Academic literature on the topic '280120 Expanding knowledge in the physical sciences'

Abstract The life sciences underwent a dramatic transformation during the twentieth century, with an expansion in fundamental knowledge of the process of evolution and its molecular basis, through advances in health care that greatly extended human life, and by the combination of these advances to address the problem of conserving the many forms of life threatened by expanding human society. The essay highlights the worldwide emphasis on social welfare in the years 1945–1980 and the expanding role of international collaboration, especially in the International Biological Program and its advances in ecology and the notion of the biosphere, and in the emergence of molecular biology. This was also the era of the Cold War, yet military confrontation had fewer implications for life sciences than for the natural sciences in that era. After 1980, deregulation and neoliberalism weakened programs for social welfare, yet links among the varying strands of life sciences continued to grow, bringing the development of genomics and its many implications, expanding epidemiology to include reliance on social sciences, and deepening ecological studies as the Anthropocene became more and more prevalent. In sum, the experience of the life sciences should make it clear to world historians that scientific advance goes beyond the achievements of brilliant but isolated researchers: those same advances rely substantially on social movements, migration, and the exchange of knowledge across intellectual and physical boundaries.

As the basis of characteristics, qualifications, behaviors, awareness, knowledge and understanding of the development of healthy active living and physical recreation opportunities Physical Literacy (PL); has become a global concern in the fields of physical education and recreation since its first use as a term. Experts from different countries and disciplines underline the necessity of expanding the PL context. Despite this international recognition, neither the existence of a work on PL in nor a model of PL in physical education programs has yet to be seen in Turkish literature. The aim of this study is to introduce such an important concept to Turkish literature by a comprehensive literature review and to present the prominence of PL in terms of physical education, physical activity and sports fields. In addition, under the scope of this study, undergraduate and graduate programs in which physical educators are trained to shape both all students and athletes are examined and various proposals are made about how to place PL in these programs. By examining the graduate and postgraduate programs of faculties of sport and physical education and sport sciences in 98 universities in Turkey and NCTR, we come to a conclusion that between the 3.-6. semesters of graduate programs, the introduction of the PL course, training and modules will increase the awareness and competence of the PL. Moreover we expect that it would be beneficial to train these field specialists and bring them to my country through the opening of specific post-graduate training programs in the field of PL.

The purpose of the study is to characterize the pedagogical potential of the incident method in the development of social responsibility of young police officers. The scientific novelty consists in describing the possibilities of the incident method for expanding legal knowledge, developing moral qualities, and forming successful models of behavior for young police officers. The results of the study are the characteristics of simulated situations compiled within the framework of the incident method, including three areas of work: a) discussion of moral dilemmas involving legal and moral choices; b) solving problems containing typical options for actions and an operational tactical approach; c) simulation of extreme conditions requiring the use of physical force, special means, weapons.

This paper reports on introducing a techno-blended model for science teaching in South African senior secondary schools. Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework was used as a lens for the interpretation of pre-service science teachers' use of the GammaTutor tool in the classroom for collaboration and creativity. The study employed an interpretivist multi-case design that purposefully sampled ten pre-service science teachers. Data were collected through non-participatory classroom observation and interviews. Data were then analysed qualitatively using deductive approaches with a modified version of TPACK as an analytical framework. The study found that pre-service science teachers were enthusiastic about using the GammaTutor tool because they believed it engaged their learners in the teaching-learning process and facilitated the assessment of tasks. The pre-service teachers felt that the GammaTutor tool enhanced their instruction by expanding their access to teaching-learning resources and personalising instruction. Additionally, the pre-service teachers discussed their concerns, particularly in assisting underperforming learners and effectively utilizing inquiry-based instruction using the GammaTutor tool. Notwithstanding certain apparent drawbacks, the study contributes to our understanding of how the TPACK concept might be employed as a framework for analysis in a particular situation. More crucially, teaching and learning are founded on the thorough integration of technological tools in day-to-day classroom activities.

Abstract. During the first half of 20th century, the dominant global tectonics model based on Earth contraction had increasing problems accommodating new geological evidence, with the result that alternative geodynamic theories were investigated. Due to the level of scientific knowledge and the limited amount of data available in many scientific disciplines at the time, not only was contractionism considered a valid scientific theory but the debate also included expansionism, mobilism on a fixed-dimension planet, or various combinations of these geodynamic hypotheses. Geologists and physicists generally accepted that planets could change their dimensions, although the change of volume was generally believed to happen because of a contraction, not an expansion. Constant generation of new matter in the universe was a possibility accepted by science, as it was the variation in the cosmological constants. Continental drift, instead, was a more heterodox theory, requiring a larger effort from the geoscientists to be accepted. The new geological data collected in the following decades, an improved knowledge of the physical processes, the increased resolution and penetration of geophysical tools, and the sensitivity of measurements in physics decreased the uncertainty level in many fields of science. Theorists now had less freedom for speculation because their theories had to accommodate more data, and more limiting conditions to respect. This explains the rapid replacement of contracting Earth, expanding Earth, and continental drift theories by plate tectonics once the symmetrical oceanic magnetic striping was discovered, because none of the previous models could explain and incorporate the new oceanographic and geophysical data. Expansionism could survive after the introduction of plate tectonics because its proponents have increasingly detached their theory from reality by systematically rejecting or overlooking any contrary evidence, and selectively picking only the data that support expansion. Moreover, the proponents continue to suggest imaginative physical mechanisms to explain expansion, claiming that scientific knowledge is partial, and the many inconsistencies of their theory are just minor problems in the face of the plain evidence of expansion. According to the expansionists, scientists should just wait for some revolutionary discovery in fundamental physics that will explain all the unsolved mysteries of Earth expansion. The history of the expanding-Earth theory is an example of how falsified scientific hypotheses can survive their own failure, gradually shifting towards and beyond the limits of scientific investigation until they become merely pseudoscientific beliefs.

Hydrocarbons represent one of the most dangerous sources of contamination for environmental resources. Petroleum contaminants released from leaking fuel storage tanks or accidental spillages represent serious worldwide problems. Knowledge of the contaminant distribution in the subsoil is very complex, and direct measurements, such as boreholes or drillings, are strongly required. Even if the direct measurements define accurate information, on the contrary, they have low spatial coverage. Geophysics can effectively support conventional methods of subsoil sampling by expanding the information obtainable, providing to analyze, with higher resolution, larger areas of investigation. Consequently, different geophysical techniques have been used to detect the presence and distribution of hydrocarbons in the subsurface. Electrical resistivity tomography is an efficient geophysical methodology for studying hydrocarbon contamination. Indeed, this methodology allows for the reduction of the number of drillings or soil samples, and several papers described its success. One of the advantages is the possibility to successfully perform analyses in time-lapse to identify the degradation of the contaminants. Indeed, natural attenuation of hydrocarbon contaminants is observed under aerobic conditions due to biodegradation, which should be the principal phenomenon of physical variations of the subsoil. Therefore, a laboratory experiment was conducted in a sandbox to simulate a spillage of common diesel occurring in the vadose zone. The sandbox was monitored for a long period (1 year, approximately) using time-lapse cross borehole electrical resistivity tomographies. Results highlight the usefulness of in-hole electrical tomography for characterizing underground hydrocarbon leakage and the variability of the subsurface physical behavior due to contaminant degradation. Therefore, the experiment demonstrates how the electrical method can monitor the biodegradation processes occurring in the subsoil, defining the possibility of using the methodology during remediation activities.

Areal changes of high-altitude inland lakes on the Qaidam Basin (QB) of the Tibetan Plateau are reliable indicators of climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. Due to the physical difficulties to access, our knowledge of the spatial patterns and processes of climatic and human impacts on the Basin has been limited. Focusing on lake area changes, this study used long-term Landsat images to map the patterns of lakes and glaciers in 1977, 1990, 2000, and 2015, and to monitor the spatially explicit changes of lakes between 1977 and 2015. Results revealed that the total number of lakes (area > 0.5 km2) increased by 18, while their total area expanded by 29.8%, from 1761.5 ± 88.1 km2 to 2285.9 ± 91.4 km2. Meanwhile, glaciers have decreased in area by 259.16 km2 in the past four decades. The structural equation model (SEM) was applied to examine the integrative effects of natural and anthropogenic factors on lake area. Precipitation change exhibited the most significant influence on lake area in the QB from 1977 to 2000, while human activities also played an important role in the expansion of lakes in the QB in the period 2000–2015. In particular, extensive exploitation of salt lakes as mining resources resulted in severe changes in lake area and landscape. The continuously expanding salt lakes inundated the road infrastructure nearby, posing great threats to road safety. This study shed new light on the impacts of recent environmental changes and human interventions on lakes in the Qaidam Basin, which could assist policy-making for protecting the lakes and for strengthening the ecological improvement of this vast, arid basin.

Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance is a widespread and tough challenge, if not impossible, to limit by biological, physical or geographical barriers. This is the reason behind the "One Health" approach, which guides all rules and research plans on antimicrobial resistance worldwide. The abusive and excessive use of antimicrobials in human medicine, veterinary practices, agriculture and aquaculture has traditionally been considered the main reason for the global spread of antimicrobial resistance. The purpose was to assess the epidemiological risk of wastewater as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria concerning public health, focusing on low- and middle-income Eastern European countries. Material and methods. To achieve this goal, the development of a secure, cost-effective and sustainable technology has been planned, which could easily be introduced in low- and middle-income countries. There have been outlined the following steps: mapping the consumption of antimicrobial emulsions at the national level (primary, cross-sectional study, complete sampling, based on imported data and centralized public acquirement of medicines); research regarding the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the population on antimicrobial resistance (primary, cross-sectional, descriptive study); qualitative and descriptive evaluation of barriers to reduce the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance by the healthcare services; research regarding the knowledge, attitudes and practices in human and veterinary healthcare on antimicrobial resistance (primary, cross-sectional, descriptive study); screening and investigation of the microbial resistance mechanisms to the strains isolated from patients with infectious pathological processes (preclinical study); analysis of the specific features and sampling of the Constructed Wetlands in Orhei (preclinical study). The Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health of RM positively approved the Research PhageLand. Results. The obtained results of this research will contribute to a better understanding of the involved factors that are generating the broadening of antimicrobial resistance and how they influence the transmission among different hosts (bacteria, animals and humans). Moreover, it can also have a major impact to the engineering field and wastewater management companies by expanding the range of tools with sophisticated technologies, designed to reduce the risk of transmitting antimicrobial resistance in wastewater and improve sewerage practices. Conclusions. The effective use of knowledge and practices in the worldwide fight against antimicrobial resistance, providing useful data, applicable knowledge, efficient, environmentally friendly and cost-effective protocols and technologies, which can be scaled, implemented and used at the European and international levels with no economic or geographical obstacles. Acknowledgment. The research was conducted in the Republic of Moldova within the JPIAMR projects (PhageLand), project number - 22.80013.8007.1.

In modern realities, physical and mental activity come to the fore, allowing the entrepreneur to maximize the use of available resources, both his own and those presented by the environment. Only in the presence of these psychological characteristics, the leader is able to manifest an ontological essence that allows him to achieve high efficiency of the subordinate team. The article substantiates the need to understand that economic consciousness is not a substance di-vorced from the world and everything earthly. On the contrary, the principles of clarity, comprehensibility, and objectivity should be laid at the basis of economic thought in any of its manifestations. Professionalism in entrepreneurial activity must be based on universal standards. No one has canceled the originality and creativity of thinking, and it is they who become the basis of modern economic thinking. But completely ignoring the spiritual foundations, traditions or opposing their ac-tivities to them is fraught with transition (as Darth Vader said) “on the dark side of economic consciousness”. Separately, the author highlights such a concept as the ethics of an entrepreneur, determined by the norms and standards of a cultural society. The development of economic thinking of any person is impossible without practice. One theory or even simulators, simulators can not do. Consciousness and thinking are formed only through active behavior. By expanding the range of interests in professional activity, a person is forced to learn new things, be-comes richer not only in educational or economic terms, but also morally and socially. Through active actions, there is the development of intelligence, the formation of experience and wisdom, the knowledge of the laws of society and being.

This article is devoted to the theoretical and methodological problems of conceptualizing a new branch of sociological knowledge — digital sociology. The transfer of various aspects of human life to the virtual space (to social networks and new media) has created a number of challenges for the classical social sciences that have never been faced before. The main one is the assessment of the impact of social processes taking place in virtual space on the reality around us. Today, the phenomena emerging on the Internet are invading our “physical” world with increasing intensity, the so-called “real virtuality” is being formed. At the same time, an important aspect is the reverse effect on the virtual world of the processes taking place in social reality.The response to the virtualization of social life was the emergence of a new branch of sociological science — digital sociology. Having originated in the mid-2000s, it is actively developing: the problem Jeld is being clarified, its subject is being concretized, and the methodological toolkit is expanding. At the same time, there are also problems, “bottlenecks” that require comprehension and scientific overcoming.Within the framework of this scientific article, the processes of virtualization of public life, the essence and features of an electronic social network account are considered, the author’s definition of digital sociology is formed, the methodological toolkit is characterized, and the advantages and challenges of digital sociology are identified.

In this chapter, Big Data provide large-volume, complex structure, heterogeneous and irregular growing data sets include multiple and autonomous different resources. In this chapter, With the growing improvement of networking sites, image information storing capacity become big issue too, Big Data concept are most growing expanding in all technical area and knowledge engineering domains, including physical, medical and paramedical sciences. Here a data-driven method consist demand-driven aggregation of information and knowledge mining and analysis, user interest prototyping, security and privacy aspects has been presented.