Journal articles: '2nd generation biofuels' productions'

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Ahorsu, Richard, Francesc Medina, and Magda Constantí. "Significance and Challenges of Biomass as a Suitable Feedstock for Bioenergy and Biochemical Production: A Review." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 3366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123366.

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Fossil fuels have been a major contributor to greenhouse gases, the amounts of which could be reduced if biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel were used for transportation. One of the most promising biofuels is ethyl alcohol. In 2015, the world production of ethanol was 25.6 billion gallons and the USA, Brazil, China, the European Union, and 28 other countries have set targets for blending ethanol with gasoline. The two major bio-source materials used for ethanol production are corn and sugarcane. For 1st generation biofuels, sugarcane and corn feedstocks are not able to fulfill the current demand for alcohol. Non-edible lignocellulosic biomass is an alternative bio-source for creating 2nd generation biofuels and algae biomass for 3rd and 4th generation biofuels. This review discusses the significance of biomass for the different generations of biofuels, and biochemical and thermochemical processes, and the significance of biorefinery products.

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Szadkowska, Dominika, and Jan Szadkowski. "The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 111 (September 30, 2020): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6571.

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The chromatographic analysis of extracts from poplar (Populus sp.) - Laying program GC-MS. The aim of the study was to develop the method of analysis by gas chromatography of the liquid obtained after extraction with cyclohexane of wood of different poplar varieties (Populus sp.). After applying an appropriate method, the application of gas chromatography with mass detector facilitates the analysis of the chemical composition of extracts from different types of lignocellulosic biomass. It is also possible to verify included compounds as well as to compare the content of individual compounds contained in the analysed sample. Moreover, this sample will make it possible to determine the significance of the influence of given substances on biofuel production processes based on lignocellulosic materials. One of the key chemical substances influencing the process of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are extraction substances contained in lignocellulose materials used in 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels. These compounds can inhibit the whole process of producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass.

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Pérez, Laura, Iván Aranda, and Tatiana Loureiro. "Novel Process to Convert Wet and Dry Organic Feedstocks into 2nd Generation Biofuels: A Scientific Review of the Heat-to-Fuel Project." Proceedings 65, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020065013.

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Heat-to-Fuel is a 48-month research and innovation project, funded under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 (EU H2020) Framework Program, which the main objective is to deliver the next generation of biofuel production technologies supporting the decarbonization of the transportation sector by integrating its novel technologies together with innovative activities on design, modeling, development of hardware and processes, testing and life cycle analysis of a fully integrated system. The Heat-to-Fuel concept consists of a biorefinery that combines hydrothermal liquefaction, aqueous phase reforming and Fischer–Tropsch processes to convert wet and solid organic wastes into 2nd generation biofuels with the highest efficiency. Having reached almost 75% of the Heat-to-Fuel project’s execution, a review on the main research outcomes and publications derived from the Heat-to-Fuel project activities are presented within this paper.

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Frankiewicz, Andrzej, Marcin Przedlacki, and Katarzyna Janecka. "Synthesis of Ethyl Levulinate, a Perspective Biocomponent of Motor Fuels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 797 (November 2015): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.797.357.

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In this work the importance of levulinic acid obtained from lignocellulosic biomass, as a feedstock for the production of 2nd generation biofuels, was presented. One of the derivatives of levulinic acid, having physicochemical properties appropriate for biofuels is ethyl levulinate. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of this ester in an autoclave (temperature, reaction time) were determined. The reaction product was separated from the post-reaction mixture by simple distillation and its purity was determined using gas chromatography. Under optimal conditions the yield of ethyl levulinate was 74% and its purity after distillation was 96,87% (m/m).

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Beca Figueiredo, Beatriz, and Francisco Ignácio Giocondo César. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY IN THE PRODUCTION OF SECOND GENERATION ALCOHOL." REVISTA CIENTÍFICA ACERTTE - ISSN 2763-8928 1, no. 6 (December 5, 2021): e1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.47820/acertte.v1i6.43.

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The use of biofuels, such as ethanol, is seen as a viable alternative, due to the growing need for alternative clean energy sources, research on the subject has been intensified, especially when it comes to fuels, the search for a reduction in energy consumption. The rate of gases responsible for the greenhouse effect, therefore, makes it necessary to replace fossil fuels with clean and renewable fuels. The 2nd. Generation (E2G), compared to 1st Ethanol. Generation (E1G), has shown significant environmental and social gains, as it is produced from waste, uses less natural resources and energy. Within this context, this work aims to analyze the efficiency and economic viability of the production of second generation alcohol – E2G. Based on an exploratory bibliographic research, in the following databases, academic google and web of Science, in articles published on the topic discussed here, from 2010 onwards. second-generation alcohol with first-generation alcohol, to discover its economic viability and production efficiency.

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Loureiro, Tatiana, and Raymond Sterling. "Biorefinery Combining HTL and FT to Convert Wet and Solid Organic, Industrial Wastes into 2nd Generation Biofuels with Highest Efficiency: Heat-to-Fuel." Proceedings 2, no. 15 (August 28, 2018): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2151128.

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Heat-to-Fuel is a 48 months Horizon 2020 project which main objective is to deliver the next generation of biofuel production technologies supporting the de-carbonisation of the transportation sector by integrating its novel technologies together with innovative activities on design, modelling, development of hardware and processes, testing and life cycle analysis of a fully integrated system.

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Gomes, João, Jaime Puna, António Marques, Jorge Gominho, Ana Lourenço, Rui Galhano, and Sila Ozkan. "Clean Forest—Project Concept and Early Results." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 9294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249294.

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The Clean Forest project aims to valorize forest biomass wastes (and then prevent their occurrence as a fuel source in forests), converting it to bioenergy, such as the production of 2nd generation synthetic biofuels, like bio-methanol, bio-DME, and biogas, depending on the process operating conditions. Valorization of potential forest waste biomass thus enhances the reduction of the probability of occurrence of forest fires and, therefore, presents a major value for local rural communities. The proposed process is easy to implement, and energetically, it shows significantly reduced costs than the conventional process of gasification. Additionally, the input of energy necessary to promote electrolysis can be achieved with solar energy, using photovoltaic panels. This paper refers to the actual progress of the project, as well as the further steps which consist of a set of measures aimed at the minimization of the occurrence of forest fires by the valorization of forest wastes into energy sources.

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Dąbkowska, Katarzyna, Monika Mech, Kamil Kopeć, and Maciej Pilarek. "Enzymatic Activity of Some Industrially-Applied Cellulolytic Enzyme Preparations." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2017-0001.

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Abstract Enzymatic hydrolysis is the essential step in the production of 2nd generation biofuels made from lignocellulosic biomass, i.e. agricultural or forestry solid wastes. The enzyme-catalysed robust degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose to monosaccharides requires the synergistic action of the independent types of highly-specific enzymes, usually offered as ready-to-use preparations. The basic aim of the study was to experimentally determine the enzymatic activity of two widely industrially-applied, commercially available cellulolytic enzyme preparations: (i) Cellic® CTec2 and (ii) the mixture of Celluclast® 1.5L and Novozyme 188, in the hydrolysis of pre-treated lignocellulosic biomass, i.e. (a) energetic willow and (b) rye straw, or untreated (c) cellulose paper as well, used as feedstocks. Before the hydrolysis, every kind of utilized lignocellulosic biomass was subjected to alkaline-based (10% NaOH) pre-treatment at high-temperature (121°C) and overpressure (0.1 MPa) conditions. The influence of the type of applied enzymes, as well as their concentration, on the effectiveness of hydrolysis was quantitatively evaluated, and finally the enzyme activities were determined for each of tested cellulolytic enzyme preparations.

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Sheridan, Cormac. "Europe lags, US leads 2nd-generation biofuels." Nature Biotechnology 26, no. 12 (December 2008): 1319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1208-1319.

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Zabaniotou, A., O. Ioannidou, and V. Skoulou. "Rapeseed residues utilization for energy and 2nd generation biofuels." Fuel 87, no. 8-9 (July 2008): 1492–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.09.003.

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Haase, Martina, Nils Babenhauserheide, and Christine Rösch. "Multi criteria decision analysis for sustainability assessment of 2nd generation biofuels." Procedia CIRP 90 (2020): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.02.124.

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Hello, Kasim Mohammed, Majid Jari Mohammed, Asstabraq Mohsen Yasser, Farook Adam, and Zinab Farag. "Modification of Silica Rice Husk Ash to Solid Ammonium Sulphate for Second Generation Biofuels Productions." Journal of Catalysts 2014 (December 9, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/128547.

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A new approach has been demonstrated for the synthesis of solid ammonium sulphate attached to silica rice husk ash. The 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane was immobilized onto silica at room temperature to functionalize the silica with ammine end groups (–NH2). The amine group was sulphated with sulphuric acid to produce a novel micro-rod-like shaped acidic catalyst (as seen with TEM) designated RHNH3SO4H (RH = rice husk). The TGA analysis shows that the catalyst is stable at temperatures below 200°C. The acidity measurement of the catalyst indicates that it has Brønsted acid sites. Cellulose extracted from waste of rice husk and cellulose extracted from office paper were hydrolysed to glucose in 6 h, and the glucose was hydrolysed afterwards to other products within 13 h. The catalyst is reusable many times without a significant loss of catalytic activity.

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Mitkidis, Georgios, Anastasios Magoutas, and Fotis Kitsios. "Market and economic feasibility analysis for the implementation of 2nd generation biofuels in Greece." Energy Strategy Reviews 19 (January 2018): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2017.12.006.

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Lavoie, Jean-Michel. "Implementing 2nd generation liquid biofuels in a fossil fuel-dominated market: Making the right choices." Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2 (October 2016): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2016.09.009.

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Trost, Daniel, Adam Polcar, Dorin Boldor, and Vojtěch Kumbár. "Pour point and predictive models for the viscosity-temperature non-linear behaviour of ternary fuel blends for a compression ignition engine." BioResources 18, no. 1 (November 22, 2022): 653–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.1.653-677.

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Due to the ever-increasing consumption of fossil fuels, their impact on the environment, and the volatility of the market, it is advisable to use biofuels that can be produced locally from renewable sources, which supports the local economy, agriculture, and related processing industries. This article deals with how to improve the flow properties and pour point of biofuels for diesel engines. For the experiment, biodiesels in the form of rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and methyl ester made from waste animal fats and tallow (WAFME) were used. The pour point, viscosity, and density of WAFME were improved by mixing with RME and/or by adding bio-alcohols (alcohols produced from biomass, e.g., lignocellulosic). All used biofuels were classified as 2nd generation biofuels. The flow properties of the mixtures were monitored and subsequently modelled at temperatures from -10 to 60 °C. The addition of bio-alcohol had a statistically significant effect on the decrease in the viscosity and pour point of ternary blends (p < 0.05). Mathematical models of the dependence of kinematic viscosity on the temperature of mixtures (power law, exponential, Arrhenius, and Vogel) were created.

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Łagowski, Piotr, Grzegorz Wcisło, and Dariusz Kurczyński. "Comparison of the Combustion Process Parameters in a Diesel Engine Powered by Second-Generation Biodiesel Compared to the First-Generation Biodiesel." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 6835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186835.

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The use of biofuels to power compression–ignition engines makes it possible to reduce emissions of certain harmful components of exhaust gases. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of second-generation biofuels on the course of indicator graphs and heat release characteristics of the Perkins 1104D-44TA compression–ignition engine. For comparative purposes, the same tests were carried out by feeding the engine with first-generation biofuel and diesel fuel. Babassu butyl esters (BBuE) were used as the second-generation biofuel. The second fuel was a first-generation biofuel—rapeseed oil methyl esters (RME). Analysis of the results made it possible to draw conclusions about the effect of using 2nd and 1st generation biofuels on the parameters of the combustion process. When the DF engine was powered, the lowest fuel dose per work cycle was obtained. In the case of RME and BBuE fuels, it depends on the engine load. For low loads, higher consumption is for RME, and for higher loads, fuel consumption for BBuE in-creases most often. This is due to the lower calorific value of the esters. The results of these tests indicate that feeding the engine with BBuE and RME fuel in most loads resulted in higher maximum combustion pressures compared to feeding the engine with DF which may be directly related to the higher cetane number of these fuels compared to DF and the oxygen content of these fuels. Feeding the engine with BBuE and RME esters compared to DF did not result in large differences in the maximum heat release rates HRmax. However, the values of the first and second maximum heat release rates x1max and x2max, in addition to the type of fuel, are strongly influenced by the operating conditions, especially the engine load. Analyzing the combustion angles of 5, 10, 50, and 90% of the fuel dose, it can be seen that feeding the engine with BBuE and RME esters for most measurement points results in faster combustion of the fuel dose compared to DF.

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Köhler, Jonathan, Rainer Walz, Frank Marscheder-Weidemann, and Benjamin Thedieck. "Lead markets in 2nd generation biofuels for aviation: A comparison of Germany, Brazil and the USA." Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 10 (March 2014): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2013.10.003.

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Eilers, H., and G. Schaub. "Energy Storage in 2nd Generation Biofuels - Model-Based Analysis of a Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Slurry Reactor." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 86, no. 9 (August 28, 2014): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201450429.

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Melamu, Rethabile, and Harro von Blottnitz. "2nd Generation biofuels a sure bet? A life cycle assessment of how things could go wrong." Journal of Cleaner Production 19, no. 2-3 (January 2011): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.08.021.

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Gonçalves, Puna, Guerra, Rodrigues, Gomes, Santos, and Alves. "Towards the Development of Syngas/Biomethane Electrolytic Production, Using Liquefied Biomass and Heterogeneous Catalyst." Energies 12, no. 19 (October 6, 2019): 3787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193787.

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This paper presents results on the research currently being carried out with the objective of developing new electrochemistry-based processes to produce renewable synthetic fuels from liquefied biomass. In the current research line, the gas mixtures obtained from the typical electrolysis are not separated into their components but rather are introduced into a reactor together with liquefied biomass, at atmospheric pressure and different temperatures, under acidified zeolite Y catalyst, to obtain synthesis gas. This gaseous mixture has several applications, like the production of synthetic 2nd generation biofuel (e. g., biomethane, biomethanol, bio-dimethyl ether, formic acid, etc.). The behaviour of operational parameters such as biomass content, temperature and the use of different amounts of acidified zeolite HY catalyst were investigated. In the performed tests, it was found that, in addition to the synthesis gas (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide), methane was also obtained. Therefore, this research is quite promising, and the most favourable results were obtained by carrying out the biomass test at 300 °C, together with 4% of acidified zeolite Y catalyst, which gives a methane volumetric concentration equal to 35%.

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Montano, Carlos Julio, Sonia Seger Pereira Mercedes, and Tarcisio PR Campos. "Issues on the optimization of bioreactors of microalgae and cyanobacteria crops for hydrogen and bioproduct productions." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 276–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss12.2840.

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Optimizing the design and operating parameters for optimum production of hydrogen and other bioproducts is a necessary step to address the rate of production of this energy input. Optimization is basically based on the appropriate choice of microalgae strain along with the available growth conditions. This paper presents a simplified review of the possible monitoring variables for microalgae and cyanobacteria crops. In addition, the design of open pond bioreactors and photobioreactors (PBR) that allow greater control of monitoring and crop parameters were presented. The physicochemical bioproduct characterization, such as fatty acids constituent and gases, is an aspect to be considered. The use of the optimization of the physical-chemical properties for their subsequent processing may improve the production of biofuels and biomass. In addition, the generation of hydrogen in the photosynthetic cycle of bioreactors based on microalgae cultures is presented as a solution to energy demand. And finally, we comment on some findings obtained from Multiphysics computational modeling carried out in PBRs.

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Hoang, Long Vuong, Danh Chan Nguyen, Thanh Hai Truong, Huu Cuong Le, and Minh Nhat Nguyen. "Laminar Flame Characteristics of 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF) Biofuel: A Comparative Review with Ethanol and Gasoline." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 11, no. 1 (November 20, 2021): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.42611.

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Since the early years of the 21st century, the whole world has faced two very urgent problems: the depletion of fossil energy sources and climate change due to environmental pollution. Among the solutions sought, 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF) emerged as a promising solution. DMF is a 2nd generation biofuel capable of mass production from biomass. There have been many studies confirming that DMF is a potential alternative fuel for traditional fuels (gasoline and diesel) in internal combustion engines, contributing to solving the problem of energy security and environmental pollution. However, in order to apply DMF in practice, more comprehensive studies are needed. Not out of the above trend, this paper analyzes and discusses in detail the characteristics of DMF's combustible laminar flame and its instability under different initial conditions. The evaluation results show that the flame characteristics of DMF are similar to those of gasoline, although the burning rate of DMF is much higher than that of gasoline. This shows that DMF can become a potential alternative fuel in internal combustion engines.

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Llano, Tamara, Noelia García-Quevedo, Natalia Quijorna, Javier R. Viguri, and Alberto Coz. "Evolution of Lignocellulosic Macrocomponents in the Wastewater Streams of a Sulfite Pulp Mill: A Preliminary Biorefining Approach." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/102534.

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The evolution of lignin, five- and six-carbon sugars, and other decomposition products derived from hemicelluloses and cellulose was monitored in a sulfite pulp mill. The wastewater streams were characterized and the mass balances throughout digestion and total chlorine free bleaching stages were determined. Summative analysis in conjunction with pulp parameters highlights some process guidelines and valorization alternatives towards the transformation of the traditional factory into a lignocellulosic biorefinery. The results showed a good separation of cellulose (99.64%) during wood digestion, with 87.23% of hemicellulose and 98.47% lignin dissolved into the waste streams. The following steps should be carried out to increase the sugar content into the waste streams: (i) optimization of the digestion conditions increasing hemicellulose depolymerization; (ii) improvement of the ozonation and peroxide bleaching stages, avoiding deconstruction of the cellulose chains but maintaining impurity removal; (iii) fractionation of the waste water streams, separating sugars from the rest of toxic inhibitors for 2nd generation biofuel production. A total of 0.173 L of second-generation ethanol can be obtained in the spent liquor per gram of dry wood. The proposed methodology can be usefully incorporated into other related industrial sectors.

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Žaglinskis, Justas. "Comparable Research of Energy and Ecology Parameters of 1st, 2nd and 3rd Generation Biofuels for Compression Ignition Engines." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 59, no. 4 (2015): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.8216.

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Alonso Pippo, W., C. A. Luengo, L. Alonsoamador Morales Alberteris, P. Garzone, and G. Cornacchia. "Energy Recovery from Sugarcane-Trash in the Light of 2nd Generation Biofuels. Part 1: Current Situation and Environmental Aspects." Waste and Biomass Valorization 2, no. 1 (November 3, 2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-010-9048-0.

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Jaswal, Anurag, Piyush Pratap Singh, Ashish Kumar Kar, Tarak Mondal, and Rajendra Srivastava. "Production of 2-methyl furan, a promising 2nd generation biofuel, by the vapor phase hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived furfural over TiO2 supported Cu Ni bimetallic catalysts." Fuel Processing Technology 245 (June 2023): 107726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2023.107726.

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Gligorijevic, Radinko, Jeremija Jevtic, Djuro Borak, and Velimir Petrovic. "Potentials and limitations of alternative fuels for diesel engine." Thermal Science 13, no. 3 (2009): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0903175g.

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The primary energy consumption in the world has increased continuously. The most important primary energy source is oil. The supply of automotive fuels today is based almost entirely on oil, and the demand for liquid transportation fuels worldwide will rise significantly in the next fifty years. Growing energy consumption and decreasing fossil resources are reasons for increasing prices of fossil fuel. Besides limited availability, contribution to greenhouse effect and pollutant emission represent another problem of fossil fuel. Both of these problems can be overcome by increased application of renewable biofuels. Therefore, great effort is made to supplement the primary energy sources by including renewable energies. There are alternative fuels 1st and 2nd generation. Some of them show high potential for reduction of engine out emission. But there are economical and technical barriers when such fuels are applied. This paper shows both advantage and disadvantage of alternative fuels, especially when used for diesel engines.

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Kurniawati, Anis Sakina, Rudy Laksmono, and Ikhwan Syahtaria. "OPTIMALISASI LIMBAH EUCHEUMA COTTONII GUNA AKSELERASI PEMANFAATAN ENERGI BARU DAN TERBARUKAN DI LINGKUP KEMENTERIAN PERTAHANAN." Citizen : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia 2, no. 2 (June 9, 2022): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53866/jimi.v2i2.90.

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The New Renewable Energy Bill or better known as the EBT Bill is a discourse to provide a legal framework regarding policy stipulation, management, supply, and utilization of new and renewable energy. The EBT Bill is expected to be a structured and directed guideline in its implementation from a national to regional scale. With the enactment of the EBT Bill, the use of fossil energy must gradually stop. So it is necessary to look for other alternatives as a source of energy, especially in liquid fuels. One of the potentials that Indonesia as an archipelagic country can exploit is its marine products. E.cottonii is one of Indonesia's marine products that has the potential to be processed into bioethanol. The E.cottonii processing industry is spread across various regions of the Republic of Indonesia. Abundant production is also followed by an abundance of residual production waste. This waste is sometimes if not managed properly it will contribute to the emergence of environmental pollution. Therefore, the waste generated from the E.cottonii processing industry should be optimized by making bioethanol. E.cottonii waste which is used as bioethanol can be categorized as a 2nd generation biofuel, of course it will not disturb the stability of foodstuffs. This optimization step is carried out as a form of accelerating the use of new and renewable energy. It is also hoped that the utilization of this waste can be used as a source of liquid fuel to support operations within the ministry of defense.

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Neto, Francisco Simão, Maria Marliete Fernandes de Melo Neta, Misael Bessa Sales, Francisco Arisson Silva de Oliveira, Viviane de Castro Bizerra, Ada Amélia Sanders Lopes, Maria Alexsandra de Sousa Rios, and José Cleiton Sousa dos Santos. "Research Progress and Trends on Utilization of Lignocellulosic Residues as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization via Advanced Bibliometric Analysis." Polymers 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 2057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092057.

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Lignocellulosic biomasses are used in several applications, such as energy production, materials, and biofuels. These applications result in increased consumption and waste generation of these materials. However, alternative uses are being developed to solve the problem of waste generated in the industry. Thus, research is carried out to ensure the use of these biomasses as enzymatic support. These surveys can be accompanied using the advanced bibliometric analysis tool that can help determine the biomasses used and other perspectives on the subject. With this, the present work aims to carry out an advanced bibliometric analysis approaching the main studies related to the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an enzymatic support. This study will be carried out by highlighting the main countries/regions that carry out productions, research areas that involve the theme, and future trends in these areas. It was observed that there is a cooperation between China, USA, and India, where China holds 28.07% of publications in this area, being the country with the greatest impact in the area. Finally, it is possible to define that the use of these new supports is a trend in the field of biotechnology.

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Berndes, Göran, Julia Hansson, Andrea Egeskog, and Filip Johnsson. "Strategies for 2nd generation biofuels in EU – Co-firing to stimulate feedstock supply development and process integration to improve energy efficiency and economic competitiveness." Biomass and Bioenergy 34, no. 2 (February 2010): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.07.007.

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Macek, Tomáš, Miloš Auersvald, and Petr Straka. "Bio-oil transformation into 2nd generation biofuels." Paliva, June 30, 2020, 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.35933/paliva.2020.03.04.

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The article summarized the possible transformations of pyrolysis bio-oil from lignocellulose into 2nd generation biofuels. Although a lot has been published about this topic, so far, none of the published catalytic pro-cesses has found commercial application due to the rapid deactivation of the catalyst. Most researches deal with bio-oil hydrotreatment at severe conditions or its pro-cessing by catalytic cracking to prepare 2nd generation biofuels directly. However, this approach is not commercially applicable due to high consumptions of hydrogen and fast catalyst deactivation. Another way, crude bio-oil co-processing with petroleum fractions in hydrotreatment or FCC units seems to be more promising. The last approach, bio-oil mild hydrotreatment followed by final co-processing with petroleum feedstock using common refining processes (FCC and hydrotreatment) seems to be the most promising way to produce 2nd generation biofuels from pyrolysis bio-oil. Co-processing of bio-oil with petroleum fraction in FCC increases conversion to gasoline and, thus, it could be a preferable process in the USA. Otherwise, co-hydrotreatment of hydrotreated bio-oil with LCO leads not only to the reduction of hydrogen consumption but also to the conversion preferably to diesel. This process seems to be more suitable for Europe. Further research on bio-oils upgrading is still necessary before the commercialization of the bio-oil conversion into biofuels suitable for cars. However, the first commercial bio-refinery that will convert bio-oil into biofuel for marine transport is planned to be built in the Netherlands.

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Alkhodairy, Hanoof. "The methods of biofuel generation by using microalgae: A review." NeuroPharmac Journal, April 30, 2022, 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37881/1.710.

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Biofuels researchers extended to fit the growing fuel requirements and protected regional energy. Because of renewable and no impact on carbon biomass is preferred to replace fossil fuels. 2nd generation biofuels generated from micro-algae and lignocellulosic biomass (3rd generation biofuels) have become an essential raw material for the generation of renewable biofuels. Microalgae are rapidly multiplying microorganisms seen in the water, are the essential raw material for bio-fuel generation for the features like huge growth ratio, yield per area, potency in CO2 capture, and solar energy transformation. Photobioreactors on marginal lands, ponds, and seawater is the best growing area for algae, industries also cultivate the algae. Many methods have been used for the generation of biofuels from algae includes anaerobic digestion, hydrothermal liquefication, supercritical water gasification, and pyrolysis. This review article in brief explains the process of biofuel generation by using microalgae.

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Takase, Mohammed, Rogers Kipkoech, Francis Kamau Irungu, Joy Kibet, and Faith Mugah. "Comprehensive Review on Lipid-based Biomasses as Biodiesel Raw Materials from Ghana." Journal of Modern Green Energy, March 22, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53964/jmge.2023001.

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Ghana is a country rich in natural resources, including biodiversity and large water bodies, but it is also plagued by food and energy shortages. Fuel prices are also increasing. Biodiesel made from lipids will attract increasing attention as researchers and experts look for a solution. However, the obvious cheapest option of edible feedstock will be insufficient to meet rising energy and food demand, necessitating the need for a guaranteed feedstock. As a result, this research was conducted to identify lipid-based biomass feedstocks that would be ideal for biodiesel production in Ghana. This research seeks to give current information on the biofuel feedstock currently existing (mostly biodiesel) synthesis from lipid-based biomasses in Ghana. Edible plant oils were the first generation of lipid-based feedstocks, whereas alternative types of feedstocks were identified and reported as the second generation. Non-edible oils, like Jatropha oil, Neem oil, Karanja oil, Nagchampa oil, Calophyllum inophyllum oil, Mahua indica oil, Rubber seed oil, and other non-edible feedstocks are used to make second-generation biodiesels. Vegetable oil waste, industrial wastes and by-products, animal fats, and lipid-derived from microorganisms and insects are also among the 2nd generation feedstocks discussed in this paper. The advantages of 2nd generation feedstocks are the low-cost, high-yielding, and the fact that they do not economically or ethically compete with edible oils (food crops). Nevertheless, all 2nd generation feedstocks are often free fatty acids and having high moisture, which have a significant detrimental impact on the conventional biodiesel synthesis process. As a result, this article contains basic information on processing procedures that can handle 2nd generation feedstocks.

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Jaswal, Anurag, Piyush Pratap Singh, Ashish Kumar Kar, Tarak Mondal, and Rajendra Srivastava. "Production of 2-Methyl Furan, a Promising 2nd Generation Biofuel, by the Vapor Phase Hydrodeoxygenation of Biomass-Derived Furfural Over Tio2 Supported Cu-Ni Bimetallic Catalysts." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4188736.

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Hassuani, Suleiman José. "Introduction and overview of the current situation regarding the employment of biomass." Sugar Industry, 2014, 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36961/si16011.

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The sugarcane industry for a long time has focused only on the cane juice, its extraction and conversion to sugar. Bagasse was considered a residue and burnt inefficiently to generate steam and power. In the last decades, bagasse gradually started to be converted into energy in a more efficient way, supplying all the sugar industry energy needs (power, and steam) and, in some cases, significant excess electricity has been exported to the grid, becoming another important source of revenue. This motivated several studies of more advanced energy generation systems to boost energy exports. In more recent years, technologies called 2nd and 3rd generation have taken over the scene with many options, promising to convert biomass into more valuable products such as biofuels, chemicals, fertilisers, pellets, etc. Unfilled expectations and opportunities are rising. On the other hand, these technologies are competing for the same biomass, and this has to be considered. The industry has started to question ‘which way to go’, strategy and investment wise. The present study provides a broad scenario for the biomass availability, and its employment, with a close view to the main processes and products that might have an important role in the future of the biomass in the sugarcane industry.

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Mena Subiranas, Alba, and Georg Schaub. "Combining Fischer-Tropsch (FT) and Hydrocarbon Reactions under FT Reaction Conditions -- Catalyst and Reactor Studies with Co or Fe and Pt/ZSM-5." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 5, no. 1 (October 16, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1542-6580.1522.

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Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) offers the potential to produce high-value transportation fuels or petrochemicals from biomass (``2nd generation biofuels"). Primary synthesis products contain mainly n-alkanes and n-alkenes, ranging from methane to high molecular weight waxes. Bifunctional catalysts, as used in petroleum refining, are capable of modifying hydrocarbon molecules. They are characterized by the presence of acidic sites, which provide the hydrocracking and isomerization functions, as well as metal sites, which provide hydro-/dehydrogenation functions, and thus avoid the formation of carbon. The present study addresses the combination of FT synthesis (with Co or Fe catalysts) and hydrocarbon modification reactions. Experimental results obtained in a dual layer configuration with Fe and Co catalysts and Pt/ZSM-5 indicate i) an increase of branched hydrocarbons in the gasoline range (C5-C10), ii) a decrease of alkene and alcohol yields, iii) partial hydrocracking of long chain hydrocarbon molecules leading to higher yields of gasoline and distillates, iv) nearly constant methane selectivity in comparison with the FT catalyst alone, and v) no significant catalyst deactivation. In addition, studies with 1-octene as the model compound were carried out, being mixed with synthesis gas H2/CO or with H2/Ar. The presence of CO decreases reaction rates of hydrogenation and hydrocracking, although all reactions still occur to a significant extent. For the conditions used in this study (1 MPa, 200-300 °C, 4000 kg s/m3), a significant change of hydrocarbon product composition with hydroprocessing catalyst functions added can be observed.

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Kubis, Matthew R., Evert K. Holwerda, and Lee R. Lynd. "Declining carbohydrate solubilization with increasing solids loading during fermentation of cellulosic feedstocks by Clostridium thermocellum: documentation and diagnostic tests." Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts 15, no. 1 (February 5, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13068-022-02110-4.

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Abstract Background For economically viable 2nd generation biofuels, processing of high solid lignocellulosic substrate concentrations is a necessity. The cellulolytic thermophilic anaerobe Clostridium thermocellum is one of the most effective biocatalysts for solubilization of carbohydrate harbored in lignocellulose. This study aims to document the solubilization performance of Clostridium thermocellum at increasing solids concentrations for two lignocellulosic feedstocks, corn stover and switchgrass, and explore potential effectors of solubilization performance. Results Monocultures of Clostridium thermocellum demonstrated high levels of carbohydrate solubilization for both unpretreated corn stover and switchgrass. However, fractional carbohydrate solubilization decreases with increasing solid loadings. Fermentation of model insoluble substrate (cellulose) in the presence of high solids lignocellulosic spent broth is temporarily affected but not model soluble substrate (cellobiose) fermentations. Mid-fermentation addition of cells (C. thermocellum) or model substrates did not significantly enhance overall corn stover solubilization loaded at 80 g/L, however cultures utilized the model substrates in the presence of high concentrations of corn stover. An increase in corn stover solubilization was observed when water was added, effectively diluting the solids concentration mid-fermentation. Introduction of a hemicellulose-utilizing coculture partner, Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum, increased the fractional carbohydrate solubilization at both high and low solid loadings. Residual solubilized carbohydrates diminished significantly in the presence of T. thermosaccharolyticum compared to monocultures of C. thermocellum, yet a small fraction of solubilized oligosaccharides of both C5 and C6 sugars remained unutilized. Conclusion Diminishing fractional carbohydrate solubilization with increasing substrate loading was observed for C. thermocellum-mediated solubilization and fermentation of unpretreated lignocellulose feedstocks. Results of experiments involving spent broth addition do not support a major role for inhibitors present in the liquid phase. Mid-fermentation addition experiments confirm that C. thermocellum and its enzymes remain capable of converting model substrates during the middle of high solids lignocellulose fermentation. An increase in fractional carbohydrate solubilization was made possible by (1) mid-fermentation solid loading dilutions and (2) coculturing C. thermocellum with T. thermosaccharolyticum, which ferments solubilized hemicellulose. Incomplete utilization of solubilized carbohydrates suggests that a small fraction of the carbohydrates is unaffected by the extracellular carbohydrate-active enzymes present in the culture.

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Journal articles on the topic '2nd generation biofuels' productions'

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