Journal articles: '2D vs. 3D'

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Lingner, Stefan, Eiko Thiessen, and Eberhard Hartung. "Aboveground biomass estimation in linear forest objects: 2D- vs. 3D-data." Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 12 (December 20, 2018): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/106/2018-jfs.

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Wood-chips of linear forest objects (hedge banks and roadside plantings) are used as sustainable energy supply in wood-chip heating systems. However, wood yield of linear forest objects is very heterogeneous and hard to estimate in advance. The aim of the present study was to compare the dry mass estimation potentials of two different non-destructive data: (i) Canopy area (derived from aerial images) and mean age at stump level (2D), (ii) volume of vegetation cover based on structure from motion (SfM) via unmanned aerial vehicle (3D). These two types of data were separately used to predict reference dry mass (ground truth) in eleven objects (5 hedge banks and 6 roadside plantings) in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The predicting potentials were compared afterwards. The reference dry mass was ascertained by weighing after harvesting and drying samples to constant weight. The model predicting reference dry mass using canopy area and mean age at stump level achieved a relative root mean square error (RMSE) of 52% (42% at larger combined plot sizes). The model predicting reference dry mass using SfM volume achieved a relative RMSE of 30% (16% at larger combined plot sizes). This result indicates that biomass is better described by volume of vegetation cover than by canopy area and age.

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Visby, Lasse, Charlotte Burup Kristensen, Frederik Holm Grund Pedersen, Per Ejlstrup Sigvardsen, Klaus Fuglsang Kofoed, Christian Hassager, and Rasmus Møgelvang. "Assessment of left ventricular outflow tract and aortic root: comparison of 2D and 3D transthoracic echocardiography with multidetector computed tomography." European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 20, no. 10 (March 16, 2019): 1156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jez045.

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Abstract Aims Accurate echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and the aortic root is necessary for risk stratification and choice of appropriate treatment in patients with pathologies of the aortic valve and aortic root. Conventional 2D transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) assessment is based on the assumption of a circular shaped LVOT and aortic root, although previous studies have indicated a more ellipsoid shape. 3D TTE and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) applies planimetry and are not dependent on geometrical assumptions. The aim was to test accuracy, feasibility, and reproducibility of 3D TTE compared to 2D TTE assessment of LVOT and aortic root areas, with MDCT as reference. Methods and results We examined 51 patients with 2D/3D TTE and MDCT at the same day. All patients were re-examined with 2D/3D TTE on a different day to evaluate 2D and 3D re-test variability. Areas of LVOT, aortic annulus, and sinus were assessed using 2D, 3D TTE, and MDCT. Both 2D/3D TTE underestimated the areas compared to MDCT; however, 3D TTE areas were significantly closer to MDCT-areas. 2D vs. 3D mean MDCT-differences: LVOT 1.61 vs. 1.15 cm2, P = 0.019; aortic annulus 1.96 vs. 1.06 cm2, P < 0.001; aortic sinus 1.66 vs. 1.08 cm2, P = 0.015. Feasibility was 3D 76–79% and 2D 88–90%. LVOT and aortic annulus areas by 3D TTE had lowest variabilities; intraobserver coefficient of variation (CV) 9%, re-test variation CV 18–20%. Conclusion Estimation of LVOT and aortic root areas using 3D TTE is feasible, more precise and more accurate than 2D TTE.

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Acres, Jacqueline, and Jay Nadeau. "2D vs 3D tracking in bacterial motility analysis." AIMS Biophysics 8, no. 4 (2021): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/biophy.2021030.

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<abstract> <p>Digital holographic microscopy provides the ability to observe throughout a large volume without refocusing. This capability enables simultaneous observations of large numbers of microorganisms swimming in an essentially unconstrained fashion. However, computational tools for tracking large 4D datasets remain lacking. In this paper, we examine the errors introduced by tracking bacterial motion as 2D projections vs. 3D volumes under different circumstances: bacteria free in liquid media and bacteria near a glass surface. We find that while XYZ speeds are generally equal to or larger than XY speeds, they are still within empirical uncertainties. Additionally, when studying dynamic surface behavior, the Z coordinate cannot be neglected.</p> </abstract>

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Gubler, M., J. B. Ludlow, A. Mol, and L. Cevidanes. "Precision of Cephalometric Landmark Identification: 3D vs. 2D." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 107, no. 4 (April 2009): e28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.12.033.

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Sina, Ahmad Saquib, and Juanjuan Wu. "Effects of 3D vs 2D interfaces and product-coordination methods." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 47, no. 8 (August 12, 2019): 855–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-11-2018-0244.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of product display based on colour, discount and brand on retail pleasure, arousal, flow, perceived merchandise quality, time spent, satisfaction and patronage intentions in both 3D and 2D interfaces. This study uses the flow theory and stimulus-organism-response framework to understand the effects of product coordination methods and interface dimensions on consumers’ emotional, cognitive and behavioural outcomes. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted a 2 (interface: 3D and 2D) × 3 (product coordination method: colour, discount and brand) between-subjects experimental design. The coordination of display refers to the way products are arranged based on similar properties, such as similar colour, discount or brand. 3D stores were designed using Mockshop, a 3D virtual retailing software. A total of 144 US female college students from various universities participated in the study. Findings The findings showed that the 3D interface produced higher flow, satisfaction, time spent and patronage intention than the 2D interface. Also, among the six display scenarios, participants who were in the colour-coordinated 3D store showed the highest levels of emotional, cognitive and behavioural outcomes except for retail pleasure and arousal. Originality/value This study investigates product display based on colour, discount and brand in both 3D and 2D interfaces. Although product coordination methods have been tested in 3D stores in previous studies, they have not been compared with their effects in the 2D interface such as online shopping sites. Therefore, this study fills in this gap in the literature, which can guide retailers in making the right decisions for visuals.

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Dulinska, Joanna M., and Anna Galuszka. "3D Vs. 2D Modeling of Concrete Gravity Dam Subjected to Mining Tremor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2015.

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The paper indicates the role of 3D modeling of concrete gravity dams in evaluation of dynamic response of dams to mining tremors which occur in mining activity regions. 2D and 3D models of a concrete gravity dam were prepared in order to compare two-and three-dimensional analysis of the dynamic response of dam to mining shock. Firstly, values of natural frequencies obtained for 2D and 3D models occurred to be very similar, but only the 3D model allowed to predict the dam behaviour under longitudinal kinematic excitation. Secondly, the comparison of the maximal principal stresses obtained for 2D and 3D models indicates that the simplified 2D analysis underestimates the values of dynamic response on about 20 %. Three-dimensional dynamic analysis allows to assess internal stresses resulting from mining shock more precisely, since the amplitudes of ground vibrations during mining tremors are comparable in three directions.

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Dulinska, Joanna. "3D vs. 2D Modeling of Concrete Gravity Dam Subjected to Mining Tremor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 1324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.1324.

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The paper indicates the role of 3D modeling of concrete gravity dams in evaluation of dynamic response of dams to mining tremors which occur in mining activity regions. 2D and 3D models of a concrete gravity dam were prepared in order to compare two-and three-dimensional analysis of the dynamic response of dam to mining shock. Firstly, values of natural frequencies obtained for 2D and 3D models occurred to be very similar, but only the 3D model allowed to predict the dam behaviour under longitudinal kinematic excitation. Secondly, the comparison of the maximal principal stresses obtained for 2D and 3D models indicates that the simplified 2D analysis underestimates the values of dynamic response on about 20 %. Three-dimensional dynamic analysis allows to assess internal stresses resulting from mining shock more precisely, since the amplitudes of ground vibrations during mining tremors are comparable in three directions.

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Kowalczyk, Dariusz, Szymon Piątkowski, Maja Porażko, Aleksandra Woskowska, Klaudia Szewczyk, Katarzyna Brudniak, Mariusz Wójtowicz, and Karolina Kowalczyk. "Safety of Three-Dimensional versus Two-Dimensional Laparoscopic Hysterectomy during the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 14163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114163.

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a significant decrease in the number of surgical procedures performed. Therefore, it is important to use surgical methods that carry the lowest possible risk of virus transmission between the patient and the operating theater staff. Aim: Safety evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) versus two-dimensional (2D) laparoscopic hysterectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: 44 patients were assigned to a prospective case-control study. They were divided either to 3D (n = 22) or 2D laparoscopic hysterectomy (n = 22). Fourteen laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomies (LASH) and eight total laparoscopic hysterectomies (TLH) were performed in every group. The demographic data, operating time, change in patients’ hemoglobin level and other surgical outcomes were evaluated. Results: 3D laparoscopy was associated with a significantly shorter operating time than 2D. (3D vs. 2D LASH 70 ± 23 min vs. 90 ± 20 min, p = 0.0086; 3D vs. 2D TLH 72 ± 9 min vs. 85 ± 9 min, p = 0.0089). The 3D and 2D groups were not significantly different in terms of change in serum hemoglobin level and other surgical outcomes. Conclusions: Due to a shorter operating time, 3D laparoscopic hysterectomy seems to be a safer method both for both the surgeon and the patient. Regarding terms of possible virus transmission, it may be particularly considered the first-choice method during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Gray, Rob. "2D vs. 3D Visual Cues for Altitude Maintenance in Low-Altitude Flight." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 19 (October 2007): 1287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705101901.

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Previous research on altitude maintenance in low-altitude flight has focused either on cues provided by 2D features in the visual scene (e.g., splay angle) or on visual cues provided by the presence of 3D objects in the scene (e.g., occlusion). Therefore, little is known about the relative importance of 2D and 3D cues in altitude maintenance. We systematically varied the position variability, height, and pattern of surface elements in a simulated low-level flight environment to vary the salience of 2D and 3D visual cues. For 2D objects, altitude variability increased as a function of object position variability indicating that splay and depression angles are not reliable cues for terrains with irregularly spaced objects. For 3D objects, altitude variability increased less (or not at all) as a function of position variability indicating that the cues provided by 3D objects such as occlusion and motion parallax are the dominant visual cues for altitude maintenance for natural terrains with irregularly spaced objects.

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Duval, Kayla, Hannah Grover, Li-Hsin Han, Yongchao Mou, Adrian F. Pegoraro, Jeffery Fredberg, and Zi Chen. "Modeling Physiological Events in 2D vs. 3D Cell Culture." Physiology 32, no. 4 (July 2017): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00036.2016.

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Cell culture has become an indispensable tool to help uncover fundamental biophysical and biomolecular mechanisms by which cells assemble into tissues and organs, how these tissues function, and how that function becomes disrupted in disease. Cell culture is now widely used in biomedical research, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and industrial practices. Although flat, two-dimensional (2D) cell culture has predominated, recent research has shifted toward culture using three-dimensional (3D) structures, and more realistic biochemical and biomechanical microenvironments. Nevertheless, in 3D cell culture, many challenges remain, including the tissue-tissue interface, the mechanical microenvironment, and the spatiotemporal distributions of oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic wastes. Here, we review 2D and 3D cell culture methods, discuss advantages and limitations of these techniques in modeling physiologically and pathologically relevant processes, and suggest directions for future research.

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Huang, Mia, and Leia B. Bagesteiro. "Kinematics comparison of squat (2D vs 3D analysis) for remote learning – pilot study." Journal of Kinesiology & Wellness 11 (May 14, 2022): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56980/jkw.v11i.100.

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Bodyweight squats are a common exercise in athletic training and rehabilitation due to their biomechanical and neuromuscular similarities to fundamental movements in a variety of sports and their requirements of coordination of major joints and numerous muscle groups (Schoenfeld, 2010). They are essential for kinesiology students, whose future careers often include athletic training and rehabilitation, to learn how to analyze the kinematics of a squat. While 3D movement analysis is considered the gold standard for motion capture (Chung & Ng, 2012), 2D digital video analysis is more commonly chosen in education environments to provide hands-on experience. However, few studies have investigated the differences between 2D and 3D analysis of squats (Escamilla et al., 2001; Krause et al., 2015; Schmitz et al., 2015). Therefore, the current study aims to compare 2D and 3D measurements of narrow-stance squats while enhancing learning by engaging students with hands-on experience using free, open-source software. Fifteen healthy adults (nine females, six males, 26.93 ± 9.04 years old) participated in this study. Following proper COVID safety guidelines, 2D analyses were performed by undergraduate students at home while 3D analyses were performed using a motion capture system in the laboratory. Lower extremity joint angles and displacements were calculated using 2D and 3D methods. Statistical significances were found when comparing the differences between both measurements except for hip flexion. Nonetheless, the resulting angular and linear measurements from both 2D and 3D analyses aligned with previous research, suggesting that 2D digital video analysis is a viable option for educational purposes despite the significant differences.

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Bogomolov, Oleg A., Mikhail I. Shkolnik, Andrej D. Belov, Svetlana A. Sidorova, Denis G. Prokhorov, Igor Yu Lisitsyn, and Zaur K. Emirgaev. "Functional and early oncological results in 2D vs 3D laparoscopic prostatectomy." Urologicheskie vedomosti 8, no. 3 (December 15, 2018): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/uroved835-10.

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Aim. To evaluate functional and early oncologic results with 2D and 3D laparoscopic prostatectomy in patients with localized prostate cancer. Materials and methods. In 2016 to 2017, 124 laparoscopic radical prostatectomies were performed for localized prostate cancer, 71 using 2D-HD and 53 using 3D-HD laparoscopic systems (Karl Storz). Data on total operative time, time required for prostatectomy and for anastomosis, estimated blood loss, intraoperative and early postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade), early functional results, surgical margins, upgrading of clinical stage, and frequency of biochemical recurrence were recorded. Results. The total operative was significantly higher in the 2D than in the 3D group (152 min [range 100–192 min] vs 126 min [90–154 min]), (p < 0.05). The shorter time in the 3D group was achieved by a decrease in the anastomosis time (38 ± 4 min vs 26 ± 4 min, p < 0.05). Significant blood loss was significantly greater in the 2D group (240 ± 80 ml vs 190 ± 70 ml, p < 0.05). The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of the incidence and severity of postoperative complications. Conclusion. Compared with traditional 2D devices, using stereoscopic 3D laparoscopic devices for prostatectomy reduces total operative time, particularly during the reconstructive stage, as well as the volume of intraoperative blood loss. Additional prospective, randomized trials and longer postoperative follow-up are needed to confirm these findings.

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Sudjai, Narumol, Palanan Siriwanarangsun, Nittaya Lektrakul, Pairash Saiviroonporn, Sorranart Maungsomboon, Rapin Phimolsarnti, Apichat Asavamongkolkul, and Chandhanarat Chandhanayingyong. "Robustness of Radiomic Features: Two-Dimensional versus Three-Dimensional MRI-Based Feature Reproducibility in Lipomatous Soft-Tissue Tumors." Diagnostics 13, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13020258.

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This retrospective study aimed to compare the intra- and inter-observer manual-segmentation variability in the feature reproducibility between two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI)-based radiomic features. The study included patients with lipomatous soft-tissue tumors that were diagnosed with histopathology and underwent MRI scans. Tumor segmentation based on the 2D and 3D MRI images was performed by two observers to assess the intra- and inter-observer variability. In both the 2D and the 3D segmentations, the radiomic features were extracted from the normalized images. Regarding the stability of the features, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the intra- and inter-observer segmentation variability. Features with ICC > 0.75 were considered reproducible. The degree of feature robustness was classified as low, moderate, or high. Additionally, we compared the efficacy of 2D and 3D contour-focused segmentation in terms of the effects of the stable feature rate, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of machine learning on the reproducible features. In total, 93 and 107 features were extracted from the 2D and 3D images, respectively. Only 35 features from the 2D images and 63 features from the 3D images were reproducible. The stable feature rate for the 3D segmentation was more significant than for the 2D segmentation (58.9% vs. 37.6%, p = 0.002). The majority of the features for the 3D segmentation had moderate-to-high robustness, while 40.9% of the features for the 2D segmentation had low robustness. The diagnostic accuracy of the machine-learning model for the 2D segmentation was close to that for the 3D segmentation (88% vs. 90%). In both the 2D and the 3D segmentation, the specificity values were equal to 100%. However, the sensitivity for the 2D segmentation was lower than for the 3D segmentation (75% vs. 83%). For the 2D + 3D radiomic features, the model achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 87% (sensitivity, 100%, and specificity, 80%). Both 2D and 3D MRI-based radiomic features of lipomatous soft-tissue tumors are reproducible. With a higher stable feature rate, 3D contour-focused segmentation should be selected for the feature-extraction process.

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van den Broek, Maarten J., Benjamin Sanderse, and Jan-Willem van Wingerden. "Flow Modelling for Wind Farm Control: 2D vs. 3D." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2265, no. 3 (May 1, 2022): 032086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/3/032086.

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Abstract Control-oriented models provide a basis for wind farm control to improve power production and reduce structural loading. Wake steering is considered to be one of the most promising techniques to achieve this. Wind turbine wakes under yaw misalignment are deflected downstream and have been shown to produce a curled or kidney-shaped structure. A Navier-Stokes based code called FRED was developed to model wind farm flow in 2D to perform yaw control. To tackle the differences between 2D and 3D flow, this work introduces a generalised continuity correction and wind turbine force scaling terms to the FRED framework. The effectiveness of approximating 3D results is tested by comparison with 3D simulations in the same framework. The continuity correction is now applicable to general wind directions and effective in reducing wake width and speed-up effects. The magnitude of wake deflection can be tuned using a force scaling term. However, we show that there remains a qualitative difference in the deflection profile downstream, as well as a difference in the propagation of yaw effects over time. From this study we can conclude that there is a fundamental difference between 2D and 3D flow physics in spatial and temporal dynamics which makes the 2D modelling approach challenging for control without further empirical adjustments. The necessary corrections are likely to be complex and non-physical, leading to a departure from the first principles foundation that FRED is developed from.

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Cervera, E., F. Berry, and P. Martinet. "IMAGE-BASED STEREO VISUAL SERVOING: 2D VS 3D FEATURES." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 35, no. 1 (2002): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20020721-6-es-1901.00822.

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Neri, Emanuele, Francesca Vannozzi, Paola Vagli, Alex Bardine, and Carlo Bartolozzi. "Time efficiency of CT colonography: 2D vs 3D visualization." Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 30, no. 3 (April 2006): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compmedimag.2006.03.003.

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Forrer, Daniel, and Andrea Vittadini. "2D vs. 3D titanium dioxide: Role of dispersion interactions." Chemical Physics Letters 516, no. 1-3 (November 2011): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2011.09.053.

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Romero-Loera, Sujey, Luis Eduardo Cárdenas-Lailson, Florencio de la Concha-Bermejillo, Braulio Aaron Crisanto-Campos, Carlos Valenzuela-Salazar, and Mucio Moreno-Portillo. "Skills comparison using a 2D vs. 3D laparoscopic simulator." Cirugía y Cirujanos (English Edition) 84, no. 1 (January 2016): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.circen.2015.12.012.

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Kassick, M., S. Gao, J. M. Qian, C. J. Tien, and S. Damast. "Evaluating Clinical Outcomes in 3D vs. 2D Vaginal Brachytherapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 108, no. 3 (November 2020): e493-e494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.1562.

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De Vitis, Claudia, Giacomo Corleone, Valentina Salvati, Francesca Ascenzi, Matteo Pallocca, Francesca De Nicola, Maurizio Fanciulli, et al. "B4GALT1 Is a New Candidate to Maintain the Stemness of Lung Cancer Stem Cells." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 11 (November 9, 2019): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111928.

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Background: According to the cancer stem cells (CSCs) hypothesis, a population of cancer cells with stem cell properties is responsible for tumor propagation, drug resistance, and disease recurrence. Study of the mechanisms responsible for lung CSCs propagation is expected to provide better understanding of cancer biology and new opportunities for therapy. Methods: The Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) NCI-H460 cell line was grown either as 2D or as 3D cultures. Transcriptomic and genome-wide chromatin accessibility studies of 2D vs. 3D cultures were carried out using RNA-sequencing and Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq), respectively. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was also carried out on RNA extracted from primary cultures derived from malignant pleural effusions to validate RNA-seq results. Results: RNA-seq and ATAC-seq data disentangled transcriptional and genome accessibility variability of 3D vs. 2D cultures in NCI-H460 cells. The examination of genomic landscape of genes upregulated in 3D vs. 2D cultures led to the identification of 2D cultures led to the identification of Beta-1,4-galactosyltranferase 1 (B4GALT1) as the top candidate. B4GALT1 as the top candidate. B4GALT1 was validated as a stemness factor, since its silencing caused strong inhibition of 3D spheroid formation. Conclusion: Combined transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility study of 3D vs. 2D LUAD cultures led to the identification of B4GALT1 as a new factor involved in the propagation and maintenance of LUAD CSCs.

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McLean, Blake D., Cloe Cummins, Greta Conlan, Grant Duthie, and Aaron J. Coutts. "The Fit Matters: Influence of Accelerometer Fitting and Training Drill Demands on Load Measures in Rugby League Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 8 (September 1, 2018): 1083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0729.

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Purpose: To determine the relationship between drill type and accelerometer-derived loads during various team-sport activities and examine the influence of unit fitting on these loads. Methods: Sixteen rugby league players were fitted with microtechnology devices in either manufacturer vests or playing jerseys before completing standardized running, agility, and tackling drills. Two-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) accelerometer loads (BodyLoad™) per kilometer were compared across drills and fittings (ie, vest and jersey). Results: When fitted in a vest, 2D BodyLoad was higher during tackling (21.5 [14.8] AU/km) than during running (9.5 [2.5] AU/km) and agility (10.3 [2.7] AU/km). Jersey fitting resulted in more than 2-fold higher BodyLoad during running (2D = 9.5 [2.7] vs 29.3 [14.8] AU/km, 3D = 48.5 [14.8] vs 111.5 [45.4] AU/km) and agility (2D = 10.3 [2.7] vs 21.0 [8.1] AU/km, 3D = 40.4 [13.6] vs 77.7 [26.8] AU/km) compared with a vest fitting. Jersey fitting also produced higher BodyLoad during tackling drills (2D = 21.5 [14.8] vs 27.8 [18.6] AU/km, 3D = 42.0 [21.4] vs 63.2 [33.1] AU/km). Conclusions: This study provides evidence supporting the construct validity of 2D BodyLoad for assessing collision/tackling load in rugby league training drills. Conversely, the large values obtained from 3D BodyLoad (which includes the vertical load vector) appear to mask small increases in load during tackling drills, rendering 3D BodyLoad insensitive to changes in contact load. Unit fitting has a large influence on accumulated accelerometer loads during all drills, which is likely related to greater incidental unit movement when units are fitted in jerseys. Therefore, it is recommended that athletes wear microtechnology units in manufacturer-provided vests to provide valid and reliable information.

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Krönke, Markus, Christine Eilers, Desislava Dimova, Melanie Köhler, Gabriel Buschner, Lilit Schweiger, Lemonia Konstantinidou, et al. "Tracked 3D ultrasound and deep neural network-based thyroid segmentation reduce interobserver variability in thyroid volumetry." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 29, 2022): e0268550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268550.

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Thyroid volumetry is crucial in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of thyroid diseases. However, conventional thyroid volumetry with 2D ultrasound is highly operator-dependent. This study compares 2D and tracked 3D ultrasound with an automatic thyroid segmentation based on a deep neural network regarding inter- and intraobserver variability, time, and accuracy. Volume reference was MRI. 28 healthy volunteers (24—50 a) were scanned with 2D and 3D ultrasound (and by MRI) by three physicians (MD 1, 2, 3) with different experience levels (6, 4, and 1 a). In the 2D scans, the thyroid lobe volumes were calculated with the ellipsoid formula. A convolutional deep neural network (CNN) automatically segmented the 3D thyroid lobes. 26, 6, and 6 random lobe scans were used for training, validation, and testing, respectively. On MRI (T1 VIBE sequence) the thyroid was manually segmented by an experienced MD. MRI thyroid volumes ranged from 2.8 to 16.7ml (mean 7.4, SD 3.05). The CNN was trained to obtain an average Dice score of 0.94. The interobserver variability comparing two MDs showed mean differences for 2D and 3D respectively of 0.58 to 0.52ml (MD1 vs. 2), −1.33 to −0.17ml (MD1 vs. 3) and −1.89 to −0.70ml (MD2 vs. 3). Paired samples t-tests showed significant differences for 2D (p = .140, p = .002 and p = .002) and none for 3D (p = .176, p = .722 and p = .057). Intraobsever variability was similar for 2D and 3D ultrasound. Comparison of ultrasound volumes and MRI volumes showed a significant difference for the 2D volumetry of all MDs (p = .002, p = .009, p <.001), and no significant difference for 3D ultrasound (p = .292, p = .686, p = 0.091). Acquisition time was significantly shorter for 3D ultrasound. Tracked 3D ultrasound combined with a CNN segmentation significantly reduces interobserver variability in thyroid volumetry and increases the accuracy of the measurements with shorter acquisition times.

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Vivoli, Giorgia, Emanuele Gasparotti, Marco Rezzaghi, Elisa Cerone, Massimiliano Mariani, Luigi Landini, Sergio Berti, Vincenzo Positano, and Simona Celi. "Simultaneous Functional and Morphological Assessment of Left Atrial Appendage by 3D Virtual Models." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2019 (May 21, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7095845.

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Purpose. The left atrial appendage (LAA) is responsible for thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation. The evaluation of both LAA function and morphology is crucial for the patient characterization and the preprocedural planning of LAA closure intervention. Despite the availability of 3D imaging modalities, the current standard image analysis is based on manual delineation of the LAA contours on 2D views. Methods. In this study, a comprehensive approach based on a full 3D analysis of the tomographic dataset by surface extraction and processing (3D-S) is presented. The proposed method allows extracting functional and morphologic information in the entire cardiac cycle by minimalizing manual user interaction. The proposed methodology has been validated on ten computer tomography datasets. Results. The proposed 3D-S method was feasible in all cases. Reproducibility was improved with respect to the reference 2D manual procedure (2D-S) (coefficient of variation 2.9 vs. 4.1% for diastolic ostium area; 3.8 vs. 6.1% for systolic ostium area; 2.4 vs. 5.3% for diastolic LAA volume; 2.7 vs. 5.9% for systolic LAA volume; and 7.7 vs. 17.1% for LAA ejection fraction). No significant differences were found between 2D-S and 3D-S measurements. Conclusions. In this study, we introduced a fully 3D approach for LAA characterization, allowing the simultaneous assessment of LAA function and geometry. The proposed approach could be used to improve the patient selection and the best sizing of the device for LAA closure and to allow a patient-specific 3D printing.

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Hou, Li, Ting Liu, Jing Tan, Wentong Meng, and Li Deng. "Leukemia Bone Marrow Primary Cells Long-Term Culture in a Biomimetic Hematopoietic Niche." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 4114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.4114.4114.

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Abstract We have constructed a biomimetic hematopoietic niche (3D culture system) with bio-derived bone as framework, composited with human marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and induced the cells into osteoblasts. Our primary results showed that the biomimetic 3D culture system is capable to allow maintenance and expansion of primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro. But so far, leukemia primary cells long-term culture from patients marrow are still difficult because it is not clear how does the regulation of leukemic cells grow ex vivo, and lack of adequate investigation between leukemic stem cells with stromal cells. Based on our previous research, we cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients, and conceived a “pathologic biomimetic osteoblast niche”, to explore the growth of leukemia bone marrow primary cells from CML patients. Bio-derived bone was composited with marrow mesenchymal stem cells from CML patients and constructed a 3D biomimetic osteoblast niche. The mononuclear cells (MNCs) were collected with standard Ficoll-Paque separation from newly diagnosed CML patients. The MNCs were cultured for 2∼5 weeks in the 3D culture system and compared with 2D culture system. The results showed that the proportion of CD34+ cells are increased either in 3D or 2D culture systems. Compared to input, the proportion of CD34+ cells were increased 6.52(1.87∼9)vs. 3.18(1.07∼6.8)times at 2 weeks culture, and 13.6(3.59∼26.31)vs. 7.86(0.78∼18.0)times at 5 weeks culture. The proportion of CD34+/CD38- was higher in 3D culture system than 2D system. It was 5.55(2.1∼11.7)% vs. 2.4(0.9∼3.4)%, and 13.5(3.4∼34.2)% vs. 4.83(2.1∼8.9)% at 2 weeks and 5 weeks respectively. The function of cultured cells was evaluated in colony forming unit (CFU) assay and long term culture initial cell (LTC-IC) assay. 3D system produced more colonies than 2D system {103.33(82∼144)vs. 79(53∼122)} at 2 week culture and 47(33∼66)vs. 21.67(16∼27)at 5 week culture. LTC-IC are widely used as a surrogate in vitro culture for pluripotent stem cells, and those primitive progenitor cells responsible for leukemia in mice are named SL-IC or leukemia stem cells (LSCs). 3D system showed higher frequency of LTC-IC than that of 2D system after 2-week culture(2.23E-05(1.73∼2.56)vs.1.40E-05(1.21∼1.73)). FISH showed the proportion of Ph+ cells declined in both system during the culture, but not as rapidly as it did in 2D system{65%(3D)vs.63%(2D)at 2 week, 55%(3D)vs.35%(2D)at 5 week}, and the Ph+ cells were predominant derived from 3D culture. Our 3D culture system constructed with induced osteoblasts from mesnchymal stem cells in CML patients might provide a more suitable microenvironment for leukemic cells growing in vitro. The leukemic stem cells seemed to be regulated by the molecular signals mediated by osteoblast, and the biological characteristics of leukemia stem cells at least partially is maintained. It may be become a new method for studying leukemic HSCs/HPCs behavior in vitro.

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Elliot, Thomas R., and Richard J. Heck. "A comparison of 2D vs. 3D thresholding of X-ray CT imagery." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 87, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss06017.

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Non-destructive soil constituent analysis has advanced from resin impregnation of intact samples to the utilization of non-destructive imaging devices (i.e., CT scanners) for 3D composition. A difficulty of CT scanning is the finite resolution of such devices and the resulting non-definitive boundaries. Isolation of voxels that contain a single constituent (i.e., low variance voxels) allows for improved segregation of 3D data by histogram thresholding. The results from proposed 2D and 3D low variance voxel segmentation techniques were compared to establish whether or not 3D consideration should be used when analyzing CT and intact soil columns. It was determined that 2D processing in single orientation and as a multiplicative orthogonal process produced dissimilar results to 3D processed data. The authors encourage further exploration of 3D investigation in soil science, particularly related to soil composition and arrangement. Key words: Computed tomography, threshold, segmentation, soil, 3D

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Bueckle, Andreas, Kilian Buehling, Patrick C. Shih, and Katy Börner. "3D virtual reality vs. 2D desktop registration user interface comparison." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 27, 2021): e0258103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258103.

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Working with organs and extracted tissue blocks is an essential task in many medical surgery and anatomy environments. In order to prepare specimens from human donors for further analysis, wet-bench workers must properly dissect human tissue and collect metadata for downstream analysis, including information about the spatial origin of tissue. The Registration User Interface (RUI) was developed to allow stakeholders in the Human Biomolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP) to register tissue blocks—i.e., to record the size, position, and orientation of human tissue data with regard to reference organs. The RUI has been used by tissue mapping centers across the HuBMAP consortium to register a total of 45 kidney, spleen, and colon tissue blocks, with planned support for 17 organs in the near future. In this paper, we compare three setups for registering one 3D tissue block object to another 3D reference organ (target) object. The first setup is a 2D Desktop implementation featuring a traditional screen, mouse, and keyboard interface. The remaining setups are both virtual reality (VR) versions of the RUI: VR Tabletop, where users sit at a physical desk which is replicated in virtual space; VR Standup, where users stand upright while performing their tasks. All three setups were implemented using the Unity game engine. We then ran a user study for these three setups involving 42 human subjects completing 14 increasingly difficult and then 30 identical tasks in sequence and reporting position accuracy, rotation accuracy, completion time, and satisfaction. All study materials were made available in support of future study replication, alongside videos documenting our setups. We found that while VR Tabletop and VR Standup users are about three times as fast and about a third more accurate in terms of rotation than 2D Desktop users (for the sequence of 30 identical tasks), there are no significant differences between the three setups for position accuracy when normalized by the height of the virtual kidney across setups. When extrapolating from the 2D Desktop setup with a 113-mm-tall kidney, the absolute performance values for the 2D Desktop version (22.6 seconds per task, 5.88 degrees rotation, and 1.32 mm position accuracy after 8.3 tasks in the series of 30 identical tasks) confirm that the 2D Desktop interface is well-suited for allowing users in HuBMAP to register tissue blocks at a speed and accuracy that meets the needs of experts performing tissue dissection. In addition, the 2D Desktop setup is cheaper, easier to learn, and more practical for wet-bench environments than the VR setups.

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Monnet, Eric, and Ahmed Hafez. "Description of the technique for laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in canine cadavers: 2D vs. 3D camera." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 29, 2022): e0274868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274868.

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Objective To describe the technique of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in canine cadavers. Study design Cadaveric study. Animals 8 canine cadavers. Methods Specimens were randomly divided into a 2D or 3D group. The vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA) was performed with 5 mm laparoscopic needle holders. A unidirectional barbed suture was used to complete the VUA with two simple continuous suture patterns. The number of stitches placed, the patency of the anastomosis, and the distance between the VUA and the ureters were recorded. Results Four dogs were entered into each group. The prostatectomy was completed in each dog following the same technique. VUA were completed with nine stitches (range: 8–10 stitches) for the 2D group and ten stitches (range: 9–11 stitches) for the 3D group (p<0.176). All the stitches were placed full thickness. The VUA was patent in each case. The left ureter was 1.05 cm (range: 0.5 to 1.1cm) from the VUA in the 2D group and 1.8 cm (range: 1.3–1.8 cm) for the 3D group (p< 0.025). The right ureter was 1.5 cm (range: 1 to 2 cm) from the VUA in the 2D group and 1.75 cm (range: 1.3–2 cm) for the 3D group (p< 0.55). Conclusion Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy can be performed with a 2D or a 3D camera in canine cadavers. The 3D camera results in more accurate placement of the sutures since they were placed further away from the left ureter. Clinical significance Radical prostatectomy with laparoscopy should be considered for dogs.

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Koops, Martijn C., Ineke Verheul, Rinus Tiesma, Cees-Willem de Boer, and Ruben T. Koeweiden. "Learning Differences Between 3D vs. 2D Entertainment and Educational Games." Simulation & Gaming 47, no. 2 (March 2016): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878116632871.

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Pretorius, D. H., K. M. Uyan, R. Newton, A. Hull, G. James, and T. Nelson. "Effects of US on maternal-fetal bonding: 2D vs. 3D." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 18 (October 2001): F35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.2001.abs20-2.x.

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Caldwell, D. E., D. R. Korber, and J. R. Lawrence. "Analysis of biofilm formation using 2D vs 3D digital imaging." Journal of Applied Bacteriology 74 (June 1993): 52S—66S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb04342.x.

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Tamborrini, G., C. Marx, and R. Micheroli. "FRI0588 3D VS 2D Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of Supraspinate Tendon Tears." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 74, Suppl 2 (June 2015): 640.3–641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.1879.

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Liu, Beibei, Junjie Xu, Yuchen Jin, Wei Su, Xiuyuan Zhang, Yi Qiao, Weibin Yu, Lude Cheng, Jinzhong Zhao, and Yuehua Li. "Advantages of 3–dimensional Measurements for Supraspinatus Intramuscular Fatty Evaluation in Patients With Medium to Massive Rotator Cuff Tears: Comparison With a Single Sagittal Slice." American Journal of Sports Medicine 50, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211068854.

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Background: Fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff muscles is highly related to poor outcomes after rotator cuff tears. Fat fraction (FF) based on traditional 2–dimensional measurements (2D-FF) from a single sagittal Y-view slice cannot determine intramuscular FF in the rotator cuff muscles; the newly developed 3–dimensional method (3D-FF) is supposed to precede 2D measurements for intramuscular FF evaluation in accuracy and reliability. Purpose: (1) To measure 3D-FF and (2) to compare 3D-FF and 2D-FF in terms of quantitative values and intra- and interobserver agreement. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Six-point Dixon magnetic resonance imaging was performed in patients with full–thickness supraspinatus tears. 2D-FF was calculated on a single sagittal Y-view. Semiautomatic segmentation software (ITK-SNAP) was used to reconstruct 3D volumes of the supraspinatus muscle and fat. 3D-FF was obtained by dividing the fat volume by the total volume of the supraspinatus muscle. A paired t test was used to compare the individual differences between 2D-FF and 3D-FF results. Linear regression and Bland-Altman analyses were performed to determine the agreement between 2D-FF and 3D-FF. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to determine intra- and interobserver agreement. Results: The 3D muscular and fatty models presented an inhomogeneous distribution of intramuscular fat in the supraspinatus, indicating the superiority of 3D-FF over 2D-FF in capturing all muscle morphologic information. 2D-FF was significantly higher than 3D-FF in the supraspinatus with large (19.5% ± 5.9% vs 16.2% ± 3.7%; P = .002) and massive (34.8% ± 13.3% vs 26.2% ± 9.4%; P < .001) rotator cuff tears. 2D-FF overestimated the FF compared with 3D-FF by >50% in 14.7% of all patients and by >15% in 67.6% of patients with large or massive RCTs. The discrepancy between 2D-FF and 3D-FF increased with increasing mean FF. The intra- and interobserver agreement of 3D-FF (ICCs, 0.89-0.99 and 0.89-0.95) was superior to that of 2D-FF (ICCs, 0.71-0.95 and 0.64-0.79). Conclusion: 3D-FF indicated an inhomogeneous distribution of intramuscular fat by capturing all muscle and fat morphologic information. In patients with large and massive rotator cuff tears, 2D-FF of the supraspinatus was significantly higher than 3D-FF. 3D-FF was more reliable than 2D-FF for estimating fatty infiltration in the supraspinatus, with better intra- and interobserver agreement.

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Tyloch, Janusz Ferdynand, Dominik Janusz Tyloch, Jan Adamowicz, Patryk Warsiński, Adam Ostrowski, Magdalena Nowikiewicz, and Tomasz Drewa. "Application of three-dimensional ultrasonography (3D ultrasound) to pretreatment evaluation of plastic induration of the penis (Peyronie’s disease)." Medical Ultrasonography 22, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.11152/mu-2132.

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Aim: Peyronie’s disease (PD) or plastic induration of the penis, require complete evaluation of plaques in order to decide the best therapeutic option for patient. The purpose of this study is to compare the findings of three-dimensional ultrasound (3D US) and two-dimensional ultrasound (2D US) in patients with PD.Materials and methods: Twenty patients with PD aged 30 to 72 years were included in study. The examination was performed with a 12 MHz linear probe, using 2D US and 3D US. Localization and size of plaques were determined and time needed for imagine acquisition was determined in every case.Results: 3D ultrasound permits the visualization of the entire plaque in the coronal plane of plaque with its precise measurements. No statistical difference in plaque dimensions and its surface area assessment using 3D US and 2D US was found (127.72 mm² vs. 128.74 mm², p>0.05). The possibility to perform detailed analysis of the acquired images using generated digital cube reduced the average duration of the acquisition to 69.8 seconds (median 64 seconds) for 3D US vs. 151.25 seconds (median 145.5 seconds) for 2D US (p<0.05). A supplementary plaque was detected using 3D US.Conclusions: 3D US seems to be a valuable complement of 2D US for patients with PD. The acquisition time is significantly reduced using 3D US comparing to 2D US and thus it is more comfortable for the patient.

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B., Minnich, Sommer R., and A. Lametschwandtner. "Dimensional and Angular Measurements from Microvascular Corrosion Casts: 2D vs. 3D." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 564–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035315.

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In microvascular network analysis on vascular corrosion casts (VCC) detection of vascular relations between distant regions within vascular territories deserves to operate the SEM at low magnification (< 500x). As a result in low powered SEM micrographs of VCCs vessels may remain in the wide zone of focal depth (Dƒ), but can approach upper and lower focal planes of this zone (Fig.l). Their lengths, thus may severely be underestimated when measuring in 2D. The differences in lengths in 2D (L3D) and in 3D (L3D) of a distance L between points p1 and p2 (Fig.3) is obvious, denotingWhile data from 2D-morphometry (1, 2, 3) have to be corrected for dimensional measurements in the direction of tilt by expanding the dimensions by [l/cos(tilt angle)] (4), modern 3D-morphometry techniques (5, 6, 7) consider the perspective projections by calculating the parallax in their working algorithms.

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Li, Ling, Zhi Feng Yan, and Zhao Wei Liu. "Numerical Model for Shallow Wake behind Cylinder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (October 2012): 1205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.1205.

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Shallow wake patterns are investigated by numerical method based on the solutions of two-dimensional (2D) shallow water equations and three-dimensional (3D) Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with the implicit scheme on collocated mesh in the FVM framework. The analysis are made on vorticity contour distribution, transverse velocity (uy) variation with time, Strouhal number (St) and time-averaged longitudinal velocity (ux) to verify the characteristics of shallow wakes behind cylinder. We compare the numerical results with Chen’s experiment very well and show the capability and difference of 2D model and 3D model in modeling shallow wake structure. The results show that the 2D model predicts the vortex street (VS) wake well, yet the 3D model is fit for the steady bubble (SB) wake. The 2D model performs more accurately when VS wake transforms to unsteady bubble (UB) wake, while the 3D model is better when UB wake transforms to SB wake.

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Peng, Chiung-Chi, Charng-Cherng Chyau, Hui-Er Wang, Chi-Huang Chang, Kuan-Chou Chen, Kuang-Yu Chou, and Robert Y. Peng. "Cytotoxicity of Ferulic Acid on T24 Cell Line Differentiated by Different Microenvironments." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/579859.

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Ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) (FA) is a ubiquitous health beneficial phenolic acid. Although FA has shown a diversity of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antihypercholesterolemic and anticancer bioactivities, studies revealing its adverse effects are accumulating. Recently, 3D-cultures are shown to exhibit uniquely biological behaviors different from that of 2D cultures. To understand whether the cytotoxicity of FA against the T24 cell line (a bladder cancer cell line) in 2D-culture could consistently retain similar bioactivity if cultured in the 3D-systems, we conducted this experiment with 2 mM FA. Much higher cytotoxicity was found for 3D- than 2D-culture, showing (2D vs. 3D): apoptotic rates, 64% and 76%; cell killing rates,3.00×105 cells mmol−1·h−1and2.63×106cells mmol−1·h−1, attaining a 8.77-fold. FA upregulated the activities at 72 h (2D vs. 3D in folds that of control): SOD, 1.73-folds (P<0.05) versus 3.18 folds (P<0.001); and catalase, 2.58 versus 1.33-folds. Comparing to the control (without FA), Bcl-2 was prominently downregulated while Bax, caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9 were more upregulated in 3D-cultures (P<0.05). Conclusively, different microenvironments could elicit different biological significance which in part can be ascribed to different mass transport rate.

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Molinari, Alberto, Simone Ancellotti, Vigilio Fontanari, Erica Iacob, Valerio Luchin, Gianluca Zappini, and Matteo Benedetti. "Effect of Process Parameters on the Surface Microgeometry of a Ti6Al4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: 3D vs. 2D Characterization." Metals 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12010106.

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The influence of the main process parameters, laser power, point distance and time exposure, on the surface microgeometry of Ti6Al4V specimens produced by a pulsed powder bed fusion process was investigated. A 3D characterization was carried out and collected data were elaborated to reconstruct the surface and to determine both the 3D and the 2D material ratio curves along different directions. The 3D material ratio curve gives a slightly lower material ratio of peak zone Mr1 and higher material ratio of valley zone Mr2, reduced peak height Rpk and reduced valley height Rvk than the 2D curves. Roughness is greater in the 3D analysis than in the 2D one, skewness is the same and kurtosis increases from <3 in 2D to >3 in 3D. Roughness and skewness increase on increasing point distance and decreasing time exposure and laser power. Within the investigated ranges (27.3–71.2 J/mm3), an increase in energy density reduces the surface roughness while skewness and kurtosis are not significantly affected. The results indicate that a 3D approach allows better characterization of the surface microgeometry than a 2D one.

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Elkoumy, Ahmed, Andreas Rück, Won-Keun Kim, Mohamed Abdel-Wahab, Mahmoud Abdelshafy, Ole De Backer, Hesham Elzomor, et al. "Core Lab Adjudication of the ACURATE neo2 Hemodynamic Performance Using Computed-Tomography-Corrected Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Area." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 20 (October 17, 2022): 6103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206103.

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(1) Background: Hemodynamic assessment of prosthetic heart valves using conventional 2D transthoracic Echocardiography-Doppler (2D-TTE) has limitations. Of those, left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) area measurement is one of the major limitations of the continuity equation, which assumes a circular LVOT. (2) Methods: This study comprised 258 patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), who were treated with the ACURATE neo2. The LVOT area and its dependent Doppler-derived parameters, including effective orifice area (EOA) and stroke volume (SV), in addition to their indexed values, were calculated from post-TAVI 2D-TTE. In addition, the 3D-LVOT area from pre-procedural MDCT scans was obtained and used to calculate corrected Doppler-derived parameters. The incidence rates of prosthesis patient mismatch (PPM) were compared between the 2D-TTE and MDCT-based methods (3) Results: The main results show that the 2D-TTE measured LVOT is significantly smaller than 3D-MDCT (350.4 ± 62.04 mm2 vs. 405.22 ± 81.32 mm2) (95% Credible interval (CrI) of differences: −55.15, −36.09), which resulted in smaller EOA (2.25 ± 0.59 vs. 2.58 ± 0.63 cm2) (Beta = −0.642 (95%CrI of differences: −0.85, −0.43), and lower SV (73.88 ± 21.41 vs. 84.47 ± 22.66 mL), (Beta = −7.29 (95% CrI: −14.45, −0.14)), respectively. PPM incidence appears more frequent with 2D-TTE- than 3D-MDCT-corrected measurements (based on the EOAi) 8.52% vs. 2.32%, respectively. In addition, significant differences regarding the EOA among the three valve sizes (S, M and L) were seen only with the MDCT, but not on 2D-TTE. (4) Conclusions: The corrected continuity equation by combining the 3D-LVOT area from MDCT with the TTE Doppler parameters might provide a more accurate assessment of hemodynamic parameters and PPM diagnosis in patients treated with TAVI. The ACURATE neo2 THV has a large EOA and low incidence of PPM using the 3D-corrected LVOT area than on 2D-TTE. These findings need further confirmation on long-term follow-up and in other studies.

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Mantegazza, Valentina, Valentina Volpato, Massimo Mapelli, Valentina Sassi, Elisabetta Salvioni, Irene Mattavelli, Gloria Tamborini, Piergiuseppe Agostoni, and Mauro Pepi. "Cardiac Reverse Remodelling by 2D and 3D Echocardiography in Heart Failure Patients Treated with Sacubitril/Valsartan." Diagnostics 11, no. 10 (October 6, 2021): 1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11101845.

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In terms of sacubitril/valsartan (S/V)-induced changes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) via three-dimensional (3D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and S/V effects based on HF aetiology, data are lacking. We prospectively enrolled 51 HFrEF patients (24 ischaemic, 27 non-ischaemic). At baseline and at 6-month follow-up (6MFU) after S/V treatment optimisation, we assessed the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and cardiac remodelling by two-dimensional (2D) and 3DTTE. In non-ischaemic patients, 2D and 3DTTE showed an improvement in left ventricular (LV) size and biventricular function at 6MFU vs. baseline: 3D-LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) 103 ± 30 vs. 125 ± 32 mL/m2 (p < 0.05), 3D-LV ejection fraction (EF) 40 ± 9 vs. 32 ± 5% (p < 0.05), right ventricular (RV) 3D-EF 48.4 ± 6.5 vs. 44.3 ± 7.5% (p < 0.05); only the 3D method detected RV size reduction: 3D-RVEDV 63 ± 27 vs. 71 ± 30 mL/m2 (p < 0.05). In ischaemic patients, only 3DTTE showed biventricular size and LV function improvement: 3D-LVEDV 112 ± 29 vs. 121 ± 27 mL/m2 (p < 0.05), 3D-LVEF 35 ± 6 vs. 32 ± 5% (p < 0.05), 3D-RVEDV 57 ± 11 vs. 63 ± 14 mL/m2 (p < 0.05); RV function did not ameliorate. In both ischaemic and non-ischaemic patients, diastolic function and NT-proBNP significantly improved. In HFrEF patients treated with S/V, 3DTTE helps to ascertain subtle changes in heart chambers’ size and function, which have a major impact on HFrEF prognosis. S/V has significantly different effects on LV function in non-ischaemic vs. ischaemic patients.

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Gassl, Vincent, Merel R. Aberle, Bas Boonen, Rianne D. W. Vaes, Steven W. M. Olde Damink, and Sander S. Rensen. "Chemosensitivity of 3D Pancreatic Cancer Organoids Is Not Affected by Transformation to 2D Culture or Switch to Physiological Culture Medium." Cancers 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 5617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14225617.

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Organoids are increasingly used to investigate patient-specific drug responsiveness, but organoid culture is complex and expensive, and carried out in rich, non-physiological media. We investigated reproducibility of drug-responsiveness of primary cell cultures in 2D versus 3D and in conventional versus physiological cell culture medium. 3D pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma organoid cultures PANCO09b and PANCO11b were converted to primary cell cultures growing in 2D. Transformed 2D cultures were grown in physiological Plasmax medium or Advanced-DMEM/F12. Sensitivity towards gemcitabine, paclitaxel, SN-38, 5-fluorouacil, and oxaliplatin was investigated by cell viability assays. Growth rates of corresponding 2D and 3D cultures were comparable. PANCO09b had a shorter doubling time in physiological media. Chemosensitivity of PANCO09b and PANCO11b grown in 2D or 3D was similar, except for SN-38, to which PANCO11b cultured in 3D was more sensitive (2D: 8.2 ×10−3 ± 2.3 ×10−3 vs. 3D: 1.1 ×10−3 ± 0.6 ×10−3, p = 0.027). PANCO09b and PANCO11b showed no major differences in chemosensitivity when cultured in physiological compared to conventional media, although PANCO11b was more sensitive to SN-38 in physiological media (9.8 × 10−3 ± 0.7 × 10−3 vs. 5.2 × 10−3 ± 1.8 × 10−3, p = 0.015). Collectively, these data indicate that the chemosensitivity of organoids is not affected by culture medium composition or culture dimensions. This implies that organoid-based drug screens can be simplified to become more cost-effective.

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Kovács, Péter, Evelin Szita, Kitti Schvarcz, Szabolcs Kamu, Judit Kalincsák, Árpád Kovács, Imre Repa, and Janaki Hadjiev. "A beállítási biztonsági margó nagyságának meghatározása fej-nyak daganatok 2D-2D és 3D képvezérelt intenzitásmodulált sugárkezelése esetén." Orvosi Hetilap 159, no. 29 (July 2018): 1193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2018.31093.

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Abstract: Introduction: Image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy is essential for oncology treatment of head-and-neck cancer patients. Aim: MV-kV and CBCT modalities were compared in case of IGRT treatment for head-and-neck cancer patients. Setup error, setup margin (SM), imaging and evaluation times and imaging doses were analyzed. Method: Eight patients’ elective treatment was evaluated, 66 orthogonal MV-kV images and 66 CBCT series were acquired. Setup error measurement was based on bony manual image registration in three translational directions. Normality test and F-test were performed followed by the comparison with independent-samples T-test (p<0,05). The necessary target volume setup margin was calculated based on Van Herk’s equation. Imaging time and setup error determination time were measured. Imaging doses were estimated based on the literature. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between setup errors determined by MV-kV and CBCT (VRT: 0.5 mm, SD = 1.9 vs. 0.4 mm, SD = 2.1, p = 0.371; LNG: 0.2 mm, SD = 2.2 vs. –0.1 mm, SD = 2.2, p = 0.188; LAT: 0.2 mm, SD = 2.2 vs. 0.3 mm, SD = 2.1, p = 0.41). SM values were: VRT: 2.7 mm vs. 2.5 mm; LNG: 2.1 mm vs. 1.3 mm; LAT: 2.2 mm vs. 2.3 mm. Mean imaging time was 0.65 min (MV-kV) vs. 2.29 min (CBCT). Mean setup error determination time was 2.41 min for both modalities. Estimated imaging doses were 6.88 mGy (MV-kV) vs. 17.2 mGy (CBCT) per fraction. Conclusion: The bony anatomy derived image registration based translational setup error determination results in similar values either by MV-kV or by CBCT. Using 3 mm setup margin in all the directions might be adequate. Imaging time is less by MV-kV, significant difference in imaging doses did not appear. Using CBCT is generally suggested. MV-kV might be an alternative in case of need for shortened imaging time. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(29): 1193–1200.

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Leon, Piera, Roberta Rivellini, Fabiola Giudici, Antonio Sciuto, Felice Pirozzi, and Francesco Corcione. "3D Vision Provides Shorter Operative Time and More Accurate Intraoperative Surgical Performance in Laparoscopic Hiatal Hernia Repair Compared With 2D Vision." Surgical Innovation 24, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1553350616687434.

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Background. The aim of this study is to evaluate if 3-dimensional high-definition (3D) vision in laparoscopy can prompt advantages over conventional 2D high-definition vision in hiatal hernia (HH) repair. Study design. Between September 2012 and September 2015, we randomized 36 patients affected by symptomatic HH to undergo surgery; 17 patients underwent 2D laparoscopic HH repair, whereas 19 patients underwent the same operation in 3D vision. Results. No conversion to open surgery occurred. Overall operative time was significantly reduced in the 3D laparoscopic group compared with the 2D one (69.9 vs 90.1 minutes, P = .006). Operative time to perform laparoscopic crura closure did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. We observed a tendency to a faster crura closure in the 3D group in the subgroup of patients with mesh positioning (7.5 vs 8.9 minutes, P = .09). Nissen fundoplication was faster in the 3D group without mesh positioning ( P = .07). Conclusions. 3D vision in laparoscopic HH repair helps surgeon’s visualization and seems to lead to operative time reduction. Advantages can result from the enhanced spatial perception of narrow spaces. Less operative time and more accurate surgery translate to benefit for patients and cost savings, compensating the high costs of the 3D technology. However, more data from larger series are needed to firmly assess the advantages of 3D over 2D vision in laparoscopic HH repair.

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Greuter, Ladina, Adriana De Rosa, Philippe Cattin, Davide Marco Croci, Jehuda Soleman, and Raphael Guzman. "Randomized study comparing 3D virtual reality and conventional 2D on-screen teaching of cerebrovascular anatomy." Neurosurgical Focus 51, no. 2 (August 2021): E18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2021.5.focus21212.

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OBJECTIVE Performing aneurysmal clipping requires years of training to successfully understand the 3D neurovascular anatomy. This training has traditionally been obtained by learning through observation. Currently, with fewer operative aneurysm clippings, stricter work-hour regulations, and increased patient safety concerns, novel teaching methods are required for young neurosurgeons. Virtual-reality (VR) models offer the opportunity to either train a specific surgical skill or prepare for an individual surgery. With this study, the authors aimed to compare the spatial orientation between traditional 2D images and 3D VR models in neurosurgical residents or medical students. METHODS Residents and students were each randomly assigned to describe 4 aneurysm cases, which could be either 2D images or 3D VR models. The time to aneurysm detection as well as a spatial anatomical description was assessed via an online questionnaire and compared between the groups. The aneurysm cases were 10 selected patient cases treated at the authors’ institution. RESULTS Overall, the time to aneurysm detection was shorter in the 3D VR model compared to 2D images, with a trend toward statistical significance (25.77 ± 37.26 vs 45.70 ± 51.94 seconds, p = 0.052). No significant difference was observed for residents (3D VR 24.47 ± 40.16 vs 2D 33.52 ± 56.06 seconds, p = 0.564), while in students a significantly shorter time to aneurysm detection was measured using 3D VR models (26.95 ± 35.39 vs 59.16 ± 44.60 seconds, p = 0.015). No significant differences between the modalities for anatomical and descriptive spatial mistakes were observed. Most participants (90%) preferred the 3D VR models for aneurysm detection and description, and only 1 participant (5%) described VR-related side effects such as dizziness or nausea. CONCLUSIONS VR platforms facilitate aneurysm recognition and understanding of its spatial anatomy, which could make them the preferred method compared to 2D images in the years to come.

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Halm, Jens A., M. Suzan H. Beerekamp, Robert Jan de Muinck-Keijzer, Ludo F. M. Beenen, Mario Maas, J. Carel Goslings, and Tim Schepers. "Intraoperative Effect of 2D vs 3D Fluoroscopy on Quality of Reduction and Patient-Related Outcome in Calcaneal Fracture Surgery." Foot & Ankle International 41, no. 8 (June 9, 2020): 954–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100720926111.

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Background: Three-dimensional (3D) fluoroscopy is thought to be advantageous in the open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of calcaneal fractures. The goal of this multicenter randomized controlled trial was to investigate the clinical effect of additional intraoperative 3D fluoroscopy on postoperative quality of reduction and fixation and patient-reported outcome as compared to conventional 2-dimensional (2D) fluoroscopy in patients with intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus. Methods: Patients were randomized to 3D or conventional 2D fluoroscopy during operative treatment of calcaneal fractures. Primary outcome was the difference in quality of fracture reduction and implant position on postoperative computed tomography (CT). Secondary endpoints included intraoperative corrections (prior to wound closure), complications, and revision surgery (after wound closure). Function and patient-reported outcome were evaluated after surgery and included range of motion, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, Short-Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaires, and Kellgren-Lawrence posttraumatic osteoarthritis classification. A total of 102 calcaneal fractures were included in the study in 100 patients. Fifty fractures were randomized to the 3D group and 52 to the 2D group. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in duration of surgery between the groups (2D 125 min vs 3D 147 min; P < .001). After 3D fluoroscopy, a total of 57 intraoperative corrections were performed in 28 patients (56%). The postoperative CT scan revealed an indication for additional revision of reduction or implant position in 69% of the 3D group vs 60% in the 2D fluoroscopy group. At 2 years, there was no difference in number of revision surgery, complications, FAOS, AOFAS score, SF-36 score, or posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Conclusion: The use of intraoperative 3D fluoroscopy in the treatment of intra-articular calcaneal fractures prolongs the operative procedures without improving the quality of reduction and fixation. There was no benefit of intraoperative 3D fluoroscopy with regard to postoperative complications, quality of life, functional outcome, or posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Level of Evidence: Level I, prospective randomized controlled study.

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Puente Vallejo, Raúl, Cristina Núñez Silva, Carolina Jaramillo Gómez, Karina Zurita Vivero, Luis De Los Reyes Morales, Yolanda Défaz Gómez, Vladimir Collantes Cruz, Jorge García Navas, Maira Pallaroso Yela, and Carlos Molineros Salgado. "Comparación de la dosis estimada en Recto y Vejiga con planificación de Braquiterapia 3D vs 2D." Oncología (Ecuador) 29, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33821/301.

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Introducción: En el tratamiento del Cáncer Cervico Uterino la braquiterapia (BQT) con planificación tridimensional (3D) está altamente extendida, aunque por su costo otros centros utilizan BQT con planificación bidimensional (2D). Es importante establecer si el beneficio que se obtiene con BQT en 3 D, en la protección a los órganos de riesgo, es un factor determinante para el cambio hacia esta nueva tecnología. El objetivo del estudio es comparar las dosis en ambos tipos de BQT en los órganos adyacentes al útero como el colon y vejiga. Métodos: El presente estudio descriptivo, incluye pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de cuello uterino que recibieron BQT en el período comprendido de enero 2015 a diciembre 2018, en el servicio Radioterapia del Hospital Solón Espinosa Ayala, Quito-Ecuador. Las variables fueron la dosis recibida con planificaciones en 2D y 3D. Se obtuvo histogramas dosis volumen de los órganos de riesgo: recto y vejiga. Se comparan los promedios con T de Student. Resultados: Participaron 44 casos, de 50.6 ±13.8 años de edad. En estadío clínico IIB 24 casos (55 %). La dosis prescrita de BQT en el grupo fue de 683.6 ±27 cGY. El tipo de aplicador usado fue en la gran mayoría AyT de 5 mm en 34 casos (77 %). La mayoría de los tratamientos consistieron en terapias de 4 sesiones 32 casos (73 %), con 117 implantes para BQT. La dosis planificada en vejiga en 2D fue 5.5 Gy, versus 5.1 Gy en 3D, P= 0.01. La dosis planificada en recto en 2D fue 2.8 Gy; versus 3.0 Gy en 3D P= 0.06. Conclusión: La planificación en 3D reduce significativamente 0.4 Gy la dosis irradiada a vejiga. En el caso del recto la dosis la dosis no produce cambios estadísticos respecto a planificación en 2D.

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Pulliam, Kiley, Jessie Huang, Ryan Bosca, David Followill, and Stephen Kry. "2D vs 3D gamma analysis: Establishment of comparable clinical action limits." International Journal of Cancer Therapy and Oncology 2, no. 2 (April 8, 2014): 020231. http://dx.doi.org/10.14319/ijcto.0202.31.

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AL MATNY, L., A. DIOGENES, M. LEVIN, N. RUPAREL, and M. NOUJEIM. "A 2D VS 3D EVALUATION AND PROGNOSIS OF INVASIVE CERVICAL RESORPTION." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 127, no. 1 (January 2019): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2018.07.013.

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Hsu, Hung-Wei, Maxim Bashkuev, Matthias Pumberger, and Hendrik Schmidt. "Differences in 3D vs. 2D analysis in lumbar spinal fusion simulations." Journal of Biomechanics 72 (April 2018): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.03.009.

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Moon, Sung Ho, Kwan Ho Cho, Chang-Geol Lee, Ki Chang Keum, Yeon-Sil Kim, Hong-Gyun Wu, Jin Ho Kim, Yong Chan Ahn, Dongryul Oh, and Jong Hoon Lee. "IMRT vs. 2D-radiotherapy or 3D-conformal radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma." Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 192, no. 6 (March 14, 2016): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00066-016-0959-y.

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Navarro, C., J. Vázquez, and J. Domínguez. "3D vs. 2D fatigue crack initiation and propagation in notched plates." International Journal of Fatigue 58 (January 2014): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2013.02.024.

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Journal articles on the topic '2D vs. 3D'

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