Journal articles on the topic '2D and 3D fabric structures'
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Kim, Do-Kyung, Jae Bum Jeong, Kyungmin Lim, Jaehoon Ko, Philippe Lang, Muhan Choi, Sohee Lee, Jin-Hyuk Bae, and Hyeok Kim. "Improved Output Voltage of a Nanogenerator with 3D Fabric." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 4666–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17803.
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Electrically enhanced triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) using 3D fabrics and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are suggested for next-generation wearable electronics. TENGs with fabric–fabric– fabric (FFF) and PDMS–fabric–PDMS (PFP) structures were fabricated with ordinary 2D fabrics and honeycomb-like 3D fabrics. A 3D fabric TENG with an FFF structure showed an output voltage of 7 V, 7 times higher than a 2D fabric FFF structured TENG. Interestingly, an extremely high output voltage of 240 V was achieved by a 3D fabric PFP structured TENG. This was attributed to the high surface frictional triboelectric effect between fabric and PDMS and also marginal 3D structure in the 3D fabric active layer.
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M.F, Yahya, Ghani S.A, and Zahid B. "Uniaxial Tensile Simulation of 3D Orthogonal Woven Fabric." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.15 (August 13, 2018): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.15.17529.
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Mesoscale modelling approach has shown close simulation approximations of woven fabric tensile performance. The main purpose of the work is to develop understanding of geometrical model development, finite element analysis procedure and to compare the differences of 2D and 3D woven fabric uniaxial tensile stress-strain. 3D woven fabric structures selected for the work is three-layer orthogonal woven fabrics. The woven structure will have 2 through-thickness warps, 4 non-crimps warp and 6 wefts. Through-thickness warp yarn will apply plain 1/1 weave structure for stitching all weft layers and non-crimps weft yarn together. Woven geometric models were developed with pre-processor program at detail yarn configurations. Simulation results showed that 3D orthogonal woven fabric had a better tensile response than its 2D woven fabric structures.
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Yang, Yingxue, Xiuqin Zhang, Xiaogang Chen, and Shengnan Min. "Numerical Study on the Effect of Z-Warps on the Ballistic Responses of Para-Aramid 3D Angle-Interlock Fabrics." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030479.
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In order to achieve an efficient ballistic protection at a low weight, it is necessary to deeply explore the energy absorption mechanisms of ballistic fabric structures. In this paper, finite element (FE) yarn-level models of the designed three-dimensional (3D) angle-interlock (AI) woven fabrics and the laminated two-dimensional (2D) plain fabrics are established. The ballistic impact responses of fabric panels with and without the interlocking Z-warp yarns during the projectile penetration are evaluated in terms of their energy absorption, deformation, and stress distribution. The Z-warps in the 3D fabrics bind different layers of wefts together and provide the panel with structural support along through-the-thickness direction. The results show that the specific energy absorption (SEA) of 3D fabrics is up to 88.1% higher than that of the 2D fabrics. The 3D fabrics has a wider range of in-plane stress dispersion, which demonstrates its structural advantages in dispersing impact stress and getting more secondary yarns involved in energy absorption. However, there is a serious local stress concentration in 2D plain woven fabrics near the impact location. The absence of Z-warps between the layers of 2D laminated fabrics leads to a premature layer by layer failure. The findings are indicative for the future design of ballistic amors.
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Nasreen, Adeela, Muhammad Umair, Khubab Shaker, Syed Talha Ali Hamdani, and Yasir Nawab. "Development and characterization of three-dimensional woven fabric for ultra violet protection." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 30, no. 4 (August 6, 2018): 536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-02-2018-0013.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of materials, three dimensional (3D) structure and number of fabric layers on ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), air permeability and thickness of fabrics. Design/methodology/approach Total 24 fabrics samples were developed using two 3D structures and two weft materials. In warp direction cotton (CT) yarn and in weft direction polypropylene (PP) and polyester (PET) were used. Air permeability, thickness and UPF testings were performed and relationship among fabric layers, air permeability, thickness and UPF was developed. Findings UPF and thickness of fabrics increases with number of fabric layers, whereas air permeability decreases with the increase in number of fabric layers. Furthermore, change of multilayer structure from angle interlock to orthogonal interlock having same base weave does not give significant effect on UPF. However, change of material from polyester (PET) to polypropylene (PP) has a dominant effect on UPF. Minimum of three layers of cotton/polyester fabric, without any aid of ultraviolet radiation (UV) resistant coating, are required to achieve good. Cotton/polyester fabrics are more appropriate for outdoor application due to their long-term resistance with sunlight exposure. Originality/value Long-term exposure to UV is detrimental. So, there is need of proper selection of material and fabric to achieve ultraviolet protection. 3D fabrics have yarns in X, Y as well as in Z directions which provide better ultraviolet protection as compared to two dimensional (2D) fabrics. In literature, mostly work was done on ultraviolet protection of 2D fabrics and surface coating of fabrics. There is limited work found on UPF of 3D woven fabrics.
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Kamble, Zunjarrao, Rajesh Kumar Mishra, Bijoya Kumar Behera, Martin Tichý, Viktor Kolář, and Miroslav Müller. "Design, Development, and Characterization of Advanced Textile Structural Hollow Composites." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 3535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203535.
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The research is focused on the design and development of woven textile-based structural hollow composites. E-Glass and high tenacity polyester multifilament yarns were used to produce various woven constructions. Yarn produced from cotton shoddy (fibers extracted from waste textiles) was used to develop hybrid preforms. In this study, unidirectional (UD), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) fabric preforms were designed and developed. Further, 3D woven spacer fabric preforms with single-layer woven cross-links having four different geometrical shapes were produced. The performance of the woven cross-linked spacer structure was compared with the sandwich structure connected with the core pile yarns (SPY). Furthermore, three different types of cotton shoddy yarn-based fabric structures were developed. The first is unidirectional (UD), the second is 2D all-waste cotton fabric, and the third is a 2D hybrid fabric with waste cotton yarn in the warp and glass multifilament yarn in the weft. The UD, 2D, and 3D woven fabric-reinforced composites were produced using the vacuum-assisted resin infusion technique. The spacer woven structures were converted to composites by inserting wooden blocks with an appropriate size and wrapped with a Teflon sheet into the hollow space before resin application. A vacuum-assisted resin infusion technique was used to produce spacer woven composites. While changing the reinforcement from chopped fibers to 3D fabric, its modulus and ductility increase substantially. It was established that the number of crossover points in the weave structures offered excellent association with the impact energy absorption and formability behavior, which are important for many applications including automobiles, wind energy, marine and aerospace. Mechanical characterization of honeycomb composites with different cell sizes, opening angles and wall lengths revealed that the specific compression energy is higher for regular honeycomb structures with smaller cell sizes and a higher number of layers, keeping constant thickness.
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Potiyaraj, Pranut, Chutipak Subhakalin, Benchaphon Sawangharsub, and Werasak Udomkichdecha. "Recognition and re‐visualization of woven fabric structures." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 22, no. 2/3 (June 15, 2010): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556221011018577.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a computerized program that can recognize woven fabric structures and simultaneously use the obtained data to 3D re‐visualize the corresponding woven fabric structures.Design/methodology/approachA 2D bitmap image of woven fabric was initially acquired using an ordinary desktop flatbed scanner. Through several image‐processing and analysis techniques as well as recognition algorithms, the weave pattern was then identified and stored in a digital format. The weave pattern data were then used to construct warp and weft yarn paths based on Peirce's geometrical model.FindingsBy combining relevant weave parameters, including yarn sizes, warp and weft densities, yarn colours as well as cross‐sectional shapes, a 3D image of yarns assembled together as a woven fabric structure is produced and shown on a screen through the virtual reality modelling language browser.Originality/valueWoven fabric structures can now be recognised and simultaneously use the obtained data to 3D re‐visualize the corresponding woven fabric structures.
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Yin, Jianjun, Wensuo Ma, Zuobin Gao, Xianqing Lei, and Chenhui Jia. "A Review of Electromagnetic Shielding Fabric, Wave-Absorbing Fabric and Wave-Transparent Fabric." Polymers 14, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030377.
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As the basic materials with specific properties, fabrics have been widely applied in electromagnetic (EM) wave protection and control due to their characteristics of low density, excellent mechanical properties as well as designability. According to the different mechanisms and application scenarios on EM waves, fabrics can be divided into three types: EM shielding fabric, wave-absorbing fabric and wave-transparent fabric, which have been summarized and prospected from the aspects of mechanisms and research status, and it is believed that the current research on EM wave fabrics are imperfect in theory. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of different EM properties and application conditions, the structure of fabrics will be diversified, and more and more attentions should be paid to the research on structure of fabrics that meets EM properties, which will be conductive to guiding the development and optimization of fabrics. Furthermore, the application of fabrics in EM waves will change from 2D to 3D, from single structure to multiple structures, from large to small, as well as from heavy to light.
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Mihailovic, Tatjana V., Koviljka A. Asanovic, and Dragana D. Cerovic. "Structural design of face fabrics and the core as a premise for compression behavior of 3D woven sandwich fabric." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 20, no. 6 (December 5, 2016): 718–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636216678768.
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In this work, an experimental study on compression properties of two E-glass 3D woven fabrics, known as integrally woven sandwich fabrics, has been presented. Compression properties of 2D face fabrics and the core, as structural parts of integrally woven sandwich fabric, have also been investigated. Compression behavior of the samples (compressibility, compression work, and compressive resilience) was analyzed from the aspect of the weave design of face fabrics and the core structure (shape and density of the pile yarns). Results of the investigation showed that “8” shaped core structure, the greater surface density of the pile yarns, and the less compact structure of face fabrics ensure better compression properties of 3D fabrics. Specific weave design of face fabrics and the structure of the core significantly influence the behavior of 3D fabrics during successive increases, followed by a gradual decrease of pressure. During the loading of 3D woven structures, three regions of curves can clearly be seen compared to two regions which are registered at 2D face fabrics. Concerning 3D woven fabrics, the first region represents compression of the core, the second region is prolonged core compression and the third region refers to the simultaneous compression of pile yarns in the core and face fabrics. The density of pile yarns plays an important role in the region 1. In region 2, both the shape and density of the pile yarns are significant. Influence of the weave of face fabrics on compression behavior of 3D fabric can be noticed to a lesser extent in the region 2 and, especially in the region 3, where highly packed yarns assemblies are created.
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Bilisik, Kadir. "Two-dimensional (2D) fabrics and three-dimensional (3D) preforms for ballistic and stabbing protection: A review." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 18 (September 23, 2016): 2275–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516669075.
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In this study, the impact resistance of two-dimensional (2D) fabrics and three-dimensional (3D) preforms is explained. These fabrics and preforms include 2D and 3D woven and knitted flat and circular fabrics. Various types of soft/layered structures as well as rigid composite are outlined with some design examples for ballistic and stab threats. The recent developments in nanotubes/nanofibers and shear-thickening fluids (STF) for ballistic fabrics are reviewed. The ballistic properties of single- and multi-layered fabrics are discussed. Their impact mechanism is explained for both soft vest and rigid armor applications. Analytical modeling and computational techniques for the estimation of ballistic properties are outlined. It is concluded that the ballistic/stab properties of fiber-reinforced soft and rigid composites can be enhanced by using high-strength fibers and tough matrices as well as specialized nanomaterials. Ballistic/stab resistance properties were also improved by the development of special fabric architectures. All these design factors are of primary importance for achieving flexible and lightweight ballistic structures with a high ballistic limit.
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Hu, Qiaole, Hafeezullah Memon, Yiping Qiu, and Yi Wei. "The Failure Mechanism of Composite Stiffener Components Reinforced with 3D Woven Fabrics." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142221.
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Composite industry has long been seeking practical solutions to boost laminate through-thickness strengths and interlaminar shear strengths (ILSS), so that composite primary structures, such as stiffeners, can bear higher complex loadings and be more delamination resistant. Three dimensional (3D) woven fabrics were normally employed to render higher transverse and shear strengths, but the difficulty and high expense in producing such fabrics make it a hard choice. Based on a novel idea that the warp yarns that interlock layers of the weft yarns might provide adequate fiber crimps that would allow the interlaminar shear or radial stresses to be transferred and borne by the fibers, rather than by the relatively weaker matrix resin, thus improving the transverse strengths, this work provided a two point five dimensional (2.5D) approach as a practical solution, and demonstrated the superior transverse performances of an economical 2.5D shallow-bend woven fabric (2.5DSBW) epoxy composites, over the conventional two dimensional (2D) laminates and the costly 3D counterpart composites. This approach also produced a potential candidate to fabricate high performance stiffeners, as shown by the test results of L-beams which are common structural components of any stiffeners. This study also discovered that an alternative structure, namely a 2.5D shallow-straight woven fabric (2.5DSSW), did not show any advantages over the two control structures, which were a 2D plain weave (2DPW) and a 3D orthogonal woven fabric (3DOW) made out of the same carbon fibers. Composites of these structures in this study were conveniently fabricated using a vacuum-assisted resin infusion process (VARI). The L-beams were tested using a custom-made test fixture. The strain distribution and failure mode analysis of these beams were conducted using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and X-ray Computed Tomography Scanning (CT). The results demonstrated that the structures containing Z-yarns or having high yarn crimps or waviness, such as in cases of 3DOW and 2.5DSBW, respectively, were shown to withstand high loadings and to resist delamination, favorable for the applications of high-performance structural composites.
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Boussu, F., B. Provost, M. Lefebvre, and D. Coutellier. "New Textile Composite Solutions for Armouring of Vehicles." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (March 25, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7938720.
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In today’s scenario, numerous studies have shown a great interest on 3D woven structures like 3D warp interlock fabric as a fibre reinforcement for composite material to provide a better impact than 2D laminated fabrics with unlinked structures in the thickness. The impact energy absorption capacity depends on different and independent parameters, including the shape and speed of the projectile, the type of fibrous structure (geometry), the type and nature of the threads (raw material, linear density, and twisting value), and the type of impregnation of the composite material. As part of our research work on hard impact protection solutions, the interest of textile composite structures, in particular those integrating 3D warp interlock fabrics, has been revealed. Based on the result, protection solutions with such fabric structure revealed larger dynamic deformation capacity for absorbing the impact energy as compared with not only a ceramic material facing a 12.7 mm ammunition (mass 43 g) at 610 m/s but also those solutions made with metallic materials facing a FSP (diameter 20 mm, mass 54 g) at 630 m/s and 1600 m/s. For each of these different threats, a specific type of composite material has to be used. These composite material solutions are mainly defined to respond to the appropriate mode of impact behaviour.
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Avanaki, Mostafa Jamshidi, and Ali Asghar Asgharian Jeddi. "Mechanical Behavior of Regular Twill Weave Structures; Part I: 3D Meso-Scale Geometrical Modelling." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 10, no. 1 (March 2015): 155892501501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501501000112.
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The mechanical behavior of fabrics with different configurations has been investigated in many works by various approaches including the force equilibrium or energy methods. However, representing a suitable geometrical model for fabric structure is prerequisite to apply these approaches. This paper introduces an analytic 3D meso-scale geometrical modelling of regular twill weaves, in terms of a few structural parameters in 2D biaxial orthogonal woven fabrics. The model is proposed for the fabrics in their fully relaxed state considering their inherent skewness. For this purpose, a three dimensional structure is used to show this phenomenon. In this model, the yarns cross-section is assumed to be circular and the yarns path is assumed to be straight line (saw-tooth) in the unit cell which leads to the results that are in reasonable agreement with experimental data. These assumptions will be helpful in finding a close form solution for the mechanical behavior of woven structures. The proposed model has been verified by comparing its output with some experimental data for its areal mass and thickness in 2/2 twill fabric as a case study. By applying this model, the geometrical structural parameters such as skewness and weave angles as well as their total consumed yarns can be predicted theoretically. This model is a framework which will be used for estimating the initial deformation behavior of regular twill woven structures under uniaxial tensile loads in our forthcoming works.
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Cunha, Diogo, Raul Fangueiro, João Bessa, Conceição Paiva, Daniel Ribeiro, Elisabete Silva, Dionísio Silveira, Delfim Soares, and Cândida Vilarinho. "Experimental Thermal Behavior of Fibrous Structures for High-Performance Heat Resistant Fire Curtains." Energies 16, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 2426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052426.
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Fibrous materials are often used in the manufacturing of fire protection devices such as fire curtains. Their optimization and improved performance is still a topic of interest. The present work aims to develop and test a new combination of fibers arranged in various 2D and 3D patterns with coatings. For this purpose, basalt fibers were added into a glass fiber fabric, and wires of a shape memory material (SMM) were inserted into the fabric to create air pockets induced by temperature. In fire curtains, the base structure is a 2D basket pattern, and all combinations were tested with and without a waterborne polyurethane (WPU) coating with inorganic materials. Three different tests were selected to characterize the thermal behavior: fire resistance, ignitability, and smoke production. Fiberglass proved to be the best material to provide thermal resistance in fire curtains, with the outer surface temperature of the fabric below 650 °C at the end of the tests. The SMM wires provided good protection during the initial stages of the test, but a combination of excessive deformation and reduced strength of the fabric resulted in a sudden failure of the structure. Basalt fibers contribute to a reduction of smoke production. It was observed an improvement of up to 10% in the thermal capacity between 1MIX2 (glass fibers fabric with coating, MIX2) and the best commercial curtain evaluated, Commercial3 (glass and steel fibers fabric with coating).
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Yahya, Mohamad Faizul, Faris Mohd Zulkifli Nasrun, Suzaini A. Ghani, and Mohd Rozi Ahmad. "Factors Affecting Tensile Performance of 2D & 3D Angle Interlock Woven Fabric Composite: A Review." Advanced Materials Research 1134 (December 2015): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1134.147.
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In recent years, textile composite are widely utilized as structural components in the area of aerospace, civil engineering, protective armour and automotive applications. Textiles structures become increasingly significant for composites application due to strength to weight factor. [1-4]. Various textile materials are extensively used such as fibres, yarns and fabrics. Commonly, textile composite structures are characterized according to the textile preform architecture either it is a conventional 2D laminated structure or 3D textile structural laminated composite [2]. Comparative studies between both types have suggested that 3D textile structure exhibit superior mechanical performance in tensile strength, impact resistance, flexural, delamination resistance, high fracture tolerance [1, 5, 6].
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Hering, Marcus, and Manfred Curbach. "A new testing method for textile reinforced concrete under impact load." MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 11010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819911010.
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Textile reinforced concrete, especially textile reinforced concrete with carbon fibres, was already been used for strengthening steel reinforced concrete structures under static loads up to now. The question is if the composite can also be used for strengthening structures against impact loads. The main goal of a current research project at the Technische Universität Dresden is the development and characterization of a reinforcement fabric with optimized impact resistance. But there is a challenge. There is the need to find the best combination of fibre material (glass, carbon, steel, basalt, …) and reinforcement structure (short fibres, 2D-fabrics, 3D-fabrics, …), but testing the large number of possible combinations is not possible with the established methods. In general, large-scale tests are necessary which are very expensive and time consuming. Therefore, a new testing method has been developed to deal with this large number of possible combinations of material and structural experiments. The following paper describes this new testing method to find the best fabric reinforcement for strengthening reinforced concrete structures against impact loads. The testing devise, which is located in the drop tower facility at the Otto Mohr Laboratory, and the test set-up are illustrated and described. The measurement equipment and the methods to evaluate the experimental results are explained in detail.
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El-Dessouky, Hassan M., Mohamed Nasr Saleh, Ying Wang, and Mohamed S. Alotaibi. "Effect of Unit-Cell Size on the Barely Visible Impact Damage in Woven Composites." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 7, 2021): 2364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052364.
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The effect of the weaving architecture and the z-binding yarns, for 2D and 3D woven composites on the low-velocity impact resistance of carbon fibre reinforced composites, is investigated and benchmarked against noncrimp fabric (NCF). Four architectures, namely: NCF, 2D plain weave (2D-PW), 3D orthogonal: plain (ORT-PW) and twill (ORT-TW), were subjected to 15 J impact using a 16 mm-diameter, 6.7 kg hemispherical impactor. Nondestructive techniques, including ultrasonic C-scanning, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) were used to map and quantify the size of the induced barely visible impact damage (BVID). The energy absorption of each architecture was correlated to the damage size: both in-plane and in-depth directions. The 3D architectures, regardless of their unit-cell size, demonstrated the highest impact resistance as opposed to 2D-PW and the NCF. X-ray CT segmentation showed the effect of the higher frequency of the z-binding yarns, in the ORT-PW case, in delamination and crack arresting even when compared to the other 3D architecture (ORT-TW). Among all the architectures, ORT-PW exhibited the highest damage resistance with the least damage size. This suggests that accurate design of the z-binding yarns’ path and more importantly its frequency in 3D woven architectures is essential for impact-resistant composite structures.
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Hewavidana, Yasasween, Mehmet N. Balci, Andrew Gleadall, Behnam Pourdeyhimi, Vadim V. Silberschmidt, and Emrah Demirci. "Assessing Crimp of Fibres in Random Networks with 3D Imaging." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 20, 2023): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15041050.
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The analysis of fibrous structures using micro-computer tomography (µCT) is becoming more important as it provides an opportunity to characterise the mechanical properties and performance of materials. This study is the first attempt to provide computations of fibre crimp for various random fibrous networks (RFNs) based on µCT data. A parametric algorithm was developed to compute fibre crimp in fibres in a virtual domain. It was successfully tested for six different X-ray µCT models of nonwoven fabrics. Computations showed that nonwoven fabrics with crimped fibres exhibited higher crimp levels than those with non-crimped fibres, as expected. However, with the increased fabric density of the non-crimped nonwovens, fibres tended to be more crimped. Additionally, the projected fibre crimp was computed for all three major 2D planes, and the obtained results were statistically analysed. Initially, the algorithm was tested for a small-size, nonwoven model containing only four fibres. The fraction of nearly straight fibres was computed for both crimped and non-crimped fabrics. The mean value of the fibre crimp demonstrated that fibre segments between intersections were almost straight. However, it was observed that there were no perfectly straight fibres in the analysed RFNs. This study is applicable to approach employing a finite-element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model/analyse RFNs.
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Li, Mengru, Peng Wang, François Boussu, and Damien Soulat. "Effect of Fabric Architecture on Tensile Behaviour of the High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene 3-Dimensional Interlock Composite Reinforcements." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051045.
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As promising fibrous reinforcements in the thick composites manufacturing, 3-dimensional warp interlock fabrics (3DWIFs) are recognised more and more in the industry for their outstanding mechanical properties compared to the 2D laminates. The present work shows the influence of the fabric’s architecture on the tensile behaviour of 3DWIFs. Five kinds of 3D fabrics with different interlock structures have been designed according to the main category of binding warp yarn evolution. These five 3DWIFs, containing both binding and stuffer warp yarns and produced with the same warp and weft densities, are experimentally tested via uniaxial tensile tests. The experimental results of the different 3DWIFs have been compared to find the optimal solution based on several mechanical performances. Fabric structures have an impact on tensile properties both in the warp and weft directions. Furthermore, other influential factors, for example, the yarn crimps during the weaving process and the crimp angles of binding warp yarns in 3DWIFs, are investigated and discussed in the paper. The influence of the total crimp angles related to the binding path on the tensile properties of 3DWIFs via the inter yarns friction is summarised.
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Ji, Yong, Gaoming Jiang, Mengting Tang, Ningtao Mao, and He Wang. "Three-dimensional simulation of warp knitted structures based on geometric unit cell of loop yarns." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 23-24 (May 14, 2020): 2639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520924005.
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Warp knitted fabrics are typically three-dimensional (3D) structures, and their design is strongly dependent on the structural simulation. Most of existing simulation methods are only capable of two-dimensional (2D) modeling, which lacks perceptual realism and cannot show design defects, making it hard for manufacturers to produce the required fabrics. The few existing methods capable of 3D structural simulation are computationally demanding and therefore can only run on powerful computers, which makes it hard to utilize online platforms (e.g. clouds, mobile devices, etc.) for simulation and design communication. To fill the gap, a novel, lightweight and agile geometric representation of warp knitting loops is proposed to establish a new framework of 3D simulation of complex warp knitted structures. Further, the new representation has great simplicity, flexibility and versatility and is used to build high-level models in representing the 3D structures of warp knitted fabrics with complex topologies. Simulations of a variety of warp knitted fabrics are presented to demonstrate the capacity and generalizability of this newly proposed methodology. It has also been used in virtual design of warp knitted fabrics in wireless mobile devices for digital manufacture and provides a functional reference model based on this simplified unit cell of warp knitted loops to simulate more realistic 3D warp knitted fabrics.
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Bilisik, Kadir. "Multiaxis three-dimensional weaving for composites: A review." Textile Research Journal 82, no. 7 (February 1, 2012): 725–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517511435013.
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The aim of this study is to review three-dimensional (3D) fabrics and a critical review is especially provided on the development of multiaxis 3D woven preform structures and techniques. 3D preforms are classified based on various parameters depending on the fiber sets, fiber orientation and interlacements, and micro–meso unit cells and macro geometry. Biaxial and triaxial two-dimensional (2D) fabrics have been widely used as structural composite parts in various technical areas. However, they suffer delamination between their layers due to the lack of fibers. 3D woven fabrics have multiple layers and no delamination due to the presence of Z-fibers. However, the 3D woven fabrics have low in-plane properties. Multiaxis 3D knitted fabrics have no delamination and their in-plane properties are enhanced due to the ±bias yarn layers. However, they have limitations regarding multiple layering and layer sequences. Multiaxis 3D woven fabrics have multiple layers and no delamination due to Z-fibers and in-plane properties enhanced due to the ±bias yarn layers. Also, the layer sequence can be arranged based on end-use requirements. However, the multiaxis 3D weaving technique is at an early stage of development and needs to be fully automated. This will be a future technological challenge in the area of multiaxis 3D weaving.
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Xiao, Peng, Jincui Gu, Chang Zhang, Feng Ni, Yun Liang, Jiang He, Lei Zhang, Jianyong Ouyang, Shiao-Wei Kuo, and Tao Chen. "A scalable, low-cost and robust photo-thermal fabric with tunable and programmable 2D/3D structures towards environmentally adaptable liquid/solid-medium water extraction." Nano Energy 65 (November 2019): 104002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104002.
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Alotaibi, Hatim, Masoud Jabbari, Chamil Abeykoon, and Constantinos Soutis. "Numerical Investigation of Multi-scale Characteristics of Single and Multi-layered Woven Structures." Applied Composite Materials 29, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-022-10010-x.
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AbstractResin flow through multi-ply woven fabrics is affected by the fibre orientation and laminate stacking sequence during the impregnation process. This is characterised by permeability, which measures the ability of transferring fluids within a 2D or 3D layered woven fibre architecture (i.e., through a porous medium). The work aims to investigate the feasibility of characterising macro-scale flow permeability via the micro-meso-scale (dual-scale) permeability across and along woven yarns, with different structures of yarn nesting, non-shifting, and ply orientation. The permeability characterisation is performed using Ansys-Fluent software package where textile architectures and resin flow in porous media are simulated. The results show that in- and out-plane permeability of the nested, non-shifted and oriented single-ply woven preforms are different than that corresponding to multi-layered plates, making them only applicable for dual-scale permeabilities. However, with a number of plies in the multi-ply woven fabrics — e.g., 9-ply and 5-ply, for in- and out-of-plane flows, respectively — the dual-scale permeabilities can be extended to macro-flow making them applicable at all scales (multi-scale flow). The calculated in-plane multi-scale permeabilities are then used in the 2D simulations and compared with the analytical solution of the Darcy’s equation, which resulted in a very good agreement.
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Yelina, Tetiana, Liudmyla Halavska, Svitlana Bobrova, Volodymyr Shcherban, and Tetiana Dzykovych. "FRAME MODEL OF UNIAXIAL STRETCHING OF 1x1 RIB KNITS." Fibres and Textiles 29, no. 2 (August 2022): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/008/2022-2-006.
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One of the nowadays challenges is the development of scientific sound models of knitwear deformations. The paper is devoted to developing an algorithm for constructing a frame model of rib 1x1 knits stretched in the course or wale direction. In the process of uniaxial stretching, the shape of the sample depends on the tensile forces orientation. A frame model of a deformed knitted structure, and an algorithm of construction of a mesh frame, are developed during the study. The frame model makes it possible to find coordinates of intermeshing points of every stitch. Then yarn characteristic points can be determined that, in turn, serve as input data for the construction of 3D model of rib 1x1 structure under uniaxial tensile deformations at the yarn level of detail. The study provides a graphical tool for formalization of geometric transformation that happen during 2D deformations of knitted structures, characterized by gradual change of the specimens width crosswise to the loading direction. This model is intended to become a part of a general deformation model of knitted fabrics.
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Smallwood, John R., David Prescott, and Wayne Kirk. "Alternatives in Paleocene exploration West of Shetland: a case study." Scottish Journal of Geology 40, no. 2 (November 2004): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sjg40020131.
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SynopsisThis paper illustrates oil exploration in the West of Shetlands area from 1995 to 2001 by documenting the history of Block 205/9, awarded in the UK 16th Licensing Round in 1995. Good quality Paleocene sands had been encountered in the 1989 well 205/9-1 in the down-dip part of the block, and equivalent sands were absent on the adjacent Flett Ridge to the SE, setting up the possibility of a pinchout play. The first well testing the play, 205/8-1, was drilled on the overall pinchout on 2D seismic data, but 3D seismic data were acquired across the area to better delineate the depositional systems. The first well drilled on the 3D data to test the sand pinchout, 205/14-3, failed to encounter sands in communication with those in 205/9-1, so attention turned to alternative stratigraphic traps highlighted by seismic amplitude anomalies. Detailed evaluation of the seismic data revealed that the attractive seismic amplitude response of one potential prospect was actually an artefact associated with overlying basalt. Further analysis of the 3D seismic attributes identified a tongue of sand south of 205/9-1, and analysis of magnetic fabrics from core data in 205/9-1 revealed that sand was input to this area from the NE, contrary to previous models. Unfortunately the seismic attributes, supported by fluid inclusion data, suggested that the sand was water-wet. As a result of the evaluation work, the block was relinquished in 1999 without further drilling. While there is undoubtedly scope for stratigraphic traps in the area to prove hydrocarbon-bearing, experience on the 205/9 block and other studies led to a refocusing on dip-closed structures, and a resulting discovery, the first in the Faroes, consisted of 170 m of hydrocarbon-bearing sands in the T10 Paleocene interval.
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Mooneghi, Sara Asghari, S. Mohammad Hosseini Varkiyani, and Siamak Saharkhiz. "Study on Fabric Surface Roughness and its Influence on Worsted Fabric Abrasion Resistance." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 10, no. 4 (December 2015): 155892501501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501501000419.
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Surface roughness is of paramount importance in predicting tactile properties of fabrics. This study aimed at investigating surface roughness and the effect of this property on the abrasion resistance of worsted fabrics. Nine different groups of worsted fabrics were produced. The fabrics had three weave types and three areal densities. A non-contact laser based system was developed to scan the surface of the fabrics. In order to extract the surface roughness profile, a new method of data analysis was presented. Several two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) roughness parameters were introduced and calculated. Statistical analysis proved that the effect of weave type and weft density was significant on all of the 2D and 3D surface roughness parameters at a confidence range of 95%. However, the 3D parameters provided the surface roughness with just one number in comparison with the 2D ones (warp and weft directions). Therefore, the 3D parameters provided a better indication for the surface roughness which had the effect of both warp and weft directions. Results showed that there was a strong linear correlation between the abrasion resistance and the 3D roughness parameters.
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Abtew, Mulat Alubel, Francois Boussu, Pascal Bruniaux, Carmen Loghin, and Irina Cristian. "Enhancing the Ballistic Performances of 3D Warp Interlock Fabric Through Internal Structure as New Material for Seamless Female Soft Body Armor Development." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 4873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144873.
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This paper investigates the effects of warp yarns ratios on the ballistic performances of three-dimensional (3D) warp interlock p-aramid fabrics. Four 3D warp interlock variants with different binding and stuffer warp yarns ratios were designed and developed. Except for warp yarns ratios, similar fabric parameters and manufacturing conditions were considered. Two-dimensional (2D) woven fabric having similar material characteristics and recommended for female seamless soft body armor are also considered for comparisons. Five ballistic panels, one from 2D plain weave fabric and the rest four from the other 3D warp interlock variants were prepared in a non-angled layer alignment and non-stitched but bust-shaped molded form. The ballistic test is carried out according to NIJ (National Institute of Justice) standard-level IIIA. Back Face Signature (BFS) was then modeled and measured to compute both trauma and panels’ energy-absorbing capability. The result showed significant ballistic improvement in the 3D warp interlock variant with optimum warp yarns ratios over traditional 2D plain weave fabrics. 3D warp interlock fabric panel made with 66.6% binding and 33.3% stuffer warp yarn ratio revealed both lower BFS depth and higher energy absorbing capacity (%) than other panels made of 2D plain weave and 3D warp interlock fabric variants.
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Rogov, V. E., L. A. Bokhoeva, and A. S. Chermoshentseva. "Reinforced Composites with 3D Fabric Structures." Russian Engineering Research 41, no. 6 (June 2021): 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x21060186.
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Liu, Hua Wu, Zhi Gang Chen, and Ping Xu. "Modeling Bending Rigidity of Nonwovens with 2D Structures." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.387.
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A theoretical model was developed to describe the bending behaviour and property of nonwovens with two-dimensional structure. The bending and tensional behaviours of single fibre with and without slippage in a bent fabric were analyzed. The method determining the neutral plane of bent nonwovens and the bending rigidity of fabrics with general two-dimensional structure were developed, incorporating fibre orientation distribution, number of fibres, fibre original position before bending and the Poisson’s ratio of the fabric. The analyses also give the fibre orientations that lead to the maximum and minimum contributions to the bending rigidity of the nonwovens in laminate and sandwich structures
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Spahiu, Tatjana, Zlatin Zlatev, Elita Ibrahimaj, Julieta Ilieva, and Ermira Shehi. "Drape of Composite Structures Made of Textile and 3D Printed Geometries." Machines 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10070587.
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Applications of 3D printing in the fashion industry have continued to attract interest from academia and industry in order to improve and add functionalities to products. Among these applications, an interesting one is 3D printing on textile fabric. Composite structures created by 3D printing and textile fabric change a drape by improving or worsening its appearance. The scope of this work is to evaluate the effect of various 3D printed geometries on textile fabric regarding fabric drapes. The drape coefficient of the created composite structure is evaluated using a drape tester built according to EN ISO 9073-9. The results taken are compared with an algorithm developed for determining drape parameters and 3D form representation using color digital images and their image histograms. The measured values of the drape coefficient are close, with a minimal difference, up to 4%. The 3D printed patterns show a significant effect on the drape coefficient of textile fabrics by depicting another way to modify fabric drapes and create complex shapes by using less material. This can be seen as an advantage in the fashion industry where complex geometries can be added to textile fabrics, while changing fabric drape and product personalization and adding functionalities for garments and technical textiles.
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Zheng, Tianyong, Wenli Yue, and Xiaojiao Wang. "Imitation of a Pre-Designed Irregular 3D Yarn in Given Fabric Structures." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 3992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14193992.
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The 3D CAD software has obvious advantages in appearance imitating and geometric structure modeling for fabrics. In contemporary 3D CAD fabric systems, only uniform yarns are involved in studies on fabric geometric structures, due to technological limitations, whereas objectives such as irregular/uneven 3D yarns have not been considered much. As the fabric structure or the central curve of the yarn changes, it is difficult to reflect the changed positions of the effect spots of the pre-designed uneven 3D yarns accordingly. In this paper, a key-point-mapping algorithm between the source yarn and the target curve is proposed to reflect the position change in effect spots when the fabric structure changes. By using the shape-preserving quasi-uniform cubic B-spline curve, a simple 3D irregular source yarn is designed using key points and setting their corresponding base cross-sections. The mapping is based on the principle that the lengths of the curve between the key points and the contours of the corresponding base cross-sections of the source yarn remain unchanged. Finally, the control grid of the new 3D yarn in the fabric structure is automatically generated. According to the examples and error analysis, the mapping technique can be applied to arbitrary given fabric structures, and the effect spots of the irregular 3D yarn are reasonably distributed as expected.
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Lagė, Agnė, and Kristina Ancutienė. "Virtual try-on technologies in the clothing industry: basic block pattern modification." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 6 (November 4, 2019): 729–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-11-2018-0140.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate basic block pattern modification according to fabric used and the mismatch between 2D and 3D measure lines at bust, waist and hip girths when ease allowance is changed uniformly. Design/methodology/approach For the investigation, virtual try-on software Modaris 3D Fit (CAD Lectra) was used. The straight shape dress fitting was done using seven cotton and cotton blended plain weave fabrics. After virtual try-on, the mismatch d (dbust, dwaist, dhip) between 2D and 3D measure lines was measured in order to determine base pattern adjustments using different fabrics. Findings It was found that the position and length of 3D measure lines at bust, waist and hip girths does not match the position and length of corresponding lines in 2D base patterns after virtual try-on due to fabrics deformation, which is related to mechanical properties. It was proved that derived linear equations presenting a relation between mismatch and ease allowance values could be used for basic block pattern modification that 3D and 2D measure lines would coincide during clothing try-on. Research limitations/implications This research is limited to cotton/cotton blended woven fabrics and straight dress; therefore, other fabric types and other clothing could be investigated in the future to expand data basis. Practical implications The main practical point of the proposed method is that in order to obtain particular 3D ease value in a garment, it can be calculated from 2D ease allowance value and the fabric’s tensile properties using linear equations. The basic block patterns could be modified using this method not only for tested fabrics but also for other fabrics with similar composition, structural and mechanical properties. 3D ease values in garment can be easily checked by using virtual try-on technology without production of real prototypes. The method is applicable for making ready-to-wear or individually tailored clothing. Originality/value The proposed method in this paper presented opportunity to modify the basic block patterns of the dress according to the fabric’s tensile properties and 2D ease allowance. The basic block patterns could be modified according to presented linear functions for each tested fabric. The application of this method can fully ensure the interaction between the garment 2D patterns to 3D garment so that a desired 3D garment fitting effect to the body can easily be satisfied by the adjustment of particular fabric characteristics. It offers further possibilities, especially with developing virtual try-on technologies.
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Nayak, Suhas Yeshwant, Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka, Ramakrishna Vikas Sadanand, Kapil Bharadwaj, Harsh Mukut Pokharna, and Ananthakrishnan Rajaraman Sanjeev. "2D woven/ 3D orthogonal Woven Non-crimp E-glass Fabric as Reinforcement in Epoxy Composites using Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion Molding." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 12, no. 2 (June 2017): 155892501701200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501701200202.
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E-glass/Epoxy composites were fabricated using Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion Moulding (VARIM) in fiber weight fractions of 40%, 45%, 50% and 55 percent. E-glass fiber in the form of 2D plain woven fabric of 320 gsm and 3D orthogonal woven non-crimp fabric with 1830 gsm were considered for reinforcement. Mechanical properties including tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) of both the composites were evaluated and compared to explore the possibility of 3D fabric as an alternative over the plain weave fabric. Improvement in mechanical properties was seen with increase in fiber content in both the composites. Results support the view that 3D orthogonal weave fabric can be used in lieu of plain weave fabric as it exhibited improved mechanical properties. Morphological studies were used to analyze the fracture mechanisms.
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Levy, J. C. S. "Magnetic structures of 2D and 3D nanoparticles." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 373 (January 2015): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.07.010.
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Tsourlos, P. "INVERSION OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY DATA DERIVING FROM 3D STRUCTURES." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 3 (January 1, 2004): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16472.
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In this work the effectiveness of 2D and 3D algorithms for inverting Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) data deriving from 3D structures is studied. Further, an analysis of data-collection strategies in the case of 3D structures is being carried out. Dense 2D measurements are nconsidered a practical tool for mapping 3D structures given the current limitations in ERT hardware. To perform the tests 2D and a 3D inversion programs are used. Both schemes use a forward model based on a 2.5D and 3D finite element scheme respectively. For both the 2D and 3D cases a fully non-linear inversion scheme based on a smoothness constrained algorithm is used. The Jacobian matrix is calculated using the adjoined equation technique. Comparisons are being carried out by means of synthetic examples for 3D models and dense 2D measurements with their axis parallel to the X (X-lines) and/or Y (Y lines) directions. For the case of 3D structures and 2D inversion tests results illustrate that both X-line, Y-line measurements are required to delineate the modeling body. However, when 3D inversion is considered either Xline or Y-line measurements are adequate to produce good quality reconstructions of the subsurface. Overall, results clearly illustrate the superiority of 3D over 2D inversion schemes in the case of 3D structures both in view of quality and logistics. Despite the increased computational time required by 3D inversion schemes, good quality results can be produced. Further, 2D inversion techniques require effectively a double amount of measurements to produce acceptable results. The ongoing advancement of fast computers renders the described approach of combining dense 2-D measurement with 3D inversion practical for routine data treatment.
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Dalal, Mohamed, Jean-Yves Drean, and Jean-François Osselin. "Geometrical Modeling of Woven Fabrics Weavability-Limit New Relationships." Autex Research Journal 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2015-0056.
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Abstract The weavability limit and tightness for 2D and 3D woven fabrics is an important factor and depends on many geometric parameters. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature on textile fabric construction and property, and related research on fabric geometry, a study of the weavability limit and tightness relationships of 2D and 3D woven fabrics was undertaken. Experiments were conducted on a representative number of polyester and cotton woven fabrics which have been woven in our workshop, using three machines endowed with different insertion systems (rapier, projectiles and air jet). Afterwards, these woven fabrics have been analyzed in the laboratory to determine their physical and mechanical characteristics using air permeability-meter and KES-F KAWABATA Evaluation System for Fabrics. In this study, the current Booten’s weavability limit and tightness relationships based on Ashenhurst’s, Peirce’s, Love’s, Russell’s, Galuszynskl’s theory and maximum-weavability is reviewed and modified as new relationships to expand their use to general cases (2D and 3D woven fabrics, all fiber materiel, all yarns etc…). The theoretical relationships were examined and found to agree with experimental results. It was concluded that the weavability limit and tightness relationships are useful tools for weavers in predicting whether a proposed fabric construction was weavable and also in predicting and explaining their physical and mechanical properties.
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Xu, Bu Gao. "Stereovision for 3D Measurements of Fabric Pilling." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.631.
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This paper introduces a 3D imaging system designed for objective evaluation of fabric pilling. The system was aimed at using a pair of regular digital cameras to capture two side-by-side images of a pilling fabric without special lighting, and the robust calibration and stereo-matching algorithms to reconstruct high-fidelity 3D surfaces of fabric. The depth data provides the most relevant information for pilling segmentation and measurements. The outcome of the surface reconstruction is independent of fabric structures, colors and fiber contents. 3D measurements are useful for understanding pilling mechanisms in different abrasive treatments.
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Fajardo, Jorge I., Marco V. Farez, and César A. Paltán. "Experimental Analysis of the Relationship between Textile Structure, Tensile Strength and Comfort in 3D Printed Structured Fabrics." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010152.
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In this article, an experimental investigation was conducted to study the effects of 3D printed structured fabrics on the tensile strength of two additive manufacturing technologies: (i) fused deposition modeling (FDM); and (ii) stereolithography (SLA). Three types of structured fabrics were designed in a linked fabric structure, which resembled the main characteristics of a conventional textile. Through computer-aided design (CAD), the textile structures were sketched, which, in a STL format, were transferred to 3D printing software, and consequently, they were printed. The specimens were subjected to tensile tests to analyse the behaviour of the linked structures under tensile loads. The results obtained indicated that the elements structured in a linked fabric pattern showed a statistically significant effect between the design of the 3D printed structured fabric and its tensile strength. Some important properties in textiles, fabric areal density, fineness (tex) and fabric flexibility were also analysed. This study opens an important field of research on the mechanical resistance of textile structures manufactured by 3D printing, oriented for applications in wearables that have a promising future in the fields of medicine, aerospace, sports, fashion, etc.
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Jin, Lanming, Gaoming Jiang, Honglian Cong, and Chenguang Hou. "Geometrical Modelling of Jacquard Quilted Structures Weft Knitted Fabrics." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 11, no. 1 (March 2016): 155892501601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501601100109.
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Jacquard quilted structure weft-knitted fabrics have many advantages, such as strong stereoscopic patterns, soft handling, adjustable apparel thickness, and use as home textiles. However, the final visual effects of such fabrics are difficult to predict prior to processing because of the rough surface caused by the connecting yarn and the inlay yarn of the fabric. This research applied a three-dimensional (3D) model instead of the original single-loop model to simulate knitted fabric. The 3D model is more suitable for a multilayer fabric because the simulation is quick, real, and convenient. The article includes experiments on structural parameters concerning regular dents of different samples, analysis of parameter data about the surface, and the simulation process with the objective of understanding the computer simulation of fabric. Results show good correlation between the simulation results and the actual fabric. Importantly, we can clearly see the expected effects in the fabrics without going through production and processing. This research will be useful for establishing a quick computer-generated simulation system for multilayer fabrics.
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Jin, Shoufeng, Yang Chen, Jiajie Yin, Yi Li, Munish Kumar Gupta, Pawel Fracz, and Zhixiong Li. "Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Fleece Fabric Surface for Thickness Evaluation." Electronics 9, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091346.
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Aiming at solving the problem of manually measuring the fabric surface thickness, this paper proposes a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method based on the tangential two-dimensional (2D) sequence images. Firstly, the characteristic region of the fabric surface is extracted. Secondly, the image is splitting based on the maximum between-class variance method. Thirdly, the splitting image is processed by the morphological method. Fourthly, the canny operator is used to obtain the edge detection for calculating the edge contour coordinate. Finally, the surf function is used to reconstruct the 3D model of the fabric surface. To evaluate the performance of the proposed 3D model, the thickness and relief degree of the fabric surface are used, and the comparison between the proposed method and the manual measurement is carried out. The results demonstrate that, under a reasonable relief degree condition, the proposed method is more effective to evaluate the thickness of the fabric surface and the estimated thickness is more accurate than the manually measured one.
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Liu, Xiao, Zhao Qun Du, and Wei Dong Yu. "Study on Structure and Mechanical Properties of Spacer Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 1093–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.1093.
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3D spacer fabrics have obviously better performance compared with ordinary fabrics due to their special "sandwich" structures. The paper is to investigate the structures and their compression performances, tensile properties and bending performances on 20 kinds of 3D spacer fabrics. The experimental results showed the relationship between mechanical properties and structures of spacer fabric, and obtained the correlation between each mechanics index and fabric, stiffness. It is useful in expressing the special behaviors of spacer fabrics.
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Wu, Binmin, Ziyu Zhang, Chao Wang, Enming Song, Jizhai Cui, Gaoshan Huang, Peng Zhou, Zengfeng Di, and Yongfeng Mei. "Progress and challenges on 3D tubular structures and devices of 2D materials." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 6 (August 8, 2022): 060503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0098838.
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Due to their unique structures and properties, emerging two-dimensional (2D) materials have been at the frontier of research in, e.g., materials science, physics, and engineering. Three-dimensional (3D) tubular geometry enables 2D materials unparalleled advantages for various applications, for example, wide-angle infrared photodetectors, extremely sensitive molecular sensors, and memory with high density. Furthermore, 3D tubular structures offer a promising integration platform into chips with a broad range of materials, especially 2D materials. In this Perspective, we highlight state-of-the-art methods to assemble/manufacture 2D materials into 3D tubular structures/devices via self-rolled-up or template methods. These tubular 3D devices inspire unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties for optical microcavity, photodetector, on-chip electronics, and bubble-propelled microengines. On-chip manufacture of 3D tubular structures/devices provides great opportunity and challenge for 2D materials for More than Moore applications such as unconventional electronics, smart sensors, and miniaturized robots.
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Lin, Xiaoping, Xiaoyan Li, Na Yang, Xianghong Li, Jiming Yao, Wei Zhang, Ruosi Yan, Jianlin Xu, and Sridhar Komarneni. "Design and construction of 1D/2D/3D fabric-based wearable micro-supercapacitors." Journal of Power Sources 560 (March 2023): 232712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232712.
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Wilson, Christopher J. L., Vladimir Luzin, Sandra Piazolo, Mark Peternell, and Daniel Hammes. "Experimental deformation of deuterated ice in 3D and 2D: identification of grain-scale processes." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 127, no. 1 (2015): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs15011.
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Major polar ice sheets and ice caps experience cycles of variable flow during different glacial periods and as a response to past warming. The rate and localisation of deformation inside an ice body controls the evolution of ice microstructure and crystallographic fabric. This is critical for interpreting proxy signals for climate change, with deformation overprinting and disrupting stratigraphy deep under ice caps due to the nature of the flow. The final crystallographic fabric in polar ice sheets provides a record of deformation history, which in turn controls the flow properties of ice during further deformation and affects geophysical sensing of ice sheets. For example, identification of layering in ice sheets, using seismic or ice radar techniques, is attributed to grain size changes and fabric variations. Such information has been used to provide information on climate state and its changes over time, and as the Fourth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Report (Solomon et al. 2007) points out there is currently still a lack of understanding of internal ice-sheet dynamics. To answer this we have recently conducted experiments at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) to collect fully quantitative microstructural data from polycrystalline heavy water (D2O) ice deformed in a dynamic regime. The ice and temperature (–7°C) chosen for this study is used as a direct analogue for deforming natural-water ice as it offers a unique opportunity to link grain size and texture evolution in natural ice at –10°C. Results show a dynamic system where steady-state rheology is not necessarily coupled to microstructural and crystallographic fabric stability. This link needs to be taken into account to improve ice-mass-deformation modelling critical for climate change predictions.
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Hamada, Hiroyuki, Akihiro Fujita, Zenichiro Maekawa, and Masaya Kotaki. "Bending Properties of 3D Glass Woven Fabric Reinforced Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 2, no. 4 (July 1993): 096369359300200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359300200406.
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3D glass woven fabric (PARABEAM) reinforced composites are of particular interest to composite industry, because light weight large scale composite structures can be fabricated. Bending properties of hybrid composites with 3D fabric and chopped strand mat were possible to be estimated by using theory of composite beam. The relations between thickness, weight and bending properties of the 3D composites could be drawn for designing composite structure.
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Jo, Seong-Tae, Hyo-Seob Shin, Young-Geun Lee, Ji-Hun Lee, and Jang-Young Choi. "Optimal Design of a BLDC Motor Considering Three-Dimensional Structures Using the Response Surface Methodology." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020461.
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In this paper, the optimal design of a brushless direct current motor with a three-dimensional (3D) structure using the response surface methodology (RSM) is presented. There were two optimization goals: reduction of the cogging torque and maintenance of the back electromotive force to prevent performance degradation. For motors with a 3D structure, a 3D finite element method analysis is essential, though it requires considerable computation time. Therefore, to reduce the optimal design time, the 3D structure was placed on the 2D plane. Thereafter, a 2D corrected model was applied to the RSM. For the validity of the technique, the analysis results of the initial 3D model, 2D model, and 2D corrected model were compared, and the results of the optimal design 3D model, 2D corrected model, and experiment were compared.
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Khokar, N. "3D Fabric-forming Processes: Distinguishing Between 2D-weaving, 3D-weaving and an Unspecified Non-interlacing Process." Journal of the Textile Institute 87, no. 1 (January 1996): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405009608659059.
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Chuves, Yuri Pereira, Midori Pitanga, Inga Grether, Maria Odila Cioffi, and Francisco Monticeli. "The Influence of Several Carbon Fiber Architecture on the Drapability Effect." Textiles 2, no. 3 (September 5, 2022): 486–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles2030027.
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The growth of the aeronautical sector leads to the growth of polymer composites application, creating new demand for components applications in complex dimensions and shapes. Regarding different methods of draping 2D fabric into a 3D format, the concern is to keep the fabric properties and characteristics, since fiber orientation is modified after draping. For that purpose, this study aims to evaluate the drapability capacity of 2D dry fibrous fabrics (plain, twill, satin, non-crimp-fabric 0/90, and ±45) into a complex geometry, i.e., spherical indent. The energy required to drape fabric is composed of fabric deformation mechanisms (shear and bending), which were used together with microscopic deformation analysis to determine the appropriate fabric architectures with the highest malleability. Both NCF fabrics presented high energy and roughness on the fabric surface due to the folding effect of stitching. On the other hand, plain and twill weave fabrics required lower energy to drape but demonstrated higher fiber misalignment and deformation. The satin warp/weft relation favored shear and bending mechanisms, presenting better uniformity in load distribution, symmetry on drape capability, lower deformation degree, and lower fiber misalignment. Despite the intermediate load and energy required for drape, ANOVA and optimization methods confirmed that satin fabric showed better malleability behavior for complex geometries applications.
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ZHOU, HUIYU, XUELONG LI, TANGWEI LIU, FAQUAN LIN, YUSHENG PANG, JI WU, JUNYU DONG, and JIAHUA WU. "RECOVERY OF NONRIGID STRUCTURES FROM 2D OBSERVATIONS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 22, no. 02 (March 2008): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001408006259.
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We present a new method for simultaneously determining three-dimensional (3D) motion and structure of a nonrigid object from its uncalibrated two-dimensional (2D) data with Gaussian or non-Gaussian distributions. A nonrigid motion can be treated as a combination of a rigid component and a nonrigid deformation. To reduce the high dimensionality of the deformable structure or shape, we estimate the probability distribution function (PDF) of the structure through random sampling, integrating an established probabilistic model. The fitting between the observations and the estimated 3D structure will be evaluated using the pooled variance estimator. The recovered structure is only available when the 2D feature points have been properly corresponded over two image frames. Applications of the proposed method to both synthetic and real image sequences are demonstrated with promising results.
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Qi, Haina, Qianli Ma, Yunrui Xie, Yan Song, Jiao Tian, Wensheng Yu, Xiangting Dong, Dan Li, Guixia Liu, and Hui Yu. "Electrospun polyfunctional conductive anisotropic Janus-shaped film, derivative 3D Janus tube and 3D plus 2D complete flag-shaped structures." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 19 (2020): 6565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc00366b.
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Zhan, Weiquan, Yuan Yuan, Chang Liu, Peng Chen, Yumeng Liang, Yu Wang, José Luis Arauz-Lara, and Feifei Jia. "Preparation and application of 0D, 2D and 3D molybdenite: a review." Minerals and Mineral Materials 1, no. 1 (2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/mmm.2022.04.
Full textAbstract:
Molybdenite (MoS2) has been widely used in the fields of catalysis, desalination, energy storage and conversion and optoelectronics as a result of its unique crystal structures and unusual properties. In the last decade, the modification of the surface, structural and semiconducting properties of zero-, two- and three-dimensional (0D, 2D and 3D) MoS2 for enhanced applications has attracted considerable attention. In this review, we summarize the synthesis, modification methods and application of 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2. The unique structures and properties of 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2 are first introduced. Next, the preparation methods of 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2 are summarized. The modification methods, including surface, structural and composite engineering, for enhancing the physical and chemical properties of 0D, 2D and 3D are also discussed. Finally, inspired by natural and modified MoS2, future suggestions for the design of novel 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2 for various applications are also suggested. This review offers new insights into the design and construction of novel and efficient 0D, 2D and 3D MoS2 for practical applications.