Journal articles: '2D materials, Sensors, Wearables'

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Zazoum, Bouchaib, Abdel Bachri, and Jamal Nayfeh. "Functional 2D MXene Inks for Wearable Electronics." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 6603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216603.

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Inks printing is an innovative and practicable technology capable of fabricating the next generation of flexible functional systems with various designs and desired architectures. As a result, inks printing is extremely attractive in the development of printed wearables, including wearable sensors, micro supercapacitor (MSC) electrodes, electromagnetic shielding, and thin-film batteries. The discovery of Ti3C2Tx in 2011, a 2D material known as a MXene, which is a compound composed of layered nitrides, carbides, or carbonitrides of transition metals, has attracted significant interest within the research community because of its exceptional physical and chemical properties. MXene has high metallic conductivity of transition metal carbides combined with hydrophilic behavior due to its surface terminated functional groups, all of which make it an excellent candidate for promising inks printing applications. This paper reviews recent progress in the development of 2D MXene inks, including synthesis procedures, inks formulation and performance, and printing methods. Further, the review briefly provides an overview of future guidelines for the study of this new generation of 2D materials.

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Wang, Yi, Tong Li, Yangfeng Li, Rong Yang, and Guangyu Zhang. "2D-Materials-based Wearable Biosensor Systems." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12110936.

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As an evolutionary success in life science, wearable biosensor systems, which can monitor human health information and quantify vital signs in real time, have been actively studied. Research in wearable biosensor systems is mainly focused on the design of sensors with various flexible materials. Among them, 2D materials with excellent mechanical, optical, and electrical properties provide the expected characteristics to address the challenges of developing microminiaturized wearable biosensor systems. This review summarizes the recent research progresses in 2D-materials-based wearable biosensors including e-skin, contact lens sensors, and others. Then, we highlight the challenges of flexible power supply technologies for smart systems. The latest advances in biosensor systems involving wearable wristbands, diabetic patches, and smart contact lenses are also discussed. This review will enable a better understanding of the design principle of 2D biosensors, offering insights into innovative technologies for future biosensor systems toward their practical applications.

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Radhakrishnan, Sithara, Seetha Lakshmy, Shilpa Santhosh, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Brahmananda Chakraborty, and Chandra Sekhar Rout. "Recent Developments and Future Perspective on Electrochemical Glucose Sensors Based on 2D Materials." Biosensors 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2022): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12070467.

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Diabetes is a health disorder that necessitates constant blood glucose monitoring. The industry is always interested in creating novel glucose sensor devices because of the great demand for low-cost, quick, and precise means of monitoring blood glucose levels. Electrochemical glucose sensors, among others, have been developed and are now frequently used in clinical research. Nonetheless, despite the substantial obstacles, these electrochemical glucose sensors face numerous challenges. Because of their excellent stability, vast surface area, and low cost, various types of 2D materials have been employed to produce enzymatic and nonenzymatic glucose sensing applications. This review article looks at both enzymatic and nonenzymatic glucose sensors made from 2D materials. On the other hand, we concentrated on discussing the complexities of many significant papers addressing the construction of sensors and the usage of prepared sensors so that readers might grasp the concepts underlying such devices and related detection strategies. We also discuss several tuning approaches for improving electrochemical glucose sensor performance, as well as current breakthroughs and future plans in wearable and flexible electrochemical glucose sensors based on 2D materials as well as photoelectrochemical sensors.

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Lu, Wengang, Beenish Mustafa, Zhiyuan Wang, Fuzhuo Lian, and Geliang Yu. "PDMS-Encapsulated MXene@Polyester Fabric Strain Sensor for Multifunctional Sensing Applications." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2022): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050871.

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Flexible strain sensors based on 2D materials have been proven effective for wearable health monitoring devices, human motion detection, and fitness applications. These sensors are flexible, light, and user-friendly, but their sensitivity and detection range need to be enhanced. Among many 2D materials, MXene attracts much interest due to its remarkable properties, such as high electrical conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, flexibility, and good hydrophilicity. However, it is a challenge to fabricate strain sensors with extreme sensitivity and a wide sensing range. In this work, a multifunctional, cost-effective, and highly sensitive PDMS-encapsulated MXene@polyester fabric strain sensor was fabricated. Firstly, complete adsorption of MXene within the fabric formed conductive networks, and then PDMS was used to endow superhydrophobicity and corrosion resistance. The strain sensor demonstrated multifunctional applications and outstanding performance, such as long-term stability (over 500 cycles) and a wide sensing range (8%). The proposed sensor has promising potential for wearable electronic devices such as health monitoring systems and physiological sensing applications.

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Tran, Vy Anh, Nguyen Tien Tran, Van Dat Doan, Thanh-Quang Nguyen, Hai Ha Pham Thi, and Giang N. L. Vo. "Application Prospects of MXenes Materials Modifications for Sensors." Micromachines 14, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020247.

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The first two-dimensional (2D) substance sparked a boom in research since this type of material showed potential promise for applications in field sensors. A class of 2D transition metal nitrides, carbides, and carbonitrides are referred to as MXenes. Following the 2011 synthesis of Ti3C2 from Ti3AlC2, much research has been published. Since these materials have several advantages over conventional 2D materials, they have been extensively researched, synthesized, and studied by many research organizations. To give readers a general understanding of these well-liked materials, this review examines the structures of MXenes, discusses various synthesis procedures, and analyzes physicochemistry properties, particularly optical, electronic, structural, and mechanical properties. The focus of this review is the analysis of modern advancements in the development of MXene-based sensors, including electrochemical sensors, gas sensors, biosensors, optical sensors, and wearable sensors. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for further study on the creation of MXenes-based sensors are discussed.

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Radhakrishnan, Sithara, Minu Mathew, and Chandra Sekhar Rout. "Microfluidic sensors based on two-dimensional materials for chemical and biological assessments." Materials Advances 3, no. 4 (2022): 1874–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00929j.

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Hu, Luhing, Beom Jin Kim, Seunghyeon Ji, Juyeong Hong, Ajit K. Katiyar, and Jong-Hyun Ahn. "Smart electronics based on 2D materials for wireless healthcare monitoring." Applied Physics Reviews 9, no. 4 (December 2022): 041308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0104873.

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The demand for wearable electronics in the fields of human healthcare monitoring and disease diagnosis has significantly increased in recent years. In particular, there is a need for light-weight, skin-friendly, soft elastic devices that can attach comfortably to human skin and communicate information via the Internet of Things. Rigorous research has been carried out to find new materials and device designs that can meet the challenging demands of skin-mountable devices. The emergence of atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials with exceptional electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, and low cytotoxicity has facilitated the fabrication of low-dimensional electronic devices on flexible/stretchable platforms that can be easily integrated into the human body. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of recent research progress on 2D material-based wearable sensors that are proposed for a wide range of applications including human health monitoring. Several potential applications based on wearable electronic devices have already been well established and documented, while many others are at a preliminary stage. Based on current research progress, the challenges and prospects toward commercial implementation of such clinical sensors are also discussed.

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Ismail, Siti Nor Ashikin, Nazrul Anuar Nayan, Muhammad Aniq Shazni Mohammad Haniff, Rosmina Jaafar, and Zazilah May. "Wearable Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Flexible Sensors for Blood Pressure Monitoring: A Review." Nanomaterials 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13050852.

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Flexible sensors have been extensively employed in wearable technologies for physiological monitoring given the technological advancement in recent years. Conventional sensors made of silicon or glass substrates may be limited by their rigid structures, bulkiness, and incapability for continuous monitoring of vital signs, such as blood pressure (BP). Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have received considerable attention in the fabrication of flexible sensors due to their large surface-area-to-volume ratio, high electrical conductivity, cost effectiveness, flexibility, and light weight. This review discusses the transduction mechanisms, namely, piezoelectric, capacitive, piezoresistive, and triboelectric, of flexible sensors. Several 2D nanomaterials used as sensing elements for flexible BP sensors are reviewed in terms of their mechanisms, materials, and sensing performance. Previous works on wearable BP sensors are presented, including epidermal patches, electronic tattoos, and commercialized BP patches. Finally, the challenges and future outlook of this emerging technology are addressed for non-invasive and continuous BP monitoring.

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Williams, Chris, and Shideh Kabiri Ameri. "(Digital Presentation) Fully Integrated Strain-Neutralized 2D Transistors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 62 (October 9, 2022): 2295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02622295mtgabs.

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As performant and well-established as conventional silicon-based electronics have become, the era of wearable electronics and the Internet-of-Things has created a demand for robust electronic devices that can conform to the surfaces of the human body. Whereas the mechanical mismatch between rigid silicon electronics and the human body represents a fundamental limit to conventional non-invasive health sensing, wearable electronics and electrodes that can conform to the microscopic features of the skin1,2 can circumvent most of the motion artifacts inherent to conventional, rigid sensing devices, and facilitate continuous health monitoring as is required for modern, more proactive healthcare. Unfortunately, without addressing this fundamental mechanical incompatibility, devices that leverage the high density of transistors available in rigid silicon-based integrated circuits are handicapped by how well they can maintain contact with the body, and consequently are prone to failure at the sensor-circuit interface. The extraordinary properties of two-dimensional materials pose a unique opportunity for addressing this mechanical mismatch. Their unusual mechanical strength combined with their ultimate thinness, optical transparency, and favorable electronic transport properties3 makes them ideal candidates for the next generation of highly conformable wearable electronics free of the constraints of a rigid silicon circuit board—however, minimizing local strain in the vicinity of the active devices to ensure reliable operation remains a priority. Using a design informed by finite element method (FEM) simulations, our proposed strain-neutralizing 2D transistors are configured to resist applied strains on the order of the 30% strains human skin can withstand by redistributing strain away from active regions. Tight binding simulations of the transistor channels helps with further compensation of residual strain in the active regions, alongside careful consideration of materials and device architecture during fabrication. Together, these considerations help realize the possibility of fully integrated strain-neutralized 2D transistors compatible with state-of-the-art conformable wearable sensors. [1]S. Kabiri Ameri et al., “Graphene electronic tattoo sensors,” ACS Nano, 11, 7634–7641, 2017. [2] S. Kabiri Ameri et al., “Imperceptible electrooculography graphene sensor system for human–robot interface”, npj 2D Materials and Applications, 2, 1-7, 2018. [3] A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “The electronic properties of graphene,” Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 109–162, Jan. 2009, doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109.

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Rezk, Ayman, Laith Nayfeh, and Ammar Nayfeh. "Fabrication of MoS₂ Biosensor By Chemical Exfoliation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 53 (July 7, 2022): 2220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01532220mtgabs.

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The marriage between nanotechnology and sports is here [1]. We see it in new materials for tennis racquets, to balls, and to goal line technology to name a few [2]. One area that has amazing potential are wearable biosensors to improve the health and stamina of world class athletes [3]. In soccer (football) for example, some of the best athletes in world run almost 10 km during a match so keeping track of their health is very important. These real time bio signals while playing can help to avoid injuries and help long term longevity. The wearables sensors should stick to the athletes’ body seamlessly and not affect their play or performance. This can be done with new nanomaterials and devices. In this work, we use a 2D material, 1.3 nm thick MoS2 nano-flakes, to fabricate a bio sensor that can detect changes in temperature. The chemically exfoliated MoS2 nano-flakes are drop casted on a lightly P doped Si substrate. 50 nm thick Au metallization layer is deposited on both the back of the substrate and top of MoS2. Followed by another metallization layer using a shadow mask to pattern the top contacts. Finally, silver paste is applied to the back contact before mounting it on a gold-coated steel disc. The sensor is then placed on a hot plate and connected to a probe station where the steel plate is grounded, while the top contact voltage is swept from -5 to 5 V. The IV characteristics are measured from 30 oC to 120 oC with 5 oC increments. The collected IV plots from the sensor shows better responsivity and higher current response compared to the control sample with no MoS2. We then tested the current flow as function of temperature to detect changes. This simple design with nanotechnology and 2D materials will be fabricated next on flexible substrates and made into wearable device. This is perfect for world class athletes to detect sudden changes in bio-temp and send real time bio-signals to health care professionals. Finally, the use of bio sensor for athletes will become mainstream soon, help athletes stay healthy and avoid injuries. The use nanotechnology, and nanomaterials will be the key enabler of this. The results here show that 2D materials, like MoS2 are promising for future low cost wearable biosensors. Bibliography [1] M. P. Sadaf Abbasi, S. Nizamuddin and N. M. Mubarak, "Chapter 25 - Functionalized nanomaterials for the aerospace, vehicle, and sports industries," Micro and Nano Technologies, pp. 795-825, 2020. [2] L. P. d. Costa, "Chapter 14 - Engineered nanomaterials in the sports industry,," In Micro and Nano Technologies, Handbook of Nanomaterials for Manufacturing Applications,, pp. 309-320,, 2020. [3] J. Kim, A. Campbell and B. e. a. de Ávila, "Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring," Nat Biotechnol, no. 37, p. 389–406, 2019. Figure 1

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Wu, Songmei. "An Overview of Hierarchical Design of Textile-Based Sensor in Wearable Electronics." Crystals 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12040555.

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Smart textiles have recently aroused tremendous interests over the world because of their broad applications in wearable electronics, such as human healthcare, human motion detection, and intelligent robotics. Sensors are the primary components of wearable and flexible electronics, which convert various signals and external stimuli into electrical signals. While traditional electronic sensors based on rigid silicon wafers can hardly conformably attach on the human body, textile materials including fabrics, yarns, and fibers afford promising alternatives due to their characteristics including light weight, flexibility, and breathability. Of fundamental importance are the needs for fabrics simultaneously having high electrical and mechanical performance. This article focused on the hierarchical design of the textile-based flexible sensor from a structure point of view. We first reviewed the selection of newly developed functional materials for textile-based sensors, including metals, conductive polymers, carbon nanomaterials, and other two-dimensional (2D) materials. Then, the hierarchical structure design principles on different levels from microscale to macroscale were discussed in detail. Special emphasis was placed on the microstructure control of fibers, configurational engineering of yarn, and pattern design of fabrics. Finally, the remaining challenges toward industrialization and commercialization that exist to date were presented.

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Mendes, Rafael, Paweł Wróbel, Alicja Bachmatiuk, Jingyu Sun, Thomas Gemming, Zhongfan Liu, and Mark Rümmeli. "Carbon Nanostructures as a Multi-Functional Platform for Sensing Applications." Chemosensors 6, no. 4 (December 5, 2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors6040060.

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The various forms of carbon nanostructures are providing extraordinary new opportunities that can revolutionize the way gas sensors, electrochemical sensors and biosensors are engineered. The great potential of carbon nanostructures as a sensing platform is exciting due to their unique electrical and chemical properties, highly scalable, biocompatible and particularly interesting due to the almost infinite possibility of functionalization with a wide variety of inorganic nanostructured materials and biomolecules. This opens a whole new pallet of specificity into sensors that can be extremely sensitive, durable and that can be incorporated into the ongoing new generation of wearable technology. Within this context, carbon-based nanostructures are amongst the most promising structures to be incorporated in a multi-functional platform for sensing. The present review discusses the various 1D, 2D and 3D carbon nanostructure forms incorporated into different sensor types as well as the novel functionalization approaches that allow such multi-functionality.

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Chittibabu, Suresh Kumar, and Krishnamoorthi Chintagumpala. "Evolution of 2D materials conducive to the wearable physical sensors for structural health assessment." Microelectronic Engineering 276 (May 2023): 112013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2023.112013.

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Rachim, Vega Pradana, and Sung-Min Park. "Review of 3D-printing technologies for wearable and implantable bio-integrated sensors." Essays in Biochemistry 65, no. 3 (August 2021): 491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20200131.

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Abstract Thin-film microfabrication-based bio-integrated sensors are widely used for a broad range of applications that require continuous measurements of biophysical and biochemical signals from the human body. Typically, they are fabricated using standard photolithography and etching techniques. This traditional method is capable of producing a precise, thin, and flexible bio-integrated sensor system. However, it has several drawbacks, such as the fact that it can only be used to fabricate sensors on a planar surface, it is highly complex requiring specialized high-end facilities and equipment, and it mostly allows only 2D features to be fabricated. Therefore, developing bio-integrated sensors via 3D-printing technology has attracted particular interest. 3D-printing technology offers the possibility to develop sensors on nonplanar substrates, which is beneficial for noninvasive bio-signal sensing, and to directly print on complex 3D nonplanar organ structures. Moreover, this technology introduces a highly flexible and precisely controlled printing process to realize patient-specific sensor systems for ultimate personalized medicine, with the potential of rapid prototyping and mass customization. This review summarizes the latest advancements in 3D-printed bio-integrated systems, including 3D-printing methods and employed printing materials. Furthermore, two widely used 3D-printing techniques are discussed, namely, ex-situ and in-situ fabrication techniques, which can be utilized in different types of applications, including wearable and smart-implantable biosensor systems.

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Kim, Hyunseung, Changwan Sohn, Seongbin Im, and Chang Kyu Jeong. "Triboelectric Pressure Sensors Using Laser-Directed Synthesis of Strain-Induced Crumpled MoS2." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 62 (October 9, 2022): 2293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02622293mtgabs.

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Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanomaterials are currently regarded as next generation electronic materials for future flexible, transparent, and wearable electronics. Due to the lack of compatible synthesis and study, however, the characteristic influences of 2D TMDC nanomaterials have been little investigated in the field of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) devices that are currently one of the main technologies for mechanical energy harvesting. In this report, we demonstrate a fast, non-vacuum, wafer-scale, and patternable synthesis method for 2D MoS2 using pulsed laser-directed thermolysis. The laser-based synthesis technique that we have developed can apply internal stress to MoS2 crystal by adjusting its morphological structure, so that a surface-crumpled MoS2 TENG device generates ~40% more power than a flat MoS2 one. Compared to other MoS2-based TENG devices, it shows high-performance energy harvesting (up to ~25 V and ~1.2 μA) without assistance from other materials, even when the counterpart triboelectric surface has a slightly different triboelectric series. This enhanced triboelectrification is attribute to work function change as well as enlarged surface roughness. Finally, the direct-synthesized MoS2 patterns are utilized to fabricate a self-powered flexible haptic sensor array. The technique we propose here is intended to stimulate further investigation of the triboelectric effects and applications of 2D TMDC nanomaterials.

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Luo, Chun-Li, Jun-Yi Jiao, Xing-Jie Su, Lin-Xin Zheng, Wei-Guo Yan, and Dong-Zhou Zhong. "Interlinked Microcone Resistive Sensors Based on Self-Assembly Carbon Nanotubes Film for Monitoring of Signals." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142325.

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Flexible pressure sensors still face difficulties achieving a constantly adaptable micronanostructure of substrate materials. Interlinked microcone resistive sensors were fabricated by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocone array. PDMS nanocone array was achieved by the second transferring tapered polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) structure. In addition, self-assembly 2D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) networks as a conducting layer were prepared by a low-cost, dependable, and ultrafast Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) process. In addition, the self-assembled two-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) network as a conductive layer can change the internal resistance due to pressure. The results showed that the interlinked sensor with a nanocone structure can detect the external pressure by the change of resistivity and had a sensitive resistance change in the low pressure (<200 Pa), good stability through 2800 cycles, and a detection limit of 10 kPa. Based on these properties, the electric signals were tested, including swallowing throat, finger bending, finger pressing, and paper folding. The simulation model of the sensors with different structural parameters under external pressure was established. With the advantages of high sensitivity, stability, and wide detection range, this sensor shows great potential for monitoring human motion and can be used in wearable devices.

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Khan, Haris, Afaque Manzoor Soomro, Abdul Samad, Irfanullah, Muhammad Waqas, Hina Ashraf, Saeed Ahmed Khan, and Kyung Hyun Choi. "Highly sensitive mechano-optical strain sensors based on 2D materials for human wearable monitoring and high-end robotic applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 10, no. 3 (2022): 932–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc03519c.

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Liu, Lu, Libo Wang, Xuqing Liu, Wenfeng Yuan, Mengmeng Yuan, Qixun Xia, Qianku Hu, and Aiguo Zhou. "High-Performance Wearable Strain Sensor Based on MXene@Cotton Fabric with Network Structure." Nanomaterials 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11040889.

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Flexible and comfortable wearable electronics are as a second skin for humans as they can collect the physiology of humans and show great application in health and fitness monitoring. MXene Ti3C2Tx have been used in flexible electronic devices for their unique properties such as high conductivity, excellent mechanical performance, flexibility, and good hydrophilicity, but less research has focused on MXene-based cotton fabric strain sensors. In this work, a high-performance wearable strain sensor composed of two-dimensional (2D) MXene d-Ti3C2Tx nanomaterials and cotton fabric is reported. Cotton fabrics were selected as substrate as they are comfortable textiles. As the active material in the sensor, MXene d-Ti3C2Tx exhibited an excellent conductivity and hydrophilicity and adhered well to the fabric fibers by electrostatic adsorption. The gauge factor of the MXene@cotton fabric strain sensor reached up to 4.11 within the strain range of 15%. Meanwhile, the sensor possessed high durability (>500 cycles) and a low strain detection limit of 0.3%. Finally, the encapsulated strain sensor was used to detect subtle or large body movements and exhibited a rapid response. This study shows that the MXene@cotton fabric strain sensor reported here have great potential for use in flexible, comfortable, and wearable devices for health monitoring and motion detection.

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Luo, Zewei, Xiaotong Hu, Xiyue Tian, Chen Luo, Hejun Xu, Quanling Li, Qianhao Li, et al. "Structure-Property Relationships in Graphene-Based Strain and Pressure Sensors for Potential Artificial Intelligence Applications." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051250.

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Wearable electronic sensing devices are deemed to be a crucial technology of smart personal electronics. Strain and pressure sensors, one of the most popular research directions in recent years, are the key components of smart and flexible electronics. Graphene, as an advanced nanomaterial, exerts pre-eminent characteristics including high electrical conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, and flexibility. The above advantages of graphene provide great potential for applications in mechatronics, robotics, automation, human-machine interaction, etc.: graphene with diverse structures and leverages, strain and pressure sensors with new functionalities. Herein, the recent progress in graphene-based strain and pressure sensors is presented. The sensing materials are classified into four structures including 0D fullerene, 1D fiber, 2D film, and 3D porous structures. Different structures of graphene-based strain and pressure sensors provide various properties and multifunctions in crucial parameters such as sensitivity, linearity, and hysteresis. The recent and potential applications for graphene-based sensors are also discussed, especially in the field of human motion detection. Finally, the perspectives of graphene-based strain and pressure sensors used in human motion detection combined with artificial intelligence are surveyed. Challenges such as the biocompatibility, integration, and additivity of the sensors are discussed as well.

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Raagulan, Kanthasamy, Bo Mi Kim, and Kyu Yun Chai. "Recent Advancement of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding of Two Dimensional (2D) MXene and Graphene Aerogel Composites." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040702.

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The two Dimensional (2D) materials such as MXene and graphene, are most promising materials, as they have attractive properties and attract numerous application areas like sensors, supper capacitors, displays, wearable devices, batteries, and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) shielding. The proliferation of wireless communication and smart electronic systems urge the world to develop light weight, flexible, cost effective EMI shielding materials. The MXene and graphene mixed with polymers, nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterial, nanowires, and ions are used to create materials with different structural features under different fabrication techniques. The aerogel based hybrid composites of MXene and graphene are critically reviewed and correlate with structure, role of size, thickness, effect of processing technique, and interfacial interaction in shielding efficiency. Further, freeze drying, pyrolysis and hydrothermal treatment is a powerful tool to create excellent EMI shielding aerogels. We present here a review of MXene and graphene with various polymers and nanomaterials and their EMI shielding performances. This will help to develop a more suitable composite for modern electronic systems.

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Khan, Reem, and Silvana Andreescu. "MXenes-Based Bioanalytical Sensors: Design, Characterization, and Applications." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 5434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185434.

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MXenes are recently developed 2D layered nanomaterials that provide unique capabilities for bioanalytical applications. These include high metallic conductivity, large surface area, hydrophilicity, high ion transport properties, low diffusion barrier, biocompatibility, and ease of surface functionalization. MXenes are composed of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides and have a general formula Mn+1Xn, where M is an early transition metal while X is carbon and/or nitrogen. Due to their unique features, MXenes have attracted significant attention in fields such as clean energy production, electronics, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and catalysis. Their composition and layered structure make MXenes attractive for biosensing applications. The high conductivity allows these materials to be used in the design of electrochemical biosensors and the multilayered configuration makes them an efficient immobilization matrix for the retention of activity of the immobilized biomolecules. These properties are applicable to many biosensing systems and applications. This review describes the progress made on the use and application of MXenes in the development of electrochemical and optical biosensors and highlights future needs and opportunities in this field. In particular, opportunities for developing wearable sensors and systems with integrated biomolecule recognition are highlighted.

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Sagadevan, Suresh, Md Zillur Rahman, Estelle Léonard, Dusan Losic, and Volker Hessel. "Sensor to Electronics Applications of Graphene Oxide through AZO Grafting." Nanomaterials 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13050846.

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Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) material with a single atomic crystal structure of carbon that has the potential to create next-generation devices for photonic, optoelectronic, thermoelectric, sensing, wearable electronics, etc., owing to its excellent electron mobility, large surface-to-volume ratio, adjustable optics, and high mechanical strength. In contrast, owing to their light-induced conformations, fast response, photochemical stability, and surface-relief structures, azobenzene (AZO) polymers have been used as temperature sensors and photo-switchable molecules and are recognized as excellent candidates for a new generation of light-controllable molecular electronics. They can withstand trans-cis isomerization by conducting light irradiation or heating but have poor photon lifetime and energy density and are prone to agglomeration even at mild doping levels, reducing their optical sensitivity. Graphene derivatives, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), are an excellent platform that, combined with AZO-based polymers, could generate a new type of hybrid structure with interesting properties of ordered molecules. AZO derivatives may modify the energy density, optical responsiveness, and photon storage capacity, potentially preventing aggregation and strengthening the AZO complexes. They are potential candidates for sensors, photocatalysts, photodetectors, photocurrent switching, and other optical applications. This review aimed to provide an overview of the recent progress in graphene-related 2D materials (Gr2MS) and AZO polymer AZO-GO/RGO hybrid structures and their synthesis and applications. The review concludes with remarks based on the findings of this study.

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Vázquez, Antonio, Joannes Diaz, Edgar Vazquez, Lina Acosta, and Lisandro Cunci. "Inkjet Electrodes for Developing Wearable Sensors for the Detection of Peptides and Neurotransmitters in Sweat Using Flexible Materials." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 62 (October 9, 2022): 2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02622279mtgabs.

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In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the research and development of 2D materials for use and application in different fields, such as new technologies, medicine, health care, flexible biosensors, and wearable devices. Our goal is based on developing a flexible wearable biosensor for the skin to detect in real-time neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in human sweat. The development of flexible biosensors for detecting molecules in sweat has been of great interest. However, the problem is that most research has focused on a limited number of molecules such as lactate, chloride and potassium ions, glucose, and pH, and there is a great need to develop flexible biosensors that can monitor real-time molecules that are not yet studied in sweat. One of our molecules of great interest is neuropeptide Y (NPY). NPY has an essential role in the energy balance and is related to different diseases and conditions such as diabetes, obesity, depression, anxiety, and sleep problems and has recently been found to be associated with cardiovascular problems. Our biosensor consists of flexible, low-cost materials that do not require much manufacturing time. The proposed flexible sensor system consists of paper-based microfluidics that serve as our system's passive flow method and silver inkjet electrodes printed on the PET surface. Microfluidic systems can be characterized as active or passive, depending on the force applied to the sample or flow. We can perform minimal flow or particles in a minimum amount of liquid or a sample flow with paper-based microfluidics systems. Among the passive microfluidic systems, paper-based microfluidics, also known as micro-pads, are among the most promising methods because they are easy to manufacture, inexpensive, and have low sample volume. One of the most popular techniques to develop electrochemical wearable biosensors is the fabrication of microelectrode arrays through inkjet printing. To fabricate our electrode arrays, we first created the design in AutoCAD and then printed it using silver conductive ink and a commercial inkjet printer. Since sweat is a complex fluid, it is necessary to modify the working electrode's surface to give the electrode's selectivity towards the molecule to be analyzed or detected. To achieve the detection of NPY, we first add carboxyl groups to the surface of the working electrode, which will serve as an anchor for the specific aptamer for NPY. We use different buffer solutions like artificial cerebrospinal fluid, phosphate buffer solutions, and artificial sweat to perform electrochemical characterization on our silver inkjet electrodes through cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). We decreased the oxidation of the surface of our electrodes by changing the buffer and modifying the surface for greater selectivity towards NPY. Using 2D materials, we managed to manufacture and electrochemically characterize our flexible biosensor system prototypes to detect neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in sweat, applying the use of paper-based microfluidics and silver inkjet electrodes printed on PET and paper surfaces.

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Li, Kai, Yihui Zhao, Maiqi Liu, Xiaoying Wang, Fangyuan Zhang, and Dazhi Wang. "A multi-scale E-jet 3D printing regulated by structured multi-physics field." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 32, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 025005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ac43d1.

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Abstract Micro/nano scale structure as important functional part have been widely used in wearable flexible sensors, gas sensors, biological tissue engineering, microfluidic chips super capacitors and so on. Here a multi-scale electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) 3D printing approach regulated by structured multi-physics fields was demonstrated to generate 800 nm scale 2D geometries and high aspect ratio 3D structures. The simulation model of jetting process under resultant effect of top fluid field, middle electric field and bottom thermal field was established. And the physical mechanism and scale law of jet formation were studied. The effects of thermal field temperature, applied voltage and flow rate on the jet behaviors were studied; and the range of process parameters of stable jet was obtained. The regulation of printing parameters was used to manufacture the high resolution gradient graphics and the high aspect ratio structure with tight interlayer bonding. The structural features could be flexibly adjusted by reasonably matching the process parameters. Finally, polycaprolactone/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PCL/PVP) composite scaffolds with cell-scale fiber and ordered fiber spacing were printed. The proposed E-jet printing method provides an alternative approach for the application of biopolymer materials in tissue engineering.

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Chen, Zehong, Yijie Hu, Hao Zhuo, Linxiang Liu, Shuangshuang Jing, Linxin Zhong, Xinwen Peng, and Run-cang Sun. "Compressible, Elastic, and Pressure-Sensitive Carbon Aerogels Derived from 2D Titanium Carbide Nanosheets and Bacterial Cellulose for Wearable Sensors." Chemistry of Materials 31, no. 9 (April 16, 2019): 3301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00259.

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Chiu, Chih-Wei, Jia-Wun Li, Chen-Yang Huang, Shun-Siang Yang, Yu-Chian Soong, Chih-Lung Lin, Jimmy Chi-Min Lee, William Anderson Lee Sanchez, Chih-Chia Cheng, and Maw-Cherng Suen. "Controlling the Structures, Flexibility, Conductivity Stability of Three-Dimensional Conductive Networks of Silver Nanoparticles/Carbon-Based Nanomaterials with Nanodispersion and their Application in Wearable Electronic Sensors." Nanomaterials 10, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10051009.

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This research has successfully synthesized highly flexible and conductive nanohybrid electrode films. Nanodispersion and stabilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were achieved via non-covalent adsorption and with an organic polymeric dispersant and inorganic carbon-based nanomaterials—nano-carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and graphene oxide (GO). The new polymeric dispersant—polyisobutylene-b-poly(oxyethylene)-b-polyisobutylene (PIB-POE-PIB) triblock copolymer—could stabilize AgNPs. Simultaneously, this stabilization was conducted through the addition of mixed organic/inorganic dispersants based on zero- (0D), one- (1D), and two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, namely CB, CNT, and GO. Furthermore, the dispersion solution was evenly coated/mixed onto polymeric substrates, and the products were heated. As a result, highly conductive thin-film materials (with a surface electrical resistance of approximately 10−2 Ω/sq) were eventually acquired. The results indicated that 2D carbon-based nanomaterials (GO) could stabilize AgNPs more effectively during their reductNion and, hence, generate particles with the smallest sizes, as the COO− functional groups of GO are evenly distributed. The optimal AgNPs/PIB-POE-PIB/GO ratio was 20:20:1. Furthermore, the flexible electrode layers were successfully manufactured and applied in wearable electronic sensors to generate electrocardiograms (ECGs). ECGs were, thereafter, successfully obtained.

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IVANENKO, K. O., and A. M. FAINLEIB. "МАХ PHASE (MXENE) IN POLYMER MATERIALS." Polymer journal 44, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.44.03.165.

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This article is a review of the Mn+1AXn phases (“MAX phases”, where n = 1, 2 or 3), their MXene derivatives and the reinforcement of polymers with these materials. The MAX phases are a class of hexagonal-structure ternary carbides and nitrides ("X") of the transition metal ("M") and the A-group element. The unique combination of chemical, physical, electrical and mechanical properties that combine the characteristics of metals and ceramics is of interest to researchers in the MAX phases. For example, MAX phases are typically resistant to oxidation and corrosion, elastic, but at the same time, they have high thermal and electrical conductivity and are machinable. These properties stem from an inherently nanolaminated crystal structure, with Mn+1Xn slabs intercalated with pure A-element layers. To date, more than 150 MAX phases have been synthesized. In 2011, a new family of 2D materials, called MXene, was synthesized, emphasizing the connection with the MAX phases and their dimension. Several approaches to the synthesis of MXene have been developed, including selective etching in a mixture of fluoride salts and various acids, non-aqueous etching solutions, halogens and molten salts, which allows the synthesis of new materials with better control over the chemical composition of their surface. The use of MAX phases and MXene for polymer reinforcement increases their thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. Thus, the addition of fillers increases the glass transition temperature by an average of 10%, bending strength by 30%, compressive strength by 70%, tensile strength up to 200%, microhardness by 40%, reduces friction coefficient and makes the composite material self-lubricating, and 1 % wt. MAX phases increases thermal conductivity by 23%, Young’s modulus increases. The use of composites as components of sensors, electromagnetic protection, wearable technologies, in current sources, in aerospace and military applications, etc. are proposed.

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Izadmehr, Yasaman, Héctor F. Satizábal, Kamiar Aminian, and Andres Perez-Uribe. "Depth Estimation for Egocentric Rehabilitation Monitoring Using Deep Learning Algorithms." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 6578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136578.

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Upper limb impairment is one of the most common problems for people with neurological disabilities, affecting their activity, quality of life (QOL), and independence. Objective assessment of upper limb performance is a promising way to help patients with neurological upper limb disorders. By using wearable sensors, such as an egocentric camera, it is possible to monitor and objectively assess patients’ actual performance in activities of daily life (ADLs). We analyzed the possibility of using Deep Learning models for depth estimation based on a single RGB image to allow the monitoring of patients with 2D (RGB) cameras. We conducted experiments placing objects at different distances from the camera and varying the lighting conditions to evaluate the performance of the depth estimation provided by two deep learning models (MiDaS & Alhashim). Finally, we integrated the best performing model for depth-estimation (MiDaS) with other Deep Learning models for hand (MediaPipe) and object detection (YOLO) and evaluated the system in a task of hand-object interaction. Our tests showed that our final system has a 78% performance in detecting interactions, while the reference performance using a 3D (depth) camera is 84%.

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Cho, Chia-Jung, Ping-Yu Chung, Ying-Wen Tsai, Yu-Tong Yang, Shih-Yu Lin, and Pin-Shu Huang. "Stretchable Sensors: Novel Human Motion Monitoring Wearables." Nanomaterials 13, no. 16 (August 19, 2023): 2375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13162375.

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A human body monitoring system remains a significant focus, and to address the challenges in wearable sensors, a nanotechnology-enhanced strategy is proposed for designing stretchable metal-organic polymer nanocomposites. The nanocomposite comprises reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and in-situ generated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) within elastic electrospun polystyrene-butadiene-polystyrene (SBS) fibers. The resulting Sandwich Structure Piezoresistive Woven Nanofabric (SSPWN) is a tactile-sensitive wearable sensor with remarkable performance. It exhibits a rapid response time (less than three milliseconds) and high reproducible stability over 5500 cycles. The nanocomposite also demonstrates exceptional thermal stability due to effective connections between rGO and AgNPs, making it suitable for wearable electronic applications. Furthermore, the SSPWN is successfully applied to human motion monitoring, including various areas of the hand and RGB sensing shoes for foot motion monitoring. This nanotechnology-enhanced strategy shows promising potential for intelligent healthcare, health monitoring, gait detection, and analysis, offering exciting prospects for future wearable electronic products.

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Jenjeti, Ramesh Naidu, Rajat Kumar, and S. Sampath. "Two-dimensional, few-layer NiPS3 for flexible humidity sensor with high selectivity." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 24 (2019): 14545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta03214b.

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Ferri, Josue, Jose Lidón-Roger, Jorge Moreno, Gabriel Martinez, and Eduardo Garcia-Breijo. "A Wearable Textile 2D Touchpad Sensor Based on Screen-Printing Technology." Materials 10, no. 12 (December 20, 2017): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma10121450.

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Li, Zhikang, Shiming Zhang, Yihang Chen, Haonan Ling, Libo Zhao, Guoxi Luo, Xiaochen Wang, et al. "Gelatin Methacryloyl‐Based Tactile Sensors for Medical Wearables." Advanced Functional Materials 30, no. 49 (September 6, 2020): 2003601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202003601.

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Liang, Rongfeng, Lijie Zhong, Yirong Zhang, Yitian Tang, Meixue Lai, Tingting Han, Wei Wang, et al. "Directly Using Ti3C2Tx MXene for a Solid-Contact Potentiometric pH Sensor toward Wearable Sweat pH Monitoring." Membranes 13, no. 4 (March 25, 2023): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13040376.

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The level of hydrogen ions in sweat is one of the most important physiological indexes for the health state of the human body. As a type of two-dimensional (2D) material, MXene has the advantages of superior electrical conductivity, a large surface area, and rich functional groups on the surface. Herein, we report a type of Ti3C2Tx-based potentiometric pH sensor for wearable sweat pH analysis. The Ti3C2Tx was prepared by two etching methods, including a mild LiF/HCl mixture and HF solution, which was directly used as the pH-sensitive materials. Both etched Ti3C2Tx showed a typical lamellar structure and exhibited enhanced potentiometric pH responses compared with a pristine precursor of Ti3AlC2. The HF-Ti3C2Tx disclosed the sensitivities of −43.51 ± 0.53 mV pH–1 (pH 1–11) and −42.73 ± 0.61 mV pH–1 (pH 11–1). A series of electrochemical tests demonstrated that HF-Ti3C2Tx exhibited better analytical performances, including sensitivity, selectivity, and reversibility, owing to deep etching. The HF-Ti3C2Tx was thus further fabricated as a flexible potentiometric pH sensor by virtue of its 2D characteristic. Upon integrating with a solid-contact Ag/AgCl reference electrode, the flexible sensor realized real-time monitoring of pH level in human sweat. The result disclosed a relatively stable pH value of ~6.5 after perspiration, which was consistent with the ex situ sweat pH test. This work offers a type of MXene-based potentiometric pH sensor for wearable sweat pH monitoring.

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Chen, Yuewen, Shengping Dai, Hao Zhu, Hongwei Hu, Ningyi Yuan, and Jianning Ding. "Self-healing hydrogel sensors with multiple shape memory properties for human motion monitoring." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 1 (2021): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj04923a.

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Yin, Heyu, Yunteng Cao, Benedetto Marelli, Xiangqun Zeng, Andrew J. Mason, and Changyong Cao. "Soil Sensors and Plant Wearables for Smart and Precision Agriculture." Advanced Materials 33, no. 20 (April 7, 2021): 2007764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202007764.

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Özkan, Doğuş, M. Cenk Özekinci, Zeynep Taşlıçukur Öztürk, and Egemen Sulukan. "Two Dimensional Materials for Military Applications." Defence Science Journal 70, no. 6 (October 12, 2020): 672–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.70.15879.

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This paper particularly focuses on 2D materials and their utilization in military applications. 2D and heterostructured 2D materials have great potential for military applications in developing energy storage devices, sensors, electronic devices, and weapon systems. Advanced 2D material-based sensors and detectors provide high awareness and significant opportunities to attain correct data required for planning, optimization, and decision-making, which are the main factors in the command and control processes in the military operations. High capacity sensors and detectors or energy storage can be developed not only by using 2D materials such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), MoS2, MoSe2, MXenes; but also by combining 2D materials to obtain heterostructures. Phototransistors, flexible thin-film transistors, IR detectors, electrodes for batteries, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic light-emitting diodes have been being developed from the 2D materials for devices that are used in weapon systems, chemical-biological warfare sensors, and detection systems. Therefore, the utilization of 2D materials is the key factor and the future of advanced sensors, weapon systems, and energy storage devices for military applications.

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Hu, Zhiyuan, Junpeng Wang, Yan Wang, Chuan Wang, Yawei Wang, Ziyi Zhang, Peng Xu, et al. "A Robust and Wearable Triboelectric Tactile Patch as Intelligent Human-Machine Interface." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 24, 2021): 6366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216366.

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The human–machine interface plays an important role in the diversified interactions between humans and machines, especially by swaping information exchange between human and machine operations. Considering the high wearable compatibility and self-powered capability, triboelectric-based interfaces have attracted increasing attention. Herein, this work developed a minimalist and stable interacting patch with the function of sensing and robot controlling based on triboelectric nanogenerator. This robust and wearable patch is composed of several flexible materials, namely polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), nylon, hydrogels electrode, and silicone rubber substrate. A signal-processing circuit was used in this patch to convert the sensor signal into a more stable signal (the deviation within 0.1 V), which provides a more effective method for sensing and robot control in a wireless way. Thus, the device can be used to control the movement of robots in real-time and exhibits a good stable performance. A specific algorithm was used in this patch to convert the 1D serial number into a 2D coordinate system, so that the click of the finger can be converted into a sliding track, so as to achieve the trajectory generation of a robot in a wireless way. It is believed that the device-based human–machine interaction with minimalist design has great potential in applications for contact perception, 2D control, robotics, and wearable electronics.

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Yin, Yunlei, Cheng Guo, Hong Li, Hongying Yang, Fan Xiong, and Dongyi Chen. "The Progress of Research into Flexible Sensors in the Field of Smart Wearables." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 5089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145089.

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In modern society, technology associated with smart sensors made from flexible materials is rapidly evolving. As a core component in the field of wearable smart devices (or ‘smart wearables’), flexible sensors have the advantages of excellent flexibility, ductility, free folding properties, and more. When choosing materials for the development of sensors, reduced weight, elasticity, and wearer’s convenience are considered as advantages, and are suitable for electronic skin, monitoring of health-related issues, biomedicine, human–computer interactions, and other fields of biotechnology. The idea behind wearable sensory devices is to enable their easy integration into everyday life. This review discusses the concepts of sensory mechanism, detected object, and contact form of flexible sensors, and expounds the preparation materials and their applicability. This is with the purpose of providing a reference for the further development of flexible sensors suitable for wearable devices.

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Lemme, Max C., Stefan Wagner, Kangho Lee, Xuge Fan, Gerard J. Verbiest, Sebastian Wittmann, Sebastian Lukas, et al. "Nanoelectromechanical Sensors Based on Suspended 2D Materials." Research 2020 (July 20, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/8748602.

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The unique properties and atomic thickness of two-dimensional (2D) materials enable smaller and better nanoelectromechanical sensors with novel functionalities. During the last decade, many studies have successfully shown the feasibility of using suspended membranes of 2D materials in pressure sensors, microphones, accelerometers, and mass and gas sensors. In this review, we explain the different sensing concepts and give an overview of the relevant material properties, fabrication routes, and device operation principles. Finally, we discuss sensor readout and integration methods and provide comparisons against the state of the art to show both the challenges and promises of 2D material-based nanoelectromechanical sensing.

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Choi, Jin-Woo, and Edward Song. "Editorial for the Special Issue on Printable and Flexible Electronics for Sensors." Micromachines 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11070683.

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Printable and flexible electronic materials have gained a tremendous amount of interest both in academia and in industry, due to their potential impact in many areas, including advanced manufacturing, healthcare, diagnostics, wearables, renewable energy, and defense, to name a few [...]

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Ghosh, Arnab, Sagnik Nag, Alyssa Gomes, Apurva Gosavi, Gauri Ghule, Aniket Kundu, Buddhadev Purohit, and Rohit Srivastava. "Applications of Smart Material Sensors and Soft Electronics in Healthcare Wearables for Better User Compliance." Micromachines 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14010121.

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The need for innovation in the healthcare sector is essential to meet the demand of a rapidly growing population and the advent of progressive chronic ailments. Over the last decade, real-time monitoring of health conditions has been prioritized for accurate clinical diagnosis and access to accelerated treatment options. Therefore, the demand for wearable biosensing modules for preventive and monitoring purposes has been increasing over the last decade. Application of machine learning, big data analysis, neural networks, and artificial intelligence for precision and various power-saving approaches are used to increase the reliability and acceptance of smart wearables. However, user compliance and ergonomics are key areas that need focus to make the wearables mainstream. Much can be achieved through the incorporation of smart materials and soft electronics. Though skin-friendly wearable devices have been highlighted recently for their multifunctional abilities, a detailed discussion on the integration of smart materials for higher user compliance is still missing. In this review, we have discussed the principles and applications of sustainable smart material sensors and soft electronics for better ergonomics and increased user compliance in various healthcare devices. Moreover, the importance of nanomaterials and nanotechnology is discussed in the development of smart wearables.

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Yao, Haicheng, Weidong Yang, Wen Cheng, Yu Jun Tan, Hian Hian See, Si Li, Hashina Parveen Anwar Ali, Brian Z. H. Lim, Zhuangjian Liu, and Benjamin C. K. Tee. "Near–hysteresis-free soft tactile electronic skins for wearables and reliable machine learning." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 41 (September 28, 2020): 25352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010989117.

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Electronic skins are essential for real-time health monitoring and tactile perception in robots. Although the use of soft elastomers and microstructures have improved the sensitivity and pressure-sensing range of tactile sensors, the intrinsic viscoelasticity of soft polymeric materials remains a long-standing challenge resulting in cyclic hysteresis. This causes sensor data variations between contact events that negatively impact the accuracy and reliability. Here, we introduce the Tactile Resistive Annularly Cracked E-Skin (TRACE) sensor to address the inherent trade-off between sensitivity and hysteresis in tactile sensors when using soft materials. We discovered that piezoresistive sensors made using an array of three-dimensional (3D) metallic annular cracks on polymeric microstructures possess high sensitivities (> 107Ω ⋅ kPa−1), low hysteresis (2.99 ± 1.37%) over a wide pressure range (0–20 kPa), and fast response (400 Hz). We demonstrate that TRACE sensors can accurately detect and measure the pulse wave velocity (PWV) when skin mounted. Moreover, we show that these tactile sensors when arrayed enabled fast reliable one-touch surface texture classification with neuromorphic encoding and deep learning algorithms.

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Jayathilaka, Wanasinghe Arachchige Dumith Madush, Kun Qi, Yanli Qin, Amutha Chinnappan, William Serrano-García, Chinnappan Baskar, Hongbo Wang, et al. "Significance of Nanomaterials in Wearables: A Review on Wearable Actuators and Sensors." Advanced Materials 31, no. 7 (December 27, 2018): 1805921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201805921.

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Ullrich, Julia, Martin Eisenreich, Yvonne Zimmermann, Dominik Mayer, Nina Koehne, Jacqueline F. Tschannett, Amalid Mahmud-Ali, and Thomas Bechtold. "Piezo-Sensitive Fabrics from Carbon Black Containing Conductive Cellulose Fibres for Flexible Pressure Sensors." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 5150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225150.

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The design of flexible sensors which can be incorporated in textile structures is of decisive importance for the future development of wearables. In addition to their technical functionality, the materials chosen to construct the sensor should be nontoxic, affordable, and compatible with future recycling. Conductive fibres were produced by incorporation of carbon black into regenerated cellulose fibres. By incorporation of 23 wt.% and 27 wt.% carbon black, the surface resistance of the fibres reduced from 1.3 × 1010 Ω·cm for standard viscose fibres to 2.7 × 103 and 475 Ω·cm, respectively. Fibre tenacity reduced to 30–50% of a standard viscose; however, it was sufficient to allow processing of the material in standard textile operations. A fibre blend of the conductive viscose fibres with polyester fibres was used to produce a needle-punched nonwoven material with piezo-electric properties, which was used as a pressure sensor in the very low pressure range of 400–1000 Pa. The durability of the sensor was demonstrated in repetitive load/relaxation cycles. As a regenerated cellulose fibre, the carbon-black-incorporated cellulose fibre is compatible with standard textile processing operations and, thus, will be of high interest as a functional element in future wearables.

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Sengupta, Debarun, Amar M. Kamat, Quinten Smit, Bayu Jayawardhana, and Ajay Giri Prakash Kottapalli. "Piezoresistive 3D graphene–PDMS spongy pressure sensors for IoT enabled wearables and smart products." Flexible and Printed Electronics 7, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 015004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ac4d0e.

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Abstract Recently, 3D porous graphene–polymer composite-based piezoresistive sensors have gained significant traction in the field of flexible electronics owing to their ultralightweight nature, high compressability, robustness, and excellent electromechanical properties. In this work, we present an improved facile recipe for developing repeatable, reliable, and linear 3D graphene–polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) spongy sensors for internet of things (IoT)-enabled wearable systems and smart consumer products. Fundamental morphological characterization and sensing performance assessment of the piezoresistive 3D graphene–polymer sensor were conducted to establish its suitability for the development of squeezable, flexible, and skin-mountable human motion sensors. The density and porosity of the sponges were determined to be 250 mg cm−3 and 74% respectively. Mechanical compressive loading tests conducted on the sensors revealed an average elastic modulus as low as ∼56.7 kPa. Dynamic compressive force-resistance change response tests conducted on four identical sensors revealed a linear piezoresistive response (in the compressive load range 0.42–2.18 N) with an average force sensitivity of 0.3470 ± 0.0794 N−1. In addition, an accelerated lifetime test comprising 1500 compressive loading cycles (at 3.90 N uniaxial compressive loading) was conducted to demonstrate the long-term reliability and stability of the sensor. To test the applicability of the sensors in smart wearables, four identical graphene–PDMS sponges were configured on the fingertip regions of a soft nitrile glove to develop a pressure sensing smart glove for real-time haptic pressure monitoring. Similarly, the sensors were also integrated into the Philips 9000 series electric shaver to realize smart shaving applications with the ability to monitor shaving motions. Furthermore, the readiness of our system for next-generation IoT-enabled applications was demonstrated by integrating the smart glove with an embedded system software utilizing the an open source microcontroller platform. The system was capable of identifying real-time qualitative pressure distribution across the fingertips while grasping daily life objects, thus establishing the suitability of such sensors for next-generation wearables for prosthetics, consumer devices, and personalized healthcare monitoring devices.

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Prasad, Sabarinath, Sivakumar Arunachalam, Thomas Boillat, Ahmed Ghoneima, Narayan Gandedkar, and Samira Diar-Bakirly. "Wearable Orofacial Technology and Orthodontics." Dentistry Journal 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj11010024.

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Wearable technology to augment traditional approaches are increasingly being added to the arsenals of treatment providers. Wearable technology generally refers to electronic systems, devices, or sensors that are usually worn on or are in close proximity to the human body. Wearables may be stand-alone or integrated into materials that are worn on the body. What sets medical wearables apart from other systems is their ability to collect, store, and relay information regarding an individual’s current body status to other devices operating on compatible networks in naturalistic settings. The last decade has witnessed a steady increase in the use of wearables specific to the orofacial region. Applications range from supplementing diagnosis, tracking treatment progress, monitoring patient compliance, and better understanding the jaw’s functional and parafunctional activities. Orofacial wearable devices may be unimodal or incorporate multiple sensing modalities. The objective data collected continuously, in real time, in naturalistic settings using these orofacial wearables provide opportunities to formulate accurate and personalized treatment strategies. In the not-too-distant future, it is anticipated that information about an individual’s current oral health status may provide patient-centric personalized care to prevent, diagnose, and treat oral diseases, with wearables playing a key role. In this review, we examine the progress achieved, summarize applications of orthodontic relevance and examine the future potential of orofacial wearables.

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Tan, Wee Chong, and Kah‐Wee Ang. "Volatile Organic Compound Sensors Based on 2D Materials." Advanced Electronic Materials 7, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 2001071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aelm.202001071.

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Xu, Wanzhen, Wei Han, Junliang Shen, Wenjie Zhu, Wenming Yang, Mengmeng Li, and Sheng Yang. "Transistors based on solution-processed 2D materials for chemical and biological sensing." Flexible and Printed Electronics 7, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 014001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ac442c.

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Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted signifcant attention due to their unique chemical and physical characteristics. The specific structures and large surface area of 2D materials lead to great potentials in sensing applications with the advantages of high sensitivity, high efficiency, and environmental friendliness. As a result, a great variety of devices have been developed based on 2D materials and utilized as electronic, chemical, biological, and even multifunctional sensors. Importantly, the high performance of these sensors is largely attributed to the synthetic strategies of high-quality 2D materials, where the exfoliation in the liquid phase is one of the most efficient methods. In this review, we firstly summarize the recent progress on the solution methods for the synthesis of high-quality graphene as well as non-carbon 2D materials. Then the main focus of this review article is shifted to the transistor-type sensors, especially the biosensors and chemical sensors, on the basis of these solution-processed 2D materials. In addition, the remaining challenges in this research field are discussed, and possible future directions of development are also proposed from the aspects of materials, processing, and devices.

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Li, Zhikang, Shiming Zhang, Yihang Chen, Haonan Ling, Libo Zhao, Guoxi Luo, Xiaochen Wang, et al. "Wearable Tactile Sensors: Gelatin Methacryloyl‐Based Tactile Sensors for Medical Wearables (Adv. Funct. Mater. 49/2020)." Advanced Functional Materials 30, no. 49 (December 2020): 2070326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202070326.

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Ferri, Josue, Clara Perez Fuster, Raúl Llinares Llopis, Jorge Moreno, and Eduardo Garcia‑Breijo. "Integration of a 2D Touch Sensor with an Electroluminescent Display by Using a Screen-Printing Technology on Textile Substrate." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 2, 2018): 3313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103313.

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Abstract:

Many types of solutions have been studied and developed in order to give the user feedback when using touchpads, buttons, or keyboards in textile industry. Their application on textiles could allow a wide range of applications in the field of medicine, sports or the automotive industry. In this work, we introduce a novel solution that combines a 2D touchpad with an electroluminescent display (ELD). This approach physically has two circuits over a flexible textile substrate using the screen-printing technique for wearable electronics applications. Screen-printing technology is widely used in the textile industry and does not require heavy investments. For the proposed solution, different layer structures are presented, considering several fabric materials and inks, to obtain the best results.

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Journal articles on the topic '2D materials, Sensors, Wearables'

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