Academic literature on the topic '2D and 3D fabric structures'
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Journal articles on the topic "2D and 3D fabric structures"
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Kim, Do-Kyung, Jae Bum Jeong, Kyungmin Lim, Jaehoon Ko, Philippe Lang, Muhan Choi, Sohee Lee, Jin-Hyuk Bae, and Hyeok Kim. "Improved Output Voltage of a Nanogenerator with 3D Fabric." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 4666–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17803.
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Electrically enhanced triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) using 3D fabrics and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are suggested for next-generation wearable electronics. TENGs with fabric–fabric– fabric (FFF) and PDMS–fabric–PDMS (PFP) structures were fabricated with ordinary 2D fabrics and honeycomb-like 3D fabrics. A 3D fabric TENG with an FFF structure showed an output voltage of 7 V, 7 times higher than a 2D fabric FFF structured TENG. Interestingly, an extremely high output voltage of 240 V was achieved by a 3D fabric PFP structured TENG. This was attributed to the high surface frictional triboelectric effect between fabric and PDMS and also marginal 3D structure in the 3D fabric active layer.
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M.F, Yahya, Ghani S.A, and Zahid B. "Uniaxial Tensile Simulation of 3D Orthogonal Woven Fabric." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.15 (August 13, 2018): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.15.17529.
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Mesoscale modelling approach has shown close simulation approximations of woven fabric tensile performance. The main purpose of the work is to develop understanding of geometrical model development, finite element analysis procedure and to compare the differences of 2D and 3D woven fabric uniaxial tensile stress-strain. 3D woven fabric structures selected for the work is three-layer orthogonal woven fabrics. The woven structure will have 2 through-thickness warps, 4 non-crimps warp and 6 wefts. Through-thickness warp yarn will apply plain 1/1 weave structure for stitching all weft layers and non-crimps weft yarn together. Woven geometric models were developed with pre-processor program at detail yarn configurations. Simulation results showed that 3D orthogonal woven fabric had a better tensile response than its 2D woven fabric structures.
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Yang, Yingxue, Xiuqin Zhang, Xiaogang Chen, and Shengnan Min. "Numerical Study on the Effect of Z-Warps on the Ballistic Responses of Para-Aramid 3D Angle-Interlock Fabrics." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030479.
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In order to achieve an efficient ballistic protection at a low weight, it is necessary to deeply explore the energy absorption mechanisms of ballistic fabric structures. In this paper, finite element (FE) yarn-level models of the designed three-dimensional (3D) angle-interlock (AI) woven fabrics and the laminated two-dimensional (2D) plain fabrics are established. The ballistic impact responses of fabric panels with and without the interlocking Z-warp yarns during the projectile penetration are evaluated in terms of their energy absorption, deformation, and stress distribution. The Z-warps in the 3D fabrics bind different layers of wefts together and provide the panel with structural support along through-the-thickness direction. The results show that the specific energy absorption (SEA) of 3D fabrics is up to 88.1% higher than that of the 2D fabrics. The 3D fabrics has a wider range of in-plane stress dispersion, which demonstrates its structural advantages in dispersing impact stress and getting more secondary yarns involved in energy absorption. However, there is a serious local stress concentration in 2D plain woven fabrics near the impact location. The absence of Z-warps between the layers of 2D laminated fabrics leads to a premature layer by layer failure. The findings are indicative for the future design of ballistic amors.
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Nasreen, Adeela, Muhammad Umair, Khubab Shaker, Syed Talha Ali Hamdani, and Yasir Nawab. "Development and characterization of three-dimensional woven fabric for ultra violet protection." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 30, no. 4 (August 6, 2018): 536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-02-2018-0013.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of materials, three dimensional (3D) structure and number of fabric layers on ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), air permeability and thickness of fabrics. Design/methodology/approach Total 24 fabrics samples were developed using two 3D structures and two weft materials. In warp direction cotton (CT) yarn and in weft direction polypropylene (PP) and polyester (PET) were used. Air permeability, thickness and UPF testings were performed and relationship among fabric layers, air permeability, thickness and UPF was developed. Findings UPF and thickness of fabrics increases with number of fabric layers, whereas air permeability decreases with the increase in number of fabric layers. Furthermore, change of multilayer structure from angle interlock to orthogonal interlock having same base weave does not give significant effect on UPF. However, change of material from polyester (PET) to polypropylene (PP) has a dominant effect on UPF. Minimum of three layers of cotton/polyester fabric, without any aid of ultraviolet radiation (UV) resistant coating, are required to achieve good. Cotton/polyester fabrics are more appropriate for outdoor application due to their long-term resistance with sunlight exposure. Originality/value Long-term exposure to UV is detrimental. So, there is need of proper selection of material and fabric to achieve ultraviolet protection. 3D fabrics have yarns in X, Y as well as in Z directions which provide better ultraviolet protection as compared to two dimensional (2D) fabrics. In literature, mostly work was done on ultraviolet protection of 2D fabrics and surface coating of fabrics. There is limited work found on UPF of 3D woven fabrics.
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Kamble, Zunjarrao, Rajesh Kumar Mishra, Bijoya Kumar Behera, Martin Tichý, Viktor Kolář, and Miroslav Müller. "Design, Development, and Characterization of Advanced Textile Structural Hollow Composites." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 3535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203535.
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The research is focused on the design and development of woven textile-based structural hollow composites. E-Glass and high tenacity polyester multifilament yarns were used to produce various woven constructions. Yarn produced from cotton shoddy (fibers extracted from waste textiles) was used to develop hybrid preforms. In this study, unidirectional (UD), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) fabric preforms were designed and developed. Further, 3D woven spacer fabric preforms with single-layer woven cross-links having four different geometrical shapes were produced. The performance of the woven cross-linked spacer structure was compared with the sandwich structure connected with the core pile yarns (SPY). Furthermore, three different types of cotton shoddy yarn-based fabric structures were developed. The first is unidirectional (UD), the second is 2D all-waste cotton fabric, and the third is a 2D hybrid fabric with waste cotton yarn in the warp and glass multifilament yarn in the weft. The UD, 2D, and 3D woven fabric-reinforced composites were produced using the vacuum-assisted resin infusion technique. The spacer woven structures were converted to composites by inserting wooden blocks with an appropriate size and wrapped with a Teflon sheet into the hollow space before resin application. A vacuum-assisted resin infusion technique was used to produce spacer woven composites. While changing the reinforcement from chopped fibers to 3D fabric, its modulus and ductility increase substantially. It was established that the number of crossover points in the weave structures offered excellent association with the impact energy absorption and formability behavior, which are important for many applications including automobiles, wind energy, marine and aerospace. Mechanical characterization of honeycomb composites with different cell sizes, opening angles and wall lengths revealed that the specific compression energy is higher for regular honeycomb structures with smaller cell sizes and a higher number of layers, keeping constant thickness.
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Potiyaraj, Pranut, Chutipak Subhakalin, Benchaphon Sawangharsub, and Werasak Udomkichdecha. "Recognition and re‐visualization of woven fabric structures." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 22, no. 2/3 (June 15, 2010): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556221011018577.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a computerized program that can recognize woven fabric structures and simultaneously use the obtained data to 3D re‐visualize the corresponding woven fabric structures.Design/methodology/approachA 2D bitmap image of woven fabric was initially acquired using an ordinary desktop flatbed scanner. Through several image‐processing and analysis techniques as well as recognition algorithms, the weave pattern was then identified and stored in a digital format. The weave pattern data were then used to construct warp and weft yarn paths based on Peirce's geometrical model.FindingsBy combining relevant weave parameters, including yarn sizes, warp and weft densities, yarn colours as well as cross‐sectional shapes, a 3D image of yarns assembled together as a woven fabric structure is produced and shown on a screen through the virtual reality modelling language browser.Originality/valueWoven fabric structures can now be recognised and simultaneously use the obtained data to 3D re‐visualize the corresponding woven fabric structures.
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Yin, Jianjun, Wensuo Ma, Zuobin Gao, Xianqing Lei, and Chenhui Jia. "A Review of Electromagnetic Shielding Fabric, Wave-Absorbing Fabric and Wave-Transparent Fabric." Polymers 14, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030377.
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As the basic materials with specific properties, fabrics have been widely applied in electromagnetic (EM) wave protection and control due to their characteristics of low density, excellent mechanical properties as well as designability. According to the different mechanisms and application scenarios on EM waves, fabrics can be divided into three types: EM shielding fabric, wave-absorbing fabric and wave-transparent fabric, which have been summarized and prospected from the aspects of mechanisms and research status, and it is believed that the current research on EM wave fabrics are imperfect in theory. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of different EM properties and application conditions, the structure of fabrics will be diversified, and more and more attentions should be paid to the research on structure of fabrics that meets EM properties, which will be conductive to guiding the development and optimization of fabrics. Furthermore, the application of fabrics in EM waves will change from 2D to 3D, from single structure to multiple structures, from large to small, as well as from heavy to light.
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Mihailovic, Tatjana V., Koviljka A. Asanovic, and Dragana D. Cerovic. "Structural design of face fabrics and the core as a premise for compression behavior of 3D woven sandwich fabric." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 20, no. 6 (December 5, 2016): 718–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636216678768.
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In this work, an experimental study on compression properties of two E-glass 3D woven fabrics, known as integrally woven sandwich fabrics, has been presented. Compression properties of 2D face fabrics and the core, as structural parts of integrally woven sandwich fabric, have also been investigated. Compression behavior of the samples (compressibility, compression work, and compressive resilience) was analyzed from the aspect of the weave design of face fabrics and the core structure (shape and density of the pile yarns). Results of the investigation showed that “8” shaped core structure, the greater surface density of the pile yarns, and the less compact structure of face fabrics ensure better compression properties of 3D fabrics. Specific weave design of face fabrics and the structure of the core significantly influence the behavior of 3D fabrics during successive increases, followed by a gradual decrease of pressure. During the loading of 3D woven structures, three regions of curves can clearly be seen compared to two regions which are registered at 2D face fabrics. Concerning 3D woven fabrics, the first region represents compression of the core, the second region is prolonged core compression and the third region refers to the simultaneous compression of pile yarns in the core and face fabrics. The density of pile yarns plays an important role in the region 1. In region 2, both the shape and density of the pile yarns are significant. Influence of the weave of face fabrics on compression behavior of 3D fabric can be noticed to a lesser extent in the region 2 and, especially in the region 3, where highly packed yarns assemblies are created.
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Bilisik, Kadir. "Two-dimensional (2D) fabrics and three-dimensional (3D) preforms for ballistic and stabbing protection: A review." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 18 (September 23, 2016): 2275–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516669075.
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In this study, the impact resistance of two-dimensional (2D) fabrics and three-dimensional (3D) preforms is explained. These fabrics and preforms include 2D and 3D woven and knitted flat and circular fabrics. Various types of soft/layered structures as well as rigid composite are outlined with some design examples for ballistic and stab threats. The recent developments in nanotubes/nanofibers and shear-thickening fluids (STF) for ballistic fabrics are reviewed. The ballistic properties of single- and multi-layered fabrics are discussed. Their impact mechanism is explained for both soft vest and rigid armor applications. Analytical modeling and computational techniques for the estimation of ballistic properties are outlined. It is concluded that the ballistic/stab properties of fiber-reinforced soft and rigid composites can be enhanced by using high-strength fibers and tough matrices as well as specialized nanomaterials. Ballistic/stab resistance properties were also improved by the development of special fabric architectures. All these design factors are of primary importance for achieving flexible and lightweight ballistic structures with a high ballistic limit.
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Hu, Qiaole, Hafeezullah Memon, Yiping Qiu, and Yi Wei. "The Failure Mechanism of Composite Stiffener Components Reinforced with 3D Woven Fabrics." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142221.
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Composite industry has long been seeking practical solutions to boost laminate through-thickness strengths and interlaminar shear strengths (ILSS), so that composite primary structures, such as stiffeners, can bear higher complex loadings and be more delamination resistant. Three dimensional (3D) woven fabrics were normally employed to render higher transverse and shear strengths, but the difficulty and high expense in producing such fabrics make it a hard choice. Based on a novel idea that the warp yarns that interlock layers of the weft yarns might provide adequate fiber crimps that would allow the interlaminar shear or radial stresses to be transferred and borne by the fibers, rather than by the relatively weaker matrix resin, thus improving the transverse strengths, this work provided a two point five dimensional (2.5D) approach as a practical solution, and demonstrated the superior transverse performances of an economical 2.5D shallow-bend woven fabric (2.5DSBW) epoxy composites, over the conventional two dimensional (2D) laminates and the costly 3D counterpart composites. This approach also produced a potential candidate to fabricate high performance stiffeners, as shown by the test results of L-beams which are common structural components of any stiffeners. This study also discovered that an alternative structure, namely a 2.5D shallow-straight woven fabric (2.5DSSW), did not show any advantages over the two control structures, which were a 2D plain weave (2DPW) and a 3D orthogonal woven fabric (3DOW) made out of the same carbon fibers. Composites of these structures in this study were conveniently fabricated using a vacuum-assisted resin infusion process (VARI). The L-beams were tested using a custom-made test fixture. The strain distribution and failure mode analysis of these beams were conducted using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and X-ray Computed Tomography Scanning (CT). The results demonstrated that the structures containing Z-yarns or having high yarn crimps or waviness, such as in cases of 3DOW and 2.5DSBW, respectively, were shown to withstand high loadings and to resist delamination, favorable for the applications of high-performance structural composites.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "2D and 3D fabric structures"
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Schneider, Judith. "Dynamical structures and manifold detection in 2D and 3D chaotic flows." Phd thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=973637420.
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Shi, Daniel. "Etude de structures drainantes (du 2D au 3D) par analyse d'images." Saint-Etienne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STET4030.
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Constituant le revêtement de chaussées et caractérisés par un pourcentage volumique des vides important, les enrobés drainants apportent une réduction de bruit de 3 à 6 Db par rapport à un enrobé classique. Le travail exposé dans ce mémoire avait pour objectif l'étude de la corrélation de leurs propriétés acoustiques avec la forme de leurs vides. Le premier chapitre décrit le contexte des travaux. Le second chapitre présente la méthode de segmentation utilisée au préalable à l'analyse d'image permettant d'isoler la classe de vides, principal sujet de l'étude. Le troisième chapitre est consacré à l'estimation de la porosité et de la surface spécifique du matériau. Le quatrième chapitre porte sur la caractérisation de la forme des vides à l'aide de la squelettisation. Le cinquième chapitre montre une utilisation des méthodes de granulométrie pour caractériser la distribution des formes des vides. Le sixième chapitre est relatif à la détermination de paramètres caractérisant la propagation 3D des ondes sonores.
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Kang, Seungyeon. "Femtosecond laser direct writing of 3D metallic structures and 2D graphite." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11495.
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This thesis explores a novel methodology to fabricate three dimensional (3D) metal-dielectric structures, and two dimensional (2D) graphite layers for emerging metamaterials and graphene applications. The investigations we report here go beyond the limitations of conventional fabrication techniques that require multiple post-processing steps and/or are restricted to fabrication in two dimensions. Our method combines photoreduction mechanism with an ultrafast laser direct writing process in innovative ways. This study aims to open the doors to new ways of manufacturing nanoelectronic and nanophotonic devices. With an introductory analysis on how the various laser and chemical components affect the fabrication mechanism, this dissertation is divided into three sections.Engineering and Applied Sciences
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Shaar, Nader S. (Nader Salah). "Assembling 3D MEMS structures by folding, aligning and latching 2D patterned films." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87983.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 116-121).
The techniques used in the fabrication of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) were adopted from the integrated circuits (IC) industry and are mostly limited to patterning thin films on a flat substrate. As a consequence, micro-machined devices mostly comprise sets of flat two-dimensional (2D) membranes with etched patterns and undercuts that enable them to serve their intended functions. However, many mechanical, optical and biological applications, such as corner-cube retro reflectors, micro-scale magnetometers, 3D microfluidic systems and 3D photonic crystals, require three-dimensional (3D) geometries for their functionality. In addition, 3D circuits have also emerged as a way of improving connectivity and reducing power dissipation in electronic chips. However, the creation of fully 3D structures via conventional MEMS fabrication techniques typically requires processes that have low throughput, limited control over the final geometry, and higher costs. A promising alternative to 3D microfabrication that addresses these challenges while requiring minimal investment in a new infrastructure is to use the existing technologies to pattern in 2D, and then assemble the patterned segments into 3D structures. Demonstrated methods to achieve that objective have been limited in scope, requiring manual assembly or with limited applicability to specific architectures. This thesis presents a coherent modular system for folding, aligning and latching 2D-patterned precursors into prescribed 3D structures. The system presented here comprises flexure hinges to enable relative motion among the 2D precursors, a cascaded alignment system to provide progressively better alignment among precursors as they approach their final positions, and systems of reversible latches to retain the assembly in its final configuration while, optionally, permitting disassembly and reassembly of the structure. In particular, two types of systems are considered. First, the design, fabrication and testing of polymer structures with metal hinges, cascaded alignment features and integrated latching mechanisms are presented for perpendicular assembly of structures. Second, an alternative latching technique using controlled melting of photoresist polymer adhesive pads is analyzed and tested for the parallel assembly of structures. The structures discussed in this thesis consist of SU-8 polymer segments patterned on silicon wafers and linked with an underlying thin gold pattern that defines the hinges. The elasto-plastic bending of the hinges is analyzed and simulated to predict the trajectory and angular position of the membranes during folding. The design of cascaded alignment features, consisting of triangular protrusions and corresponding rhombic holes, is discussed. A kinematic model of the alignment mechanism is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the cascading aspect of the design to achieve a large range of angular correction and high alignment accuracy at the same time. The design of micro snap-fit latches that work in conjunction with the alignment system is also presented, and quasi-static simulations of the elastic bending of latches is used to evaluate their strength. Experimental measurements were conducted to characterize the behavior of the gold hinges during bending, demonstrating good agreement with models. The integrated folding-alignment-latching system was demonstrated by assembling corner-cube structures. The alignment process was found to be accurate to within 1 from measurements of the final assembled position of the corner cube structure. The system was also shown to support fabricating reconfigurable devices by demonstrating the ability to unlatch and re-latch segments. The latching and unlatching forces were measured to be 9.7 [mu]N and 12.3 [mu]N respectively.
by Nader S. Shaar.
Ph. D.
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Schumacher, Matthaeus [Verfasser]. "Model-based estimation of missing facial structures in 2D and 3D / Matthaeus Schumacher." Siegen : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Siegen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1161942882/34.
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Marin, Philippe. "Contrôles des calculs de structures 2D et 3D élastiques incompressibles et quasi incompressibles." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066228.
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Le contrôle des erreurs dues à une discrétisation e. F. Et le choix d'un maillage sont deux questions très importantes pour les calculs de structures, spécialement pour celles tridimensionnelles pour lesquelles les calculs demeurent très coûteux. Ce problème est traité ici pour des structures élastiques incompressibles ou quasi incompressibles, à la fois en 2D et en 3D. La démarche utilisée est une extension d'une méthode basée sur le concept d'erreur en relation de comportement et sur des techniques explicites de construction d'un couple déplacement-contrainte vérifiant rigoureusement les contraintes cinématiques et les équations d'équilibre. Par rapport aux études précédentes, deux nouvelles difficultés ont été résolues: 1) l'application de la méthode à une première formulation mixte, celle d'Herrman formulation adaptée aux matériaux incompressibles. Il est à noter que dans le cas incompressible, la solution adoptée conduit à construire de façon locale et à partir de la solution E. F. , un champ de déplacement rigoureusement admissible; 2) l'extension des techniques de construction de champs admissibles aux éléments 3D les plus courants. Un post-processeur de calcul d'erreur a été développé au cours de cette étude et différents résultats 2D et 3D sont présentés dans ce mémoire
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ZAPPINO, ENRICO. "Variable kinematic 1D, 2D and 3D Models for the Analysis of Aerospace Structures." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2573739.
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The aerospace structure design is one of the most challenging field in the mechanical engineering. The advanced structural configurations, introduced to satisfy the weight and strength requirements, require advanced analysis techniques able to predict complex physical phenomena.
Finite Element Method, FEM, is one of the most used approach to perform analyses of complex structures. The use of FEM method allows the classical structural models to be used to investigate complex structures where a close form solution is not available. The FEM formulation can be easily implemented in automatic calculation routines therefore this approach can take advantage of the improvements of computers. In the last fifty years many commercial codes, base on FEM, has been developed and commercialized, as examples it is possible to refer to Nastran R by MSC or Abaqus R by Dassault Systémes.
All the commercial codes are based on classical structural models. The beam model are based on Euler-Bernoulli or Timoshenko theories while two-dimensional models deal with Kirchhoff or Mindlin theories. The limitations introduced by the kinematic assumptions of such theories make the FEM elements based oh these models inef-
fective in the analysis of advanced structures. The physical phenomena introduced by composite and smart materials, multi-field application and unconventional loads configurations can not be investigated using the classical FEM models, where the
only solution improvement can be reached by refining the mesh and increasing the number of degrees of freedom.
This scenario makes the development of advanced structural models very attractive in the structural engineering. With the development of new materials and structural solutions, a number of new structural models have been introduced in order to perform an accurate design of advanced structures. Classical structural model have been im-
proved introducing more refined kinematics formulation. One- and two- dimensional models are widely used in aerospace structure design, the limitations introduced by the classical models have been overcame by introducing refined kinematic formulations able to deal with the complexities of the problems.
On the other hand, while in the classical models each point is characterized by 3 translations and 3 rotations, the use of advanced models with complex kinematic introduces a number of complication in the analysis of complex geometries, in fact is much more difficult to combine models with different kinematics.
The aim of this thesis is to develop new approaches that allow different kinematic models to be used in the same structural analysis. The advanced models used in the present thesis have been derived using the Carrera Unified Formulations, CUF. The CUF allows any structural model do be derived by means of a general formulation
independent from the kinematics assumed by the theory. One-, two- and three- dimensional models are derived using the same approach. These models are therefore combined together using different techniques in order to perform structural analysis of complex structures.
The results show the capabilities of the present approach to deal with the analysis of typical complex aerospace structure. The performances of variable kinematics models have been investigated and many assessment have been proposed. This walled structure, reinforced structure and composite and sandwich material have been con-
sidered. The advanced models introduced in this thesis have been used to perform static, dynamic and aeroelastic analysis in order to highlight the capabilities of the approach in different field. The results show that the present models are able to provide accurate results with a strong reduction in the computational cost with respect
classical approaches.
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Badawi, Said Sobhey. "Development of the Weaving Machine and 3D Woven Spacer Fabric Structures for Lightweight Composites Materials." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1195729741274-93895.
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The need for innovative lightweight materials are rapidly increased in the recent years, owing to their cost-effective, high-strength, environmentally-sound use of materials and process technologies, in addition to that they reduce the weight of a product. The characteristics of 3D-spacer fabrics as one of the most important lightweight materials in future are multifaceted not only owing to its extremely light materials, but also because of exceptionally high stiffness to weight ratio compared to other constructions. It is also one possible method for improving the properties of fabric-reinforced composites. It can enhance the through-the-thickness properties, such as shear strength, dimensional stability, damage, tolerance, and fracture toughness that are critical for many structural applications. Spacer fabric has been employed in high-technology applications because of its critical mechanical properties related to high tensile strength, tear strength and stiffness. Furthermore, its multidirectional structures allow with more reinforcement along the thickness direction leading to an increase in stiffness and strength properties. The fundamental aim of this thesis exists in the development of a new kind of woven spacer fabrics for the light weight composites materials, in an effort to weave spacer fabrics that can not be realized with the old technology which are mentioned above. Therefore, the work in brief focuses on two main goals: 1. Development of a new kind of spacer fabrics for composites in the lightweight constructions. 2. Development of special devices of a narrow weaving machine for standing the process of the new kind of spacer fabrics production. The slippage strength test had to be carried out for the floated warp yarns through the ground fabrics by using different elements of woven fabric structures variables represented in different fabric constructions, different weft densities and different repeats of constructions by using different materials. The importance of this test related to the backward-movement of the floated warp yarns which is the crucial stage in the weaving process of spacer fabrics during the backward-movement. The results of this test determine the required forces for the backward-movement, on the other side it is the best method to observe the behavior of structure elements during the backward movement. The results of the slippage strength had been statistically analyzed, and the weaving process for the spacer fabrics had been achieved. It was concluded that the best properties for the woven spacer fabrics and the optimum case for the weaving process on the test weaving machine had been achieved when the following items are realized: Development of the narrow weaving machine is closed in assisting operations, let-off and take-up and enhancement for take-up processes. Extra let-off and take-up devices must be constructed at the weaving machine. Extra let-off device has to be used for controlling the floated warp yarns of ground fabrics. On the other side, extra take-up and the developed take-up devices have to be used for controlling the woven spacer fabrics. The experimental results give fundamental knowledges for the next steps in research and development of woven spacer fabrics made of high-performance yarns on the wide weaving machineDie Ziele der Arbeit bestanden in der Entwicklung der Geometrie der Spacer Fabrics und der notwendigen Falteneinrichtung an der Bandwebmaschine. Spacer Fabrics werden ausschließlich aus zwei Deckflächen, die durch eingewebte Stege verbunden sind, gefertigt. Zur Entwicklung der Spacer Fabrics muss eine Doppelnadel-Bandwebmaschine mit zwei Webfächern eingesetzt werden. Für die Faltenwebeinrichtung werden der entwickelte Extra-Kettablass und der Extra-Abzug benötigt. Der Antrieb und die Steuerung des Extra-Abzuges erfolgen durch einen Synchronantrieb und der Antrieb und die Steuerung des Extra-Ablasses durch Pneumatik.Eine frei programmierbare Steuerung der Faltenwebeinrichtung ermöglicht eine sichere und optimierte Synchronisation zwischen Webprozess und Faltenbildung. Im Ergebnis einer systematischen Strukturentwicklung von Spacer Fabrics und der Simulation ihrer günstigen Herstellung mittles eines speziell entwickelten Slippage Strength Tests werden die optimalen Strukturen ermittelt. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen bringen grundlegende Erkenntnisse für die folgenden Forschungsschritte zur Entwicklung von gewebten Spacer Fabrics mit Hochleistungsgarnen auf Doppelgreiferwebmaschinen
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Wu, Xiao. "Fabrication of 1D, 2D and 3D polymer-based periodic structures by mass transport effect." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DENS0058/document.
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Nous avons étudié théoriquement et expérimentalement la formation de réseaux en relief sur des surfaces active ou passive, avec deux types de polymères photosensibles : résine photosensible négative et copolymère azobenzene. Le mécanisme de formation des structures est attribué à l'effet de transport de masse, qui déplace la matière dans des directions opposées dans ces deux matériaux. La technique de fabrication est basée sur l'utilisation de la lithographie par interférence, ce qui a permis de créer des structures grandes et uniformes. Dans le premier cas, des structures passives de surface en relief en 1D et 2D ont été créés sur la résine photosensible négative SU8 grâce à l'effet de rétrécissement durant le processus de réticulation. Dans le second cas, des structures périodiques actives en 1D, 2D et 3D ont été obtenues grâce à la migration des matériaux copolymères DR1/PMMA des régions de forte intensité d’irradiation à celles de faible intensité. L'amplitude de modulation de la structure est optimisée par le contrôle de l'épaisseur du film, de la périodicité de la structure, de la dose d'exposition, et des polarisations des faisceaux laser. Les applications de ces structures pour des lasers DFB à multiples longueurs d'onde, les cristaux photoniques non-Linéaires, et le couplage dans les guides d'ondes ont été discutésWe have theoretically and experimentally investigated the formation of both active and passive surface relief gratings on two kinds of photosensitive polymers: negative photoresist and azobenzene copolymer. The common mechanism of the structures formation was attributed to mass transport effect, which however pushes the materials in opposite directions in these two materials. The fabrication technique is based on the use of interference lithography, which allowed to create large and uniform structures. In the first case, 1D and 2D passive periodic surface relief structures were created on the negative photoresist SU8 thanks to the shrinkage effect during the crosslinking process. In the second case, 1D, 2D and 3D active periodic structures have been obtained thanks to the movement of DR1/PMMA copolymer materials from regions of high intensity to those of low intensity irradiation. The modulation amplitude of structures is optimized by controlling the film thickness, the structure periodicity, the exposure dosage, and the polarizations of interference laser beams. Applications of these structures for multiple wavelength DFB laser, nonlinear photonic crystals, and waveguide coupling have been discussed
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MEZERREG, MOHAMED. "Structures de donnees graphiques : contribution a la conception d'un s.g.b.d. images 2d et 3d." Paris 7, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA077155.
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Cette these aborde le probleme de la structuration des donnees relatives aux images 2d et 3d, et leur transformation sous forme d'un schema relationnel. Apres un apercu sur les problemes poses par les systemes graphiques en matiere de structures de donnees, deux modeles de description d'images sont presentes: le modele syntaxique et le modele bases de donnees. Pour representer les images 2d, la structure de donnees graphique quadkey est proposee. Outre un gain tres considerable en espace memoire et en temps de calcul, le quadkey presente l'avantage majeur de transformer les donnees images sous forme de relations adaptees au modele de bases de donnees relationnel. Le quadkey est ensuite etendu en octkey pour representer les images 3d. En utilisant l'octkey, deux methodes de reconstitution d'objets 3d a partir des projections 2d sont decrites. La premiere methode, reconstitue l'objet 3d par intersection des trois faces de vision d'objet: x-y, y-z, et z-x. La seconde, le reconstitue par fusion de ses coupes en serie. Enfin, un systeme de gestion de bases de donnees images (s. G. B. D. I. ) est presente. Base sur le modele relationnel, cet s. G. B. D. I. Utilise les structures de donnees graphiques quadkey et octkey. Il est dote d'un langage de requete non procedural et d'une bibliotheque graphique
Books on the topic "2D and 3D fabric structures"
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Sri Lanka) International Seminar on Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Structures (2000 Colombo. Modelling and analysis of structures in 2D, modelling and analysis of structures in 3D, design of RC beams and columns, integrated analysis and design of frames and buildings. Colombo: ACECOMS, 2000.
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Nechaev, Vladimir, Andrey Shuba, Stanislav Gridnev, and Vitaliy Topolov. Dimensional effects in phase transitions and physical properties of ferroics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1898400.
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The monograph presents mathematical methods and a set of mathematical models describing, within the framework of phenomenological theory, phase transitions in 0D-. 1D-, 2D-, 3D-dimensional ferroelectrics, ferroelastics, ferromagnets and their static and dynamic physical properties near the phase transition point. The influence of the parameters characterizing the ferroic sample and its interaction with the environment on the features of the phase transition, phase transition temperature shift, heat capacity, generalized susceptibilities is analyzed. Mathematical models of multilayer thin-film structures and composite materials, where one of the components is a ferroic nanoparticle, are considered. In general, modern ideas about dimensional effects in ferroelectrics, ferroelastics, ferromagnets and mechanisms of purposeful influence on their properties are sufficiently fully covered.
It is intended for researchers, students and postgraduates of physical specialties of universities interested in fundamental problems of formation of physical properties of low-dimensional materials. Research engineers, developers of new materials can use the presented material as a scientific and methodological basis to support the development of optimal solutions for their creation.
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Levy, Jean-Claude Serge. Magnetic Structures of 2D and 3D Nanoparticles: Properties and Applications. Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2018.
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Magnetic Structures of 2D and 3D Nanoparticles: Properties and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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Levy, Jean-Claude Serge. Magnetic Structures of 2D and 3D Nanoparticles: Properties and Applications. Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2018.
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Kang, Seungyeon. Femtosecond laser direct writing of 3D metallic structures and 2D graphite. 2014.
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Monaghan, M., and S. Adhya. Three dimensional echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0003.
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Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography allows the real-time acquisition of volumes containing entire cardiac structures. The analysis of 3D volumes does not require any assumptions as to the shape of structures.3D echocardiography is more accurate than two-dimensional (2D) in the assessment of left ventricular (LV) volumes, mass, and function, and is comparable to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. This makes it an ideal modality for measuring LV function particularly when this will determine significant interventions such as implanting of cardioverter/defibrillators, biventricular pacing, and the commencement and continuation of cancer chemotherapy. 3D echocardiography makes it easy to visualize valves and define pathological mechanisms. 3D assessment of dyssynchrony, myocardial strain, and stress imaging are attractive.However, 3D echocardiography is limited by the need for specialist software and lower spatial and temporal resolution when compared to 2D echocardiography.
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Lin, Nian, and Sebastian Stepanow. Designing low-dimensional nanostructures at surfaces by supramolecular chemistry. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.10.
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This article describes the use of supramolecular chemistry to design low-dimensional nanostructures at surfaces. In particular, it discusses the design strategies of two types of low-dimensional supramolecular nanostructures: structures stabilized by hydrogen bonds and structures stabilized by metal-ligand co-ordination interactions. After providing an overview of hydrogen-bond systems such as 0D discrete clusters, 1D chains, and 2D open networks and close-packed arrays, the article considers metal-co-ordination systems. It also presents experimental results showing that both hydrogen bonds and metal co-ordination offer protocols to achieve unique nanostructured systems on 2D surfaces or interfaces. Noting that the conventional 3D supramolecular self-assembly has generated a vast number of nanostructures revealing high complexity and functionality, the article suggests that 2D approaches can be applied to substrates with different symmetries as well as physical and chemical properties.
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Garbi, Madalina. The general principles of echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0001.
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Knowledge of basic ultrasound principles and current echocardiography technology features is essential for image interpretation and for optimal use of equipment during image acquisition and post-processing.Echocardiography uses ultrasound waves to generate images of cardiovascular structures and to display information regarding the blood flow through these structures.The present chapter starts by presenting the physics of ultrasound and the construction and function of instruments. Image formation, optimization, display, presentation, storage, and communication are explained. Advantages and disadvantages of available imaging modes (M-mode, 2D, 3D) are detailed and imaging artefacts are illustrated. The biological effects of ultrasound and the need for quality assurance are discussed.
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T. Michaltsos, George, and Ioannis G. Raftoyiannis, eds. Bridges’ Dynamics. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97816080522021120101.
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Bridges’ Dynamics covers the historical review of research and introductory mathematical concepts related to the structural dynamics of bridges. The e-book explains the theory behind engineering aspects such as 1) dynamic loadings, 2) mathematical concepts (calculus elements of variations, the d’ Alembert principle, Lagrange’s equation, the Hamilton principle, the equations of Heilig, and the δ and H functions), 3) moving loads, 4) bridge support mechanics (one, two and three span beams), 5) Static systems under dynamic loading 6) aero-elasticity, 7) space problems (2D and 3D) and 8) absorb systems (equations governing the behavior of the bridge-absorber system). The e-book is a useful introductory textbook for civil engineers interested in the theory of bridge structures.
Book chapters on the topic "2D and 3D fabric structures"
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Barchiesi, Emilio, and Luca Placidi. "A Review on Models for the 3D Statics and 2D Dynamics of Pantographic Fabrics." In Advanced Structured Materials, 239–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3797-9_14.
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Zhang, Han, Nasir Mahmood Abbasi, and Bing Wang. "3D Structures Based on 2D BP." In Semiconducting Black Phosphorus, 117–53. New York: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003217145-5.
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Jaiani, George. "Relations of 3D, 2D, and 1D Problems." In Cusped Shell-Like Structures, 61–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22101-9_6.
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Kamyshny, Alexander, and Shlomo Magdassi. "Metallic Nanoinks for Inkjet Printing of Conductive 2D and 3D Structures." In Nanomaterials for 2D and 3D Printing, 119–60. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527685790.ch7.
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Solari, H. G., M. A. Natiello, B. G. Mindlin, and R. Gilmore. "Comments on the topological organization of 3d-flows and 2d-maps." In Instabilities and Nonequilibrium Structures IV, 69–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1906-1_7.
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Oner, Doruk, Hussein Osman, Mateusz Koziński, and Pascal Fua. "Enforcing Connectivity of 3D Linear Structures Using Their 2D Projections." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 591–601. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16443-9_57.
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Koziński, Mateusz, Agata Mosinska, Mathieu Salzmann, and Pascal Fua. "Learning to Segment 3D Linear Structures Using Only 2D Annotations." In Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2018, 283–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00934-2_32.
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Fonseca, Irene. "3D-2D asymptotic analysis for inhomogeneous thin films — lectures V, VI." In Classical and Advanced Theories of Thin Structures, 235–58. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-85430-3_9.
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Alhasson, Haifa F., Shuaa S. Alharbi, and Boguslaw Obara. "2D and 3D Vascular Structures Enhancement via Multiscale Fractional Anisotropy Tensor." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 365–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11024-6_26.
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Ghatak, Kamakhya Prasad, and Sitangshu Bhattacharya. "Suggestion for Experimental Determinations of 2D and 3D ERs and Few Related Applications." In Heavily-Doped 2D-Quantized Structures and the Einstein Relation, 173–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08380-3_4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "2D and 3D fabric structures"
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Arnautu, Irina, and Lucica Cioara. "DIGITAL DESIGN OF JACQUARD WEAVES BASED ON ARAHWEAVE." In eLSE 2016. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-16-244.
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Arahne is a software company specialized in developing CAD/CAM textile weaving software. Its three products, ArahPaint, ArahWeave and ArahDrape serve as a complete package in weaving industry for over 20 years. These programs help from drawing in seamless repeat pattern and in fabric density (ArahPaint), to dobby and jacquard weaving (ArahWeave) and to apply a fabric texture or simulation over a photo of an existing final product (ArahDrape). The design of weave structures is influenced by the characteristics of the fibers, the manner of arrangement of fibers in yarn, the different type of weave structures and fabric surface finishes. ArahWeave is a very powerful program, which immediately allows the realistic visualization of the fabric simulation, both in 2D and 3D format, for any change of structural fabric characteristics (weave, thread pattern, yarns, colors, regulator, denting, variable density etc.). In this paper, the authors present the structural design methods for the jacquard simple and compound structures, with monochromatic and multi-colored effects, by exploiting ArahWeave program. When a fabric is woven with a particular weave using two or more colors in a particular pattern, a color and weave effect is produced. Multi-colored effects in a jacquard weave require of more than one set of yarn in the warp and weft and reveal multiple warp or weft colors. Color and weave effects allow to observe the effect that a color plan, namely the order of warping and the order of wefting, will produce for a given weave. ArahWeave serves as a useful experimental tool in assessing of the color expression in designing of the ornamental textile fabrics, before setting up a jacquard loom.
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Anderson, Timothy. "Reconstruction and Synthesis of Source Rock Images at the Pore Scale." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208632-stu.
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Abstract Image-based characterization of rock fabric is critical for understanding recovery mechanisms in shale formations due to the significant multiscale nature of shale source rocks. Nanoscale imaging is particularly important for characterizing pore-scale structure of shales. Nanoimaging techniques, however, have a tradeoff between high-resolution/high-contrast sample-destructive imaging modalities and low-contrast/low-resolution sample-preserving modalities. Furthermore, acquisition of nanoscale images is often time-consuming, expensive, and requires signficant levels of expertise, resulting in small image datasets that do not allow for accurate quantification of petrophysical or morphological properties. In this work, we introduce methods for overcoming these challenges in image-based characterization of the fabric of shale source rocks using deep learning models. We present a multimodal/multiscale imaging and characterization workflow for enhancing non-destructive microscopy images of shale. We develop training methods for predicting 3D image volumes from 2D training data and simulate flow through the predicted shale volumes. We then present a novel method for synthesizing porous media images using generative flow models. We apply this method to several datasets, including grayscale and multimodal 3D image volume generation from 2D training images. Results from this work show that the proposed image reconstruction and generation approaches produce realistic pore-scale 3D volumes of shale source rocks even when only 2D image data is available. The models proposed here enable new capabilities for non-destructive imaging of source rocks and we hope will improve our ability to characterize pore-scale properties and phenomena in shales using image data.
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Dickinson, Larry, and Mansour Mohamed. "Recent Advances in 3D Weaving for Textile Preforming." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2148.
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Abstract There have been many publications on “3D Weaving”, and there are numerous patents on a variety of devices that may be used to make a “3D Woven” structure. The majority of the 3D woven products that are currently commercially available are formed by a 2D weaving process that is used to build up a preform with fibers oriented in three dimensions. Recent advances have lead to multiple insertion 3D weaving, i.e. 3D fabric formation with each process cycle, or multi-layers at one time. The 3Weaving™ process is a multiple insertion 3D weaving technology that is different from traditional weaving. These distinctions about the different processes will be detailed in this paper. Additionally, the economics, manufacturing and performance of 3D woven textile preforms for composites will be discussed. Problems and solutions in each of these areas that prevent the large scale production of advanced composites will be presented. The advantage of 3D textile preforming is the ability to take complexity and labor out of manually intensive and expensive composites fabrication processes, and put it in the relatively inexpensive automated preforming process.
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Avadanei, Manuela, Emilia Filipescu, and Irina Ionescu. "ONLINE ASSESSMENT OF THE GARMENT PATTERN MAKING KNOWLEDGE." In eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-261.
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Garment pattern making is a complex activity in which the aesthetical principles are interpreted and transposed in different contour lines, by taking into account the properties of the fabrics and the shape of the human body. Each shadow and line from the fashion sketch must be very well understood and used in the design process, in order for the final product to have similar aesthetical characteristics with the initial sketch. Patterns are designed either by 2D or by 3D process, manually or by using CAD modules. The traditional method used in 2D pattern making is the flat one, in which the contour lines are drawn in a block after some calculations have been made. The structure and the complexity of the mathematical relations used to determine the dimensions of the constructive segments are influenced by: the position of the constructive segment onto the body, the shape of the body or the geometry of the outline boundaries, the constructive and aesthetical properties of the model for which the patterns are designed and the experience of the designer in "reading and interpreting" the sketch. In the 3D pattern making process, the patterns are generated from a 3D form. The draping method is one of the oldest methods used to generate the garment pieces by molding, cutting and pinning fabric to a mannequin or an individual person. The style lines and the construction details of the drape are carefully marked and removed. The fabric pieces are then laid flat over the pattern paper and traced. This method is used to develop intricate garment styles or unusual fabrics. The pattern making course delivered at the Faculty of Textiles, Leather and Industrial Management from Iasi, Romania aims at providing strong knowledge concerning the principles of designing apparel products by taking into account the body shape outlines (posture, conformation or other particularities), the properties of the fabrics and the characteristics of the model. The students have different rhythm in working and understanding the information taught by the teacher and for this reason it is necessary to develop alternative teaching and assessment methods during classes. The paper presents a set of online tests concerning the self-assessment of pattern making principles. The tests have been developed by using the Quiz Creator program, which offers flexibility in creating various types of questions, and provides an area to insert images and video files, with or without audio support. The program allows the automatic results to be sent to the teacher/ tutor. The users have the possibility of checking their answers one more time in case of a wrong choice, without being warned by the computer. At the end of the test, one can check the answers of the whole test, compared to the right ones.
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Vilarinho, Maria Cândida, Paulo Araújo, José Carlos Teixeira, Elisabete Silva, Dionisio Silveira, Delfim Soares, Maria C. Paiva, Daniel Ribeiro, and Marisa Branco. "Influence of Coating on High Performance Heat Resistant Textile Curtains." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73307.
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Abstract The protection of human life and goods assumes a growing concern in all forms of activities. The fire and smoke curtains act as a physical barrier to prevent the fire from spreading between spaces as well as to staunch the smoke and heat transfer to adjacent areas, while causing minimal interference. Usually, curtains are based on fiber structures that can be coated to enhance their protective capabilities. Also, the fiber structure can be developed into a complex pattern of 2D and 3D threads, with single or multiple materials that can be tailored to optimize its behavior. The thermal and fire protection depends on the fibers, fabric pattern and coatings. The present paper reports the development of novel coated structures of fibers used for fire protection curtains. Basalt and glass fibers are used as yarn materials. Following the certification standards the samples were assessed for their thermal resistance by measuring the temperature differential they provide while their integrity is evaluated. The sample is placed under stress in an attempt to mimic its own weight effect when in service. The temperature is monitored using thermocouples which are placed at both sides of the fabric and the integrity parameter is assessed through the occurrence of fabric rupture and smoke and/or odor release motivated by its deterioration. Regarding the uncoated samples, the one composed of glass-fiber in both directions presents the best thermal performance. The addition of an alumina coating significantly improves the performance of all samples. However, while a thinner (0.05 μm) alumina layer provides better results for the sample with glass-fiber in both warp and weft directions, the behavior of samples composed of glass-fiber and basalt is superior when a thicker (0.3 μm) alumina layer is used. In both cases, an alumina coating application results in an increase of the gradient temperature (between curtain inside/outside temperatures) of about 38.0% (310.0 °C vs. 427.0 °C for the first and 386.0 °C vs. 526.0 °C for the latter.
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Araujo, Paulo, José Carlos Teixeira, Dionisio Silveira, Elisabete Silva, Delfim Soares, Raul Fangueiro, and Maria Cândida Vilarinho. "Development of Fiber Structures for High Performance Heat Resistant Curtains." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24016.
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Abstract The protection of human life and goods assumes a growing concern in all forms of activities. The fire and smoke curtains have as main role to act as a physical barrier to prevent the fire from spreading between spaces as well as to staunch the smoke and heat transfer to adjacent areas. They can also be easily operated (opening and closing) causing a minimal interference with the flow of materials and humans within confines spaces, such as warehouses and industries, while providing adequate protection. Thus, there are a set of characteristics that these products must exhibit high fire protection, thermal resistance and gas impermeability. The classification of the heat resistance, described in the European Standard BS EN 1634-1: Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door, shutter and, openable window assemblies and elements of building hardware — fire resistance tests for doors, shutters and openable windows, is the procedure that allows determining the response of a product in contributing by its decomposition to a fire to which it is exposed, being according to three criteria: (i) integrity, (ii) insulation and (iii) radiation. Usually curtains are based on fiber-based structures which can be coated to enhance their protective capabilities. In addition, the fibrous structure can be tailored to optimize its behaviour using 2D and 3D complex architectures, with single or multiple materials. The performance assessment of the curtains regarding the aforementioned parameters is performed resorting to several experimental procedures that are detailed in the specific standards. The present paper reports the development of novel fibrous structures used for heat protection curtains. They are based on the various combinations of hybrid structures combining 2 or 3 different yarn materials. The tests are carried out in a purpose built oven that induces a steep temperature rate (approximately 600 °C in 5 min) on one side of the sample followed by a slower rate up to 950 °C in 60 min. The sample is placed under stress during the test in order to mimic that caused by its own weight. Thermocouples monitor the temperature on both sides of the sample and its integrity is assessed by both the occurrence of fabric rupture and smoke release due to ignition. Both the fabric integrity and the temperature on the back side of the sample are an indicator of its performance which follows the European Standard BS EN 13501-2: Fire classification of construction products and building elements. Classification using data from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services. From the results one can conclude that hybrid structures, including either basalt and glass fibers, are the most suitable.
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MAY, DAVID, ELENA SYERKO, TIM SCHMIDT, CHRISTOPHE BINETRUY, LUISA ROCHA DA SILVA, STEPAN LOMOV, and SURESH ADVANI. "BENCHMARKING VIRTUAL PERMEABILITY PREDICTIONS OF REAL FIBROUS MICROSTRUCTURE." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35901.
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ABSTRACT For fast and complete impregnation in Liquid Composite Molding, knowledge about the permeability of the fibrous reinforcement is required. While development of experimental methods continues, a parallel benchmark effort to numerically characterize permeability is being pursued. The approach was to send out the images of a real fibrous microstructure to a number of participants, in order for them to apply their methods for virtual permeability prediction. Via resin transfer molding a plate was manufactured, using the glass woven fabric Hexcel 01102 (295 g/m²) at a fiber volume content of 54% and a thermoset resin. From this plate, a specimen was scanned using a 3D x-ray microscope at a scan size of 1000 x 1000 x 1000 μm³ and a resolution of 0.521 μm³ per voxel. The sample extracted for the simulations with a size of 523 x 65 x 507 μm³ contains about 400 fibers of a single tow. It revealed a variation of filament diameters between 7.5-9.3 μm and a fiber volume content in average of 56.46% with a variation of 54 - 59% in the individual 2D-slices transverse to the fiber direction. The image segmentation was performed by 2D-slices, to which a Hough transform was applied to detect fiber centers and cross-sections. Then fiber paths were tracked through-out the slices by the closest neighbor algorithm. Finally, fiber paths were smoothened by means of the local regression using weighted linear least squares and a 1st degree polynomial model. The participants received a stack of 973 segmented (binary) 2D-images and a corresponding segmented 3D volume raw-file. They were asked to calculate the full permeability tensor components and fill out a detailed questionnaire including questions e.g. on applied flow models and conditions, numerical discretization and approximation methods, fluid properties etc. The received results scatter considerably over two orders of magnitude, although the participants were provided an already segmented image structure, thus eliminating from the beginning a significant source of variation that could have come from image processing. Model size, meshing and many other sources of variation were identified, allowing further specification of the guidelines for the next step.
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Pastana de Lugao, P., and B. Krieghäuser. "2D Inversion of Magnetotelluric Data over 3D Structures." In 59th EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.131.gen1997_f006.
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Charipar, Nicholas A., Kristin M. Charipar, Heungsoo Kim, Matthew A. Kirleis, Ray C. Y. Auyeung, Andrew T. Smith, Scott A. Mathews, and Alberto Piqué. "Laser processing of 2D and 3D metamaterial structures." In SPIE LASE, edited by Xianfan Xu, Guido Hennig, Yoshiki Nakata, and Stephan W. Roth. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2006496.
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Spettu, Franco, Simone Teruggi, Francesco Canali, Cristiana Achille, and Francesco Fassi. "A HYBRID MODEL FOR THE REVERSE ENGINEERING OF THE MILAN CATHEDRAL. CHALLENGES AND LESSON LEARNT." In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 9th International Congress & 3rd GEORES - GEOmatics and pREServation. Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia: Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica9.2021.12138.
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Cultural Heritage (CH) 3D digitisation is getting increasing attention and importance. Advanced survey techniques provide as output a 3D point cloud, wholly and accurately describing even the most complex architectural geometry with a priori established accuracy. These 3D point models are generally used as the base for the realisation of 2D technical drawings and 3D advanced representations. During the last 12 years, the 3DSurveyGroup (3DSG, Politecnico di Milano) conduced an omni-comprehensive, multi-technique survey, obtaining the full point cloud of Milan Cathedral, from which were produced the 2D technical drawings and the 3D model of the Main Spire used by the Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo di Milano (VF) to plan its periodic maintenance and inspection activities on the Cathedral. Using the survey product directly to plan VF activities would help to skip a long-lasting, uneconomical and manual process of 2D and 3D technical elaboration extraction. In order to do so, the unstructured point cloud data must be enriched with semantics, providing a hierarchical structure that can communicate with a powerful, flexible information system able to effectively manage both point clouds and 3D geometries as hybrid models. For this purpose, the point cloud was segmented using a machine-learning algorithm with multi-level multi-resolution (MLMR) approach in order to obtain a manageable, reliable and repeatable dataset. This reverse engineering process allowed to identify directly on the point cloud the main architectonic elements that are then re-organised in a logical structure inserted inside the informative system built inside the 3DExperience environment, developed by Dassault Systémes.
Reports on the topic "2D and 3D fabric structures"
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Ketten, Darlene R. Tomographic Ocean Imaging Facility: 2D and 3D Visualization of Real Marine Structures. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406065.
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Shashua, Amnon. On Geometric and Algebraic Aspects of 3D Affine and Projective Structures from Perspective 2D Views. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada270520.
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Dolgashev, Valery A. Simulations of Currents in X-Band Accelerator Structures Using 2D and 3D Particle-in-Cell Code. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/799912.
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Decroux, Agnes, Kassem Kalo, and Keith Swinden. PR-393-205100-R01 IRIS X-Ray CT Qualification for Flexible Pipe Inspection (Phase 1). Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012068.
Full textAbstract:
There are several techniques available to inspect single wall carbon steel pipelines including; Magnetic flux leakage (MFL), ultrasonic testing (UT), Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT), Phased Array, guide wave testing (GWT), etc. However, for more complex structures such as flexible pipelines the technology available to inspect them is far more limited. PRCI commissioned a program (SPIM 2-1) under the Subsea TC (2017-2020) to evaluate all known and suspected technologies that could be used to provide a detailed subsea inspection of a flexible riser. PRCI produced four samples of flexible pipe containing pre-manufactured cracks and corrosion defects which were located in; the outer armour layer, inner armour layer, pressure vault and carcass. The samples were used for blind testing of all identified inspection technologies. On conclusion of the SPIM 2-1 program, HR-XCT was identified as the technology showing the most promise and a follow-on program (SPIM 2-2) was commissioned to further explore the capabilities. This report will show the way in which high resolution image clarity and image manipulation was extracted from the HR-XCT system when used on the PRCI flexible pipe samples. The XCT results from SPIM 2-2 will be presented to show the initial setup of the experiment and 2D and 3D high resolution sectioned images from the testing. These images clearly identify and characterize 100% of the pre-manufactured defects introduced into the samples in all layers.