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Yamahara, Kevan M., Sarah P. Walters, and Alexandria B. Boehm. "Growth of Enterococci in Unaltered, Unseeded Beach Sands Subjected to Tidal Wetting." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 6 (January 16, 2009): 1517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02278-08.
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ABSTRACT Enterococci are indicator bacteria used to assess the risk of acquiring enteric disease from swimming in marine waters. Previous work identified beach sands as reservoirs of enterococci which can be transported from the sand to the sea, where they may instigate beach advisories. The present study establishes that naturally occurring enterococci can replicate in beach sands under environmentally relevant conditions. In unseeded, nonsterile microcosm experiments, it was shown that intermittent wetting of sands by seawater, like that which would occur at the high tide line, stimulates the transient replication of enterococci at rates of 0.20 to 0.63 per day (equivalent to doubling times of 1.1 to 3.5 days). Replication was not observed in control microcosms that were not subjected to wetting. Enterococci were enumerated using both culture-dependent (membrane filtration and mEI media) and culture-independent (quantitative PCR [QPCR], 23S rRNA gene based) techniques, which allowed tracking of both culturable and total enterococcus populations. Inhibition of QPCR and DNA extraction efficiencies were accounted for in the interpretation of the QPCR results. The results provide evidence that enterococci may not be an appropriate indicator of enteric disease risk at recreational beaches subject to nonpoint sources of pollution.
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Awad, Ali. "Manufacturing Perforated and Ordinary Bricks Using Injana Claystone Exposed in The Middle of Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 54, no. 1A (January 31, 2020): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1a.2ms-2021-01-23.
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This study aims to use claystone beds exposed in the Injana Formation (Late Miocene) at Karbala-Najaf plateau, middle of Iraq for the manufacturing of perforated and ordinary bricks. The claystone samples were assessed as an alternative material of the recent sediments, which are preferred to remain as agricultural land. The claystones are sandy mud composing of 29.1 - 39.1% clay, 37.2 - 54.8% silt and 14.1-26.8% sand. They consist of kaolinite, illite, chlorite, palygorskite, and montmorillonite with a lot of quartz, calcite, dolomite, gypsum and feldspar. Claystone samples were characterized by linear shrinkage 0.01 - 0.1%, volume shrinkage 0.1 - 0.9%, bulk density 1.2 - 2.11gm/cm3 (1.68 g / cm3 average), and the efflorescence is varied from low to nil. The claystones are accordingly considered as a suitable material for the manufacture of perforated and ordinary bricks in grades A and B based on Iraqi Standard specifications No. 25 (ISS, 1993).
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Palomares-Rius, Juan E., Sergei A. Subbotin, Blanca B. Landa, Nicola Vovlas, and Pablo Castillo. "Description and molecular characterisation of Paralongidorus litoralis sp. n. and P. paramaximus Heyns, 1965 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Spain." Nematology 10, no. 1 (2008): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854108783360186.
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Abstract Paralongidorus litoralis sp. n., a new bisexual species of the genus, is described and illustrated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and molecular studies from specimens collected in a coastal sand dune soil around roots of lentisc (Pistacia lentiscus L.) from Zahara de los Atunes (Cadiz), southern Spain. Paralongidorus litoralis sp. n. is characterised by the large body size (7.5-10.0 mm), a rounded lip region, clearly offset from the body by a collar-like constriction, and bearing a very large stirrup-shaped, amphidial fovea, with conspicuous slit-like aperture, a very long and flexible odontostyle ca 190 μm long, guiding ring located at 35 μm from anterior end, and males with spicules ca 70 μm long. In addition, identification data of a Spanish population of P. paramaximus Heyns, 1965 recovered from sandy soil of a commercial citrus orchard at Alcala de Guadaira (Seville), southern Spain, agree very well with the original description of the species from South Africa. The 18S rRNA and D2 and D3 expansion regions of 28S rRNA gene sequences were obtained for P. litoralis sp. n. and P. paramaximus. Phylogenetic analyses of P. litoralis sp. n. and P. paramaximus rRNA gene sequences and of Longidoridae sequences published in GenBank were done using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. In trees generated from the 18S data set Paralongidorus clustered as an external clade from Longidorus, and in trees generated from D2-D3 of 28S dataset Paralongidorus was monophyletic and nested within Longidorus. Maximum likelihood test supported the hypothesis of validity of the Paralongidorus genus.
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Huguet, V., J. M. Batzli, J. F. Zimpfer, F. Gourbière, J. O. Dawson, and M. P. Fernandez. "Nodular symbionts ofShepherdia,Alnus, andMyricafrom a sand dune ecosystem: trends in occurrence of soilborneFrankiagenotypes." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-043.
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A successional sand dune system along the Lake Michigan shoreline was chosen to study the impact of edaphic factors, vegetation cover, and topographic position on Frankia strain distribution and infectivity. On this site, three actinorhizal species, Myrica gale L., Alnus incana (L.) Moench subsp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen, and Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt., grew in different communities. Soil samples were collected on plots devoid of actinorhizal plants and serially diluted to inoculate the three native host plants in a greenhouse study. Strains present in the nodules formed were then genetically characterized using PCR-RFLP of the 16S23S intergenic spacer (IGS). An additional study site was included to estimate the impact of the sympatric presence of the three host species on soil infectivity and strain diversity. On this second site, soils used as inocula were collected in the rhizosphere of M. gale and S. canadensis. The M. gale and A. incana nodular strains belonged to an homogeneous cluster, whereas the S. cana densis nodular strains were separated into two distinct genetic clusters, irrespective of edaphic conditions and proximity to the host's root systems. A χ2analysis conducted on Shepherdia-infective strains showed the dominance of two distinct genotypes, with one of them being specific to newly formed dunes lacking plant cover and the other specific to older, stable dunes with dense vegetative cover.Key words: Frankia, Myrica, Shepherdia, Alnus, IGS 16S23S, sand dunes.
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Guo, Qiaozhen, Jinmiao Tan, Daoqing Li, Hao Lan, Peng Qiu, Tao Xu, Tingbin Sun, and Wen Yin. "Grain Size Curve Characteristics of 2nd Member of Sangonghe Formation in Qianshao Area and Its Indicative Significance of Hydrodynamic Environment." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 9852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199852.
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There are mainly two sedimentary types of the 2nd member of Jurassic Sangonghe Formation (J1s2) in the Qianshao area: shallow-water delta and sandy debris flow. In order to accurately understand the characteristics and further identify the difference of sedimentary microfacies, the characteristics of the grain size curve are analyzed. The results show that the cumulative probability curve of sandstone particle size in the research area mainly includes two basic types: tractive current type and sandy debris flow type. The tractive current type is mainly developed in the shallow-water delta front. Among them, the inner front subaqueous distributary channel microfacies develop two patterns: tri-segment pattern and one bouncing segment-one suspension segment-one complex transitional zone pattern. The transitional section is widely developed. There are two patterns in the subaqueous distributary channel microfacies of the outer front (bi-segment pattern and one bouncing segment-one suspension segment-one transitional zone pattern) and two patterns in the estuary bar microfacies (bi-bouncing segment-one suspension segment-one transitional zone pattern and one bouncing segment-one suspension segment-one transitional zone pattern). The main tractive current characteristics are higher bouncing component content and slope and lower suspended component content. The sand debris flow type mainly develops two patterns: one bouncing segment-one suspension segment-one transitional zone pattern and one bouncing segment-one suspension segment-one complex transitional zone pattern with lower jump component content and slope and higher suspended component content.
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MIKHAILYUK, TATIANA, OKSANA VINOGRADOVA, ANDREAS HOLZINGER, KARIN GLASER, YURI AKIMOV, and ULF KARSTEN. "Timaviella dunensis sp. nov. from sand dunes of the Baltic Sea, Germany, and emendation of Timaviella edaphica (Elenkin) O.M. Vynogr. & Mikhailyuk (Synechococcales, Cyanobacteria) based on an integrative approach." Phytotaxa 532, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.532.3.1.
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Timaviella Sciuto & Moro is a recently established cryptic genus of cyanobacteria separated from the morphologically close Leptolyngbya due to clear differences in the 16S rRNA gene sequence and the 16S-23S ITS region secondary structure. Conducting research on biological soil crusts in coastal ecotopes of Ukraine and Germany, we repeatedly observed thin filamentous cyanobacteria morphologically corresponding to the common terrestrial species Leptolyngbya edaphica (Elenkin) Anagnostidis & Komárek. Molecular data based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison of the original strains of the morphospecies indicated unambiguous assignment to the genus Timaviella. Based on this finding, we proposed the new nomenclatural combination Timaviella edaphica (Elenkin) O.M. Vynogr. & Mikhailyuk in our previous publication. Deeper molecular study of the four original strains which were morphologically identified as T. edaphica based on the 16S rRNA gene concatenated with the 16S-23S ITS region and 16S-23S ITS secondary structure analysis showed that they are not identical. Three of them (isolated from biocrusts of Black Sea coast and forest path near Kyiv, Ukraine) had high similarity both in 16S rRNA (99.7–100%) and 16S-23S ITS (99.8–100%) hence actually representing T. edaphica. The strain Us-6-3 isolated from biocrusts on sand dunes of Usedom Island in the Baltic Sea, Germany, differs both from original strains of T. edaphica and all published Timaviella species in 16S rRNA gene sequence identity, as well as in sequence and structure of the 16S-23S ITS region. Here we describe Timaviella dunensis sp. nov. and give an expanded description of T. edaphica based on morphological and molecular features. A tabular review of Timaviella species with data on their phenotypic and genotypic features, ecology and distribution is included.
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JIMI, NAOTO, SHINTA FUJIMOTO, and SATOSHI IMURA. "A new interstitial genus and species of Acrocirridae from Okinawa-jima Island, Japan." Zoosymposia 19, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.19.1.17.
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A new interstitial acrocirrid, Actaedrilus yanbarensis gen et. sp. nov., is described from Okinawa-jima Island, Japan. Individuals of the new genus and species were collected from the interstices of subtidal coarse sand (about 1 m depth). The new genus is comprised of the new species and A. polyonyx (Eliason, 1962) comb. nov. and it is characterized by the presence of two pairs of long branchiae, non-retractile head, minute body, and short club-shaped palps. We infer the phylogenetic position of A. yanbarensis gen. et sp. nov. within Acrocirridae using five gene markers (COI, 16S, 18S, 28S, Cyt B).
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Sezen, Erengül, and Behiye Yüksel. "Results of 2nd and 3rd stage risk assessments in a private hospital." Health Care Academician Journal 4, no. 4 (2017): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/sad.13-1509299160.
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Rhee, Subin, and Minsoo Jung. "A Study on Hair Care Types and Self-Esteem of the MZ Generation." Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology 28, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.52660/jksc.2022.28.4.794.
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This study explored the relationship between the types of hair care and self-esteem of men and women in their 20s. As for the dataset, an anonymous self-entry online survey was conducted by randomly extracting men and women in their 20s nationwide who use hair management through structured questionnaires (n=320). One-way analysis of variance and independence test were performed, and SPSS 21.0 was used for statistical analysis. According to the results, there was no difference in the degree of overall self-esteem according to gender, but among the detailed items, the average of women was higher than that of men who said, “I sometimes think I am a bad person” (t=-2.271, p<.05). Self-esteem was high in the order of cut+pump, cut+pump+dye, cut, cut+dye, but the difference was not significant at the significance level of 5%. On the other hand, women showed higher self-esteem when “cut+perm”, “cut+perm”, and “cut+perm+dye”, in the order of cutting+dyeing, cutting+perm+dyeing, in the order of cutting+dyeing, cutting+perm+dyeing. This study revealed that the degree of self-esteem of men and women in their 20s differed by hair care type. Therefore, the hair care type was related to self-esteem. We also suggest that hair beauty management should be provided by type to manage the degree of self-esteem of men and women in their 20s.
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Benedict, J. H., J. C. Segers, and B. R. Maher. "Seed Treatment Test with Orthene for Control of Cotton Insect Pests, 1981." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.257a.
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Abstract A field study was conducted on Victoria sandy clay loam at the Texas A&M Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi, Texas to determine the efficacy of Orthene 75S as a hopperbox seed treatment for control of early season cotton pests. Test plots were planted 24 Mar, with ‘Tamcot SP-21S’, a cotton fleahopper susceptible variety. The soil type was Victoria sandy clay loam. Treatments were replicated 4 times in plots 80 ft long by 12 rows wide (0.07 acre) in a randomized complete block design. The planting rate was approximately 20 lb seed/acre. Cotton seed and Orthene 75S for each treatment were mixed dry by shaking them together in a large plastic bag prior to filling the hopperboxes.
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Zavrtanik, Danilo. "CP Violation, 2nd edn., by I.I. Bigi and A.I. Sanda." Contemporary Physics 52, no. 4 (July 2011): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107514.2011.558920.
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Sen, Rwik, Jannatul Ferdoush, Amala Kaja, and Sukesh R. Bhaumik. "Fine-Tuning of FACT by the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Regulation of Transcriptional Elongation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 36, no. 11 (April 4, 2016): 1691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01112-15.
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FACT (facilitateschromatintranscription), an evolutionarily conserved histone chaperone involved in transcription and other DNA transactions, is upregulated in cancers, and its downregulation is associated with cellular death. However, it is not clearly understood how FACT is fine-tuned for normal cellular functions. Here, we show that the FACT subunit Spt16 is ubiquitylated by San1 (an E3 ubiquitin ligase) and degraded by the 26S proteasome. Enhanced abundance of Spt16 in the absence of San1 impairs transcriptional elongation. Likewise, decreased abundance of Spt16 also reduces transcription. Thus, an optimal level of Spt16 is required for efficient transcriptional elongation, which is maintained by San1 via ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Consistently, San1 associates with the coding sequences of active genes to regulate Spt16's abundance. Further, we found that enhanced abundance of Spt16 in the absence of San1 impairs chromatin reassembly at the coding sequence, similarly to the results seen following inactivation of Spt16. Efficient chromatin reassembly enhances the fidelity of transcriptional elongation. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time a fine-tuning of FACT by a ubiquitin proteasome system in promoting chromatin reassembly in the wake of elongating RNA polymerase II and transcriptional elongation, thus revealing novel regulatory mechanisms of gene expression.
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Jacobs, H., N. Smith, P. Smith, L. Smyth, P. Yew, P. Saibaba, and J. Hau. "Zebra Finch Behaviour and Effect of Modest Enrichment of Standard Cages." Animal Welfare 4, no. 1 (February 1995): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600017279.
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AbstractZebra finches are often housed in monogamous pairs in small barren cages. In the present study it was investigated whether modest enrichment resulted in behavioural changes. Four plywood box cages of two different lengths were compared. A small and a large cage were used for the barren environment. Another small and large cage were used for the enriched environment, and included additional perches, twigs as well as sand and water baths. An ethogram consisting of 19 different behavioural patterns was used. The behaviour of the birds was studied using a combination of alternating (20s) one-zero and instantaneous sampling, one hour per day during a continuous four-week period.Locomotor activity, vocalization and singing was significantly increased in the enriched cages and flying was more frequent in the large enriched cage than in any of the other cages. The study demonstrated the usefulness of behavioural analyses to determine to what extent simple enrichment allows the birds to exhibit a wider range of their natural behaviour.
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Kulessa, Bernd, Bryn Hubbard, Mike Williamson, and Giles H. Brown. "Hydrogeological analysis of slug tests in glacier boreholes." Journal of Glaciology 51, no. 173 (2005): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756505781829458.
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AbstractSlug testing allows estimation of subglacial hydraulic properties by evaluating the response of a coupled borehole–subglacial flow system to an artificial displacement of its steady-state hydraulic head. However, existing models developed specifically for application to slug-test data collected in glacier boreholes are challenging to apply in practice. Here, we demonstrate that conventional linear methods, which are relatively readily applicable and widely used in groundwater studies, can also be used to estimate subglacial hydraulic properties. Overdamped, underdamped and critically damped slug-test data were recorded in fluctuating boreholes drilled to the bed of Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Valais, Switzerland. We find that non-linear effects in the data are negligible, supporting the application of conventional hydrogeological methods. Results suggest that the hydraulic conductivity of the unconsolidated sediments within the area influenced by a major subglacial drainage channel is enhanced (several 10–2 m s–1; typical of gravelly sand) compared to areas outside the zone of influence (~0.1 × 10–2ms–1; typical of silty sand). A distance to a flow boundary within the subglacial aquifer, inferred on the basis of slug-test analysis, was found to coincide with the actual location of the subglacial channel. Sensitivity analyses reveal that uncertainties in borehole and filter radii, as well as the storage coefficient of the subglacial aquifer, are more likely to affect the accuracy of the hydraulic and distance estimates than uncertainties regarding the repeatability of the slug-test responses and curve-fitting procedures involved in the conventional hydrogeological methods.
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Mikhailyuk, T. I., O. M. Vinogradova, K. Glaser, N. Rybalka, E. M. Demchenko, and U. Karsten. "Algae of biological soil crusts from sand dunes of the Danube Delta biosphere reserve (Odesa Region, Ukraine)." Algologia 31, no. 1 (March 2021): 25–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/alg31.01.025.
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The species composition of algae from biological soil crusts (biocrusts) on the surface of sand dunes (Black Sea coast, Primorske, Izmail District, Odesa Region, Ukraine) was investigated. Samples were collected from three coastal localities: Katranivska Spit, Zhebryianska Bay and Zhebryianska Ridge. The latter two localities are in the territory of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve. The samples were investigated by direct microscopy, followed by a culture approach. 60 species from Chlorophyta (32), Cyanobacteria (16), Streptophyta (7) and Ochrophyta (5) were identified. Representatives of the cyanobacterial genera Microcoleus Desmazières ex Gomont, Coleofasciculus M.Siegesmund, J.R.Johansen & T.Friedl, Nostoc Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault, Hassallia Berkeley ex Bornet & Flahault, and streptophytes from the genus Klebsormidium P.C.Silva, Mattox & W.H.Blackwell dominated in the studied biocrusts. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S/18S rRNA as well as 16S-23S ITS/ITS-1,2 regions were undertaken for some strains of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae. As a result, species identification and their position in respective phylogeny was refined, as well as aiding the discovery of some interesting and rare species. New genera and species were described (Streptosarcina arenaria Mikhailyuk & Lukešová and Tetradesmus arenicola Mikhailyuk & P.Tsarenko); with two genera (Nodosilinea R.B.Perkerson & D.A.Casamatta and Pleurastrosarcina H.J.Sluiman & P.C.J.Blommers) and four species reported for the first time for the flora of Ukraine (Nodosilinea epilithica Perkerson & Casamatta, Pseudomuriella aurantiaca (W.Vischer) N.Hanagata, Pleurochloris meiringensis Vischer, Pleurastrosarcina terriformae Darienko, W.J.Kang, Orzechowski & Pröschold). Comparison of the results from this study with similar investigations at Cape Kazantip (Sea of Azov, Ukraine) and at two islands of the Baltic Sea (Rügen, Usedom, Germany) revealed that sand composition and texture, as well as climate type of the respective region, are the main factors determining species composition of algae and cyanobacteria in biocrusts of maritime dunes.
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Thongtem, Titipun, Anukorn Phuruangrat, and Somchai Thongtem. "Phase Transformation of Nanocrystalline CdS Synthesized by Solvothermal Reaction." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 777–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.777.
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CdS was synthesized by solvothermal reaction of CdCl2.2.5H2O and (NH2)2CS in ammonia solution at 200 oC for 10 h. XRD, TEM and SAED show that the products are nanocrystalline CdS. The phase is 100 % hexagonal (hcp) in pure water, gradually transformed into cubic with the increase of NH3 concentration, and 100 % cubic in 25 % NH3 solution. By using FTIR, no solvents were detected in the products. Raman analysis revealed the presence of 1LO (longitudinal optical) and 2LO phonon peaks at 297.0 and 597.1 cm-1 for CdS (hcp), and 295.9 and 596.9 cm-1 for CdS (cubic), respectively. Strong peaks of the photoluminescent (PL) spectra were detected at 450 nm for hcp, and 519 nm for cubic.
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Liébanas, Gracia, Juan Palomares-Rius, Pablo Castillo, Sergei Subbotin, and Blanca Landa. "Eutylenchus excretorius Ebsary & Eveleigh, 1981 (Nematoda: Tylodorinae) from Spain with approaches to molecular phylogeny of related genera." Nematology 11, no. 3 (2009): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854109x446944.
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AbstractNematode surveys in indigenous vegetation in northern Spain revealed the presence of a nematode population of the genus Eutylenchus associated with moist sandy soils in the rhizosphere of common reed (Phragmites sp.) on the banks of the Tera river in Garray (Soria province). Morphological and morphometrical studies on this population fits with Eutylenchus excretorius, representing the first report for Spain and southern Europe and the fifth report in Europe after Germany, Poland, Czech Republic and Russia. SEM studies were carried out for the first time on this species and showed four lips separated by deep grooves. Each lip bears an elongated, flexible, recurved projection (seta) 12 (11-13) μm long, proximal third wide, gradually attenuating, distal end rounded. Molecular characterisation of E. excretorius using several genes is provided. The sequence of D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene of this population was identical to a previously studied sample from Germany. Phylogenetic analysis using D2-D3 of 28S rRNA and partial 18S rRNA gene sequences of tylenchid nematodes revealed that E. excretorius clustered with moderate support with Cephalenchus hexalineatus. The position of E. excretorius on majority consensus Bayesian phylogenetic tree reconstructed using heat shock protein 90 gene sequence was not well resolved.
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Kim, Jaehyun, Eunjung Nam, and Wonchoel Lee. "Quinquelaophonte enormis sp. nov., a new interstitial copepod (Harpacticoida: Laophontidae) from Korea." PeerJ 8 (September 22, 2020): e10007. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10007.
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We collected an undescribed laophontid copepod from a coarse sand habitat on the east coast of Korea and named it Quinquelaophonte enormis sp. nov. We compared the detailed morphological characteristics of the new species with those of congeneric species. Among them, the new species shows a superficial resemblance to the Californian species Quinquelaophonte longifurcata Lang, 1965. However, the two species are easily distinguishable by the setation of the syncoxa on the maxilliped and the fourth swimming leg. The new species has the variable setation on the second to fourth swimming legs. The variations appear among individuals or between the left and right rami of a pair of legs in a single specimen. Although complex chaetotaxical polymorphism occur in this new species, we used myCOI and Cytb to confirm that the new species is not a species complex. Also, partial sequences of 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes were used to analyze the position of the new species within the family Laophontidae. The new speciesis the fourteenth Quinquelaophonte species in the world and the second species in Korea.
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GOTO, RYUTARO, and MAKOTO TANAKA. "Worm-riding clam: description of Montacutona sigalionidcola sp. nov. (Bivalvia: Heterodonta: Galeommatidae) from Japan and its phylogenetic position." Zootaxa 4652, no. 3 (August 9, 2019): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4652.3.4.
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A new galeommatid bivalve, Montacutona sigalionidcola sp. nov., is described from an intertidal flat in the southern end of the Kii Peninsula, Honshu Island, Japan. Unlike other members of the genus, this species is a commensal with the burrowing scale worm Pelogenia zeylanica (Willey) (Annelida: Sigalionidae) that lives in fine sand sediments. Specimens were always found attached to the dorsal surface of the anterior end of the host body. This species has a ligament lithodesma between diverging hinge teeth, which is characteristic of Montacutona Yamamoto & Habe. However, it is morphologically distinguished from the other members of this genus in having elongate-oval shells with small gape at the posteroventral margin and lacking an outer demibranch. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the four-gene combined dataset (18S + 28S + H3 + COI) indicated that this species is monophyletic with Montacutona, Nipponomontacuta Yamamoto & Habe and Koreamya Lützen, Hong & Yamashita, which are commensals with sea anemones or Lingula brachiopods. This result suggests that host shifting across different phyla occurred at least twice in this clade.
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张, 培康. "Technical Application of Sand Driving to Prevent Mud Box Sand Precipitation in Slurry Shield——By Taking the 2nd Line Shield Crossing Project of Sino-Russian Crude Oil Pipeline for Example." Journal of Oil and Gas Technology 40, no. 02 (2018): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/jogt.2018.402025.
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Palomares-Rius, Juan E., Carolina Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Carlos Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, Gracia Liébanas, and Pablo Castillo. "Morphological and molecular characterisation of Paralongidorus plesioepimikis n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from southern Spain." Nematology 15, no. 3 (2013): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002680.
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Paralongidorus plesioepimikis n. sp. is described and illustrated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and molecular studies from specimens collected in a sandy soil in the rhizosphere of stone pine (Pinus pinea) in Bonares (Huelva Province), southern Spain. The new species is characterised by a very long body (9.71-14.11 mm), an expanded and rounded lip region, with a clear constriction followed by a depression posterior to the amphidial aperture, a very long and flexible odontostyle (202-227 μm), guiding ring located at 36.5-44.0 μm from anterior end, dorsal pharyngeal gland nucleus in anterior part of bulb, one subventral pair of nuclei near middle of bulb, vulva at 33-38%, and a dorsally convex tail with rounded terminus (32-39 μm long). SEM observations showed a very large amphidial fovea with conspicuous aperture ca three-fourths as wide as lip region and cephalic papillae appearing as small apertures, each located just anterior to a distinct cephalic lobe. The sequences of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA, partial 18S rRNA and ITS rRNA gene for P. plesioepimikis n. sp. were obtained. Phylogenetic analyses of P. plesioepimikis n. sp. rRNA gene sequences and of Paralongidorus spp. and Longidorus spp. sequences published in GenBank were done using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference. Paralongidorus species (including P. plesioepimikis n. sp.) clustered together, except for P. bikanerensis which clustered within Longidorus spp. and was clearly separated from all other Paralongidorus spp. in trees generated from the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S and partial 18S data set. ML analysis using SH-test for the validity of Paralongidorus was performed and showed the validity of the genus using the D2-D3 expansion segment of 28S and partial 18S.
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Mwamula, Abraham Okki, Yiseul Kim, Yeong Ho Kim, Ho-wook Lee, Young Ho Kim, and Dong Woon Lee. "Molecular Characterization of Filenchus cylindricus (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Niblack & Bernard, 1985 (Tylenchida: Tylenchidae) from Korea, with Comments on Its Morphology." Plant Pathology Journal 38, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.oa.02.2022.0020.
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Filenchus cylindricus (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Niblack & Bernard, 1985 was reported from the sandy rhizospheric soils of Poa pratensis and for the first time in Korea. Females and males are molecularly characterized and morphological and morphometric data supplied. Identification was made using an integrative approach considering morphological characteristics and inferences drawn from the analyses of the D2-D3 expansion segment of 28S rRNA and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of rRNA partial sequences. Females and males from Korea conform to the type descriptions and also to subsequent species descriptions from Iowa and Colorado USA, Sudan and Pakistan. Despite the close morphological and morphometric similarities with F. thornei (Andrássy, 1954) Andrássy, 1963, the two species can be adequately differentiated based on molecular data inference.
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Le, Anh Ngoc. "Evolution of Deep-Water Sinuous Channel Offshore Cameroon, West Africa, Using 3D Seismic Data." Iraqi Geological Journal 54, no. 1F (June 30, 2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1f.2ms-2021-06-22.
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Using newly acquired 3D seismic data, the deep-water sinuous channel has been discovered in the Miocene sequence on the continental margin of Cameroon, West Africa. The investigation is using high-resolution 3D seismic data, covering an area of 1500 km2, with the water depth ranging from 400 m - 2000 m. Two submarine channel systems have been documented in the northern part of the study area, the offset stacked channel and North-Northeast – Southwest channel. The offset stacked channel dimension is about 3 km wide, c. 20 km long and c. 500 ms TWT thick, extending from east to west. The evolution of this channel can be divided into three stages based on the changes in channel scale, geometry, and fill type. In the initial stage, the channel is characterized as symmetry ‘U’ shaped, bidirectional onlap, high amplitude reflections, inferring to high energy flow and sand-prone channel fill. In the following stages, the channel reduced the size and flow energy. North-Northeast – Southwest channel developed at the end of the Miocene. It is c. 3 km wide, 20 km long, 50 ms TWT thick, indicating a new sediment source for the study area. At the end of the Miocene, both channel systems show a high sinuously as an indicator of low energy flows. Uplift in the Late Miocene possibly leads to the compacted channel complex which is appeared in the anticline form, giving a great hydrocarbon trap potential for the study area.
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LIU, Zhi-jie, Guo-hua WU, Wen-cai LIU, Song PANG, and Wen-jiang DING. "Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg–4Y–2Nd–1Gd–0.4Zr magnesium alloy." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 22, no. 7 (July 2012): 1540–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(11)61353-8.
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Asih, Andrea Sumarah, Akhmad Zamroni, Wahyudiansyah Alwi, Saurina Tua Sagala, and Adam Sukma Putra. "Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Seawater in the Coastal Areas around Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 1B (February 28, 2022): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.1b.2ms-2022-02-18.
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Due to anthropogenic influences that can cause heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment, it is essential to know the amounts of heavy metals in coastal seawater to assess the potential damage of the ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to assess heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn) in seawater in the coastal areas around Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. This study will be useful for the assessment and monitoring of marine pollution around the study area. A total of 9 water samples were collected in the close of nine types of coastal land use, namely mangrove ecosystem, tourist attraction, airport, harbor, mining area, bare land, shrimp pond, agricultural land, and settlement around Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province in June 2021. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn were not detected, concentrations were below the limit of detection. The Pb concentrations at all sampling locations did not comply with seawater quality standards for ports, marine tourism, or marine biota based on the Ministry of Environment Decree No. 51, the year 2004 regulation. The source of Pb in the study area was estimated from anthropogenic and natural sources. The anthropogenic sources were corrosion of junk metal items, automobile traffic, resuspension of lead-contaminated soil dust, boat navigation, painting of boats, a coking coal transport service, fishing port, the supply of fuel, fertilizer, fuel for mining equipment, and transportation of mining activities. While the natural sources were the concentration of Pb contained in iron sand (a part of Quarterly Alluvium) eroded due to waves and wind then mixed in seawater.
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Amjad Ali, Memon, and Ghulam Mangrio. "EFFECT OF PHYTOHORMONES AND THEIR DIVERSE CONCENTRATIONS ON REGENERATION OF ROSE (ROSA HYBRIDA L.)." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 23, no. 1 (2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2020.01.009.
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Roses most important regularly used for ornamental, medicinal and aromatic rationale in the world. The relevance of plant tissue culture technology to produce planting material of rose in masses depends on the availability of an effective regeneration protocol. The present experiment was done to scrutinize for appropriate basal medium of Murashige and Skoog (1962), phytohormones with their diverse concentrations influence for establish In vitro shoot and root induction of rose (Rosa hybrida L.). The statically analysis of variation explain that least days to initiation, number of shoots, length of shoot cm, number of leaves, days taken in root initiation and number of roots were significant @ 5% possibility. Increase evidence viewing that experimental conclusion exhibit that minimum days to initiation, utmost number of shoots bottle-1, shoot length bottle-1 and number of leaves bottle-1 be record within the concentration of MS + NAA 0.5 mgL-1 + BAP 2 mgL-1. Hence forward minimum days taken in root initiation, highest roots number recorded at 1/2MS + NAA 1.0mg/l + IBA 1.0 mg/l respectively. In vitro healthy and complete plantlets successfully were shifted in to different pot mixtures, supreme survival % recorded at Soil+sand+FYM (1:1:1).
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El Hidri, Darine, Amel Guesmi, Afef Najjari, Hanen Cherif, Besma Ettoumi, Chadlia Hamdi, Abdellatif Boudabous, and Ameur Cherif. "Cultivation-Dependant Assessment, Diversity, and Ecology of Haloalkaliphilic Bacteria in Arid Saline Systems of Southern Tunisia." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/648141.
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Haloalkaliphiles are polyextremophiles adapted to grow at high salt concentrations and alkaline pH values. In this work, we isolated 122 haloalkaliphilic bacteria upon enrichments of 23 samples from 5 distinct saline systems of southern Tunisia, growing optimally in media with 10% salt and at pH 10. The collection was classified into 44 groups based on the amplification of the 16S–23S rRNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS-PCR). Phylogenetic analysis and sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes allowed the identification of 13 genera and 20 distinct species. Three gram-positive isolates showing between 95 and 96% of 16S rRNA sequence homology with Bacillus saliphilus could represent new species or genus. Beside the difference in bacterial diversity between the studied sites, several species ecological niches correlations were demonstrated such asOceanobacillusin salt crust,Nesterenkoniain sand, andSalinicoccusin the rhizosphere of the desert plantSalicornia. The collection was further evaluated for the production of extracellular enzymes. Activity tests showed that gram-positive bacteria were mostly active, particularly for protease, lipase, DNase, and amylase production. Our overall results demonstrate the huge phenotypic and phylogenetic diversity of haloalkaliphiles in saline systems of southern Tunisia which represent a valuable source of new lineages and metabolites.
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Kim, Yun-Jin, Seon-Ok Kim, Na-Yoon Choi, Seok-Hee Ryu, and Sin-Ae Park. "An Awareness and Demand Survey on Agro-Healing Among Adults with Symptoms of Stress." Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 25, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2022.25.4.385.
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Background and objective: This study conducted an awareness and demand survey on agro-healing for the purpose of preparing basic data for developing agro-healing programs and improving service quality to heal the mental health of people with symptoms of stress.Methods: In order to conduct this study, a questionnaire consisting of 23 items was developed to investigate the awareness and demand for agro-healing. The survey was conducted online on adults in their 20s and 30s showing symptoms of stress. A total of 225 copies of the questionnaire were collected, and 183 copies were finally used for analysis.Results: The survey results showed that 66.1% of the respondents were 'not aware at all' and 33.9% were 'aware' of agro-healing. Regarding the experience of participating in agro-healing, 68.3% of the respondents said they had 'no experience' and 31.7% said they had 'experience'. Among the respondents with experience, the most common purpose of participation was 'experience' (31.0%), followed by 'education' (27.6%), 'leisure' (20.7%), 'healing' (10.3%), and 'recreation' (5.1%). The intent to participate in agro-healing was rated on a 5-point Likert scale, and 'forest healing' scored 4.0 points, 'horticultural therapy' 3.8 points, 'animal-assisted therapy' 3.8 points, and 'agricultural work healing' 3.2 points. The points to be improved when using the agro-healing service are 'lack of various promotional contents' (73.8%), 'lack of education and training programs' (13.7%), 'lack of partnership with the government' (7.1%), and 'lack of consideration for the underprivileged' (5.5%). 74.3% of the respondents said it is necessary to implement and systemize agro-healing policies, 21.3% said it was 'moderate', and 4.3% said it was 'unnecessary', indicating that there was high awareness of the need to implement agro-healing service policies.Conclusion: This study is expected to provide basic data for effective agro-healing services to treat the mental health of people with stress symptoms and be used as a reference material for making policy suggestions to establish an organized agro-healing system.
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Enushchenko, I., and N. Probatova. "Tetraploid taxa (2n = 28) of the Festuca ovina L. aggregate (Poaceae) in Siberia." Novitates Systematicae Plantarum Vascularium 46 (2015): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/novitates/2015.46.80.
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The species aggregate of Festuca ovina L. (sensu latissimo) contains a widespread diploid species F. ovina s. str. (2n=14) and some tetraploid taxa (2n=28) distributed in South Siberia: F. sphagnicola B. Keller (Altai, West and East Sayan Mts) and F. vylzaniae (E. B. Alexeev) Tzvelev (sands on the eastern lakeside of Lake Baikal). A new tetraploid species, F. hircina Enustschenko et Prob. sp. nova (2n=28), is described from the western part of Baikal Siberia, where it occurs mostly on anthropogenic habitats.
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Griffin, Abby B., Amy N. Wright, Kenneth M. Tilt, and D. Joseph Eakes. "Post-transplant Irrigation Scheduling for Two Native Deciduous Shrub Taxa." HortScience 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 1620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1620.
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The effect of five irrigation scheduling treatments on shoot growth [growth index (GI)] and stem water potential (SWP) of Itea virginica L. ‘Henry's Garnet’ (‘Henry's Garnet’ sweetspire) and Rhododendron austrinum Rehd. (Florida flame azalea) were studied. Plants were transplanted on 13 Mar. 2008 at soil grade level under shade structures in field plots of sandy loam soil on the Auburn University campus in Auburn, AL. Matric potential was continuously measured 7.6 cm from the stem in the root ball and 20.3 cm from the stem in the soil backfill for three plants per treatment per taxa. Irrigation scheduling treatments included (in order of decreasing irrigation frequency): root ball and surrounding soil matric potential maintained at or above –25 kPa [well-watered (WW)]; root ball and surrounding soil rewatered when root ball matric potential dropped to either –50 kPa (50RB) or –75 kPa (75RB); and root ball and surrounding soil rewatered when surrounding soil matric potential dropped to either –25 kPa (25S) or –50 kPa (50S). In both taxa, GI increased linearly over time in all five irrigation treatments. For I. virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’, GI increased most in WW and 25S treatments followed by 50S, 50RB, and 75RB. Shoot growth of R. austrinum was similar among treatments. Both I. virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’ and R. austrinum had a larger increase in GI during the first growing season (2008). For I. virginica ‘Henry's Garnet’, SWP was higher in 50S and 75RB treatments than in 50RB, WW, and 25S. For R. austrinum, SWP was not different among treatments. Results indicate that although plant growth might be diminished slightly, irrigation frequency can be reduced without compromising plant visual quality or survival if root ball and soil matric potential is monitored. Additionally, until roots grow into the backfill soil, monitoring both backfill soil and root ball matric potential is important for scheduling and reducing post-transplant irrigation applications.
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Vanhove, Maarten P. M., Sofia Giakoumi, Dimitris Zogaris, Marcelo Kovačić, and Tine Huyse. "First Eastern Mediterranean Record of Xenoligophoroides cobitis, the Only Dactylogyrid Monogenean Infecting Mediterranean Gobies: Just Arrived or Missed the Boat?" Diversity 14, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14080580.
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Gobies and their ectoparasitic monogenean flatworms are promising models for species diversification because of their species richness. Recent decades have seen the discovery of several new species of Gyrodactylus (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae) on European gobies, mostly in the sand goby lineage and especially in the eastern Mediterranean. However, the monogenean fauna of other gobies is much less understood. Therefore, we inspected five gobiid species (34 specimens, vouchered, with some representatives sequenced), sampled in Greece, for monogenean ectoparasites. Only specimens of the giant goby, Gobius cobitis, were infected; they harbored Xenoligophoroides cobitis (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) on their gills. Here, we provide the first record from Greece, and the first ITS rDNA and COI sequences of the representative of this monotypic genus. Additionally, 28S rDNA was sequenced and compared with published data from across its known distribution, suggesting clinal variation. No sister-group for Xenoligophoroides could be proposed, nor could we explain the presence of a single known member of this genus on gobies, due to a lack of sequence data of closely related dactylogyrid monogeneans in public databases. Possible hypotheses include either the ancestral long-term presence on gobiids but “missing the boat” of the diversification events in the “Gobius-lineage”, or a recent host switch from a non-gobiid host.
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ZHANG, JINGHUAI, PAT HUTCHINGS, and JIAN-WEN QIU. "Pectinariidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the coastal waters of China, with description of new species and new records." Zootaxa 5151, no. 1 (June 10, 2022): 1–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5151.1.1.
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Pectinariidae Quatrefages, 1865 is widely distributed, and easily distinguished from other polychaetes by their characteristic semi-circular operculum with two rows of stout golden paleae and “ice-cream cone”-shaped tubes made of sand or shell fragments. A total of 387 specimens of pectinariids from the coastal waters of China were examined. Eleven species belonging to three genera of pectinariids were identified and described, including four new species (Amphictene jianqingi n. sp., Pectinaria lizhei n. sp., Pectinaria dayaensis n. sp., Pectinaria xiukaii n. sp.) and one new record (Pectinaria plurihamus Choi, Jung & Yoon, 2017). A key to genera of Pectinariidae and recorded species from Chinese waters is given. Based on partial sequences of five genes (COI, 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and H3), the phylogenetic relationship of pectinariids is analyzed. The three new species Amphictene jianqingi n. sp., Pectinaria lizhei n. sp. and Pectinaria dayaensis n. sp. with molecular data are well supported. Three species of Lagis (L. koreni, L. bocki and L. plurihamus), five species of Pectinaria (P. dayaensis, P. dodeka, P. gouldii, P. lizhei and P. torquata), and three species of Amphictene (A. auricoma, A. alata and A. jianqingi) do not form a well supported clade, which requires more detailed analyses.
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Lima, Edna F. "Grant & Yu, 2016. Well Said Intro: Pronunciation for Clear Communication 2nd Ed. and Grant, 2016. Well Said: Pronunciation for Clear Communication 4th Ed." Journal of Second Language Pronunciation 3, no. 2 (December 4, 2017): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jslp.3.2.07lim.
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Diana Faviola Olea-Flores, Alejandra Aldrette-Malacara, and Luis Cuautle-Gutiérrez. "PLS-SEM a 2nd generation technique: Concepts, properties characteristics and phases for its application." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 007–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2021.3.2.0066.
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The multivariate technique of partial least squares structural equations (PLS-SEM) considered as second generation, has become more relevant in its application in recent years in various investigations, so this article considers an descriptive research, the which presents some properties characteristic of said technique and through the application of data and values obtained from a case study shows the phases required to validate and evaluate a model with the PLS-SEM technique. With the results obtained, a theoretical model is generated and proposed that could be useful for researchers who starting in the use and application of this technique.
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Dilley, Michael, Katharine McIntosh, and Sarah Vibert. "15 The neurological patient experience survey (England)." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 91, no. 8 (July 20, 2020): e13.2-e14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-bnpa.32.
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Objectives/aimsThe Neurological Alliance’s patient experience survey 2018/19 aimed to gather relevant data of the experiences of 10,000 neurology patients across England, in order to reveal how patients are faring, and to provide insight about the impact service provision (or lack thereof) is having in people’s lives. It is the only pan- neurological national survey of neurology patients. Mental wellbeing questions were included to build our understanding of service provision and whether people’s needs are being met.MethodsAn online and in-clinic survey was conducted during the course of 2018–2019. The online survey was promoted by The Neurological Alliance’s member organisations (predominantly charities), and via social media. The in-clinic data was collected from patients attending neurology outpatient appointments at 39 clinics across England. The data underwent a rigorous cleaning process. Data regarding patient’s home postcodes was collected in order to be able to attribute responses to STPs. Results were subsequently anonymised prior to analysis.ResultsOf those to whom these questions were relevant:40% of respondents (n=2879) felt their mental wellbeing needs were not being met at all, and an additional 22% (n=1613) said their needs were only being met to a small extent 30% (n=2821) had not been referred or signposted to support for their mental wellbeing by a health professional, but would have liked this 58% (n=5593) said they were not asked about their mental wellbeing by a health or social care professional.Of those referred/signposted for mental health support, 26% (n=616) were referred to a neuropsychologist/neuropsychiatrist, 60% (n=1452) to a counsellor/therapist, 7% (n=167) to a buddying/befriending support group 62% (n=1249) said this support helped them feel better/more positive; 24% (n=481) said that this support did not make them feel better/more positive; 14% (n=270) said it was not suitable for them.The older respondents were, the less likely they were to have been signposted to support for managing their mental health: 18–24s scored 36%, 55–64s scored 26%, 65–74s scored 17%, and 75+ scored 12%. People aged 75+ were most likely (67%) to report they did not need/want signposting.ConclusionsThe data gathered enhances our understanding of the mental wellbeing of people with neurological conditions, and provides a baseline for monitoring improvement/future interventions, such as the forthcoming neuropsychiatry service specification.
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Lee, Geon Hyeok, and Gi-Sik Min. "Rhynchospio aciliata sp. nov., a new spionid species (Annelida, Spionidae) from the Korea Strait." ZooKeys 1100 (May 16, 2022): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1100.80077.
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A new spionid polychaete, Rhynchospio aciliatasp. nov., was discovered in the fine sandy sediments of an intertidal habitat from Korean waters. The new species is considered a simultaneous hermaphrodite, but no brooding embryos were found in any of the specimens collected in this study. This species is unique in the absence of ciliation in the anteriormost chaetigers. Rhynchospio aciliatasp. nov. is morphologically most similar to Rhynchospio foliosa Imajima, 1991 from Japan in having an elevation on the prostomium, conspicuously large and foliaceous branchiae, and intersegmental lateral pouches. However, the new species differs from the latter by the following characteristics: (1) large and lanceolate notopodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetiger 1, (2) transverse ciliated bands and ciliation on the inner branchiae absent in anteriormost chaetigers, and (3) pygidium with one pair of ventral cirri and numerous elongated dorsolateral cirri. Detailed description and illustrations of the new species are provided with molecular information on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), nuclear 18S rDNA, and 28S rDNA.
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Beati, Lorenza, Abraham G. Cáceres, Jamie A. Lee, and Leonard E. Munstermann. "Systematic relationships among Lutzomyia sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Peru and Colombia based on the analysis of 12S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences." International Journal for Parasitology 34, no. 2 (February 2004): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.10.012.
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Nelson, B. D., M. D. Bolton, H. D. Lopez-Nicora, T. L. Niblack, and L. del Rio Mendoza. "First Confirmed Report of Sugar Beet Cyst Nematode, Heterodera schachtii, in North Dakota." Plant Disease 96, no. 5 (May 2012): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-12-0112-pdn.
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Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) are major crops in North Dakota, with sugar beet production primarily in the eastern part of the state in the Red River Valley and canola production across the northern half of the state. Both crops are hosts of sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN), Heterodera schachtii Schmidt. In April 2011, soil samples were collected from four sugar beet fields belonging to three growers who believed the fields were infested with SBCN. The fields were located in a 65-km2 area in the Yellowstone Valley of western North Dakota. Cysts were extracted by sieving and Heterodera-like cysts with eggs were observed in all four soil samples. Population densities in the four fields ranged from 100 to 1,750 eggs/100 cm3 soil. Sugar beet seedlings (cv. M832224) were grown in a potting mix for 6 weeks in the greenhouse and then transferred to conetainers (type D40; volume 656 ml) containing autoclaved river sand. Conetainers were placed in sand in plastic pots immersed in a water bath at 27°C. Three plants were each infested with 800 eggs from field No. 2. After 55 days of incubation, the average number of females was 115 per plant. A similar experiment was conducted with canola cvs. Hyclass 940, Caliber 30, and Westar, which were inoculated with 500 eggs each from field No. 2. After 53 days of incubation, there was an average of 39, 20, and 30 females for each respective cultivar. Flask-shaped cysts (n = 26) from canola roots were light to dark brown; the vulval cone was ambifinestrate with dark brown, molar-shaped bullae positioned underneath the vulval bridge. Body length (excluding neck) ranged from 600 to 850 μm (mean 701.2 μm); body width, 350 to 580 μm (mean 469.2 μm); and length/width ratio, 1.2 to 1.8 (mean 1.5). Second-stage juvenile (J2) (n = 21) body length ranged from 400 to 485 μm (mean 437.1 μm); stylet length was 25 μm (no variation) with forwardly directed knobs; conical tail with rounded tip ranged from 37.5 to 55.0 μm long (mean 46.6 μm) with hyaline region from 20.0 to 32.5 μm (mean 27.3 μm); and lateral field presented four incisures. These morphometrics were used to identify H. schachtii according to Subbotin et al. (4). Confirmation of identification was by amplification and sequencing of a 28S rDNA gene fragment (1) from individual females (GenBank Accession No. JQ040526), which was 100% identical to H. schachtii 28S rDNA sequence (GenBank Accession No. GU475088). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of H. schachtii in North Dakota. A 1958 report of SBCN in North Dakota (2) was not subsequently confirmed (3). Because there is extensive canola production across the northern part of the state bordering western and eastern sugar beet- production areas, canola may serve as a bridge for movement of SBCN from west to east. SBCN is a potential threat to these two important crops. References: (1) A. Amiri et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108:497, 2002. (2) F. Caveness. J. Sugar Beet Res. 10:544, 1958. (3) P. Donald and R. Hosford. Plant Dis. 64:45, 1980. (4) S. A. Subbotin et al. Systematics of Cyst Nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderinae). Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. Vol. 8B. Brill, The Netherlands. 2010.
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Melendres, Uriel, Marlon Balboa, and Mariel Clementer. "V-Locate: Development of Web-Based Vulcanizing Shop Locator for 2nd District of Oriental Mindoro." International Journal of Computing Sciences Research 6 (January 1, 2022): 809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25147/ijcsr.2017.001.1.76.
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Purpose–When traveling, getting a punctured tire is a common and inevitable problem that makesa vulcanizing shopbusinessindemand in the province. Vulcanizing shop repairs flat tires and sells a typical car and motorcycle needs.However, this small business was not tagged in the known navigation application.Thus, theproponents conceptualizeda Web-based application locatingthe nearest vulcanizing shops and motorcycle spare partsstores. The V-locate will not justprovidethe nearest shops and stores but also theinformation like theofferedproducts and services. The scope of the map on the said application is only limited to the areas within the 2ndDistrict of Oriental Mindoro.Method–The methodology used in development is Rapid Application Development (RAD),suitable for creating active phase software applications. To get the exact coordinates of every vulcanizing shop and spare parts store, the proponents used Geographical Positioning System (GPS) application. Several scripting languages,such asPHP and JavaScript, and theirframework and library, are used to develop the app.Results–The system was evaluated by 60 respondents consisting of faculty, drivers, and Rider's Club members conforming to ISO 25010 software quality standards. Theevaluation resultgot4.4for functional suitability, 4.4 for usability, 4.5 for security, and 4.3 for Performance Efficiency,which shows that the system is efficient and feasible for implementation.Conclusion–The vulcanizing shop in a province like Oriental Mindoro is ofgreat help to travelers when they meet unexpectedemergencies likehaving a flat tire. With that said, the development of the V-Locate application is essential for travelers in case they encounter such a mishap. Recommendations–For further improvement of the system, it is recommended to conduct beta testing and another evaluation using the remaining criteria of ISO 25010. Also,it is crucial towiden the scope of the map and make it offline.Research Implications–Once the system isfully implemented, it will ease the burden oftravelers in Oriental Mindoro to find repair shops in case of an emergency. Moreover, it also promotes and recognizes the existence of vulcanizing shops as a local business in the province.
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Landa, Blanca, Gracia Liébanas, Pablo Castillo, Raquel Murillo Navarro, and Domingo Jiménez Guirado. "Morphological and molecular characterisation of a new awl nematode, Dolichodorus mediterraneus sp. n. (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae), from Spain." Nematology 9, no. 2 (2007): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854107780739108.
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AbstractA new species of awl nematode, Dolichodorus mediterraneus sp. n., is described from southern Spain. The new species is described and illustrated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies from specimens collected in a sandy soil around roots of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) from Hato Raton, Aznalcázar (Seville), southern Spain. Dolichodorus mediterraneus sp. n. is characterised by a prominent, rounded, lip region, which is offset from the body and has four to six very fine annuli; lateral fields areolated with three lines, ending posterior to anus level; tail 72-122 μm long, abruptly tapering to an acuminate, often spicate, terminus; tail projection 51-79 μ m long; spicules ventrally arcuate, 33-42 μm long; gubernaculum slightly ventrally curved, 14-22 μm long. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed a similar en face pattern to other Dolichodorus spp. Molecular data from the ribosomal large subunit D2-D3 expansion segment of 28S rDNA from paratypes yielded a single fragment of approximately 800 bp. This is the first record of the genus Dolichodorus in Spain and only the second in Europe. A key to species is provided.
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Suk, David, Ki C. Han, Sukhun Lee, and Hyun Mo Sung. "WHO PLAYS THE LOTTERY? FINDINGS FROM NEW JERSEY LOTTERY SALES." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 9, no. 1 (May 29, 2015): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v9i1.905.
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Despite the very unfavorable odds and low payout ratios, many people play lottery games all over the world, and the number of participants is growing. While surveys and empirical tests have been performed to characterize the demographics of lottery players, there is still no consensus on who they are. The present study aims to provide an in-depth and clearer profile of said participants. The analysis is based on New Jersey lottery sales from 2001 to 2010. Our findings indicate that the typical lottery consumer in the state of NJ would be (1) male or female with a greater participation by females, (2) in his/her 20s to late-30s, or senior citizens in their 70s, (3) a minority, (4) a high school graduate with no further educational degree, (5) from a below-average income family, (6) and a home renter instead of a home owner. As for lottery game preferences, African-Americans and Hispanics have a strong preference for both the Instant Match and Mega Millions. Lastly, it appears that the economic climate has little effect on the socio-demographic factors influencing lottery purchasing behavior.
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Zhang, Dao-Feng, Xiu Chen, Xiao-Mei Zhang, Xiao-Yang Zhi, Ji-Cheng Yao, Yi Jiang, Zhi Xiong, and Wen-jun Li. "Mycobacterium sediminis sp. nov. and Mycobacterium arabiense sp. nov., two rapidly growing members of the genus Mycobacterium." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_11 (November 1, 2013): 4081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.050567-0.
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Two novel isolates of rapidly growing, Gram-stain-positive, non-chromogenic species of the genus Mycobacterium , strain YIM M13028T from a sediment sample collected from the South China Sea (19° 30.261′ N 111° 0.247′ E) at a depth of 42 m and strain YIM 121001T from a coastal zone sand sample collected in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, were obtained in our laboratory. Their taxonomic positions were determined by a polyphasic approach. Good growth of the two strains was observed at 28 °C and pH 7.0 with 0–2 % NaCl on tryptic soy agar medium. Both strains formed round orange–red colonies, strain YIM M13028T had a rough surface, while YIM 121001T was smooth. Cellular fatty acids, whole-cell protein profiles and TLC analysis of their mycolic acids show significant differences from reference stains. Phenotypic characteristics and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of 16S rRNA gene, hsp65, rpoB and 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences indicated that both strains YIM M13028T and YIM 121001T belong to the genus Mycobacterium . DNA–DNA hybridization values revealed a low relatedness (<70 %) of the two isolates with the type strains Mycobacterium neoaurum DSM 44074T and Mycobacterium hodleri DSM 44183T. The low DNA–DNA hybridization values (40.4±3.5 %) between strains YIM M13028T and YIM 121001T and phenotypic distinctiveness indicated that the two strains were representatives of different novel species of the genus Mycobacterium . The names proposed for these novel species are Mycobacterium sediminis sp. nov. and Mycobacterium arabiense sp. nov., and the type strains are YIM M13028T ( = DSM 45643T = KCTC 19999T) and YIM 121001T ( = DSM 45768T = JCM 18538T), respectively.
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Kim, Seong-Suk, and Cheol-Ho Park. "A Study on Awareness of Medicinal Plants and Utilization of Pain Relief Products." Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology 28, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 414–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52660/jksc.2022.28.3.414.
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This study was conducted to investigate and analyze the lifestyle of modern people and the awareness, knowledge, and use status of medicinal plants for pain relief according to body parts. The subjects of the study were 400 men and women in their 20s and 60s or less in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. Data analysis was performed by calculating and analyzing descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and Cronbach's α using the SPSS statistical package 21.0 version, and cross-analysis and t-test were performed. As a result of the study, interest and preference for medicinal plants with pain relief effects were high, but awareness that medicinal plants are effective for pain was found to be insufficient. In addition, it was studied that products using medicinal plants did not have various purchase paths and lacked product diversity. Therefore, it can be said that it has a meaning as a study in a positive aspect that is contrary to the previous researchers on the perception of the use of medicinal plants. This study is expected to be used as basic data for the development of the beauty industry and the product industry using medicinal plants if products that help relieve pain are developed using medicinal plants.
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Warbrick, Colin, Dominic McGoldrick, and J. Craig Barker. "II. State Immunity, Diplomatic Immunity and Act of State: A Triple Protection Against Legal Action?" International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 4 (October 1998): 950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300062631.
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The relationship between State immunity and diplomatic immunity has always been a rather complex one. The two concepts undoubtedly have a common juridical background in the form of the concepts of sovereignty, independence and dignity.1On the other hand, recent developments in both fields have seen a move towards a more functional-based approach. Thus, in relation to diplomatic immunity, the dominant theoretical basis is that of functional necessity.2As regards State immunity, recent developments in both international law3and, more particularly, in UK law4, from absolute to restrictive State immunity, have resulted in a more functionally orientated approach, that is, a shift of emphasis in matters of State immunity from immunityratione personaeto immunityratione materiae.5Now two recent cases in the United Kingdom have raised the possibility that, in the case of diplomats at least, the two concepts may be combined to provide a double immunity for diplomatic agents against civil suit. More controversially, the cases have raised the possibility of a third type of protection based upon immunityratione personaein what could be said to amount to a modified act of State doctrine. The cases in question arePropend Finance Pty Ltd. v. Alan Sing and The Commissioner of the Australian Federal Police6and Re P (Diplomatic Immunity: Jurisdiction).7
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Lee, H. B. "First Report of Oidium anamorph of Erysiphe hypophylla Causing Powdery Mildew on Leafy Lespedeza (Lespedeza cyrtobotrya) in Korea." Plant Disease 97, no. 2 (February 2013): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-12-0774-pdn.
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Leafy lespedeza (Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq.) is a deciduous shrub in the pea family (Fabaceae) that occurs in areas of East Asia including Korea, China, and Japan. It has been commonly used as a fence plant and for sand control in Korea. In late October 2011, a powdery mildew disease was observed on leafy lespedeza in several areas near Gwangju River, Gwangju, Korea. Symptoms appeared late in October when temperature fluctuation was high. Major symptoms included scattered white powdery to cottony colonies on both surfaces of the leaves which spread to stems, causing a minor chlorosis and distortion. Conidia were formed singly on conidiophores with 2 to 4 (commonly 3) septa including basal septum, primary conidia ellipsoid, apex rounded to subtruncate, base truncate; and secondary conidia subcylindrical to oblong when mature, and ends truncate. The size was 26.4 to 43.2 (av. 35.1) × 11.2 to 13.2 (av. 11.3) μm. Conidiophores were erect, cylindrical, wider at apex than foot cell, and straight or slightly flexuous in foot cells. The size was 60.1 to 81.3 (av. 78.1) × 6.2 to 12.1 (av. 8.3) μm. Chasmothecia were not observed. Morphologically, the conidia and conidiophores of our strain (EML-LCPW1) were very similar to those of Erysiphe hypophylla (syn. Microsphaera hypophylla) (4). From extracted genomic DNA, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region inclusive of 5.8S and 28S rDNA were amplified with ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′), LR5F (5′-GCTATCCTGAGGGAAAC-3′), LROR (5′-ACCCGCTGAACTTAAGC-3′), and LR5F primer sets, respectively. Based on the morphology and ITS rDNA sequence analysis, the fungus was identified as E. hypophylla. rDNA ITS and 28S homologies of the fungus (EML-LCPW1, GenBank Accession Nos. JX512557 and JX512558) represented 100% (771/771) and 100% (775/775) identity values with E. hypophylla (AB292712 and AB292716, respectively) via NCBI BLASTn search of each isolate. The rDNA ITS (JX512557) and 28S (JX512558) sequence analysis revealed that the causal fungus matched E. hypophylla, forming a HypophyllaAlphitoides clade as Takamatsu et al. suggested that E. hypophylla is conspecific to E. alphitoides (3). So far, it has been known that E. communis, E. glycines var. lespedezae, and E. lespedezae cause powdery mildews on Lespedeza plants in the world (1). In Korea, only one Erysiphe species, E. lespedezae (= E. pisi), has been reported to cause powdery mildew on Lespedeza plants including L. bicolor and L. cyrtobotrya (2). In addition, 10 records with respect to Oidium sp. have been found on Lespedeza spp., including L. cyrtobotrya from Japan and L. chinensis from China (1). However, powdery mildew on Lespedeza plants, including leafy lespedeza caused by E. hypophylla, has not been reported in Korea or elsewhere in the world. This fungus has been reported in association with numerous oak (Quercus) species in nearby countries such as China and Russia (Far East), showing that it may be a potential source of inoculum in Korea as well. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Oidium anamorph of E. hypophylla on leafy lespedeza (L. cyrtobotrya) in Korea. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , October 9, 2012. (2) H. D. Shin. Page 320 in: Erysiphaceae of Korea. National Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Suwon, Korea, 2000. (3) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycoscience 47:367, 2006. (4) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 111:809, 2007.
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Pinto, Rooney F., Isabel Maria Freitas Valente, and Maria João Guia. "The object of memory and the memory of the object: refugee crisis in the news on September 2nd 2015." Debater a Europa, no. 16 (July 3, 2017): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_16_10.
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This article aims to contribute on reflecting about the strict relation between an object (an image) and the memory, particularly regarding the memory in the news on September 2nd 2015 about the refugee crisis. Every year, Porto Editora (a Portuguese press company) holds a survey with ten words in order to elect the word of the year, and, for 2015, the elected one was “Refugees” (Palavra do Ano, 2015); this would be one more evidence of the impact of this issue in the news. The photo of a dead Syrian child on a beach in Turkey has become one of the most striking images of the refugee crisis in 2015. Curiously, Muerte a las puertas del paraíso (Death on paradise’s gates) was the headline exactly fifteen years ago, on September 2nd 2000, when photojournalist Javier Bauluz caught the image of a dead immigrant who tried to cross illegally, facing down the sand on a beach in Spain. In both cases, could we say the image overcomes the news? Which one is to be considered the object of the memory: the refugee crisis itself or the image of the dead Syrian child as an icon of this crisis? The theoretical framework stands on a threefold argument: 1. Object, memory and discourse; 2. The memory of the news; 3. Europe, migration and refugee crisis. Finally, two interviews were undertaken (as part of the pilot study) in order to verify if the memory of the object were sufficient enough to turn it into the object of the memory, as well as, whether one’s memory were somehow relevant to establish a collective memory.
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Handoo, Z. A., A. M. Skantar, and R. P. Mulrooney. "First Report of the Sting Nematode Belonolaimus longicaudatus on Soybean in Delaware." Plant Disease 94, no. 1 (January 2010): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-1-0133b.
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In late July of 2005, several, large, irregular areas of severely chlorotic, stunted, and dead soybean plants were observed in two fields of soybean (Glycine max), 8.05 km apart, in sandy soil (94% sand, 2% silt, and 4% clay) in southwestern Sussex County, DE. The grower also had observed stunted corn the previous year in the same areas and thought the fields had a fertility problem. The morphology of adults and molecular analyses of the juveniles isolated from soil samples established the identity of the species as the sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus (1–4). The population density was 216 nematodes per 250 cm3 of soil. Morphological characters used for identification included female body, stylet and tail length, shape of head, stylet knobs, tail and tail terminus, number of lines in the lateral field, and vulva percentage in relation to body length. The male characters critical for identification were the following: body, stylet, spicule, and gubernaculum length; shape of head and stylet knobs; and number of lines in the lateral field. Measurements of females (n = 5) included body length (range = 2,035 to 2,120 μm, mean = 2,073.7, standard deviation [SD] = 37.0), stylet (117.0 to 127.5, 123.4, 4.5), V% (48.4 to 52.3, 50.6, 1.5), and tail (109 to 140, 120, 14.2). The lateral field had one incisure. Shape of head, stylet knobs, and tail were also consistent with B. longicaudatus. Males (n = 4) were characterized by the body length (range = 1,500 to 2,070 μm, mean = 1,753.3, SD = 290.2), stylet (117.0 to 127.5, 121.5, 5.4), spicules (41 to 50, 47, 5.2), and gubernaculum (17.0 to 18.5, 17.8, 0.8). Molecular diagnosis as B. longicaudatus was confirmed by sequencing two ribosomal DNA markers from three juveniles. Sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region ITS1 and 2 (GenBank Accession No. GQ896549) from this population was 99% identical to Florida isolate BlCi6 (DQ672368), and the 28S large ribosomal subunit D2-D3 expansion region (GQ896548) was 99% identical to Florida isolate BlCi4 (DQ672344). A high degree of similarity (>98%) was also shared by several other B. longicaudatus sequences (1). This detection represents a new state record in Delaware for B. longicaudatus. Since this detection in 2005, there have been no new reports of other observations of sting nematode or spread from these two fields tilled by the same farm operator in Delaware. Elsewhere, B. longicaudatus is known to occur in subtropical regions of the lower coastal plain, from Virginia to Florida and along the Gulf Coast into Texas. On the east coast, USDA Nematode Collection records document this nematode from Florida, Georgia, New Jersey, and South Carolina. Within Delaware, another sting nematode species, Belonolaimus maritimus, was detected on American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata) and bitter panicgrass (Panicum amarum var. amarulum) from Fenwick Island, near the Maryland border. Sting nematodes have also been reported in Burlington County, NJ. References: (1) U. Gozel et al. Nematropica 36:155, 2006. (2). H.-R. Han et al. Nematropica 36:37, 2006. (3) G. J. Rau. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 25:95, 1958. (4) G. J. Rau. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 30:119, 1963.
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Place, Bernard. "The lippincott manual of medical-surgical nursingThe lippincott manual of medical-surgical nursing 2nd edition, Brunner L SSuddarth D Sand Published by Harper & Row1120pp£14.950-06-318435-4." Nursing Standard 3, no. 27 (April 1989): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.3.27.43.s49.
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Berwal, Mukesh Kumar, Chet Ram, Pawan Singh Gurjar, Jagan Singh Gora, Ramesh Kumar, Ajay Kumar Verma, Dhurendra Singh, Boris Basile, Youssef Rouphael, and Pradeep Kumar. "The Bioactive Compounds and Fatty Acid Profile of Bitter Apple Seed Oil Obtained in Hot, Arid Environments." Horticulturae 8, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030259.
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Bitter apple or tumba (Citrullus colocynthis L.) is a prostrate annual herb belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family. It is highly tolerant against multiple abiotic stresses like drought, heat, and soil salinity and can easily grow on very marginal soil, even on sand dunes in hot, arid regions. Tumba fruit is a fleshy berry 5–10 cm in diameter and of a pale yellow color at ripening. The tumba fruit used in this research was harvested from the ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner research farm. The seeds were separated, and their oil was extracted to analyze its physical characteristics and composition (phytochemical compounds, fatty acid profile, etc.). The seeds of the tumba fruit contained 23–25% golden-yellow-colored oil with a specific gravity of 0.92 g/mL. The extracted oil contained appreciable amounts of phytochemical (bioactive) compounds like phenolics (5.39 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (938 mg catechin eq./100 g), carotenoids (79.5 mg/kg), oryzanol (0.066%), and lignans (0.012%), along with 70–122 mg AAE/100 g total antioxidant activity (depending on the determination method). The results of fatty acid profiling carried out by GC-MS/MS demonstrated that tumba seed oil contained about 70% unsaturated fatty acids with more than 51% polyunsaturated fatty acids. It mainly contained linoleic acid (C18:2n6; 50.3%), followed by oleic acid (C18:1n9; 18.0%), stearic acid (C18:0; 15.2%), and palmitic acid (C16:0; 12.4%). Therefore, this oil can be considered as a very good source of essential fatty acids like omega-6 fatty acid (linoleic acid), whereas it contains a lower concentration of omega-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid) and hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, it also contains some odd chain fatty acids like pentadecanoic and heptadecanoic acid (C15:0 and C17:0, respectively), which have recently been demonstrated to be bioactive compounds in reducing the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. The results of this study suggest that tumba seed oil contains several health-promoting bioactive compounds with nutraceutical properties; hence, it can be an excellent dietary source.
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Tsuyuki, Aoi, Yuki Oya, and Hiroshi Kajihara. "Reversible shifts between interstitial and epibenthic habitats in evolutionary history: Molecular phylogeny of the marine flatworm family Boniniidae (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Cotylea) with descriptions of two new species." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 23, 2022): e0276847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276847.
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Tiny animals in various metazoan phyla inhabit the interstices between sand and/or gravel grains, and adaptive traits in their body plan, such as simplification and size reduction, have attracted research attention. Several possible explanations of how such animals colonized interstitial habitats have been proposed, but their adaptation to this environment has generally been regarded as irreversible. However, the actual evolutionary transitions are not well understood in almost all taxa. In the present study, we show reversible evolutionary shifts from interstitial to epibenthic habitats in the lineage of the polyclad flatworm genus Boninia. In addition, we establish two new species of this genus found from different microhabitats on a single beach in Okinawa Island, Japan: (i) the interstitial species Boninia uru sp. nov. from gravelly sediments and (ii) the epibenthic species Boninia yambarensis sp. nov. from rock undersurfaces. Our observations suggest that rigid microhabitat segregation exists between these two species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the partial 18S and 28S rDNA sequences of the new Boninia species and four other congeners, for which molecular sequences were available in public databases [Boninia antillara (epibenthic), Boninia divae (epibenthic), Boninia neotethydis (interstitial), and an unidentified Boninia sp. (habitat indeterminate)], revealed that the two interstitial species (B. neotethydis and B. uru sp. nov.) were not monophyletic among the three epibenthic species. According to ancestral state reconstruction analysis, the last common ancestor of the analyzed Boninia species inhabited interstitial realms, and a shift to the epibenthic environment occurred at least once. Such an “interstitial to noninterstitial” evolutionary route seems to be rare among Animalia; to date, it has been reported only in acochlidian slugs in the clade Hedylopsacea. Our phylogenetic tree also showed that the sympatric B. uru sp. nov. and B. yambarensis sp. nov. were not in a sister relationship, indicating that they colonized the same beach independently rather than descended in situ from a common ancestor that migrated and settled at the beach.