Journal articles: '2D carbides and nitrides (MXenes)'

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VahidMohammadi, Armin, Johanna Rosen, and Yury Gogotsi. "The world of two-dimensional carbides and nitrides (MXenes)." Science 372, no. 6547 (June 10, 2021): eabf1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1581.

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A decade after the first report, the family of two-dimensional (2D) carbides and nitrides (MXenes) includes structures with three, five, seven, or nine layers of atoms in an ordered or solid solution form. Dozens of MXene compositions have been produced, resulting in MXenes with mixed surface terminations. MXenes have shown useful and tunable electronic, optical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties, leading to applications ranging from optoelectronics, electromagnetic interference shielding, and wireless antennas to energy storage, catalysis, sensing, and medicine. Here we present a forward-looking review of the field of MXenes. We discuss the challenges to be addressed and outline research directions that will deepen the fundamental understanding of the properties of MXenes and enable their hybridization with other 2D materials in various emerging technologies.

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Li, Zhenyu, Zeyu Wang, Weixin Lu, and Bo Hou. "Theoretical Study of Electromagnetic Interference Shielding of 2D MXenes Films." Metals 8, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8080652.

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The advance of research on 2D transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides (collectively known as MXenes) has progressed rapidly since the introduction of Ti3C2 in 2011. Nowadays the number of MXene synthesized in lab has reached more than 20, while there are currently about 20 theoretically predicted structures. In this study, we calculate the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of a series of MXene films in theory and find that the results are in good agreement with the measured data. From this, we can use this method to calculate electromagnetic properties of all kinds of 2D material films which are similar to Mxenes.

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Yoon, Yeoheung, Thi Anh Le, Anand P. Tiwari, Ikjoon Kim, Michel W. Barsoum, and Hyoyoung Lee. "Low temperature solution synthesis of reduced two dimensional Ti3C2 MXenes with paramagnetic behaviour." Nanoscale 10, no. 47 (2018): 22429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr06854b.

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Yuan, Wenyu, Laifei Cheng, Heng Wu, Yani Zhang, Shilin Lv, and Xiaohui Guo. "One-step synthesis of 2D-layered carbon wrapped transition metal nitrides from transition metal carbides (MXenes) for supercapacitors with ultrahigh cycling stability." Chemical Communications 54, no. 22 (2018): 2755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc09017j.

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Malaki, Massoud, Aziz Maleki, and Rajender S. Varma. "MXenes and ultrasonication." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 18 (2019): 10843–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01850f.

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MXenes, 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides, with superior electrical, optical, and mechanical properties is a recent discovery and have already been deployed in a variety of fields such as batteries, composites, sensors and medical devices.

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Khaledialidusti, Rasoul, Babak Anasori, and Afrooz Barnoush. "Temperature-dependent mechanical properties of Tin+1CnO2 (n = 1, 2) MXene monolayers: a first-principles study." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 6 (2020): 3414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp06721c.

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Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides (named as MXenes) have become of the fastest growing family of 2D materials in terms of compositions and their applications in different areas.

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Mahar, Inamullah, Fida Hussain Memon, Jae-Wook Lee, Kyung Hwan Kim, Rafique Ahmed, Faheeda Soomro, Faisal Rehman, Ayaz Ali Memon, Khalid Hussain Thebo, and Kyung Hyun Choi. "Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) for Water Purification and Antibacterial Applications." Membranes 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110869.

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Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, graphene oxide (GO), metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDS), boron nitride (BN), and layered double hydroxide (LDH) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely investigated as potential candidates in various separation applications because of their high mechanical strength, large surface area, ideal chemical and thermal stability, simplicity, ease of functionalization, environmental comparability, and good antibacterial performance. Recently, MXene as a new member of the 2D polymer family has attracted significant attention in water purification, desalination, gas separation, antibacterial, and antifouling applications. Herein, we review the most recent progress in the fabrication, preparation, and modification methods of MXene-based lamellar membranes with the emphasis on applications for water purification and desalination. Moreover, the antibacterial properties of MXene-based membranes show a significant potential for commercial use in water purification. Thus, this review provides a directional guide for future development in this emerging technology.

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Li, Xiaohua, Feitian Ran, Fan Yang, Jun Long, and Lu Shao. "Advances in MXene Films: Synthesis, Assembly, and Applications." Transactions of Tianjin University 27, no. 3 (March 7, 2021): 217–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12209-021-00282-y.

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AbstractA growing family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides or nitrides, known as MXenes, have received increasing attention because of their unique properties, such as metallic conductivity and good hydrophilicity. The studies on MXenes have been widely pursued, given the composition diversity of the parent MAX phases. This review focuses on MXene films, an important form of MXene-based materials for practical applications. We summarized the synthesis methods of MXenes, focusing on emerging synthesis strategies and reaction mechanisms. The advanced assembly technologies of MXene films, including vacuum-assisted filtration, spin-coating methods, and several other approaches, were then highlighted. Finally, recent progress in the applications of MXene films in electrochemical energy storage, membrane separation, electromagnetic shielding fields, and burgeoning areas, as well as the correlation between compositions, architecture, and performance, was discussed.

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Urbankowski, Patrick, Babak Anasori, Kanit Hantanasirisakul, Long Yang, Lihua Zhang, Bernard Haines, Steven J. May, Simon J. L. Billinge, and Yury Gogotsi. "2D molybdenum and vanadium nitrides synthesized by ammoniation of 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes)." Nanoscale 9, no. 45 (2017): 17722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr06721f.

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Yang, Yang, Kaijuan Li, Yaxin Wang, Zhanpeng Wu, Thomas P. Russell, and Shaowei Shi. "MXene-Based Porous Monoliths." Nanomaterials 12, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 3792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12213792.

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In the past decade, a thriving family of 2D nanomaterials, transition-metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes), have garnered tremendous interest due to its intriguing physical/chemical properties, structural features, and versatile functionality. Integrating these 2D nanosheets into 3D monoliths offers an exciting and powerful platform for translating their fundamental advantages into practical applications. Introducing internal pores, such as isotropic pores and aligned channels, within the monoliths can not only address the restacking of MXenes, but also afford a series of novel and, in some cases, unique structural merits to advance the utility of the MXene-based materials. Here, a brief overview of the development of MXene-based porous monoliths, in terms of the types of microstructures, is provided, focusing on the pore design and how the porous microstructure affects the application performance.

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Zhou, Aiguo, Yi Liu, Shibo Li, Xiaohui Wang, Guobing Ying, Qixun Xia, and Peigen Zhang. "From structural ceramics to 2D materials with multi-applications: A review on the development from MAX phases to MXenes." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 10, no. 6 (November 10, 2021): 1194–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-021-0535-5.

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AbstractMAX phases (Ti3SiC2, Ti3AlC2, V2AlC, Ti4AlN3, etc.) are layered ternary carbides/nitrides, which are generally processed and researched as structure ceramics. Selectively removing A layer from MAX phases, MXenes (Ti3C2, V2C, Mo2C, etc.) with two-dimensional (2D) structure can be prepared. The MXenes are electrically conductive and hydrophilic, which are promising as functional materials in many areas. This article reviews the milestones and the latest progress in the research of MAX phases and MXenes, from the perspective of ceramic science. Especially, this article focuses on the conversion from MAX phases to MXenes. First, we summarize the microstructure, preparation, properties, and applications of MAX phases. Among the various properties, the crack healing properties of MAX phase are highlighted. Thereafter, the critical issues on MXene research, including the preparation process, microstructure, MXene composites, and application of MXenes, are reviewed. Among the various applications, this review focuses on two selected applications: energy storage and electromagnetic interference shielding. Moreover, new research directions and future trends on MAX phases and MXenes are also discussed.

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Sahil, Hanny Dahiya, and Kamal Kishor Thakur. "A Review on Synthesis of 2-Dimensional M_n+1X (MXene) materials." E3S Web of Conferences 309 (2021): 01062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130901062.

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The sequence of 2D transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides has gained a lot of interest since the discovery of Ti3C2. About thirty new MXene compounds have been identified, with eight different MXene synthesis methods. The presence of surface terminations such as hydroxyl, oxygen, fluorine, or chlorine in the materials described thus far indicates strong hydrophilicity as well as metallic conductivity MXenes are becoming increasingly popular due to their diverse chemistry, which has sparked a surge in academic interest. We will study and examine the many methods of fabricating MXenes in this review, which will cover everything from MAX phase etching to exfoliation, as well as the best approach to synthesise them and their most current applications.

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Tran, Vy Anh, Nguyen Tien Tran, Van Dat Doan, Thanh-Quang Nguyen, Hai Ha Pham Thi, and Giang N. L. Vo. "Application Prospects of MXenes Materials Modifications for Sensors." Micromachines 14, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020247.

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The first two-dimensional (2D) substance sparked a boom in research since this type of material showed potential promise for applications in field sensors. A class of 2D transition metal nitrides, carbides, and carbonitrides are referred to as MXenes. Following the 2011 synthesis of Ti3C2 from Ti3AlC2, much research has been published. Since these materials have several advantages over conventional 2D materials, they have been extensively researched, synthesized, and studied by many research organizations. To give readers a general understanding of these well-liked materials, this review examines the structures of MXenes, discusses various synthesis procedures, and analyzes physicochemistry properties, particularly optical, electronic, structural, and mechanical properties. The focus of this review is the analysis of modern advancements in the development of MXene-based sensors, including electrochemical sensors, gas sensors, biosensors, optical sensors, and wearable sensors. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for further study on the creation of MXenes-based sensors are discussed.

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Koyappayil, Aneesh, Sachin Ganpat Chavan, Yun-Gil Roh, and Min-Ho Lee. "Advances of MXenes; Perspectives on Biomedical Research." Biosensors 12, no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12070454.

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The last decade witnessed the emergence of a new family of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides named MXenes, which quickly gained momentum due to their exceptional electrical, mechanical, optical, and tunable functionalities. These outstanding properties also rendered them attractive materials for biomedical and biosensing applications, including drug delivery systems, antimicrobial applications, tissue engineering, sensor probes, auxiliary agents for photothermal therapy and hyperthermia applications, etc. The hydrophilic nature of MXenes with rich surface functional groups is advantageous for biomedical applications over hydrophobic nanoparticles that may require complicated surface modifications. As an emerging 2D material with numerous phases and endless possible combinations with other 2D materials, 1D materials, nanoparticles, macromolecules, polymers, etc., MXenes opened a vast terra incognita for diverse biomedical applications. Recently, MXene research picked up the pace and resulted in a flood of literature reports with significant advancements in the biomedical field. In this context, this review will discuss the recent advancements, design principles, and working mechanisms of some interesting MXene-based biomedical applications. It also includes major progress, as well as key challenges of various types of MXenes and functional MXenes in conjugation with drug molecules, metallic nanoparticles, polymeric substrates, and other macromolecules. Finally, the future possibilities and challenges of this magnificent material are discussed in detail.

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Lu, J., I. Persson, H. Lind, J. Palisaitis, M. Li, Y. Li, K. Chen, et al. "Tin+1Cn MXenes with fully saturated and thermally stable Cl terminations." Nanoscale Advances 1, no. 9 (2019): 3680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9na00324j.

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MXenes are an extensive family of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides, whose properties are strongly affected by surface terminations, typically O and F. Herein, we enable chlorine as a new termination, thereby expanding the property space.

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Guo, Zhonglu, Jian Zhou, Chen Si, and Zhimei Sun. "Flexible two-dimensional Tin+1Cn(n = 1, 2 and 3) and their functionalized MXenes predicted by density functional theories." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 23 (2015): 15348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp00775e.

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Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides/nitrides M_n+1X_nlabeled as MXenes are attracting increasing interest due to promising applications as Li-ion battery anodes and hybrid electro-chemical capacitors.

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Asgharizadeh, Saeid, Saeid Khesali Azadi, and Masoud Lazemi. "Understanding the pathways toward improved efficiency in MXene-assisted perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 10, no. 5 (2022): 1776–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc04643h.

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A large and rapidly expanding class of two-dimensional (2D) metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides called MXenes, with their interesting photovoltaic applications and tunable surface termination, has found a vast range of applications in improving the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs).

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Chouhan, Raghuraj Singh, Maitri Shah, Drishya Prakashan, Ramya P R, Pratik Kolhe, and Sonu Gandhi. "Emerging Trends and Recent Progress of MXene as a Promising 2D Material for Point of Care (POC) Diagnostics." Diagnostics 13, no. 4 (February 12, 2023): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040697.

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Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with chemical and structural diversity have piqued the interest of the scientific community due to their superior photonic, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and catalytic capabilities that distinguish them from their bulk counterparts. Among these 2D materials, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides with a general chemical formula of Mn+1XnTx (where n = 1–3), together known as MXenes, have gained tremendous popularity and demonstrated competitive performance in biosensing applications. In this review, we focus on the cutting-edge advances in MXene-related biomaterials, with a systematic summary on their design, synthesis, surface engineering approaches, unique properties, and biological properties. We particularly emphasize the property–activity–effect relationship of MXenes at the nano–bio interface. We also discuss the recent trends in the application of MXenes in accelerating the performance of conventional point of care (POC) devices towards more practical approaches as the next generation of POC tools. Finally, we explore in depth the existing problems, challenges, and potential for future improvement of MXene-based materials for POC testing, with the goal of facilitating their early realization of biological applications.

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Vasyukova, Inna A., Olga V. Zakharova, Denis V. Kuznetsov, and Alexander A. Gusev. "Synthesis, Toxicity Assessment, Environmental and Biomedical Applications of MXenes: A Review." Nanomaterials 12, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12111797.

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MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) composite materials based on transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides that have been attracting attention since 2011. Combination of electrical and mechanical properties with hydrophilicity makes them promising materials for biomedical applications. This review briefly discusses methods for the synthesis of MXenes, their potential applications in medicine, ranging from sensors and antibacterial agents to targeted drug delivery, cancer photo/chemotherapy, tissue engineering, bioimaging, and environmental applications such as sensors and adsorbents. We focus on in vitro and in vivo toxicity and possible mechanisms. We discuss the toxicity analogies of MXenes and other 2D materials such as graphene, mentioning the greater biocompatibility of MXenes. We identify existing barriers that hinder the formation of objective knowledge about the toxicity of MXenes. The most important of these barriers are the differences in the methods of synthesis of MXenes, their composition and structure, including the level of oxidation, the number of layers and flake size; functionalization, test concentrations, duration of exposure, and individual characteristics of biological test objects Finally, we discuss key areas for further research that need to involve new methods of nanotoxicology, including predictive computational methods. Such studies will bring closer the prospect of widespread industrial production and safe use of MXene-based products.

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Arifutzzaman, A., Chin Fhong Soon, Marlia Morsin, Gim Pao Lim, Navid Aslfattahi, Warsuzarina Mat Jubadi, Sangeetha Siva Sangu, Mohamed Shuaib Mohamed Saheed, Nafarizal Nayan, and Rahman Saidur. "MXene as Emerging Low Dimensional Material in Modern Energy and Bio Application: A Review." Journal of Nano Research 74 (July 12, 2022): 109–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-x49od6.

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MXene is a recently emerged two dimensional (2D) layered materials, a novel series of transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides were established by a group of scientists from Drexel University in 2011. Multi-layered MXene nanomaterials have been synthesized using different wet chemistry etching approaches. To date, around twenty different types of MXenes are synthesized using different wet chemistry etching techniques. To ensure reproducibility of the MXene, advanced characterizations in terms of morphology, structure as well as elemental compositions of the MXene flakes are conducted. MXenes nanosheets possess a significant thermo-electrical conductivity, reasonable band gap and high intrinsic carrier mobilities. The family materials of the MXenes have high potential for making energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors as well as several many other implications such as electromagnetic interference shielding and capacitive desalination. MXenes are the potential candidates for hydrogen storage due to the interactive nature of hydrogen and these layered-structure materials. MXenes in biomedical applications were proven as valuable materials due to the tunable physiochemical properties into new distinct structures which is difficult to be manipulated in bulk materials. Besides, MXenes possess suitability of functionalization for tuning the various required properties for the specific properties. The many potential properties of MXene have disclosed new possibility to address the current need of higher efficiency materials for different applications.

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Pogorielov, Maksym, Kateryna Smyrnova, Sergiy Kyrylenko, Oleksiy Gogotsi, Veronika Zahorodna, and Alexander Pogrebnjak. "MXenes—A New Class of Two-Dimensional Materials: Structure, Properties and Potential Applications." Nanomaterials 11, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 3412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11123412.

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A new class of two-dimensional nanomaterials, MXenes, which are carbides/nitrides/carbonitrides of transition and refractory metals, has been critically analyzed. Since the synthesis of the first family member in 2011 by Yury Gogotsi and colleagues, MXenes have quickly become attractive for a variety of research fields due to their exceptional properties. Despite the fact that this new family of 2D materials was discovered only about ten years ago, the number of scientific publications related to MXene almost doubles every year. Thus, in 2021 alone, more than 2000 papers are expected to be published, which indicates the relevance and prospects of MXenes. The current paper critically analyzes the structural features, properties, and methods of synthesis of MXenes based on recent available research data. We demonstrate the recent trends of MXene applications in various fields, such as environmental pollution removal and water desalination, energy storage and harvesting, quantum dots, sensors, electrodes, and optical devices. We focus on the most important medical applications: photo-thermal cancer therapy, diagnostics, and antibacterial treatment. The first results on obtaining and studying the structure of high-entropy MXenes are also presented.

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Alwarappan, Subbiah, Noel Nesakumar, Dali Sun, Tony Y. Hu, and Chen-Zhong Li. "2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for sensors and biosensors." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 205 (June 2022): 113943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113943.

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Jeon, Jaeho, Yajie Yang, Haeju Choi, Jin-Hong Park, Byoung Hun Lee, and Sungjoo Lee. "MXenes for future nanophotonic device applications." Nanophotonics 9, no. 7 (May 13, 2020): 1831–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0060.

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AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) layers of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides, collectively referred to as MXenes, are considered as the new family of 2D materials for the development of functional building blocks for optoelectronic and photonic device applications. Their advantages are based on their unique and tunable electronic and optical properties, which depend on the modulation of transition metal elements or surface functional groups. In this paper, we have presented a comprehensive review of MXenes to suggest an insightful perspective on future nanophotonic and optoelectronic device applications based on advanced synthesis processes and theoretically predicted or experimentally verified material properties. Recently developed optoelectronic and photonic devices, such as photodetectors, solar cells, fiber lasers, and light-emitting diodes are summarized in this review. Wide-spectrum photodetection with high photoresponsivity, high-yield solar cells, and effective saturable absorption were achieved by exploiting different MXenes. Further, the great potential of MXenes as an electrode material is predicted with a controllable work function in a wide range (1.6–8 eV) and high conductivity (~104 S/cm), and their potential as active channel material by generating a tunable energy bandgap is likewise shown. MXene can provide new functional building blocks for future generation nanophotonic device applications.

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Wang, Yifan, Yanheng Xu, Menglei Hu, Han Ling, and Xi Zhu. "MXenes: focus on optical and electronic properties and corresponding applications." Nanophotonics 9, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 1601–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0556.

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AbstractThe discovery of graphene, the first two-dimensional (2D) material, has caused an upsurge, as this kind of material revealed a tremendous potential of application in areas such as energy storage, electronics, and gas separation. MXenes are referred to as a family of 2D transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides. After the synthesis of Ti3C2 from Ti3AlC2 in 2011, about 30 new compositions have been reported. These materials have been widely discussed, synthesized, and investigated by many research groups, as they have many advantages over traditional 2D materials. This review covers the structures of MXenes, discusses various synthesis routines, analyzes the properties, especially optical and electronic properties, and summarizes their applications and potential, which may give readers an overview of these popular materials.

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Nahirniak, Svitlana, Apurba Ray, and Bilge Saruhan. "Challenges and Future Prospects of the MXene-Based Materials for Energy Storage Applications." Batteries 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020126.

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In the past decade, MXenes, a new class of advanced functional 2D nanomaterials, have emerged among numerous types of electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. MXene and their composites have opened up an interesting new opportunity in the field of functional materials, owing to their transition metal nitrides/carbides/carbonitride-based unique layered structures, higher electrical and thermal conductivity, higher charge carrier mobility, high negative zeta-potential, high mechanical properties, tunable bandgap, superior hydrophilicity, metallic nature and rich surface chemistry, which enhance the number of metal active redox sites on the surface and short ion diffusion path. However, in the case of electrochemical energy storage applications, the unavoidable problem of aggregation and nanosheet restacking significantly reduces the accessibility of the active surface sites of MXene materials for electrolyte ions. Currently, there is a number of research efforts devoted to solutions in order to avoid these deficits. This Review complies extensively with the recent advances in the application of MXene-based materials in the energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors. Particular attention is paid to the understanding of the relation of MXenes chemical composition, and morphology with their electrochemical performances. Moreover, the challenges of MXenes and MXene-based composited for the commercial application are considered and the ways to overcome their drawbacks are provided. Finally, opportunities given with MXenes for future research on novel energy storage materials are highlighted.

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Zhu, Hui, Weitao Dai, Liming Wang, Cong Yao, Chenxi Wang, Bingsong Gu, Dichen Li, and Jiankang He. "Electroactive Oxidized Alginate/Gelatin/MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Composite Hydrogel with Improved Biocompatibility and Self-Healing Property." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 3908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183908.

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Conductive hydrogels (CHs) have shown promising potential applied as wearable or epidermal sensors owing to their mechanical adaptability and similarity to natural tissues. However, it remains a great challenge to develop an integrated hydrogel combining outstanding conductive, self-healing and biocompatible performances with simple approaches. In this work, we propose a “one-pot” strategy to synthesize multifunctional CHs by incorporating two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) multi-layer nano-flakes as nanofillers into oxidized alginate and gelatin hydrogels to form the composite CHs with various MXene contents. The presence of MXene with abundant surface groups and outstanding conductivity could improve the mechanical property and electroactivity of the composite hydrogels compared to pure oxidized alginate dialdehyde-gelatin (ADA-GEL). MXene-ADA-GELs kept good self-healing properties due to the dynamic imine linkage of the ADA-GEL network and have a promoting effect on mouse fibroblast (NH3T3s) attachment and spreading, which could be a result of the integration of MXenes with stimulating conductivity and hydrophily surface. This study suggests that the electroactive MXene-ADA-GELs can serve as an appealing candidate for skin wound healing and flexible bio-electronics.

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Parajuli, D., N. Murali, Devendra K. C., Bhishma Karki, K. Samatha, Allison A. Kim, Mira Park, and Bishweshwar Pant. "Advancements in MXene-Polymer Nanocomposites in Energy Storage and Biomedical Applications." Polymers 14, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 3433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14163433.

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MXenes are 2D ceramic materials, especially carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides derived from their parent ‘MAX’ phases by the etching out of ‘A’ and are famous due to their conducting, hydrophilic, biocompatible, and tunable properties. However, they are hardly stable in the outer environment, have low biodegradability, and have difficulty in drug release, etc., which are overcome by MXene/Polymer nanocomposites. The MXenes terminations on MXene transferred to the polymer after composite formation makes it more functional. With this, there is an increment in photothermal conversion efficiency for cancer therapy, higher antibacterial activity, biosensors, selectivity, bone regeneration, etc. The hydrophilic surfaces become conducting in the metallic range after the composite formation. MXenes can effectively be mixed with other materials like ceramics, metals, and polymers in the form of nanocomposites to get improved properties suitable for advanced applications. In this paper, we review different properties like electrical and mechanical, including capacitances, dielectric losses, etc., of nanocomposites more than those like Ti3C2Tx/polymer, Ti3C2/UHMWPE, MXene/PVA-KOH, Ti3C2Tx/PVA, etc. along with their applications mainly in energy storing and biomedical fields. Further, we have tried to enlist the MXene-based nanocomposites and compare them with conducting polymers and other nanocomposites. The performance under the NIR absorption seems more effective. The MXene-based nanocomposites are more significant in most cases than other nanocomposites for the antimicrobial agent, anticancer activity, drug delivery, bio-imaging, biosensors, micro-supercapacitors, etc. The limitations of the nanocomposites, along with possible solutions, are mentioned.

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Hantanasirisakul, Kanit, and Yury Gogotsi. "Electronic and Optical Properties of 2D Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes)." Advanced Materials 30, no. 52 (November 19, 2018): 1804779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804779.

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Zhou, Jie, Justinas Palisaitis, Joseph Halim, Martin Dahlqvist, Quanzheng Tao, Ingemar Persson, Lars Hultman, Per O. Å. Persson, and Johanna Rosen. "Boridene: Two-dimensional Mo4/3B2-x with ordered metal vacancies obtained by chemical exfoliation." Science 373, no. 6556 (August 12, 2021): 801–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf6239.

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Extensive research has been invested in two-dimensional (2D) materials, typically synthesized by exfoliation of van der Waals solids. One exception is MXenes, derived from the etching of constituent layers in transition metal carbides and nitrides. We report the experimental realization of boridene in the form of single-layer 2D molybdenum boride sheets with ordered metal vacancies, Mo4/3B2-xTz (where Tz is fluorine, oxygen, or hydroxide surface terminations), produced by selective etching of aluminum and yttrium or scandium atoms from 3D in-plane chemically ordered (Mo2/3Y1/3)2AlB2 and (Mo2/3Sc1/3)2AlB2 in aqueous hydrofluoric acid. The discovery of a 2D transition metal boride suggests a wealth of future 2D materials that can be obtained through the chemical exfoliation of laminated compounds.

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Tang, Mengrao, Jiaming Li, Yu Wang, Wenjuan Han, Shichong Xu, Ming Lu, Wei Zhang, and Haibo Li. "Surface Terminations of MXene: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties." Symmetry 14, no. 11 (October 24, 2022): 2232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14112232.

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MXene, 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides with a unique 2D structure, inspired a series of function applications related to energy storage and conversion, biometrics and sensing, lighting, purification, and separation. Its surface terminations are confined by the adjacent MXene layers, and form the 2D planar space with symmetrical surfaces, which is similar to a 2D nanoreactor that can be utilized and determined MXene’s function. Based on the working principle, surface and interface play critical roles in the ion intercalation, physical/chemical adsorption, and chemical reaction process, and show significant effects on MXene’s properties and functions. Although there have been some reviews on MXene, less attention has been paid to the underlying principle of the involved surface chemistry, controllable design, and resultant properties. Herein, the regulation methods, characterization techniques, and the effects on properties of MXene surface terminations were summarized to understand the surface effects, and the relationship between the terminations and properties. We expected this review can offer the route for a series of ongoing studies to address the MXene surface environment and the guidelines for MXene’s application.

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Khan, Reem, and Silvana Andreescu. "MXenes-Based Bioanalytical Sensors: Design, Characterization, and Applications." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 5434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185434.

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MXenes are recently developed 2D layered nanomaterials that provide unique capabilities for bioanalytical applications. These include high metallic conductivity, large surface area, hydrophilicity, high ion transport properties, low diffusion barrier, biocompatibility, and ease of surface functionalization. MXenes are composed of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides and have a general formula Mn+1Xn, where M is an early transition metal while X is carbon and/or nitrogen. Due to their unique features, MXenes have attracted significant attention in fields such as clean energy production, electronics, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and catalysis. Their composition and layered structure make MXenes attractive for biosensing applications. The high conductivity allows these materials to be used in the design of electrochemical biosensors and the multilayered configuration makes them an efficient immobilization matrix for the retention of activity of the immobilized biomolecules. These properties are applicable to many biosensing systems and applications. This review describes the progress made on the use and application of MXenes in the development of electrochemical and optical biosensors and highlights future needs and opportunities in this field. In particular, opportunities for developing wearable sensors and systems with integrated biomolecule recognition are highlighted.

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Sundaram, Aravindkumar, Joice Sophia Ponraj, Cong Wang, Weng Kung Peng, Rajesh Kumar Manavalan, Sathish Chander Dhanabalan, Han Zhang, and Joao Gaspar. "Engineering of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides MXenes for cancer therapeutics and diagnostics." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 8, no. 23 (2020): 4990–5013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb00251h.

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The 2D layered structured material with unique surface terminations and properties have showed great potential in variety of biomedical research fields including drug delivery and cancer therapeutics which forms the major focus of this review.

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Lee, Yonghee, Hee Han, and Chi Won Ahn. "Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbides (Ti₃C₂) Mxene-Based Patterned-Electrodes for High Capacity Micro-Supercapacitors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (October 9, 2022): 2529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272529mtgabs.

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With the fast growth of wearable & miniaturized electronic devices, internet of things (IoT), and 5G telecommunications, the need for ultrathin, lightweight, and flexible energy storage devices has expanded significantly. Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) with electrically isolated interdigitated electrodes, have attracted great interest as major power sources for micro-electronic devices, offering high power efficiency, superior rate capability, and excellent cycle durability. MXenes, two-dimensional (2D) metal carbides and nitrides, have been considered as a promising candidate for state-of-the-art energy storage applications, due to their intriguing combinational properties such as excellent electrical conductivity, large surface area, tunable surface chemistry, and pseudo-capacity. 1 In this work, we report titanium carbides (Ti3C2) MXene-based MSCs with sub-micron gap between electrodes exhibiting high areal capacitance and superior rate capability, realized by microfabrication method based on focused ion beam (FIB) and photolithography.2 We also demonstrate a facile and reliable process for scalable manufacturing of on-chip and flexible MSCs for wearable/portable and miniaturized microelectronics. The MXene MSCs fabricated utilizing the cutting-edge nanofabrication technology in an 8-inch wafer have shown an outstanding volumetric capacitance and stable cyclic performances, suggesting the developed manufacturing process can accelerate commercialization of MXene-based energy storage devices as power sources for next-generation wearable and miniaturized microelectronics.3 [References] 1 Energy Environ. Sci. 9 2847 (2016) 2 Nano Energy 81 (2021), 105616 3 Chem. Eng. J., 450, 138456 (2022)

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Verger, Louisiane, Chuan Xu, Varun Natu, Hui-Ming Cheng, Wencai Ren, and Michel W. Barsoum. "Overview of the synthesis of MXenes and other ultrathin 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 23, no. 3 (June 2019): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2019.02.001.

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Tang, Xiao, Xin Guo, Wenjian Wu, and Guoxiu Wang. "2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) as High-Performance Electrode Materials for Lithium-Based Batteries." Advanced Energy Materials 8, no. 33 (September 20, 2018): 1801897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801897.

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Adibah, Nurulain A., S. N. Azella, and M. F. Abd Shukur. "Synthesis of Ti₃C₂ Mxene through In Situ HF and Direct HF Etching Procedures as Electrolyte Fillers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell." Materials Science Forum 1023 (March 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1023.15.

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MXene is the new family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, carbonitrides and nitrides discovered in 2011. The unique properties of 2D MXene such as excellent mechanical properties, hydrophilic surfaces and metallic conductivity made it interesting for application in electrodes of rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, photocatalysts, catalysts, transparent conducting films, and flexible high-strength composites. The MXene can be synthesized through a selective etching process by using either in-situ HF (hydrofluoric acid) or direct HF methods. This study reports on the effect of the in-situ HF and direct HF etching procedures on the morphology of the synthesis Ti2C3 MXene using titanium aluminum carbide (Ti2AlC3) as precursor. The morphology and elements presence were evaluated by using variable pressure field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersion X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analyses, respectively. The analysis shows that the MXene synthesized through the direct HF method was successfully delaminated compared to the in-situ HF procedures.

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Li, Zhaodong, Nuwan H. Attanayake, Jeffrey L. Blackburn, and Elisa M. Miller. "Carbon dioxide and nitrogen reduction reactions using 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) and carbide/nitride (MXene) catalysts." Energy & Environmental Science 14, no. 12 (2021): 6242–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ee03211a.

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We review the progress made towards, and challenges associated with, using 2D transition metal dichalcogenides, nitrides, and carbides for (photo)catalytic transformation of CO2 and N2 into fuels and value-added chemicals such as ammonia.

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Zazoum, Bouchaib, Abdel Bachri, and Jamal Nayfeh. "Functional 2D MXene Inks for Wearable Electronics." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 6603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216603.

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Inks printing is an innovative and practicable technology capable of fabricating the next generation of flexible functional systems with various designs and desired architectures. As a result, inks printing is extremely attractive in the development of printed wearables, including wearable sensors, micro supercapacitor (MSC) electrodes, electromagnetic shielding, and thin-film batteries. The discovery of Ti3C2Tx in 2011, a 2D material known as a MXene, which is a compound composed of layered nitrides, carbides, or carbonitrides of transition metals, has attracted significant interest within the research community because of its exceptional physical and chemical properties. MXene has high metallic conductivity of transition metal carbides combined with hydrophilic behavior due to its surface terminated functional groups, all of which make it an excellent candidate for promising inks printing applications. This paper reviews recent progress in the development of 2D MXene inks, including synthesis procedures, inks formulation and performance, and printing methods. Further, the review briefly provides an overview of future guidelines for the study of this new generation of 2D materials.

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Hong Ng, Vincent Ming, Hui Huang, Kun Zhou, Pooi See Lee, Wenxiu Que, Jason Zhichuan Xu, and Ling Bing Kong. "Recent progress in layered transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes) and their composites: synthesis and applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 7 (2017): 3039–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta06772g.

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Beyond the inaugural synthesis of multi-layered Ti₃C₂T_xby etching Ti₃AlC₂with hydrofluoric acid (HF), novel routes with a myriad of reducing agents, etchants and intercalants have since been explored and have added many new members to the two-dimensional (2D) material constellation.

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Frey, Nathan C., Jin Wang, Gabriel Iván Vega Bellido, Babak Anasori, Yury Gogotsi, and Vivek B. Shenoy. "Prediction of Synthesis of 2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) and Their Precursors with Positive and Unlabeled Machine Learning." ACS Nano 13, no. 3 (March 4, 2019): 3031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b08014.

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Ajnsztajn, Alec, Spencer Ferguson, James O. Thostenson, Edgard Ngaboyamahina, Charles B. Parker, Jeffrey T. Glass, and Adrienne D. Stiff-Roberts. "Transparent MXene-Polymer Supercapacitive Film Deposited Using RIR-MAPLE." Crystals 10, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10030152.

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In this work, resonant infrared matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (RIR-MAPLE), a novel deposition technique, was used to produce a transparent composite electrode of polyflourene (PFO) and two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, which are part of the broader MXene family of transition metal carbides and nitrides. This deposition technique offers a facile way to vary film composition in polymer/polymer and polymer/nanoparticle films. Through this method, composite PFO and MXene films were studied across six different compositions, enabling the identification of a film composition that exhibited excellent charge storage (above 10 mF/cm2) and transparency (over 75% transmittance) when used as a supercapacitor electrode material. Thus, RIR-MAPLE shows promise as a controllable and facile deposition technique for organic/inorganic composite films for use in transparent supercapacitors, as well as in other energy storage applications.

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Su, Yue, Kainan Ma, Fang Yuan, Jun Tang, Ming Liu, and Xu Zhang. "High-Performance Flexible Piezoresistive Sensor Based on Ti3C2Tx MXene with a Honeycomb-like Structure for Human Activity Monitoring." Micromachines 13, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13060821.

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Wearable and flexible pressure sensors have sparked great interest due to their unique capacity to conformally attach to the surface of the skin and quantify human activities into recordable electric signals. As a result, more and more research efforts are being devoted to developing high-sensitivity and cost-effective flexible sensors for monitoring an individual’s state of activity. Herein, a high-performance flexible piezoresistive sensor was designed and fabricated by combing 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides (MXene) with a honeycomb-like structure formed by femtosecond filamentating pulses. The sensing mechanism is attributed to the change of the connecting conductive paths between the top interdigital electrodes and the bottom microstructured films coated with MXene. The obtained sensing device demonstrates high sensitivity of 0.61 kPa−1, relatively short response time, and excellent reliability and stability. Benefiting from the aforementioned extraordinary sensing performance, the sensor can be used with success to monitor tiny physiological signals, detect large deformations during human movement, and distinguish finger gestures, thus demonstrating its broad prospects in physiological analysis systems, health monitoring systems, and human–machine interaction.

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Fatima, Jaweria, M. B. Tahir, Awais Rehman, M. Sagir, M. Rafique, Mohammed A. Assiri, Muhammad Imran, and Meshal Alzaid. "Structural, optical, electronic, elastic properties and population inversion of novel 2D carbides and nitrides MXene: A DFT study." Materials Science and Engineering: B 289 (March 2023): 116230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2022.116230.

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Johnson, Denis, Kyle Hansen, Hao En Lai, Perla B. Balbuena, and Abdoulaye Djire. "(Digital Presentation) Elucidating the Charge Storage Mechanism on Ti₃C₂ MXene through in-Situ/Operando Raman Spectroelectrochemistry." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-011114mtgabs.

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Current climate issues we face can be partially remedied through the inclusion of renewable energy sources. However, these energy sources suffer from the need for highly efficient energy storage systems. To this end, studies have been conducted on developing energy storage materials that can provide high energy and power densities. Two-dimensional (2D) carbide and nitride MXenes have the potential to provide both if their mechanism of charge storage is known. Here, we use in-situ/operando Raman spectroelectrochemistry to investigate the charge storage mechanism of the benchmark Ti3C2 MXene in acidic and neutral media (0.1M HCl and 0.5M NaSO4, respectively). We found that overcharging of the MXene electrode occurs during electrochemical charging, which draws positively charged ions towards the MXene’s surface to enable a pseudocapacitive process or Faradaic redox process. The material then undergoes reversible redox processes accompanied by reversible structural changes within its stable voltage window during electrochemical charge storage. I will show density functional theory (DFT) calculation results that corroborate these findings. Ultimately, these fundamental insights can be used to design electrode materials with both high energy and power densities.

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Peera, Shaik Gouse, Ravindranadh Koutavarapu, Liu Chao, Lakhveer Singh, Govindhasamy Murugadoss, and Gaddam Rajeshkhanna. "2D MXene Nanomaterials as Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER): A Review." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091499.

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MXenes, a novel family of 2D transition metal carbide, nitride and carbonitride materials, have been gaining tremendous interest in recent days as potential electrocatalysts for various electrochemical reactions, including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). MXenes are characterized by their etchable metal layers, excellent structural stability, versatility for heteroatoms doping, excellent electronic conductivity, unique surface functional groups and admirable surface area, suitable for the role of electrocatalyst/support in electrochemical reactions, such as HER. In this review article, we summarized recent developments in MXene-based electrocatalysts synthesis and HER performance in terms of the theoretical and experimental point of view. We systematically evaluated the superiority of the MXene-based catalysts over traditional Pt/C catalysts in terms of HER kinetics, Tafel slope, overpotential and stability, both in acidic and alkaline electrolytic environments. We also pointed out the motives behind the electro catalytic enhancements, the effect of synthesis conditions, heteroatom doping, the effect of surface terminations on the electrocatalytic active sites of various MXenes families. At the end, various possible approaches were recommended for a deeper understanding of the active sites and catalytic improvement of MXenes catalysts for HER.

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IVANENKO, K. O., and A. M. FAINLEIB. "МАХ PHASE (MXENE) IN POLYMER MATERIALS." Polymer journal 44, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.44.03.165.

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This article is a review of the Mn+1AXn phases (“MAX phases”, where n = 1, 2 or 3), their MXene derivatives and the reinforcement of polymers with these materials. The MAX phases are a class of hexagonal-structure ternary carbides and nitrides ("X") of the transition metal ("M") and the A-group element. The unique combination of chemical, physical, electrical and mechanical properties that combine the characteristics of metals and ceramics is of interest to researchers in the MAX phases. For example, MAX phases are typically resistant to oxidation and corrosion, elastic, but at the same time, they have high thermal and electrical conductivity and are machinable. These properties stem from an inherently nanolaminated crystal structure, with Mn+1Xn slabs intercalated with pure A-element layers. To date, more than 150 MAX phases have been synthesized. In 2011, a new family of 2D materials, called MXene, was synthesized, emphasizing the connection with the MAX phases and their dimension. Several approaches to the synthesis of MXene have been developed, including selective etching in a mixture of fluoride salts and various acids, non-aqueous etching solutions, halogens and molten salts, which allows the synthesis of new materials with better control over the chemical composition of their surface. The use of MAX phases and MXene for polymer reinforcement increases their thermal, electrical and mechanical properties. Thus, the addition of fillers increases the glass transition temperature by an average of 10%, bending strength by 30%, compressive strength by 70%, tensile strength up to 200%, microhardness by 40%, reduces friction coefficient and makes the composite material self-lubricating, and 1 % wt. MAX phases increases thermal conductivity by 23%, Young’s modulus increases. The use of composites as components of sensors, electromagnetic protection, wearable technologies, in current sources, in aerospace and military applications, etc. are proposed.

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Awan, Hafiz Taimoor Ahmed, Laveet Kumar, Weng Pin Wong, Rashmi Walvekar, and Mohammad Khalid. "Recent Progress and Challenges in MXene-Based Phase Change Material for Solar and Thermal Energy Applications." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041977.

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Energy storage is becoming a critical issue due to the diminishing availability of fossil fuels and the intermittent nature of current renewable energy sources. As a result, thermal management (TM) and thermal energy systems have gained significant attention due to their crucial roles in various industries. Among the different TM materials, MXenes, a member of the transition metal carbide/nitride family, have emerged as a promising material due to their unique 2D nanostructure, changeable surface chemistry, high electrical/thermal conductivity, light absorptivity, and low infrared emissivity. This review outlines the synthesis methods of MXenes and their various features and applications in thermal management. These 2D materials exhibit outstanding optical and thermal properties, making them suitable for thermal energy generation and storage. The study also covers the potential applications of MXene in the desalination industry, hybrid photovoltaic thermal systems, solar energy storage, electronics, and other thermal management related industries. The findings suggest that MXene-based TM materials have remarkable features that significantly influence thermal energy storage and conversion and present opportunities for further research in efficiently using these materials.

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Uwadiunor, Ekenedilichukwu, and Abdoulaye Djire. "(Digital Presentation) In-Situ Oxygen Functionalization of Titanium Carbonitride MXene for Enhanced Water Splitting." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 12 (July 7, 2022): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0112836mtgabs.

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Two-dimensional (2D) carbide and nitride MXenes possess properties that are desirable for a broad range of electrocatalytic applications including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). These properties include high surface area, hydrophilicity, heterogeneity of redox-active transition metals, and tunable surface functionalities allowing for low HER overpotentials. In this presentation, I will report on the -O functionalization of Ti3CNTx (Tx = -O, -F, -OH) upon the application of external potential for improved HER performance and show that the active sites for HER on this MXene catalyst are located primarily on the O functional groups. The overpotential for the Ti3CN improves by 350 mV upon in-situ -O functionalization and reaches -0.46 V vs. RHE at a current density of 10 mA cm-2. Structural and electrochemical characterization results showed that the functionalized Ti3CNTx MXene catalyst is structural and electrochemically stable. Further insights into the mechanism of HER were provided by in-situ/operando Raman spectroelectrochemistry and the results will be presented. Ultimately, these findings provide a path forward to tuning the electrocatalytic activity of MXenes and related electrocatalysts for water splitting.

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Zhang, Yujuan, Weiyi Xia, Yabei Wu, and Peihong Zhang. "Prediction of MXene based 2D tunable band gap semiconductors: GW quasiparticle calculations." Nanoscale 11, no. 9 (2019): 3993–4000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01160a.

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MXenes are a large family of layered transition metal carbide/nitride materials that possess a number of desired properties such as flexible chemical composition, high mechanical strength, and excellent structural stability.

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Khazaei, Mohammad, Masao Arai, Taizo Sasaki, Mehdi Estili, and Yoshio Sakka. "Two-dimensional molybdenum carbides: potential thermoelectric materials of the MXene family." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 17 (2014): 7841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp00467a.

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Two-dimensional transition metal carbides or nitrides, so-called MXenes, have already found applications to store massive amounts of energy. Here, by considering the thermoelectric properties of various MXenes, it is revealed that some of the MXenes may also find applications in energy conversion devices.

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Journal articles on the topic '2D carbides and nitrides (MXenes)'

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