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Journal articles on the topic '2D vs'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Tonni, Gabriele, Gabriele Centini, Lucia Rosignoli, Cindy Argento, and Giovanni Centini. "4D vs 2D ultrasound-guided amniocentesis." Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 37, no. 8 (October 2009): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcu.20618.

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Cooper, Andrew I., and Michael J. Bojdys. "Carbon nitride vs. graphene – now in 2D!" Materials Today 17, no. 10 (December 2014): 468–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.10.001.

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Centini, G., G. Tonni, and L. Rosignoli. "P18.21: 4D vs 2D ultrasound-guided amniocentesis." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 34, S1 (September 2009): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.7274.

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Lingner, Stefan, Eiko Thiessen, and Eberhard Hartung. "Aboveground biomass estimation in linear forest objects: 2D- vs. 3D-data." Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 12 (December 20, 2018): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/106/2018-jfs.

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Wood-chips of linear forest objects (hedge banks and roadside plantings) are used as sustainable energy supply in wood-chip heating systems. However, wood yield of linear forest objects is very heterogeneous and hard to estimate in advance. The aim of the present study was to compare the dry mass estimation potentials of two different non-destructive data: (i) Canopy area (derived from aerial images) and mean age at stump level (2D), (ii) volume of vegetation cover based on structure from motion (SfM) via unmanned aerial vehicle (3D). These two types of data were separately used to predict reference dry mass (ground truth) in eleven objects (5 hedge banks and 6 roadside plantings) in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The predicting potentials were compared afterwards. The reference dry mass was ascertained by weighing after harvesting and drying samples to constant weight. The model predicting reference dry mass using canopy area and mean age at stump level achieved a relative root mean square error (RMSE) of 52% (42% at larger combined plot sizes). The model predicting reference dry mass using SfM volume achieved a relative RMSE of 30% (16% at larger combined plot sizes). This result indicates that biomass is better described by volume of vegetation cover than by canopy area and age.

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Acres, Jacqueline, and Jay Nadeau. "2D vs 3D tracking in bacterial motility analysis." AIMS Biophysics 8, no. 4 (2021): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2021030.

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<abstract> <p>Digital holographic microscopy provides the ability to observe throughout a large volume without refocusing. This capability enables simultaneous observations of large numbers of microorganisms swimming in an essentially unconstrained fashion. However, computational tools for tracking large 4D datasets remain lacking. In this paper, we examine the errors introduced by tracking bacterial motion as 2D projections vs. 3D volumes under different circumstances: bacteria free in liquid media and bacteria near a glass surface. We find that while XYZ speeds are generally equal to or larger than XY speeds, they are still within empirical uncertainties. Additionally, when studying dynamic surface behavior, the Z coordinate cannot be neglected.</p> </abstract>

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Gubler, M., J. B. Ludlow, A. Mol, and L. Cevidanes. "Precision of Cephalometric Landmark Identification: 3D vs. 2D." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 107, no. 4 (April 2009): e28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.12.033.

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Orii, Makoto, Tsuyoshi Sugawara, Hidenobu Takagi, Satoshi Nakano, Hironobu Ueda, Yurie Takizawa, Jumpei Fujiwara, et al. "Reliability of respiratory-triggered two-dimensional cine k-adaptive-t-autocalibrating reconstruction for Cartesian sampling for the assessment of biventricular volume and function in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot." British Journal of Radiology 94, no. 1120 (April 1, 2021): 20201249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20201249.

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Objective: To compare left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volume, function, and image quality of a respiratory-triggered two-dimensional (2D)-cine k-adaptive-t-autocalibrating reconstruction for Cartesian sampling (2D kat-ARC) with those of the standard reference, namely, breath-hold 2D balanced steady-state free precession (2D SSFP), in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Methods: 30 patients (14 males, mean age 32.2 ± 13.9 years) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance, and 2D kat-ARC and 2D SSFP images were acquired on short-axis view. Biventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF), and LV mass (LVM) were analysed. Results: The 2D kat-ARC had significantly shorter scan time (35.2 ± 9.1 s vs 80.4 ± 16.7 s; p < 0.0001). Despite an analysis of image quality showed significant impairment using 2D kat-ARC compared to 2D SSFP cine (p < 0.0001), the two sequences demonstrated no significant difference in terms of biventricular EDV, LVESV, LVSV, LVEF, and LVM. However, the RVESV was overestimated for 2D kat-ARC compared with that for 2D SSFP (73.8 ± 43.2 ml vs 70.3 ± 44.5 ml, p = 0.0002) and the RVSV and RVEF were underestimated (RVSV = 46.2±20.5 ml vs 49.4 ± 20.4 ml, p = 0.0024; RVEF = 40.2±12.7% vs. 43.5±14.0%, p = 0.0002). Conclusion: Respiratory-triggered 2D kat-ARC cine is a reliable technique that could be used in the evaluation of LV volumes and function. Advances in knowledge: 2D cine kat-ARC is a reliable technique for the assessment LV volume and function in patients with repaired TOF.

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Kovács, Péter, Evelin Szita, Kitti Schvarcz, Szabolcs Kamu, Judit Kalincsák, Árpád Kovács, Imre Repa, and Janaki Hadjiev. "A beállítási biztonsági margó nagyságának meghatározása fej-nyak daganatok 2D-2D és 3D képvezérelt intenzitásmodulált sugárkezelése esetén." Orvosi Hetilap 159, no. 29 (July 2018): 1193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2018.31093.

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Abstract: Introduction: Image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy is essential for oncology treatment of head-and-neck cancer patients. Aim: MV-kV and CBCT modalities were compared in case of IGRT treatment for head-and-neck cancer patients. Setup error, setup margin (SM), imaging and evaluation times and imaging doses were analyzed. Method: Eight patients’ elective treatment was evaluated, 66 orthogonal MV-kV images and 66 CBCT series were acquired. Setup error measurement was based on bony manual image registration in three translational directions. Normality test and F-test were performed followed by the comparison with independent-samples T-test (p<0,05). The necessary target volume setup margin was calculated based on Van Herk’s equation. Imaging time and setup error determination time were measured. Imaging doses were estimated based on the literature. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between setup errors determined by MV-kV and CBCT (VRT: 0.5 mm, SD = 1.9 vs. 0.4 mm, SD = 2.1, p = 0.371; LNG: 0.2 mm, SD = 2.2 vs. –0.1 mm, SD = 2.2, p = 0.188; LAT: 0.2 mm, SD = 2.2 vs. 0.3 mm, SD = 2.1, p = 0.41). SM values were: VRT: 2.7 mm vs. 2.5 mm; LNG: 2.1 mm vs. 1.3 mm; LAT: 2.2 mm vs. 2.3 mm. Mean imaging time was 0.65 min (MV-kV) vs. 2.29 min (CBCT). Mean setup error determination time was 2.41 min for both modalities. Estimated imaging doses were 6.88 mGy (MV-kV) vs. 17.2 mGy (CBCT) per fraction. Conclusion: The bony anatomy derived image registration based translational setup error determination results in similar values either by MV-kV or by CBCT. Using 3 mm setup margin in all the directions might be adequate. Imaging time is less by MV-kV, significant difference in imaging doses did not appear. Using CBCT is generally suggested. MV-kV might be an alternative in case of need for shortened imaging time. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(29): 1193–1200.

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Visby, Lasse, Charlotte Burup Kristensen, Frederik Holm Grund Pedersen, Per Ejlstrup Sigvardsen, Klaus Fuglsang Kofoed, Christian Hassager, and Rasmus Møgelvang. "Assessment of left ventricular outflow tract and aortic root: comparison of 2D and 3D transthoracic echocardiography with multidetector computed tomography." European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 20, no. 10 (March 16, 2019): 1156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jez045.

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Abstract Aims Accurate echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and the aortic root is necessary for risk stratification and choice of appropriate treatment in patients with pathologies of the aortic valve and aortic root. Conventional 2D transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) assessment is based on the assumption of a circular shaped LVOT and aortic root, although previous studies have indicated a more ellipsoid shape. 3D TTE and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) applies planimetry and are not dependent on geometrical assumptions. The aim was to test accuracy, feasibility, and reproducibility of 3D TTE compared to 2D TTE assessment of LVOT and aortic root areas, with MDCT as reference. Methods and results We examined 51 patients with 2D/3D TTE and MDCT at the same day. All patients were re-examined with 2D/3D TTE on a different day to evaluate 2D and 3D re-test variability. Areas of LVOT, aortic annulus, and sinus were assessed using 2D, 3D TTE, and MDCT. Both 2D/3D TTE underestimated the areas compared to MDCT; however, 3D TTE areas were significantly closer to MDCT-areas. 2D vs. 3D mean MDCT-differences: LVOT 1.61 vs. 1.15 cm2, P = 0.019; aortic annulus 1.96 vs. 1.06 cm2, P < 0.001; aortic sinus 1.66 vs. 1.08 cm2, P = 0.015. Feasibility was 3D 76–79% and 2D 88–90%. LVOT and aortic annulus areas by 3D TTE had lowest variabilities; intraobserver coefficient of variation (CV) 9%, re-test variation CV 18–20%. Conclusion Estimation of LVOT and aortic root areas using 3D TTE is feasible, more precise and more accurate than 2D TTE.

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van den Broek, Maarten J., Benjamin Sanderse, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden. "Flow Modelling for Wind Farm Control: 2D vs. 3D." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2265, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): 032086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/3/032086.

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Abstract Control-oriented models provide a basis for wind farm control to improve power production and reduce structural loading. Wake steering is considered to be one of the most promising techniques to achieve this. Wind turbine wakes under yaw misalignment are deflected downstream and have been shown to produce a curled or kidney-shaped structure. A Navier-Stokes based code called FRED was developed to model wind farm flow in 2D to perform yaw control. To tackle the differences between 2D and 3D flow, this work introduces a generalised continuity correction and wind turbine force scaling terms to the FRED framework. The effectiveness of approximating 3D results is tested by comparison with 3D simulations in the same framework. The continuity correction is now applicable to general wind directions and effective in reducing wake width and speed-up effects. The magnitude of wake deflection can be tuned using a force scaling term. However, we show that there remains a qualitative difference in the deflection profile downstream, as well as a difference in the propagation of yaw effects over time. From this study we can conclude that there is a fundamental difference between 2D and 3D flow physics in spatial and temporal dynamics which makes the 2D modelling approach challenging for control without further empirical adjustments. The necessary corrections are likely to be complex and non-physical, leading to a departure from the first principles foundation that FRED is developed from.

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Duval, Kayla, Hannah Grover, Li-Hsin Han, Yongchao Mou, Adrian F. Pegoraro, Jeffery Fredberg, and Zi Chen. "Modeling Physiological Events in 2D vs. 3D Cell Culture." Physiology 32, no. 4 (July 2017): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00036.2016.

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Cell culture has become an indispensable tool to help uncover fundamental biophysical and biomolecular mechanisms by which cells assemble into tissues and organs, how these tissues function, and how that function becomes disrupted in disease. Cell culture is now widely used in biomedical research, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and industrial practices. Although flat, two-dimensional (2D) cell culture has predominated, recent research has shifted toward culture using three-dimensional (3D) structures, and more realistic biochemical and biomechanical microenvironments. Nevertheless, in 3D cell culture, many challenges remain, including the tissue-tissue interface, the mechanical microenvironment, and the spatiotemporal distributions of oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic wastes. Here, we review 2D and 3D cell culture methods, discuss advantages and limitations of these techniques in modeling physiologically and pathologically relevant processes, and suggest directions for future research.

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12

Cervera, E., F. Berry, and P. Martinet. "IMAGE-BASED STEREO VISUAL SERVOING: 2D VS 3D FEATURES." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 35, no. 1 (2002): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20020721-6-es-1901.00822.

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13

Maekawa, Sadamichi, and Takami Tohyama. "Electronic excitations in strongly correlated systems; 1D vs. 2D." Physica C: Superconductivity 282-287 (August 1997): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4534(97)00260-8.

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Zhang, Xudong, Yi Wang, Jun Zhang, Liangmei Hu, and Meng Wang. "Light field saliency vs. 2D saliency: A comparative study." Neurocomputing 166 (October 2015): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2015.03.042.

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15

Neri, Emanuele, Francesca Vannozzi, Paola Vagli, Alex Bardine, and Carlo Bartolozzi. "Time efficiency of CT colonography: 2D vs 3D visualization." Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 30, no. 3 (April 2006): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compmedimag.2006.03.003.

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Forrer, Daniel, and Andrea Vittadini. "2D vs. 3D titanium dioxide: Role of dispersion interactions." Chemical Physics Letters 516, no. 1-3 (November 2011): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2011.09.053.

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17

Romero-Loera, Sujey, Luis Eduardo Cárdenas-Lailson, Florencio de la Concha-Bermejillo, Braulio Aaron Crisanto-Campos, Carlos Valenzuela-Salazar, and Mucio Moreno-Portillo. "Skills comparison using a 2D vs. 3D laparoscopic simulator." Cirugía y Cirujanos (English Edition) 84, no. 1 (January 2016): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.circen.2015.12.012.

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Coppin, A., A. Duva Pentiah, A. Coisne, H. Ridon, S. Mouton, P. De Groote, and D. Montaigne. "Multilayer vs. global 2D-longitudinal strain in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements 10, no. 2 (April 2018): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acvdsp.2018.02.168.

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Coppin, A., A. Duva Pentiah, A. Coisne, H. Ridon, Stephanie Mouton, Pascal De Groote, and David Montaigne. "Multilayer vs. global 2D-longitudinal strain in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements 11, no. 1 (January 2019): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acvdsp.2018.10.118.

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Kassick, M., S. Gao, J. M. Qian, C. J. Tien, and S. Damast. "Evaluating Clinical Outcomes in 3D vs. 2D Vaginal Brachytherapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 108, no. 3 (November 2020): e493-e494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.1562.

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Putti, Mario, and Flavio Sartoretto. "Linear Galerkin vs mixed finite element 2D flow fields." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 60, no. 9 (July 30, 2009): 1011–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1929.

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Sina, Ahmad Saquib, and Juanjuan Wu. "Effects of 3D vs 2D interfaces and product-coordination methods." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 47, no. 8 (August 12, 2019): 855–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-11-2018-0244.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of product display based on colour, discount and brand on retail pleasure, arousal, flow, perceived merchandise quality, time spent, satisfaction and patronage intentions in both 3D and 2D interfaces. This study uses the flow theory and stimulus-organism-response framework to understand the effects of product coordination methods and interface dimensions on consumers’ emotional, cognitive and behavioural outcomes. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted a 2 (interface: 3D and 2D) × 3 (product coordination method: colour, discount and brand) between-subjects experimental design. The coordination of display refers to the way products are arranged based on similar properties, such as similar colour, discount or brand. 3D stores were designed using Mockshop, a 3D virtual retailing software. A total of 144 US female college students from various universities participated in the study. Findings The findings showed that the 3D interface produced higher flow, satisfaction, time spent and patronage intention than the 2D interface. Also, among the six display scenarios, participants who were in the colour-coordinated 3D store showed the highest levels of emotional, cognitive and behavioural outcomes except for retail pleasure and arousal. Originality/value This study investigates product display based on colour, discount and brand in both 3D and 2D interfaces. Although product coordination methods have been tested in 3D stores in previous studies, they have not been compared with their effects in the 2D interface such as online shopping sites. Therefore, this study fills in this gap in the literature, which can guide retailers in making the right decisions for visuals.

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Bogomolov, Oleg A., Mikhail I. Shkolnik, Andrej D. Belov, Svetlana A. Sidorova, Denis G. Prokhorov, Igor Yu Lisitsyn, and Zaur K. Emirgaev. "Functional and early oncological results in 2D vs 3D laparoscopic prostatectomy." Urologicheskie vedomosti 8, no. 3 (December 15, 2018): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/uroved835-10.

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Aim. To evaluate functional and early oncologic results with 2D and 3D laparoscopic prostatectomy in patients with localized prostate cancer. Materials and methods. In 2016 to 2017, 124 laparoscopic radical prostatectomies were performed for localized prostate cancer, 71 using 2D-HD and 53 using 3D-HD laparoscopic systems (Karl Storz). Data on total operative time, time required for prostatectomy and for anastomosis, estimated blood loss, intraoperative and early postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade), early functional results, surgical margins, upgrading of clinical stage, and frequency of biochemical recurrence were recorded. Results. The total operative was significantly higher in the 2D than in the 3D group (152 min [range 100–192 min] vs 126 min [90–154 min]), (p < 0.05). The shorter time in the 3D group was achieved by a decrease in the anastomosis time (38 ± 4 min vs 26 ± 4 min, p < 0.05). Significant blood loss was significantly greater in the 2D group (240 ± 80 ml vs 190 ± 70 ml, p < 0.05). The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of the incidence and severity of postoperative complications. Conclusion. Compared with traditional 2D devices, using stereoscopic 3D laparoscopic devices for prostatectomy reduces total operative time, particularly during the reconstructive stage, as well as the volume of intraoperative blood loss. Additional prospective, randomized trials and longer postoperative follow-up are needed to confirm these findings.

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Sporea, Ioan, Ruxandra Mare, Raluca Lupusoru, Alina Popescu, Mirela Danila, Felix Bende, and Roxana Sirli. "Comparative study between four ultrasound Shear Waves Elastographic methods for liver fibrosis assessment." Medical Ultrasonography 20, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.11152/mu-1487.

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Aims: Non-invasive methods to assess the severity of chronic liver diseases have become more and more popular. The aim of our study was to evaluate the correlation of four Shear Waves Elastographic methods in a cohort of patients with chronic liver diseases of mixed etiologies and to compare their performances for liver fibrosis evaluation.Material and methods: A prospective study was conducted on 127 consecutive patients with chronic liver diseases of mixed etiologies. LS measurements were performed in all subjects, in one session, during the same day, by means of 4 elastographic methods: Transient Elastography (TE), Virtual Touch Quantification (VTQ), ElastPQ and 2D-SWE.SSI. The diagnosis accuracies of VTQ, ElastPQ, 2D-SWE.SSI were then compared using TE as reference method.Results: Valid LS measurements by all four shear waves ultrasound elastographic methods were obtained in 116/127 subjects with VTQ, in 108/127 subjects with 2D-SWE.SSI, in 111/127 with TE and in 109/127 with ElastPQ, so the final analysis included 82/127 subjects (64.5%). A good and significant correlation was found between all 4 elastographic methods. The diagnostic accuracy of VTQ, 2D-SWE.SSI and ElastPQ for the diagnosis of significant and severe fibrosis (F2/F3), and liver cirrhosis were similar for all elastographic techniques: VTQ vs 2D-SWE.SSI vs ElastPQ: 84.1% vs 85.3% vs. 84% (p>0.05); 93.9% vs 94% vs 94% (p>0.05).Conclusion: considering TE as the reference method for liver fibrosis evaluation, VTQ, ElastPQ, and 2D-SWE.SSI obtained similar accuracies for diagnosing at least significant fibrosis (F≥2) and liver cirrhosis.

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Huang, Mia, and Leia B. Bagesteiro. "Kinematics comparison of squat (2D vs 3D analysis) for remote learning – pilot study." Journal of Kinesiology & Wellness 11 (May 14, 2022): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56980/jkw.v11i.100.

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Bodyweight squats are a common exercise in athletic training and rehabilitation due to their biomechanical and neuromuscular similarities to fundamental movements in a variety of sports and their requirements of coordination of major joints and numerous muscle groups (Schoenfeld, 2010). They are essential for kinesiology students, whose future careers often include athletic training and rehabilitation, to learn how to analyze the kinematics of a squat. While 3D movement analysis is considered the gold standard for motion capture (Chung & Ng, 2012), 2D digital video analysis is more commonly chosen in education environments to provide hands-on experience. However, few studies have investigated the differences between 2D and 3D analysis of squats (Escamilla et al., 2001; Krause et al., 2015; Schmitz et al., 2015). Therefore, the current study aims to compare 2D and 3D measurements of narrow-stance squats while enhancing learning by engaging students with hands-on experience using free, open-source software. Fifteen healthy adults (nine females, six males, 26.93 ± 9.04 years old) participated in this study. Following proper COVID safety guidelines, 2D analyses were performed by undergraduate students at home while 3D analyses were performed using a motion capture system in the laboratory. Lower extremity joint angles and displacements were calculated using 2D and 3D methods. Statistical significances were found when comparing the differences between both measurements except for hip flexion. Nonetheless, the resulting angular and linear measurements from both 2D and 3D analyses aligned with previous research, suggesting that 2D digital video analysis is a viable option for educational purposes despite the significant differences.

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Dulinska, Joanna M., and Anna Galuszka. "3D Vs. 2D Modeling of Concrete Gravity Dam Subjected to Mining Tremor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2015.

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The paper indicates the role of 3D modeling of concrete gravity dams in evaluation of dynamic response of dams to mining tremors which occur in mining activity regions. 2D and 3D models of a concrete gravity dam were prepared in order to compare two-and three-dimensional analysis of the dynamic response of dam to mining shock. Firstly, values of natural frequencies obtained for 2D and 3D models occurred to be very similar, but only the 3D model allowed to predict the dam behaviour under longitudinal kinematic excitation. Secondly, the comparison of the maximal principal stresses obtained for 2D and 3D models indicates that the simplified 2D analysis underestimates the values of dynamic response on about 20 %. Three-dimensional dynamic analysis allows to assess internal stresses resulting from mining shock more precisely, since the amplitudes of ground vibrations during mining tremors are comparable in three directions.

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Dulinska, Joanna. "3D vs. 2D Modeling of Concrete Gravity Dam Subjected to Mining Tremor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 1324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.1324.

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The paper indicates the role of 3D modeling of concrete gravity dams in evaluation of dynamic response of dams to mining tremors which occur in mining activity regions. 2D and 3D models of a concrete gravity dam were prepared in order to compare two-and three-dimensional analysis of the dynamic response of dam to mining shock. Firstly, values of natural frequencies obtained for 2D and 3D models occurred to be very similar, but only the 3D model allowed to predict the dam behaviour under longitudinal kinematic excitation. Secondly, the comparison of the maximal principal stresses obtained for 2D and 3D models indicates that the simplified 2D analysis underestimates the values of dynamic response on about 20 %. Three-dimensional dynamic analysis allows to assess internal stresses resulting from mining shock more precisely, since the amplitudes of ground vibrations during mining tremors are comparable in three directions.

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Gray, Rob. "2D vs. 3D Visual Cues for Altitude Maintenance in Low-Altitude Flight." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 19 (October 2007): 1287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705101901.

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Previous research on altitude maintenance in low-altitude flight has focused either on cues provided by 2D features in the visual scene (e.g., splay angle) or on visual cues provided by the presence of 3D objects in the scene (e.g., occlusion). Therefore, little is known about the relative importance of 2D and 3D cues in altitude maintenance. We systematically varied the position variability, height, and pattern of surface elements in a simulated low-level flight environment to vary the salience of 2D and 3D visual cues. For 2D objects, altitude variability increased as a function of object position variability indicating that splay and depression angles are not reliable cues for terrains with irregularly spaced objects. For 3D objects, altitude variability increased less (or not at all) as a function of position variability indicating that the cues provided by 3D objects such as occlusion and motion parallax are the dominant visual cues for altitude maintenance for natural terrains with irregularly spaced objects.

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AARSKOG, D., L. AKSNES, T. MARKESTAD, and O. TRYGSTAD. "Plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in pubertal girls with anorexia nervosa." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 4_Suppl (December 1986): S458—S467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.112s458.

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ABSTRACT Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D), 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25-(OH)2D) and vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) were measured in 12 pubertal girls (aged 10-18 yr) with anorexia nervosa in relapse. The results were compared with similar data obtained in 81 healthy girls representing all stages of puberty. The patients with anorexia nervosa had significantly lower 1,25-(OH)2D levels (71 vs. 124 pmol/l; p<0.0005), and significantly higher 24,25-(OH)2D levels (6.0 vs. 3.2 nmol/l; p<0.0005), whereas the 25-OHD concentrations were similar in the two groups (85.7 vs. 86.7 nmol/l). The molar ratios of 24,25-(OH)2D to 25-OHD, which reflects the relative activity of the 24-hydroxylation, were significantly higher in the anorectics (6.6 % vs. 3.6 %; p<0.0005). The mean level of DBP did not differ between the two groups, and accordingly the calculated "free-fraction of 1,25-(OH)2 D" was significantly lower in the anorectic patients (p<0.0005). It appears that the regulatory mechanisms of the vitamin D endocrine system are altered in the patients with anorexia nervosa at puberty resulting in a relative decrease of the plasma concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D and increase of the 24,25-(OH)2D concentration. Key words: Anorexia nervosa, vitamin D metabolism, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D binding protein

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Kowalczyk, Dariusz, Szymon Piątkowski, Maja Porażko, Aleksandra Woskowska, Klaudia Szewczyk, Katarzyna Brudniak, Mariusz Wójtowicz, and Karolina Kowalczyk. "Safety of Three-Dimensional versus Two-Dimensional Laparoscopic Hysterectomy during the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 14163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114163.

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a significant decrease in the number of surgical procedures performed. Therefore, it is important to use surgical methods that carry the lowest possible risk of virus transmission between the patient and the operating theater staff. Aim: Safety evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) versus two-dimensional (2D) laparoscopic hysterectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: 44 patients were assigned to a prospective case-control study. They were divided either to 3D (n = 22) or 2D laparoscopic hysterectomy (n = 22). Fourteen laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomies (LASH) and eight total laparoscopic hysterectomies (TLH) were performed in every group. The demographic data, operating time, change in patients’ hemoglobin level and other surgical outcomes were evaluated. Results: 3D laparoscopy was associated with a significantly shorter operating time than 2D. (3D vs. 2D LASH 70 ± 23 min vs. 90 ± 20 min, p = 0.0086; 3D vs. 2D TLH 72 ± 9 min vs. 85 ± 9 min, p = 0.0089). The 3D and 2D groups were not significantly different in terms of change in serum hemoglobin level and other surgical outcomes. Conclusions: Due to a shorter operating time, 3D laparoscopic hysterectomy seems to be a safer method both for both the surgeon and the patient. Regarding terms of possible virus transmission, it may be particularly considered the first-choice method during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Paulson, S. K., K. K. Ford, and C. B. Langman. "Pregnancy does not alter the metabolic clearance of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 258, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): E158—E162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.1.e158.

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Increased circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] during pregnancy could be due to an increase in production or decrease in the metabolic clearance rate of 1,25(OH)2D. To answer this question an isotope dilution method was used to determine the clearance rate of 1,25(OH)2D in pregnant and aged-matched nonpregnant female rats. A bolus of 0.146 muCi 1,25(OH)2[3H]D3 was given to 60 pregnant and 60 aged-matched nonpregnant rats and the disappearance of the isotope was followed in these animals over the next 48 h. In 12 pregnant rats vs. 14 nonpregnant controls not injected with tracer, plasma calcium (9.6 +/- 0.41 vs. 10.7 +/- 0.17 mg/ml) and 25(OH)D (17.1 +/- 1.15 vs. 25.4 +/- 1.58 ng/ml) levels were significantly lower (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001), whereas plasma 1,25(OH)2D levels (110 +/- 16.1 pg/ml vs. 77 +/- 6.0 pg/ml) were significantly higher (P less than 0.05). Clearance rates of 1,25(OH)2D of 25.8 +/- 1.31 microliters/min in pregnant rats and 20.2 20.2 +/- 1.38 microliters/min in nonpregnant aged-matched rats were not significantly different. Similarly, the apparent volume of distribution of 1,25(OH)2D in the pregnant rats (15 +/- 1.0 ml) was not significantly different from that in the nonpregnant control animals (18 +/- 2.1 ml). Production rates of.1,25(OH)2D were elevated in the pregnant rats (2.83 pg/min) compared with the nonpregnant controls (1.55 pg/min). In conclusion, the elevated maternal plasma 1,25(OH)2D level during pregnancy is a result of increased production and is not due to a decreased clearance.

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McLean, Blake D., Cloe Cummins, Greta Conlan, Grant Duthie, and Aaron J. Coutts. "The Fit Matters: Influence of Accelerometer Fitting and Training Drill Demands on Load Measures in Rugby League Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 8 (September 1, 2018): 1083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0729.

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Purpose: To determine the relationship between drill type and accelerometer-derived loads during various team-sport activities and examine the influence of unit fitting on these loads. Methods: Sixteen rugby league players were fitted with microtechnology devices in either manufacturer vests or playing jerseys before completing standardized running, agility, and tackling drills. Two-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) accelerometer loads (BodyLoad™) per kilometer were compared across drills and fittings (ie, vest and jersey). Results: When fitted in a vest, 2D BodyLoad was higher during tackling (21.5 [14.8] AU/km) than during running (9.5 [2.5] AU/km) and agility (10.3 [2.7] AU/km). Jersey fitting resulted in more than 2-fold higher BodyLoad during running (2D = 9.5 [2.7] vs 29.3 [14.8] AU/km, 3D = 48.5 [14.8] vs 111.5 [45.4] AU/km) and agility (2D = 10.3 [2.7] vs 21.0 [8.1] AU/km, 3D = 40.4 [13.6] vs 77.7 [26.8] AU/km) compared with a vest fitting. Jersey fitting also produced higher BodyLoad during tackling drills (2D = 21.5 [14.8] vs 27.8 [18.6] AU/km, 3D = 42.0 [21.4] vs 63.2 [33.1] AU/km). Conclusions: This study provides evidence supporting the construct validity of 2D BodyLoad for assessing collision/tackling load in rugby league training drills. Conversely, the large values obtained from 3D BodyLoad (which includes the vertical load vector) appear to mask small increases in load during tackling drills, rendering 3D BodyLoad insensitive to changes in contact load. Unit fitting has a large influence on accumulated accelerometer loads during all drills, which is likely related to greater incidental unit movement when units are fitted in jerseys. Therefore, it is recommended that athletes wear microtechnology units in manufacturer-provided vests to provide valid and reliable information.

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Bueckle, Andreas, Kilian Buehling, Patrick C. Shih, and Katy Börner. "3D virtual reality vs. 2D desktop registration user interface comparison." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 27, 2021): e0258103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258103.

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Working with organs and extracted tissue blocks is an essential task in many medical surgery and anatomy environments. In order to prepare specimens from human donors for further analysis, wet-bench workers must properly dissect human tissue and collect metadata for downstream analysis, including information about the spatial origin of tissue. The Registration User Interface (RUI) was developed to allow stakeholders in the Human Biomolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP) to register tissue blocks—i.e., to record the size, position, and orientation of human tissue data with regard to reference organs. The RUI has been used by tissue mapping centers across the HuBMAP consortium to register a total of 45 kidney, spleen, and colon tissue blocks, with planned support for 17 organs in the near future. In this paper, we compare three setups for registering one 3D tissue block object to another 3D reference organ (target) object. The first setup is a 2D Desktop implementation featuring a traditional screen, mouse, and keyboard interface. The remaining setups are both virtual reality (VR) versions of the RUI: VR Tabletop, where users sit at a physical desk which is replicated in virtual space; VR Standup, where users stand upright while performing their tasks. All three setups were implemented using the Unity game engine. We then ran a user study for these three setups involving 42 human subjects completing 14 increasingly difficult and then 30 identical tasks in sequence and reporting position accuracy, rotation accuracy, completion time, and satisfaction. All study materials were made available in support of future study replication, alongside videos documenting our setups. We found that while VR Tabletop and VR Standup users are about three times as fast and about a third more accurate in terms of rotation than 2D Desktop users (for the sequence of 30 identical tasks), there are no significant differences between the three setups for position accuracy when normalized by the height of the virtual kidney across setups. When extrapolating from the 2D Desktop setup with a 113-mm-tall kidney, the absolute performance values for the 2D Desktop version (22.6 seconds per task, 5.88 degrees rotation, and 1.32 mm position accuracy after 8.3 tasks in the series of 30 identical tasks) confirm that the 2D Desktop interface is well-suited for allowing users in HuBMAP to register tissue blocks at a speed and accuracy that meets the needs of experts performing tissue dissection. In addition, the 2D Desktop setup is cheaper, easier to learn, and more practical for wet-bench environments than the VR setups.

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B., Minnich, Sommer R., and A. Lametschwandtner. "Dimensional and Angular Measurements from Microvascular Corrosion Casts: 2D vs. 3D." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 564–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035315.

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In microvascular network analysis on vascular corrosion casts (VCC) detection of vascular relations between distant regions within vascular territories deserves to operate the SEM at low magnification (< 500x). As a result in low powered SEM micrographs of VCCs vessels may remain in the wide zone of focal depth (Dƒ), but can approach upper and lower focal planes of this zone (Fig.l). Their lengths, thus may severely be underestimated when measuring in 2D. The differences in lengths in 2D (L3D) and in 3D (L3D) of a distance L between points p1 and p2 (Fig.3) is obvious, denotingWhile data from 2D-morphometry (1, 2, 3) have to be corrected for dimensional measurements in the direction of tilt by expanding the dimensions by [l/cos(tilt angle)] (4), modern 3D-morphometry techniques (5, 6, 7) consider the perspective projections by calculating the parallax in their working algorithms.

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Shi, Li Jing, Xia Xin Tao, and Xi Su. "Site 2D Velocity Structure Imaged by Microtremors Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 2043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.2043.

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In this paper, a two-step space prediction approach is developed to image site 2D velocity structures. Firstly the average Vs of each layer are fixed, the interfaces between each two soils layers are predicted by the interpolation method of bi-harmonic Green function as spline in tension, to keep soil interfaces varying smoothly in space. Furthermore, a method to determine tension coefficient is proposed based on microtremor H/V method, which makes most use of H/V information and avoids choosing the tension coefficient at will. Secondly, the variance essence of the Vs structure as a regional variable is deeply excavated by Kriging method and its structural characteristic is taken into account. The spatial successive distribution of the Vs structure between soil interfaces is simulated by high precision space extrapolation and prediction, and finally the detailed 2D model is constructed. The two-step space prediction approach describes the characteristic of Vs structure as a regional variable from the sparsely and non-uniformly distributed microtremors data. Obviously, it also can easily make good use of the other exploration data.

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De Vitis, Claudia, Giacomo Corleone, Valentina Salvati, Francesca Ascenzi, Matteo Pallocca, Francesca De Nicola, Maurizio Fanciulli, et al. "B4GALT1 Is a New Candidate to Maintain the Stemness of Lung Cancer Stem Cells." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 11 (November 9, 2019): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111928.

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Background: According to the cancer stem cells (CSCs) hypothesis, a population of cancer cells with stem cell properties is responsible for tumor propagation, drug resistance, and disease recurrence. Study of the mechanisms responsible for lung CSCs propagation is expected to provide better understanding of cancer biology and new opportunities for therapy. Methods: The Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) NCI-H460 cell line was grown either as 2D or as 3D cultures. Transcriptomic and genome-wide chromatin accessibility studies of 2D vs. 3D cultures were carried out using RNA-sequencing and Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq), respectively. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was also carried out on RNA extracted from primary cultures derived from malignant pleural effusions to validate RNA-seq results. Results: RNA-seq and ATAC-seq data disentangled transcriptional and genome accessibility variability of 3D vs. 2D cultures in NCI-H460 cells. The examination of genomic landscape of genes upregulated in 3D vs. 2D cultures led to the identification of 2D cultures led to the identification of Beta-1,4-galactosyltranferase 1 (B4GALT1) as the top candidate. B4GALT1 as the top candidate. B4GALT1 was validated as a stemness factor, since its silencing caused strong inhibition of 3D spheroid formation. Conclusion: Combined transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility study of 3D vs. 2D LUAD cultures led to the identification of B4GALT1 as a new factor involved in the propagation and maintenance of LUAD CSCs.

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Li, Yang, Guo-wei Tao, Ming-zhi Pan, and Guang-rui Shao. "Comparison of traditional 2D and 3D Omniview technique in detection of fetus corpus callosum." Medical Ultrasonography 20, no. 4 (December 8, 2018): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.11152/mu-1555.

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Aim: To explore the value of Omniview (OV) technology in assessing the fetus corpus callosum.Material and methods: For the ultrasound examination of 189 fetuses (gestational week range 19-28 weeks), two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound imaging and Omniview technology were used by two physicians (A and B). The acquisition time and the quality of images were recorded.Results: The acquisition time of Omniview technology was shorter comparing with the aquisition time of 2D ultrasound imaging (A2D vs. AOV: 159.44±27.09 s vs. 73.90±18.99 s, p<0.01; B2D vs. BOV: 120.22±21.89 s vs. 74.19±14.86 seconds, p<0.01). 2D ultrasound examination was performed in a longer time by the junior physician, compared with the senior physician (A2D vs. B2D: 159.44±27.09 s vs. 120.22±21.89 s, p<0.01). The intra- and inter-observer reliability of acquisition time using Omniviewtechnology was good (LoA: ‒11.8 to +12.4s, and ‒41.9 to +43.3s, respectively). The success rate of junior and senior physicians with the Omniview technique was 76.2% and 80.4%, respectively. There was good consistency between the Omniview technique and 2D ultrasound imaging in terms of image quality (Kappa = 0.782, 95% CI: 0.586-0.977).Conclusion: Omniview technique can not only obtain corpus callosum images more effectively but also can achieve better quality images. Therefore, it is a reliable method to image the fetal corpus callosum.

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Borlea, Andreea, Ioan Sporea, Alexandru Popa, Mihnea Derban, Laura Taban, and Dana Stoian. "Strain Versus 2D Shear-Wave Elastography Parameters—Which Score Better in Predicting Thyroid Cancer?" Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 11147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111147.

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The aim of this study is to assess the diagnostic performance of strain elastography (SE) versus 2D shear-wave elastography (2D-SWE) by providing a head-to-head comparison of the two methods. Ninety-four thyroid nodules were evaluated using conventional ultrasound (B-mode) and SE, namely, real-time elastography (RTE) with a Hitachi Preirus machine (Hitachi Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and consecutively, 2D-SWE with SuperSonic Mach30 equipment (Supersonic Imagine, Aix-en-Provence, France). The results were compared in all cases to the pathology reports. Out of the 94 nodules, 29 (30.9%) were malignant. Both SE and 2D-SWE parameters proved to have excellent diagnostic quality, with comparable results. The mean elasticity index was the best parameter for the 2D-SWE (AUC 0.912); for a cut-off value of 30.5 kPa, it predicts thyroid malignancy with a sensitivity of 79.3%, specificity of 95.38%, NPV of 91.2% and PPV of 88.5%. The best parameter for SE was the strain ratio (cutoff > 3.9; sensitivity 82.7%; specificity 92.3%; AUC 0.905). When integrated in the ultrasound risk algorithm, both elastography methods improved the diagnostic performance: AUC 0.764 vs. 0.886 vs. 0.861 for B-modes: B-mode + 2D-SWE vs. B-mode + SE. We concluded that elastography adds diagnostic value in predicting malignancy, both when Hitachi RTE and SuperSonic 2D-SWE were used.

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Mushtaq, Al-Shuraifi, Al-Anssari Ali Ihsan, and Nameer Qasim. "2D-DWT vs. FFT OFDM Systems in fading AWGN channels." Radioelectronics and Communications Systems 58, no. 5 (May 2015): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0735272715050052.

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Bueno-López, Maximiliano, and Marco A. Arteaga-Pérez. "Fuzzy vs Nonfuzzy in 2D Visual Servoing for Robot Manipulators." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 10, no. 2 (February 2013): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55593.

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Koops, Martijn C., Ineke Verheul, Rinus Tiesma, Cees-Willem de Boer, and Ruben T. Koeweiden. "Learning Differences Between 3D vs. 2D Entertainment and Educational Games." Simulation & Gaming 47, no. 2 (March 2016): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878116632871.

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Pretorius, D. H., K. M. Uyan, R. Newton, A. Hull, G. James, and T. Nelson. "Effects of US on maternal-fetal bonding: 2D vs. 3D." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 18 (October 2001): F35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.2001.abs20-2.x.

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Renoult, Marie-Charlotte, Pierre Carles, Sameh Ferjani, and Charles Rosenblatt. "2D Rayleigh-Taylor instability: Interfacial arc-length vs. deformation amplitude." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 101, no. 5 (March 1, 2013): 54001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/101/54001.

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Caldwell, D. E., D. R. Korber, and J. R. Lawrence. "Analysis of biofilm formation using 2D vs 3D digital imaging." Journal of Applied Bacteriology 74 (June 1993): 52S—66S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb04342.x.

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Tamborrini, G., C. Marx, and R. Micheroli. "FRI0588 3D VS 2D Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of Supraspinate Tendon Tears." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 74, Suppl 2 (June 2015): 640.3–641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.1879.

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Butkus, Vytautas, Donatas Zigmantas, Leonas Valkunas, and Darius Abramavicius. "Vibrational vs. electronic coherences in 2D spectrum of molecular systems." Chemical Physics Letters 545 (August 2012): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2012.07.014.

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Abanov, Ar, A. V. Chubukov, and A. M. Finkel'stein. "Coherent vs . incoherent pairing in 2D systems near magnetic instability." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 54, no. 4 (May 2001): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2001-00266-0.

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Benfatto, L., A. Perali, C. Castellani, and M. Grilli. "Kosterlitz-Thouless vs. Ginzburg-Landau description of 2D superconducting fluctuations." European Physical Journal B 13, no. 4 (February 2000): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100510050076.

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Janke, W., and S. Kappler. "Correlation length of 2D Potts models: numerical vs exact results." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 34 (April 1994): 674–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(94)90479-0.

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Badal, D. Z., and U. J. Steck. "Comparison of local vs global approaches to 2D object recognition." Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 7, no. 3 (June 1994): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0952-1976(94)90057-4.

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