palmer, J. M. "The occurrence and physiology of prolactin receptors in the tissues of birds." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371845.
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Fadlalla, A. M. "Somatostatin immunization and its effects on growth, hormonal levels and gut physiology." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354447.
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Kim, Jong G. "Cytokines and Ovulation in the Mouse Ovary." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1994. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2711.
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Ovulation has been hypothesized as an inflammatory process. Interleukin(IL)-1$\alpha$, IL-1$\beta$ and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-$\alpha$ are potent cytokines produced from macrophages and various other cell types, and are pivotal components of inflammation. Although previous studies have investigated cytokine activities in the reproductive system, there is little information on their precise localization and activities during the periovulatory period. To investigate the role of cytokines in ovulation, experiments were designed to determine the immunohistochemical localization and time specific production of cytokines IL-1 and TNF-$\alpha$ using a mouse model at 36h, 12h, 6h, 2h before ovulation, and at 6h and 18h after ovulation in vivo. Isolated individual follicles in vitro were used to determine more precise roles of cytokines on follicular development, ovulation and steroidogenesis. From these studies it was found that (1) granulosa cells were the primary sites of IL-1$\alpha$ and TNF-$\alpha$ production from large antral follicles and preovulatory follicles in vivo, (2) production of IL-1$\alpha$ and TNF-$\alpha$ increased as ovulation neared, first appearing in the cumulus cells and expanding to antral and mural granulosa cells, (3) less intense staining of these cytokines in the theca layer of smaller follicles suggests that theca cells may contribute to the production of these cytokines to some extent, (4) but there was no IL-1$\beta$ production, (5) localized and temporal production of cytokines during the periovulatory period suggests precise regulation, (6) decrease of IL-1$\alpha$ in the ovary after gonadotropin injection determined by enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay suggests that IL-1$\alpha$ production may be under the control of gonadotropins, (7) in follicle culture without bone marrow derived cells, granulosa cells were confirmed as the main source of cytokine production, (8) addition of IL-1$\alpha$ and TNF-$\alpha$ to follicles in culture tend to decrease estradiol production. In conclusion, immunoreactive cytokine production correlated positively with the periovulatory follicular development suggesting their role as ovulatory mediators. It requires further studies on what are the signals for the initiation and termination of cytokine production, how transcription and translation of these cytokines are regulated during the periovulatory period, and how they contribute to the ovulation.
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Lindsay, Gregory W. "Enhanced Renal Sympathetic and Cardiovascular Responses to Substance P in Hypertension." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1993. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2718.
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Blood pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve responses were measured in 9-13 week old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and compared to those in age and sex-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats following intravenous injection of the neuropeptide substance P (SP), the nicotinic stimulant 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP), and the adrenoceptor stimulant norepinephrine (NE). Charles River Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats were used in some studies to develop methodologies. Measurements were made in control rats and also following sinoaortic denervation, pithing, ganglion blockade, or adrenoceptor blockade. Responses were evaluated in order to determine if ganglion stimulation by SP was enhanced in SHR compared to WKY rats and if this enhancement was selective for SP or would also be exhibited to DMPP. NE was used to evaluate adrenergic sensitivity and to confirm the success of baroreceptor denervations. SHR exhibited greater intrinsic sympathetic tone than WKY rats before and following ganglion blockade. Ganglion stimulation by SP and DMPP was only fully revealed following elimination of baroreceptor input. Results indicated that SP stimulates sympathetic ganglia to increase renal sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate and blood pressure in CD, SHR and WKY rats. This increase was enhanced in SHR compared to WKY rats in the absence of a similar enhancement of responses to DMPP. The action of SP to cause vasodilation was attenuated in SHR versus WKY rats which may augment its action as a pressor agent in SHR. In conclusion, increases in blood pressure, heart rate and renal sympathetic nerve activity were selectively increased to SP in SHR versus WKY rats. This enhanced action of SP may contribute to the elevation of basal and/or evoked sympathetic discharge observed in this model of hypertension.
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Yan, Sheng. "Evaluation of human respiratory muscle fatigue." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41180.
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The first part of my work evaluates bilateral supramaximal transcutaneous phrenic nerve stimulation as a diagnostic test for respiratory muscle fatigue. I found that twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi,T) was inversely and linearly related to lung volume (V$ sb{ rm L}$) both before and after fatigue. Although fatigue caused significant decrease in Pdi,T amplitude at all V$ sb{ rm L}$, the fractional decrease in Pdi,T was greater at high V$ sb{ rm L}$, indicating the importance of V$ sb{ rm L}$ as an independent variable that needs to be controlled whenever Pdi,T is determined. Twitch mouth pressure (Pm,T) was found to be linearly related to twitch esophageal pressure (Pes,T), to Pdi,T, and to V$ sb{ rm L}$. All these relationships were reproducible. Diaphragmatic fatigue resulted in significant decrease in Pm,T proportional to the decrease in Pdi,T for a given V$ sb{ rm L}$ so that Pm,T-Pes,T and Pm,T-Pdi,T relationships were unchanged. Thus the Pm,T-V$ sb{ rm L}$ relationship can be used to assess diaphragmatic fatigue non-invasively. Paired phrenic nerve shocks which were well tolerated by normal subjects can be used to obtain a measure of the pressure-frequency curves of the diaphragm, which were reproducible. In particular, I showed that the pressure ratio of diaphragmatic twitch elicited by the second shock at 10Hz over that at 100Hz (T2$ sb{10/100}$) is a valuable index of low frequency fatigue.In the second part of my work I studied the effect of respiratory muscle fatigue on ventilatory response to CO$ sb2$ and respiratory muscle recruitment. The data showed that ventilatory response and respiratory muscle recruitment patterns were different in a number of aspects between diaphragmatic fatigue and global inspiratory muscle fatigue. After diaphragmatic fatigue, the only change was an increase in the recruitment of rib cage muscles, which fully compensated for decreased diaphragmatic contractility because all the ventilatory parameters were constant. After global fatigue, both the diaphragm and rib cage muscles contributed less to breathing but expiratory muscles were recruited resulting in a decrease in end-expiratory P$ sb{ rm L}$ and an increased contribution of elastic energy stored within the respiratory system to inspiratory tidal volume generation. In spite of this, rapid shallow breathing developed while minute ventilation remained constant. These data suggest that the ventilatory control system can detect fatigue and has sufficient plasticity to alter inspiratory drive appropriately. The overall ventilation level can thus be maintained.
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McLaren, Julie. "Quantification of mRNA levels for LH-beta, FSH-beta, alpha and prolactin in female rats following chronic or acute estrogen treatment." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68220.
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Injection of 2mg of estradiol valerate (EV) to cycling female rats causes cell death among the hypothalamic beta-endorphin population that results in increased mu-opioid receptor binding in the hypothalamic MPOA. We suspect that the subsequent opioid suppression of the GnRH system is responsible for the constellation of defects that occur in pituitary LH production and release.In order to determine the mechanisms by which a defective GnRH pattern affects pituitary LH functions, we quantitated LH-beta and alpha mRNA in EV-injected animals using Northern blot analysis. To determine whether estradiol has direct effects at the pituitary level, we studied estradiol implanted (E2) animals that do not have the hypothalamic lesion. In order to observe possible effects on prolactin and FSH (normal plasma levels) we also quantitated them in EV or E2-treated animals.
Our results indicate that LH-beta, but not alpha or FSH-beta RNA are below control levels in both EV and E2 treated animals. Thus estrogen can modulate LH-beta production at both the hypothalamic (EV) and pituitary (E2) levels. Prolactin was sometimes below that of control animals which is surprising since estradiol is a known stimulator of prolactin production.
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El-Dwairi, Qasim. "Functional aspects of nitric oxide synthases in skeletal muscle." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0023/NQ50292.pdf.
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Wosu, Uchechi Amy. "The distribution of the low density lipoprotein receptor related protein-2 (LRP-2) in the male and female reproductive tracts of the rat /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0006/MQ44314.pdf.
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Jimenez, Desmond Rito. "Ultrastructure and function of the ventriculus of the honey bee, Apis mellifera." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184266.
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The ventricular epithelia of adult worker honey bees were investigated biochemically and ultrastructurally. The midgut tissues were shown to produce an endoprotease with trypsin-like activity. Enzyme activity was highest in the midgut tissues and the ectoperitrophic space of free-flying honey bees and of caged bees fed pollen. Lower levels of activity occurred in caged bees restricted to sucrose or fed artificial diets. The trypsin-like activity declined as the protein intake of the bees decreased with age. Ultrastructural studies revealed columnar cells in the posterior midgut engaged in the synthesis and release of membrane-bound vesicles. The apical cytoplasm of the epithelial cells in this region contains numerous electron dense vesicles which are released into the ectoperitrophic space of the midgut lumen. The microvilli in the crypts of this region are short, branching, and microvesiculate. Throughout the remainder of the midgut, the microvilli are profuse and elongate. The presence of the endogenously produced endoprotease and the regional variation in cell ultrastructure suggest that the honey bee may rely on countercurrent flow to distribute enzymes and nutrients efficiently throughout the midgut. Ultrastructural cytochemistry localized acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase activity in primary and secondary lysosomes dispersed throughout the midgut tissues. Alkaline phosphatase activity was localized within large electron lucent microbodies that are present in all midgut columnar cells. The peroxisomal marker enzymes, catalase and L-α-hydroxy acid oxidase, were also localized in the same microbodies which previously had been described as holocrine secretory granules involved in dietary mineral regulation. Morphological and cytochemical assays suggest that the holocrine secretory granule arises from a microperoxisomal compartment involved in intermediary metabolism in the midgut of adult honey bees.
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Means, Sheila Marie. "Patterns and processes of brain diversification within esociform teleosts." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941371.
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The richness of nervous systems represented by extant fishes has not yet been determined; the brain morphology of many species, indeed, many groups, remain undescribed. For this reason we have examined esociform teleosts and focused on three goals: 1) to provide the first basic descriptions of the brains of two esociform teleosts, Esox masquinongy (muskellunge) and Esox lucius (northern pike); 2) to describe the development of E. masquinongy brains; and 3) to compare the neuronal features between E. masquinongy and E. lucius in light of the ontogenic pattern of E. masquinongy. We demonstrate that a suite of differences exists between the brains of these two congeners. Relative to the brains of E. lucius, the brains of E. masquinongy exhibit a number of paedomorphic features. This heterochronic shift parallels the differences in non-neuralmorphological features previously described between these two species. We identify three features that cannot be explained by this heterochronic shift: 1) the optic nerves of E. masquinongy and E. lucius cross oppositely, E. masquinongy have optic nerves that cross left nerve dorsal, E. lucius cross right nerve dorsal; 2) Esox lucius have a consistent cellular discontinuity in the telencephalon between Dm, and Dd that is not present in E. masquinongy; and 3) adult E. lucius retain a neural canal opening that closes in larval E. masquinongy, a peramorphic exception to the paedomorphic pattern.Department of Physiology and Health Science
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Burns, J. Bracken. "Basic morphological and histological characterizations of the brain of the white sucker, catostomus commersoni." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1048372.
Full textAbstract:
The white sucker, Catostomus commersoni, is among the many fishes classified as minnows (order Cypriniformes). Minnows are a morphologically diverse teleost (bony fish) group whose brains have been examined previously in both a morphological and experimental context. Two species of minnows, goldfish (Carasius auratus) and European carp (Cyprinus carpio) have been commonly used as model systems for experimental neuroanatomical studies.The purpose of this present study is to catalog the brain of the white sucker for its use in future studies and as a comparative reference for the study of other catostomids. In particular, the neuronal connections of the cranial nerves could be explored once the brain has been characterized. This species was chosen because of its position as the outgroup for all other members of the genus Catostomus, and the fact that it is relatively easy to obtain. This study focuses on two areas: descriptions of the gross morphology of the brain of the white sucker, and histological characterizations of the nuclei of the brain of the white sucker.Department of Physiology and Health Science
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Rennie, S. R. "Summary sex : a multivariate approach to sex estimation from the human pelvis." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/9471/.
Full textAbstract:
With the progression of multivariate statistics, the creation of population specific equations is on the rise. Multivariate analysis generally revolves around metric methods or geometric morphometrics, not on morphoscopic features. A total of eight samples were analysed spanning from prehistoric American to modern day South African and ranged between pygmy populations from the Andaman Islands to medieval British populations. With a sample size of more than 1100 individuals, each os coxa was scored using eight morphoscopic features most commonly used by physical anthropologists and osteoarchaeologists. Trait frequencies were compiled and compared between each of the eight samples. Then, the samples were placed into two groups: a known age and sex group (Christ Church Spitalfields, South African White, South African Black, and South African Coloured), and an unknown archaeological group (Poulton, St. Owens, Chumash, and Andaman). When comparing trait frequencies, slight differences between the samples could be seen. Ordinal Logistic Regressions (OLR) were applied onto each of the four samples from the known age and sex group to create population specific sexing equations (cross-validated). Results from these four equations ranged from 90.24% (South African Black population specific equation) to 96.38% (Christ Church, Spitalfields population specific equation). Population specifity was tested by applying all of the equations onto each sample in this group. In an attempt to reduce this, two new equations were created by combining samples together resulting in a South African specific equation (92.54% accuracy) and a "Summary Sex" equation (92.98% accuracy). After applying each of the six new OLR equations onto the four archaeological samples, high percentage accuracies (ranging from 92.59% to 100.00%) were found when comparing them to the previous records. The only sample that did not produce as high of an accuracy was the Chumash sample with 82.35%. In the attempt to analyse fragmented remains, three avenues were taken. Firstly, all missing values were replaced by the median score. Secondly, the original six OLR equations were 'sectioned' to make three smaller sets of equations. Lastly, to mirror the sectioned equations, three new sets of OLR equations were generated. This study shows that when using morphoscopic traits for sex estimation, applying multivariate techniques can be used to obtain a high accuracy even when dealing with fragmented samples.