Relevant bibliographies by topics / 3 photons

Academic literature on the topic '3 photons'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "3 photons"

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Xiu, Xiao-Ming, Li Dong, Hong-Zhi Shen, Ya-Jun Gao, and X. X. Yi. "Two-party QPC with polarization-entangled Bell states and the coherent states." Quantum Information and Computation 14, no. 3&4 (March 2014): 236–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic14.3-4-3.

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We propose a protocol of quantum privacy comparison with polarization-entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (Bell) states and the coherent states. One of two legitimate participants, Alice, prepares polarization-entangled Bell states and keeps one photon of each photon pair and sends the other photons to the third party, Charlie. Receiving the photons, Charlie performs single-photon transformation operations on them and then sends them to the other legitimate participant, Bob. Three participants adopt parity analysis method to check the distribution security of Bell states. Exploiting polarization beam splitters and nonlinear interactions mediated by the probe coherent states in Kerr media, Alice and Bob check the parities of their photons using the bases of $\{\ket H, \ket V\}$ or $\{\ket +, \ket -\}$. On the basis of the parity analysis outcomes and Charlie's publicized information, they can analyze the security of the distributed quantum channel. Confirming secure distribution of the shared Bell states, two participants perform respective parity measurements on the privacy photons and own photons of Bell states, and then send the results to Charlie. According to information provided by two legitimate participants and his single-qubit transformation operations, Charlie compares the privacy information of Alice and Bob and publicizes the conclusion.
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Pickford Scienti, Oliver L. P. Pickford, and Dimitra G. Darambara. "Demonstrating a Novel, Hidden Source of Spectral Distortion in X-ray Photon Counting Detectors and Assessing Novel Trigger Schemes Proposed to Avoid It." Sensors 23, no. 9 (May 1, 2023): 4445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094445.

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X-ray photon counting spectral imaging (x-CSI) determines a detected photon’s energy by comparing the charge it induces with several thresholds, counting how many times each is crossed (the standard method, STD). This paper is the first to demonstrate that this approach can unexpectedly delete counts from the recorded energy spectrum under some clinically relevant conditions: a process we call negative counting. Four alternative counting schemes are proposed and simulated for a wide range of sensor geometries (pixel pitch 100–600 µm, sensor thickness 1–3 mm), number of thresholds (3, 5, 8, 24 and 130) and medically relevant X-ray fluxes (106–109 photons mm−2 s−1). Spectral efficiency and counting efficiency are calculated for each simulation. Performance gains are explained mechanistically and correlated well with the improved suppression of “negative counting”. The best performing scheme (Shift Register, SR) entirely eliminates negative counting, remaining close to an ideal scheme at fluxes of up to 108 photons mm−2 s−1. At the highest fluxes considered, the deviation from ideal behaviour is reduced by 2/3 in SR compared with STD. The results have significant implications both for generally improving spectral fidelity and as a possible path toward the 109 photons mm−2 s−1 goal in photon-counting CT.
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MIKI, KENTARO. "AZIMUTHAL ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENT OF DIRECT PHOTON IN $\sqrt{^SNN} = 200\ {\rm GeV}$Au + Au COLLISIONS AT RHIC-PHENIX." International Journal of Modern Physics E 16, no. 07n08 (August 2007): 2160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301307007623.

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Azimuthal anisotropy of direct photons is measured in [Formula: see text] Au + Au collisions by the PHENIX experiment at RHIC. Direct photons are one of the most effective probes to study properties of hot dense medium at initial state (also QGP state) of heavy ion collisions because photons do not interact strongly with medium once produced. They keep their conditions when they are created. Within statistical and systematic errors, the elliptic flow parameter (v2) of direct photons is consistent with zero. Direct photons v2 is measured by the hadron decay photon background v2 from inclusive photon v2 in intermediate to high transverse momentum (pT) region (0 to 10 GeV/c) for 3 centrality selections (20% steps) and minimum bias.
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Nikotin, Oleg P. "DIFFRACTION EXPERIMENTS WITH KOSSEL PHOTONS." Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University) 58 (2021): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36807/1998-9849-2021-58-84-3-10.

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In the paper an attempt was made to obtain some information about the characteristics of photons as separate objects with the properties of localization in ordinary coordinate space. Experiments of various complexity with Kossel photons were carried out on a multiaxial diffractometer. A diffraction spectrometer with perfect calcite crystals was used to register the photons. The bidirectional angular measurements were carried out with sufficient angular and energy resolution to detect the influence of the coherent volume of the photons on the measurement results. The measurements showed some correlations that had not been paid enough attention before. Those effects were measured separately for Kα1 and Kα2 photons to allow their comparison. Such approach corresponds to the modern quantum mechanics of the photon; that mechanics showed the possibility of existence of wave functions of photons in their usual standard sense. Data on spatial parameters Kα1 and Kα2 of Kossel photons were obtained by comparing the effects of their diffraction scattering
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Rasulov, V. R., R. Ya Rasulov, I. Eshboltaev, and M. X. Kuchkarov. "TO THE THEORY OF THE TWO AND THREE PHOTONIC LINEAR CIRCULAR DICHROISMS IN CUBIC SYMMETRY SEMICONDUCTORS." SEMOCONDUCTOR PHYSICS AND MICROELECTRONICS 3, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37681/2181-1652-019-x-2021-3-9.

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The linear - circular dichroism of two and three photon absorption of light in semiconductors of cubic symmetry of hole conductivity is theoretically investigated. The matrix elements of two and three - photon optical transitions occurring between the subbands of the semiconductor valence band are calculated. In this case, transitions associated with both non - simultaneous absorption of individual photons and simultaneous absorption of two photons are taken into account, and the spectral and temperature dependences of the coefficient of two and three - photon absorption of polarized radiation are determined
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Peresunko, D. "Direct photon production in pp, p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions measured with the ALICE experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 191 (2018): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201819105001.

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We review recent ALICE results on direct photon production in pp, p–Pb and Pb–Pb collisions at LHC energies. In light systems, pp and p–Pb, no signal of direct photons at low pT < 3-5 GeV/c is observed within uncertainties, while at high pT our measurements are consistent with NLO pQCD calculations. In central and mid-central Pb–Pb collisions a thermal photon contribution is observed at low pT < 3 - 4 GeV/c with slopes Teff = (304 ± 11stat ± 40syst) MeV and (407 ± 61stat ± 96syst) MeV respectively. A collective elliptic flow of direct photons is measured and appeared to be close to the decay photon flow.
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Hu, Huiqin, Xinyi Ren, Zhaoyang Wen, Xingtong Li, Yan Liang, Ming Yan, and E. Wu. "Single-Pixel Photon-Counting Imaging Based on Dual-Comb Interferometry." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061379.

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We propose and experimentally demonstrate single-pixel photon counting imaging based on dual-comb interferometry at 1550 nm. Different from traditional dual-comb imaging, this approach enables imaging at the photon-counting regime by using single-photon detectors combined with a time-correlated single-photon counter to record the returning photons. The illumination power is as low as 14 pW, corresponding to 2.2 × 10−3 photons/pulse. The lateral resolution is about 50 μm. This technique paves the way for applying dual-comb in remote sensing and imaging.
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ZHANG, WENTAO, SIGUO XIAO, XIAOLIANG YANG, and XIANGLIANG JIN. "BROADBAND QUANTUM CUTTING IN ZnO/Yb(Er)F3 OXY-FLUORIDE NANOCOMPOSITE PREPARED BY THERMAL OXIDATION METHOD." Functional Materials Letters 06, no. 01 (February 2013): 1350002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604713500021.

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Yb(Er)F3 nanoparticles absorbed with ZnO sheet were prepared via two-step co-precipitation method followed with thermal oxidation. In the ZnO / Yb(Er)F3 composite phosphor, ZnO can efficiently absorb ultraviolet photons of 250–380 nm and transfer its absorbed photon energy to Er 3+ ions in fluoride particles. A followed quantum cutting between Er 3+- Yb 3+ couples in the fluoride takes place, down-converting an absorbed ultraviolet photon into two photons of 650 nm and 980 nm radiations. The composite phosphor combines the wide wavelength absorption range and high absorption cross-section of ZnO with high quantum cutting efficiency of Er 3+- Yb 3+ co-doped fluoride, showing potential application in the enhancement of Si solar cell efficiency.
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Yin, Bo, Pinshu Lv, Yanmin Yang, and Leipeng Li. "Pr3+–Gd3+ co-doped Ba2SiO4 for multilevel anti-counterfeiting encryption." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 15 (October 21, 2022): 153104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0119544.

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Developing anti-counterfeiting technology with a higher level of security is vital to boycott the fake commodities. Here, we report the detailed optical property of Ba2SiO4:Pr3+, Gd3+, and their potential applications in fluorescent anti-counterfeit. It has been confirmed that Pr3+ ions could emit the ultraviolet-C (UVC) photons upon excitation of a 450 nm laser, which originates from a two-photon upconverted mechanism. Moreover, the ultraviolet-B (UVB) light also appears simultaneously when co-doping Gd3+ into the host, due to the energy transfer from Pr3+ to Gd3+. Depending on the multimode emissions of Pr3+-Gd3+-codoped phosphors, including the routine magenta emission of Pr3+, as well as the UVC photons of Pr3+ and the UVB light of Gd3+, we successfully achieve multi-level anti-counterfeiting applications.
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Lin, Tao. "Deferred Optical Photon simulation for the JUNO experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2438, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2438/1/012078.

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Abstract The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is designed to determine the neutrino mass ordering and precisely measure oscillation parameters. It is being built in South China at a depth of 700 m underground and comprises a central detector, water Cerenkov detector and top tracker. The central detector is designed to detect anti-neutrinos with an energy resolution of 3% at 1 MeV, using a 20 kt liquid scintillator target with 17,612 20-inch PMTs and 25,600 3-inch PMTs. The scintillator provides a light yield of approximately 10,000 photons per MeV. Monte Carlo simulation is a crucial tool for developing an understanding of detector performance, requiring the production of large samples of background processes with optical photons. Simulation of large numbers of optical photons with Geant4 is computationally challenging for both processing time and memory resources. In order to optimize resource usage, a deferred optical photon simulation workflow is proposed and implemented using Geant4 classes. The key idea is to simulate events initially without optical photons, only performing the optical photon simulation when user specified criteria are met. In this contribution, the design and the implementation of the deferred optical photon simulation will be presented. Optical simulation comprises generation of photons and propagation through the detector implementing optical physics processes including reflection, refraction, scattering and absorption. Instead of generating the optical photons at each step by Geant4 immediately, the necessary data to generate optical photons at each step are collected, which is termed GenStep. At the end of each event, user specified criteria determines if the optical photon simulation is performed using a class called G4OPSimulator. The class G4OPSimulator implements a customized simulation workflow, based on Geant4 internal classes including G4TrackingManager and G4StackManager. The simulator passes references to the collected GenStep objects to customized Scintillation and Cerenkov processes which generate the optical photons in G4Track objects. As a track could be absorbed and re-emitted, the secondaries will be retrieved from the G4TrackingManager and pushed to the G4StackManager. The performance of the simulator will be presented. The technique of deferred optical photon simulation can be applied to all event types and it is expected to be particularly beneficial with rare processes. Especially the events must be selected during the detector simulation at runtime, instead of the event generation. An application of the technique to the simulation of such events will be shown.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "3 photons"

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Telliez, Cécile. "Advanced optical microscopy for spatially and temporally precise deep brain interrogation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS041.

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Dans le domaine des neurosciences, l'avènement des outils optogénétiques sensibles à la lumière a ouvert de nouvelles opportunités pour contrôler précisément l'activité neuronale et étudier le fonctionnement cérébral optiquement. En optique, cela a motivé le développement de diverses stratégies d'illumination et de collecte de la lumière pour imager l'activité neuronale et la manipuler avec une précision spatiotemporelle élevée. En particulier, les approches de mise en forme de la lumière, telles que l'holographie générée par ordinateur combinée à la focalisation temporelle, ont permis de cibler des neurones individuels ou des groupes de neurones avec une grande précision temporelle et une précision spatiale proche de la cellule unique, dans des espaces volumétriques de centaines de microns. Cette précision est cruciale pour obtenir des informations critiques sur le code neuronal et établir des connexions entre l'activité neuronale, le comportement et la perception à une échelle fine. Malgré ces avancées, des défis persistent pour permettre des investigations cérébrales complexes, notamment en ce qui concerne le contrôle de vastes populations de cellules avec une précision spatiotemporelle élevée en profondeur. Pendant ma thèse, j'ai particulièrement concentré mes efforts sur ces défis et développé de nouvelles stratégies optiques de mise en forme de la lumière visant à (i) étendre le nombre de neurones excitables, (ii) améliorer la résolution temporelle et (iii) augmenter la profondeur de pénétration de l'investigation optogénétique multi-photonique ciblée et basée sur la modulation de phase de la lumière.Initialement, j'ai concentré mes efforts sur le développement d'un système optique ultra-rapide à deux photons (2P) (FLiT), où un modulateur spatial de lumière et un miroir galvanométrique sont couplés pour permettre la commutation à un taux de kHz de motifs d'illumination précis spatialement sur l'échantillon. Cela sert deux objectifs principaux. Premièrement, cela permet d'ajuster optiquement le temps d'excitation relatif de cellules distinctes avec une résolution temporelle d'environ un ordre de grandeur supérieur par rapport aux méthodes précédentes. Deuxièmement, FLiT permet de cibler un ensemble donné de cellules en réduisant le budget de puissance d'excitation d'un facteur 4-5, tout en minimisant l'élévation thermique induite par la lumière. Pour pousser cette approche encore plus loin, j'ai ensuite modifié la conception optique originale en incluant une unité de de-scan (deFLiT), ce qui a permis d'élargir le nombre d'hologrammes utilisables et d'augmenter encore davantage le gain de puissance et la précision temporelle du FLiT conventionnel.Dans la deuxième phase de la thèse, je me suis concentré sur un système holographique à trois photons (3P) pour mener des expériences d'optogénétique plus profondément à l'intérieur du cerveau. J'ai conçu et construit le système, puis je l'ai validé en photo-activant diverses opsines et en induisant leur activation à haute fréquence dans les neurones ciblés sous un régime d'excitation à 3P que j'ai également vérifié. Par rapport aux systèmes holographiques à deux photons précédents, cette approche permettra d'étendre les investigations entièrement optiques à des régions plus profondes du cerveau.Ces nouvelles stratégies seront importantes pour étudier les circuits neuronaux avec une stimulation optogénétique rapide et précise à travers de vastes ensembles neuronaux en profondeur
In the field of neuroscience, the advent of light-sensitive optogenetic tools has opened new opportunities for precisely controlling neuronal activity and study brain functioning optically. In optics, this has motivated the development of various light-delivery and collection strategies to functionally image and manipulate neural activity with high spatiotemporal precision. Particularly, light-shaping approaches, such as Computer-Generated Holography combined with Temporal Focusing, have enabled temporally precise targeting of individual neurons or clusters with near single-cell accuracy within volumetric spaces of hundreds of microns. This precision is crucial to get critical insights into the neural code and establishing connections between neural activity with behavior and perception at fine scale. Despite these advancements, challenges persist in enabling complex brain investigations, especially when it comes to control vast populations of cells with high spatiotemporal precision in depth. During my thesis, I particularly focused on those challenges and developed new light-shaping optical strategies aiming at (i) expanding the number of excitable neurons, (ii) improving temporal resolution and (iii) increasing the penetration depth of cell-targeted multiphoton optogenetic investigation based on phase-modulation light-targeting.Initially, I concentrated on developing an ultra-fast two-photon (2P) optical system (FLiT), where a multiplexing LC-SLM and a galvanometric mirror are coupled to allow kHz-rate switching of spatially precise illumination patterns on the sample. This serves two primary purposes. Firstly, it enables to optically tune the relative spiking time of distinct cells with a temporal resolution of about one order of magnitude higher compared to previous methods. Secondly, FLiT allows targeting a given ensemble of cells by reducing the excitation power budget by a 4-5 factor, while minimizing light-induced thermal rise. To push forward this approach, I further modified the original optical design by including a de-scan unit (deFLiT) which enabled to enlarge the number of usable holograms and increase even further the power gain and temporal precision of conventional FLiT .In the second phase of the thesis, I focused on a three-photon (3P) holographic system to conduct optogenetics experiments deeper inside the brain. I designed and built the system and I then validated it by photo-activating various opsins and driving high-rate firing in targeted neurons under a verified 3PE regime. Compared to previous holographic 2P-photon systems, this approach will enable the extension of all-optical investigations to deeper brain regions.These new strategies will be important for studying neuronal circuits with rapid and precise optogenetic stimulation across large neuronal ensembles in depth
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Hayward, Robert M. "A coarse mesh transport method for photons and electrons in 3-D." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51928.

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A hybrid stochastic-deterministic method, COMET-PE, is developed for dose calculation in radiotherapy. Fast, accurate dose calculation is a key component of successful radiotherapy treatment. To calculate dose, COMET-PE solves the coupled Boltzmann Transport Equations for photons and electrons. The method uses a deterministic iteration to compose response functions that are pre-computed using Monte Carlo. Thus, COMET-PE takes advantage of Monte Carlo physics without incurring the computational costs typically required for statistical convergence. This work extends the method to 3-D problems with realistic source distributions. Additionally, the performance of the deterministic solver is improved, taking advantage of both shared-memory and distributed-memory parallelism to enhance efficiency. To verify the method’s accuracy, it is compared with the DOSXYZnrc (Monte Carlo) method using three different benchmark problems: a heterogeneous slab phantom, a water phantom, and a CT-based lung phantom. For the slab phantom, all errors are less than 1.5% of the maximum dose or less than 3% of local dose. For both the water phantom and the lung phantom, over 97% of voxels receiving greater than 10% of the maximum dose pass a 2% (relative error) / 2 mm (distance-to-agreement) test. Timing comparisons show that COMET-PE is roughly 10-30 times faster than DOSXYZnrc. Thus, the new method provides a fast, accurate alternative to Monte Carlo for dose calculation in radiotherapy treatment planning.
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Grootoonk, Sylke. "Dual energy window correction for scattered photons in 3-D positron emission tomography." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844524/.

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In the past few years, the collection of positron emission tomography (PET) data without inter-plane shielding has become a widely accepted technique for significantly increasing the sensitivity of multi-ring scanners. However, the resultant increase in the registration of counts due to scattered events is undesirable for quantitative studies, since it reduces contrast and confounds the linear response of the scanner to activity concentration. This thesis describes the development, implementation and evaluation of a correction for scattered photons based on the simultaneous acquisition of emission data in two energy windows. Initial experiments were performed to characterize the distribution of of scattered photons in data collected with a commercial PET brain scanner operated without inter-plane shielding (septa). In this mode of acquisition, termed 3-D, coincidences between all rings of detectors are accepted. This is in contrast to the conventional 2-D acquisition mode, where data is acquired with a more restricted range of inter-ring combinations. The fraction of scattered photons under standard operating conditions was measured as 35 (+/-2) % for a line source in a 20 cm diameter water-filled cylinder, and the scatter response function found to be shift-variant. A 20% gain in counts from events that do not scatter in the object but in the detectors themselves was achieved by lowering the energy threshold as far as reasonably possible. The correction developed for scattered photons relies on parameters relating two energy windows which were selected to maximize counting statistics and minimize spatial variations. The ratio functions for the selected windows were found to be shift-invariant, and showed little variation with object size. The parameters were however found to be very susceptible to changes in detector efficiency, showing up to 10% variations over time. The correction was implemented with constant values taken for the ratio functions, and integrated into the routine reconstruction sequence with pre-processing steps taken to minimize noise propagation. When evaluated in a range of standard and customized test objects, the correction restored contrast in inactive areas to within 5% of the true value. Relative activity concentrations in different sized phantoms were restored to better than 6%. A means of calibrating the data corrected for scattering was implemented and quantification in a range of activity distributions was accurate to within 7%. The correction method was tested in a phantom which simulates the activity distribution in a human brain. Applying the method to human data confirmed the potential of using this method routinely for quantification in vivo. A limitation of the method for dynamic scanning was identified: high count rate pile-up effects introduce global spatial and spectral distortions which are enhanced in the dual energy window correction for scattering. However, in multi-time frame scanning of test phantoms, the correction consistently restored contrast and maintained linearity. The data acquisition, correction for scattering and reconstruction regimes that have been developed in this work have, thus far, allowed the routine collection of several hundred dynamic ligand studies in patients and normal volunteers, which have been analyzed as part of clinical research projects in a fully quantitative manner.
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Bouhadida, Maha. "Étude d’effets optiques non linéaires d’ordres 2 et 3 dans des nanofibres optiques." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASP019.

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Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur l'étude d'effets optiques non linéaires d’ordres 2 et 3 dans des nanofibres optiques de silice qui sont des fibres optiques étirées jusqu'à atteindre des diamètres de l'ordre de la longueur d'onde.La première application étudiée est la réalisation de convertisseurs de longueur d’onde dans le visible en régime sub-nanoseconde, domaine peu couvert par les sources impulsionnelles actuelles. Le principe de ces convertisseurs repose sur la diffusion Raman stimulée dans le champ évanescent d’une nanofibre optique de silice baignée dans un liquide. En définissant et optimisant leur domaine de fonctionnement, nous avons atteint des efficacités de conversion externes de l'onde de pompe à 532 nm vers le premier ordre Stokes de l'éthanol à 630 nm proches de 60%. Les performances de nos convertisseurs sont très répétables et ouvrent la voie à une nouvelle famille de convertisseurs de longueur d'onde très compacts, efficaces, fiables et entièrement fibrés.La seconde application visée concerne l'étude d'une source de paires de photons corrélés émettant autour de 1,5 μm pour les télécommunications quantiques. Notre source est basée sur le mécanisme de fluorescence paramétrique à la surface d’une nanofibre optique de silice. Dans l'accord de phase modal étudié, l'onde de pompe est émise sur le mode TM01 à 775 nm et les paires de photons corrélés sont générées autour de 1,5 microm sur le mode fondamental HE11, avec l'avantage de pouvoir se recoupler avec un minimum de pertes dans un réseau fibré. Nos études ont principalement porté sur le choix de la fibre standard permettant d'optimiser l'efficacité du mécanisme, la conception de la nanofibre et de ses tapers ainsi que la mise en place d'expériences préliminaires pour l'excitation de modes d'ordre supérieur
In this PhD thesis we study 2nd and 3rd order optical non-linearities in optical nanofibers, which are obtained by stretching standard fibers until their diameter becomes of the order of magnitude of the wavelength. The first application is the realization of wavelength converters in the visible range in the sub-ns regime, range which is only minimally covered by pulsed sources. The principle of these converters is to use stimulated Raman scattering in the evanescent field immersed in a liquid. By defining and optimizing their operating range, we have reach external conversion efficiencies from the pump at 532 nm to the first Stokes order of ethanol at 630 nm near to 60%. The performances of our converters are very repeatable and open the way to a new family of very compact, reliable and all-fibered components.The second application is the study of a source of correlated photon pairs for quantum telecommunications. Our source is based of parametric fluorescence on the surface of a silica nanofiber. In the phase-matching we propose, the pump wave is emitted on the mode TM01 at 775 nm and the photon pairs are emitted around1.5 μm in the fundamental mode, enabling a recoupling with only a few losses in the optical network. Our study mainly concern the choice of the standard fiber enabling to optimize the efficiency of the mechanism, the conception of the nanofiber and its tapers as well as the implementation of preliminary experiments for the excitation of high ordrer modes
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GRISCOM, LAURENT. "Synthese et proprietes optiques des verres de chalco-halogenures : spectroscopie a 1,3 microns et addition de photons des ions nd 3 + et pr 3 +." Rennes 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN10191.

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Des sources lumineuses sont, a ce jour activement recherchees a 1,3 m pour augmenter la capacite des reseaux de telecommunications par fibres optiques. Pour cela, des compositions de verres dopes aux terres rares et optimises du point de leurs proprietes optiques sont necessaires. Les verres de chalcogenures ayant des indices de refraction eleves et une transparence dans l'infrarouge qui s'etend au-dela de 10 m possedent les qualites necessaires pour operer a cette longueur d'onde. Les verres de chalco-halogenures, avec les elements ge-ga-s-csx ou x = c1, br, i ont ete synthetise au laboratoire. L'ajout d'un halogenure au verre de chalcogenure se traduit par une amelioration de la stabilite thermique et un elargissement du domaine de la transparence dans le visible sans changer les caracteristiques dans l'infrarouge. Ces verres possedent, par ailleurs, une bonne solubilite des ions de terre rare. Ils ont ete dopes par les ions nd 3 + et pr 3 +. Les proprietes physiques et optiques (temperatures caracteristiques, densite, indices de refraction, transmission uv et ir) de ces verres ont ete mesurees et comparees avec celles de verres de sulfure classiques. La theorie de judd-ofelt a ete employee pour la comprehension des mecanismes des transitions 4f-4f dans ces verres. Cependant, les verres de chalcogenures posent des problemes pour l'application de cette theorie du fait du bandgap qui occulte les bandes d'absorption de haute energie des ions de terre rare. Quelques methodes nouvelles ont ete testees pour appliquer la theorie de judd-ofelt dans les verres de chalcogenures. Les emissions des ions nd 3 + et pr 3 + ont ete etudiees dans les verres ga-ge-csx, en fonction de halogene x et en fonction de la concentration en ions de terre rare. Concernant la neodyme, les spectres d'emission ir du niveau 4f 3 / 2 et les emissions visibles de ( 4g 7 / 2, 2k 1 3 / 2, 4g 9 / 2) ont ete enregistres et les durees de vie mesurees. Les processus d'esa a partir de 4f 3 / 2 qui contribuent a reduire l'emission a 1,3 m de nd 3 + ont ete egalement enregistre. Concernant le praseodyme, les spectres d'emissions ainsi que les durees de vie des niveaux 1g 4 (transition a 1,3 m), 1d 2 et 3p j ont ete mesures une part important de ce travail a ete consacre a la mise en evidence et a la caracterisation des processus d'addition de photons vers les niveaux ( 4g 7 / 2, 2k 1 3 / 2, 4g 9 / 2) de nd 3 + et vers les niveaux 1d 2 et 3p j de pr 3 +.
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Harlé, Thibault. "Sources fibrées de paires de photons : caractérisation et influence de la non-uniformité." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLO009/document.

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Les sources de paires de photons constituent un bloc de base pour les technologies de traitement et transmission de l'information quantique. Une source consistant en une fibre microstructurée à coeur liquide permet à la fois une réduction du bruit de diffusion Raman, une adaptation simple et efficace aux réseaux de télécommunication quantique, et l'ajustement de ses propriétés d'émission par ingénierie de la microstructure et choix du liquide non linéaire. Ces recherches se concentrent sur l'étude de l'émission de paires de photons d'une telle source, et du mélange à quatre ondes à leur origine. Nous soulignons le manque d'une description quantitative correcte des phénomènes non linéaires à l'origine des paires dans les modèles existants, et en proposons un se basant sur le champ D pour y parvenir. Nous mettons expérimentalement en évidence l'inconsistance avec la forme de spectre usuellement attendue les sources de paires de photons. Pour l'expliquer, nous développons un modèle rendant compte de la non-uniformité du guide, soit la variation de ses propriétés de propagation sur sa longueur. Par une approche analytique initiale simple de cette caractéristique, nous exposons l'étalement du spectre et la diminution du taux maximum d'émission de paires. Une description numérique par morceaux apporte une description plus proche de la réalité et met en lumière la très forte sensibilité du spectre à la non-uniformité. Un autre effet de cette dernière se traduit par la différenciation du spectre selon le sens de propagation de la lumière dans le guide. Lors de l'intrication en polarisation des paires dans un dispositif de type boucle Sagnac, cette non-réciprocité dégrade la visibilité des paires. Pour compenser cet effet, nous proposons une solution simple de symétrisation du profil des fibres à leur fabrication, appuyée par de premiers résultats encourageants. Cette étude ouvre la voie à la prise en compte des non-uniformités inhérentes aux guides réels, impactant fortement leur émission de paires de photons
Photon-pair sources are a basic block for implementation of quantum information and telecommunication. A microstructured fibered source with liquid core induce a Raman scattering noise reduction, and at the same time allows a simple and lossless coupling to telecom network, with an engineering of its emission properties through the structure and liquid choices. This work focus on four-wave mixing leading to photon pairs emission in such a source. As existing models lack a correct emph{quantitative} description of nonlinear phenomena for pairs emission, we propose here one based on the D field to do so. We show a mismatch between the spectrum form usually expected and the experimental one. To explain this, we develop a model describing the effects of guide nonuniformity, meaning variation of its propagation properties along itself. Through an initial and simple analytical approach, we demonstrate the spectrum spreading and the diminution of the maximum of emission pairs rate. With a piece-wise numerical description for real guides, we highlight the very strong sensitivity of the emission spectrum towards nonuniformity. Another effect arising from this feature is the spectrum differentiation depending on the propagation direction within the guide. Upon pairs polarization entanglement by inserting the guide into a Sagnac loop interferometer, such nonreciprocity induces a deterioration of pairs visibility. In order to counteract this effect, we propose, based on first encouraging results, a simple solution involving a symmetrization of fibers profile during their manufacture. This study paves the way for taking into account inherent nonuniformity of real waveguides, which strongly impacts their photon pair emission
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MORAES, JAIR R. de. "Estudo da preparação de microcristais de LiLa(WOsub(4))sub(2):TRsup(3+) para aplicações fotônicas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10510.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
FAPESP:08/10721-9
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Longueteau, Emmanuel. "Synthèse d'ouverture à 3 télescopes : Etude et caractérisation des sources d'erreurs sur les données interférométriques." Limoges, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIMO0020.

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Le développement des interféromètres stellaires nécessite une phase d'étalonnage des instruments en laboratoire. La connaissance et le contrôle des objets étudiés est obligatoire pour la caractérisation de défauts instrumentaux. Ce manuscrit présente différentes sources de dégradations de mesures obtenues sur deux interféromètres stellaires de laboratoire réalisés à l'IRCOM. L'interféromètre ISTROG, réalisé uniquement à l'aide de composant d'optique guidée, a révélé, lors son étalonnage, une erreur systématique résultant des effets différentiels de dispersion chromatique sur les données interférométriques. Ce manuscrit détaille l'éxpérimentation et la modélisation de ce phénomène. Linterféromètre OAST2 financé par l'Agence Spatiale Européenne et développé initialement pour démontrer la faisabilité de l'imagerie haute résolution par synthèse d'ouverture, a permis de mettre en évidence l'influence de la directivité des antennes optiques associée aux imprécisions de pointage dont elles font l'objet : plus les ouvertures sont larges, plus les antennes sont directives, et plus les mesures interférométriques sont succeptibles d'être erronées. D'autre part, cet instrument a aussi fait l'objet d'investigations portant sur la détection en régime de comptage de photons appliquée à ce type d'interféromètre. Une méthode de mesure de contraste et de clôture de phase a pu être établie. Elle intègre une correction de l'erreur systématique sur les données interférométriques résultant de la quantification de la détection.
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Feve, Jean-Philippe. "Existence et symétrie des interactions à 3 et 4 photons dans les cristaux anisotropes : méthodes de mesure des paramètres affectant les couplages à 3 ondes : étude de KTP et isotypes." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10038.

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Les propriétés optiques linéaires sont très importantes dans l'expression des propriétés optiques non-linéaires: nous étudions la localisation des accords de phase colinéaires et non colinéaires pour les interactions à 3 photons. L'extension du formalisme des facteurs de champs aux interactions à 4 ondes met en évidence les 7 types d'accord de phase. Il permet un traitement unifié des interactions de somme et différence de fréquence. La fiabilisation des mesures des propriétés optiques linéaires et non-linéaires nécessite la mise au point de méthodes spécifiques. KTP et ses isotypes constituent un banc d'essai privilégié pour cette méthodologie. La dispersion en fréquence des axes optiques apporte une précision importante à la dispersion des indices de réfraction. Nous développons une méthode de prospection du profil longitudinal gaussien d'un faisceau laser par une lame mince doubleuse de fréquence. La grandeur et le signe relatif des coefficients non-linéaires de KTP sont mesures en accord de phase en régime continu, démontrant l'importance du régime temporel du laser pour cette détermination. Nous étudions les paramètres régissant les conditions de focalisation: atténuation par la double réfraction et dommage optique. L'ajustement des conditions d'accord de phase est réalisable par les effets électro-optique ou thermooptique ou par substitution d'éléments chimiques. Pour le triplage de fréquence indirect à 0,44 m, l'existence d'accord de phase non critique à température ambiante est démontrée dans les solutions solides ktiop#1##yas#yo#4
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D'Hose, Nicole. "Étude expérimentale des mécanismes de photoproduction de pions et de photodésintégration sur l'hélium-3 dans la région de la résonance delta (1232)." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112406.

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Le but de ce travail est l'étude des mécanismes d'absorption d'un photon réel mettant en jeu un, deux ou trois nucléons dans le noyau ³He, dans la région de la résonance Δ (1232). La sélection de ces mécanismes est réalisée par le choix de la réaction : la photo-production de pions s'effectue préférentiellement sur un nucléon quasi-libre du noyau, alors que la photodésintégration sans émission de pions implique l'absorption par plusieurs nucléons corrélés. Ces expériences ont été réalisées à l'Accélérateur Linéaire de Saclay sur la ligne de faisceau de photons quasi- monochromatiques obtenus pur annihilation en vol de positrons. Les spectres de pions et de protons sont mesurés à l'aide de spectromètres magnétiques pour des angles d'émission compris entre 20° et 72° et pour des énergies de photons comprises entre 210 et 450 MeV. Pour chaque cinématique étudiée, la mesure des réactions H(γ,π )n et D(γ,p)n a permis la comparaison des sections efficaces sur l'hélium-3 à celles des réactions élémentaires. Nos résultats expérimentaux sont comparés à des calculs théoriques utilisant des fonctions d'onde réalistes de l'hélium-3. Les modèles effectués dans le cadre de l'approximation d'impulsion en traitant explicitement le mouvement de Fermi ne permettent pas de reproduire la photo-production cohérente de pions ³He(γ,π)³H. De même la photo-production quasi-libre de π⁺ et π⁻ reste surestimée par les prédictions théoriques existantes, qui ne prennent que partiellement en compte les interactions dans l'état final. Pour la photodésintégration sans émission de pions de l'hélium-3, les calculs incluent les corrélations à courte portée et les courants d'échange mésiques ainsi que les interactions dans l'état final. Ils reproduisent assez bien les spectres mesurés dans la région où l'absorption par une paire de nucléons est dominante mais sous-estiment les données dans la région d'impulsion maxi­ male. L'introduction d'effets à trois corps semble indispensable pour expliquer ce résultat expérimental
The goal of this work is the study in 3Jie of the rnechanisms involved in the absorption of photons in the (1232) resonance region. One, two, or three nucleons participate in this absorption depending upon the specific reaction induced : pion photo-production proceeds preferentially through absorption on a simple nucleon, whereas in photodisintegration without pion emission the photon is absorbed by few-nucleon subsystems. The experiments were performed at the Saclay Linear Accelerator with the quasi-mono-chromatic in flight positron annihilation photon beam. Pion and proton spectra were measured using magnetic spectrometers for several angles from 20° to 72°. Photon energies were in the 210 - 450 MeV range. For each kinematical setting a corresponding measurement of the reactions ll(ynl-)n and D(yp)n allowed the comparison of the helium-3 cross sections to these more elementary ones. Our experimental results are compared to theoretical calculations utilizing realistic He wave functions. Impulse approximation models which incorporate the nucleon fermi motion cannot reproduce the pion coherent photo-production 31le( yn+). The theoretical predictions of a charged pion quasi - free photo-production which take into account only partially the final state interactions overestimate the experimental cross sections. For 3ue photo-desintegration, without 1r production the calculations include short range correlations, mesonic exchange currents, and final state interactions. They agree reasonably well with the measured spectra in the region where absorption by a nucleon pair dominates, but they underestimate the cross section in the high momentum tip region. Inclusion of three body effects appears necessary in order to explain this experimental feature
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Books on the topic "3 photons"

1

1950-, Becker W., Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., Boston Electronics Corporation, and Becker & Hickl., eds. Advanced photon counting techniques: 1-3 October, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 2006.

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J, Schanda, Lippényi T, International Measurement Confederation, Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers. Hungarian Chapter., and Méréstechnikai és Automatizálási Tudományos Egyesület (Hungary), eds. 14th Symposium on Photonic Measurements: 1-3 June 1992, Sopron, Hungary. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, 1993.

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Hentschel, Klaus. Photons. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95252-9.

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Ohtsu, Motoichi. Dressed Photons. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39569-7.

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Kyoto, Japan) Kōryōshi Kagaku Kenkyū Shinpojūmu (3rd 2001. Dai 3-kai Kōryōshi Kagaku Kenkyū Shinpojūmu ronbunshū: 2001-nen 12-gatsu 13-14-nichi, Kōryōshi Kagaku Kenkyū Sentā, Kyōto. Ibaraki-ken Naka-gun Tōkai-mura: Nihon Genshiryoku Kenkyūjo, 2002.

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von Stackelberg, Josef. Die Masse eines Photons. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33665-3.

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(Society), SPIE, ed. The nature of light: What are photons? III : 3-4 August 2009, San Diego, California, United States. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 2009.

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Roychoudhuri, Chandrasekhar. The nature of light: What are photons? III : 3-4 August 2009, San Diego, California, United States. Edited by SPIE (Society). Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 2009.

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Roychoudhuri, Chandrasekhar. The nature of light: What are photons? III : 3-4 August 2009, San Diego, California, United States. Edited by SPIE (Society). Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 2009.

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Demtröder, Wolfgang. Atoms, Molecules and Photons. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10298-1.

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Book chapters on the topic "3 photons"

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Pearsall, Thomas P. "Photons." In Quantum Photonics, 19–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47325-9_2.

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Pearsall, Thomas P. "Photons." In Quantum Photonics, 19–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55144-9_2.

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Kalt, Heinz, and Claus F. Klingshirn. "Photons." In Graduate Texts in Physics, 27–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24152-0_3.

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Andrews, Steven S. "Photons." In Light and Waves, 331–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24097-3_13.

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Hentschel, Klaus. "Introduction." In Photons, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95252-9_1.

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Hentschel, Klaus. "Summary." In Photons, 183–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95252-9_10.

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Hentschel, Klaus. "Planck’s and Einstein’s Pathways to Quantization." In Photons, 9–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95252-9_2.

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Hentschel, Klaus. "Twelve Semantic Layers of ‘Light Quantum’ and ‘Photon’." In Photons, 39–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95252-9_3.

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Hentschel, Klaus. "Early Mental Models." In Photons, 93–121. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95252-9_4.

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Hentschel, Klaus. "Early Reception of the Light Quantum." In Photons, 123–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95252-9_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "3 photons"

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Viglienzoni, Alfredo. "Silicon Photonics … With The Photons." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2015.w3h.3.

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Tang, Yu-Lung, Lukasz Komza, Polnop Samutpraphoot, Hanbin Song, Mutasem Odeh, Milena Mathew, Jiu Chang, Zi-Huai Zhang, and Alp Sipahigil. "Tunable single photons from an artificial atom in silicon photonics." In CLEO: Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_fs.2023.ftu3c.3.

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We characterize coherence of single photons emitted from a G center in a silicon waveguide. We present progress towards lifetime-limited and frequency-tunable single photon emission via electrical tuning.
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Hallaji, Matin, Amir Feizpour, Greg Dmochowski, Josiah Sinclair, and Aephraim M. Steinberg. "How a Single Photon Can Act Like Many Photons." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2015.fm1e.3.

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Braverman, Boris, Nicholas M. Sullivan, and Robert W. Boyd. "Photon Counting with an Adaptive Storage Loop." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2023.fth3b.3.

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Single-photon detectors can be used to resolve photon number by storing the photons in a delay loop. We consider a loop with adaptive, detection-record dependent out-coupling, finding that the dynamic range and effective speed of the detector can be enhanced compared to a purely passive setup.
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Yard, Patrick, Alex Jones, Stefano Paesani, Alexandre Maïnos, Jacob Bulmer, and Anthony Laing. "On-chip multi-photon interference with distinguishable photons and time-resolved detection." In Quantum 2.0. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/quantum.2022.qtu3a.4.

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We use commercially available low jitter C-band single photon detectors to interfere photons detuned by up to 6.8 GHz. We perform HOM interference and time-resolved boson sampling with 2 and 3 heralded input photons.
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Yablonovitch, E. "Photonic band structure: observation of an energy gap for light in 3-D periodic dielectric structures." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.fw6.

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By analogy to electron waves in a crystal, light waves in a 3-D periodic dielectric structure should be described by band theory. Recently, the idea of photonic band structure1 has been introduced. This means that the concepts of reciprocal space, Brillouin zones, dispersion relations, Bloch wave functions, Van Hove singularities, etc. must now be applied to optical waves. If the depth of index of refraction modulation is sufficient, a photonic band gap can exist. This is an energy band in which optical modes, spontaneous emission, and zero point fluctuations are all absent. Therefore, inhibited spontaneous emission can now begin to play a role in a semiconductors and solid-state electronics. It makes sense then to speak of photonic band structure and of a photonic reciprocal space, which has a Brillouin zone ~1000 times smaller than the Brillouin zone of the electrons. If the dielectric constant is periodically modulated in all three dimensions, it is possible to have a photonic band gap which overlaps the electronic band edge and for spontaneous electron-hole recombination to be rigorously forbidden. Indeed the photonic band gap is essentially ideal since the dielectric response can be real and dissipationless. It is interesting that the most natural real space structure for the optical medium is face centered cubic (fee), which is also the most famous atomic arrangement in crystals. The comparison between electronic and photonic band structure is revealing: (a) The underlying dispersion relation for electrons is parabolic, while that for photons is linear. (b) The angular momentum of electrons is 1/2, but the scalar wave approximation is frequently made; in contrast, photons have spin 1 and the vector wave character will likely play a major role in the band structure. (c) The band theory of electrons is only an approximation due to electron-electron repulsion, while photonic band theory is essentially exact since photon interactions are negligible.
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Hsu, Julia, Robert Piper, and Weijie Xu. "Substrate Effects When Using Photons to Make Perovskite Solar Cells." In American Physical Society March Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, 3/5-3/10/2023. US DOE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1959887.

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Pan, Jian-Wei. "Experimental quantum information processing with atoms and photons." In Workshop on Entanglement and Quantum Decoherence. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/weqd.2008.aps2.

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Quantum information science and atom optics are among the most active fields in modem physics. In recent years, many theoretical efforts have been made to combine these two fields. Recent experimental progresses [1-3] have shown the in-principle possibility to perform scalable quantum information processing (QIP) with linear optics and atomic ensembles [4]. One of our main activities is to use atomic qubits as quantum memory and exploit photonic qubits for information transfer and processing to achieve efficient linear optics QIP. On the one hand, utilizing the interaction between laser pulses and atomic ensembles we experimentally investigate the potentials of atomic ensembles in the gas phase to build quantum repeaters for longdistance quantum communication [5], that is, to develop a new technological solution for quantum repeaters making use of the effective qubit-type entanglement of two cold atomic ensembles by a projective measurement of individual photons by spontaneous Raman processes. On the other hand, building on our long experience in research on multi-photon entanglement, we are also working on a number of experiments in the field of QIP with particular emphasis on fault-tolerant quantum computation [6], photon-loss-tolerant quantum computation [7] and cluster-state based quantum simulation [8]. In future, by combining the techniques developed in the above quantum memory and multi-photon interference experiments, we will experimentally investigate the possibility to achieve quantum teleportation between photonic and atomic qubits, quantum teleportation between remote atomic qubits and efficient entanglement generation via classical feed-forward. The techniques that are being developed will lay the basis for future large-scale realizations of linear optical QIP with atoms and photons.
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Black, A. Nicholas, Long Nguyen, James E. Evans, and Robert W. Boyd. "Quantum-Enhanced Phase Imaging." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2022.fm3b.3.

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We report on a phase-shifting holography scheme that uses position-momentum entangled photons to achieve twice the contrast of classical phase-shifting holography while only measuring the marginal of the two-photon joint-position distribution.
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Costanzo, L. S., A. S. Coelho, D. Pellegrino, M. S. Mendes, L. Acioli, K. N. Cassemiro, Daniel F. Barbosa, A. Zavatta, and M. Bellini. "Zero Area Single Photons." In Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laop.2016.ltu5b.3.

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Reports on the topic "3 photons"

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Out!, Scientists. When photons make love <3 - ScientistsOut! ResearchHub Technologies, Inc., February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55277/researchhub.csr6sol3.

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Azuma, Y., H. G. Berry, and D. S. Gemmell. Attenuation of photons at 3 to 14 keV energies in helium. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/166500.

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Cullen, D. E. TART96: a coupled neutron-photon 3-D, combinatorial geometry Monte Carlo transport code. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/461393.

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Cullen, D. E. TART97 a coupled neutron-photon 3-D, combinatorial geometry Monte Carlo transport code. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/572762.

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Rhoades, W. A., and D. B. Simpson. The TORT three-dimensional discrete ordinates neutron/photon transport code (TORT version 3). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/582265.

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Cullen, D. E. TART98 a coupled neutron-photon 3-D, combinatorial geometry time dependent Monte Carlo Transport code. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/8435.

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Hart, M., O. Strand, S. Bosson, R. Bonner, and D. Hester. Jack Rabbit Pretest 2021E PT3 Photonic Doppler Velocimetry Data Volume 3 Section 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/972816.

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Cullen, D. E. TART 2000: A Coupled Neutron-Photon, 3-D, Combinatorial Geometry, Time Dependent, Monte Carlo Transport Code. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/802092.

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Cristy, M., and K. F. Eckerman. Specific absorbed fractions of energy at various ages from internal photon sources: 3, Five-year-old. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6263443.

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Bruinvis, I. A. D., R. B. Keus, W. J. M. Lenglet, G. J. Meijer, B. J. Mijnheer, A. A. Van 't Veld, J. L. M. Venselaar, J. Welleweerd, and E. Woudstra. NCS Report 15: Quality assurance of 3-D treatment planning systems for external photon and electron beams. Delft: NCS, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.25030/ncs-015.

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