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1
Idrees, Maha Taha. "The pre-equilibrium and equilibrium double differential cross sections for the nucleons and light nuclei induce nuclear reactions on 27Al nuclei." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 15, no. 32 (January 11, 2019): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v15i32.158.
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The pre - equilibrium and equilibrium double differential crosssections are calculated at different energies using Kalbach Systematicapproach in terms of Exciton model with Feshbach, Kerman andKoonin (FKK) statistical theory. The angular distribution of nucleonsand light nuclei on 27Al target nuclei, at emission energy in the centerof mass system, are considered, using the Multistep Compound(MSC) and Multistep Direct (MSD) reactions. The two-componentexciton model with different corrections have been implemented incalculating the particle-hole state density towards calculating thetransition rates of the possible reactions and follow up the calculationthe differential cross-sections, that include MSC and MSD models.The finite well depth, isospin, shell effects, Pauli effect, chargeeffect, pairing, surface, angular and linear momentum distributionscorrections are considered in this work. The nucleons (n and p) andlight nuclei (2D and 3T) have been employed as projectiles at thetarget 27Al nuclei and at different incident energies (4MeV, 14 MeVand 14.8MeV). The results have been compared with the availableexperimental and theoretical published work. The comparisons showan acceptable agreement with the TALAYS code (Tendel 2014) forthe reactions: 27Al (n, n) 27Al, 27Al (p, n) 63Zn, 27Al (p, D) 62Cu, 27Al(p, p) 63Cu and 27Al (p, 4He)60Ni and at different emission energiesand angles.
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Wrackmeyer, Bernd, and Elena V. Klimkina. "Spin-Spin Coupling Constants 1J(27Al,13C) and 1J(13C,11B) in Comparable Organoaluminum and -boron Compounds. NMR Spectroscopy of Lithium Tetra(tert-butyl)alanate." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 63, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2008-0801.
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The 13C, 27Al and 11B NMR spectra of tri(tert-butyl)alane, AlBut3, and of the corresponding borane, BBut3, respectively, were examined in order to determine the magnitude of the coupling constants 1J(27Al,13C) = 94±5 Hz and 1J(13C,11B) = 52±2 Hz by measurement of the line widths of the 13C NMR signals and of the relaxation rates of the quadrupolar 27Al and 11B nuclei. This is the first example of 1J(27Al,13C) determined for a monomeric trialkylalane. In addition, the coupling constants were calculated by DFT methods (B3LYP) using the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. The 1H, 13C and 27Al NMR spectra of lithium tetra(tert-butyl)alanate, Li[AlBut4], were measured under various conditions. Ion-pair separation in THF revealed the expected patterns for 27Al-13C spin-spin coupling across one and two bonds as well as for the three-bond 27Al-1H spin-spin coupling.
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Uddin, Md Shuza, K. A. Rafee, S. M. Hossain, R. Khan, and S. M. Qaim. "Integral measurement of spectrum-averaged cross sections of a few threshold reactions induced by fast neutrons of a TRIGA reactor: comparison with integrated data from excitation functions given in various data libraries." Radiochimica Acta 108, no. 7 (July 28, 2020): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2019-3212.
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AbstractIntegral cross sections of the reactions 24Mg(n,p)24Na, 27Al(n,p)27Mg, 27Al(n,α)24Na, 58Ni(n,d + np)57Co and 60Ni(n,p)60Co were measured for the first time using the fast neutron spectrum of a TRIGA reactor extending from 0.5 to 20 MeV. The values obtained in this work were comparable with the recommended values for a pure 235U prompt fission spectrum. The measured integral value was utilized for integral test of excitation function of each reaction given in some data libraries, namely ENDF/B-VIII.0, TENDL-2017, IRDFF-1.05 and ROSFOND-2010. The integral measurements are generally consistent with the integrated values within 5 %, except for a few cases, e. g. the reaction 60Ni(n,p)60Co, where the data libraries appear to need improvement.
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Siváček, I., J. Mrázek, V. Kroha, V. Burjan, V. Glagolev, Š. Piskoř, C. Spitaleri, et al. "26Mg target for nuclear astrophysics measurements." EPJ Web of Conferences 184 (2018): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818402014.
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Two nuclear reactions of astrophysical interest, 26Mg(3He,d)27Al and 26Mg(d,p)27Mg, were measured for extraction of the Asymptotic Normalization Coefficients. Investigation of the target composition is presented, as well as the effects that showed up during analysis of the in-beam data obtained on CANAM accelerators in the Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (NPI CAS).
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Noli, F., and P. Misaelides. "Application of Nuclear Techniques to the Investigation of the Oxidation Behavior of Ion-Implanted Steels." HNPS Proceedings 7 (December 5, 2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2422.
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The oxidation behavior of ion-implanted steel samples in air, using Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) and Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) techniques. Austenitic stainless steel AISI 321 (Fe/Crl8/Ni8/Mn2/Ti) samples implanted with magnesium-, aluminum- and zirconium-ions (implantation energy 40 keV, dose: 1-1017 to 2-1017 ions/cm2) were oxidized in air in the temperature region 450-650 °C for several periods of time. The above implants were selected on the basis of the affinity to oxygen, as well as their ability to form protective oxides as MgO, AI2O3, Zr02 in order to improve the oxidation resistance of steel. The determination of the oxygen concentration and depth-profiles was performed by means of the 160(d, p)170 nuclear reaction. Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy was applied to investigate the near-surface layers and to determine the depth profiles of the implanted ions. The determination of the aluminum concentration and the depth distribution of the Al-ions was performed using the resonance at 992 keV of the 27Al(p, 7)28Si nuclear reaction whereas the concentration and the depth distribution of the Mg-ions by the means of the 24Mg(o;, p)27Al reaction. The excitation function of the 24Mg(a:, p)27Al nuclear reaction was studied in the energy region 4600-5000 keV and absolute cross section data allowing the determination of the Mg-profile were determined for this purpose.
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Pasha, Imran, Rudraswamy Basavanna, Santhi Sheela Yerranguntla, Saraswatula Venkata Suryanarayana, Haladhara Naik, Cherumukku Vallabhan Midhun, and Tarun Patel. "Measurement of 14.54 MeV neutron induced reaction cross sections of Cr and Mn with covariance analysis." Radiochimica Acta 108, no. 9 (September 25, 2020): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2019-3189.
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AbstractThe 50Cr(n,2n)49Cr, 52Cr(n,2n)51Cr, 52Cr(n,p)52V, 55Mn(n,2n)54Mn, 55Mn(n,α)52V and 55Mn(n,γ)56Mn reaction cross sections at the neutron energy of 14.54 ± 0.24 MeV were measured by using activation method along with off-line γ-ray spectrometry. The 27Al(n,p)27Mg monitor reaction was used for the 52Cr(n,p)52V and 55Mn(n,α)52V reactions, whereas the 197Au(n,γ)198Au monitor reaction for the 55Mn(n,γ)56Mn reaction. The 27Al(n,α)24Na monitor reaction was used for other three reactions. The neutron beam was generated from the T(d,n)4He reaction using the Purnima neutron generator at BARC, Mumbai. The covariance analysis for the uncertainties of reaction cross sections was performed by considering the correlations between different attributes. The present results were compared with the literature data, evaluated data of ENDF, ROSFOND, CENDL, JENDL and JEFF libraries as well as with the theoretical values based on TALYS-1.9 calculation.
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URBÁN, J., A. BUDZANOWSKI, A. CHATTERJEE, P. HAWRANEK, S. KAILAS, B. K. JAIN, V. JHA, et al. "SEARCH FOR BOUND η-NUCLEUS STATES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 02n03 (January 30, 2009): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09043493.
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The extracted s-wave scattering amplitude from both the polarized and unpolarized d + d → 4He + η reaction at 2385.5 MeV/c allowed to determine the scattering length which fulfills the requirements for bound η. In the p + 27Al → 3He + p + π- + X reaction studied at recoil free kinematics the η meson is produced almost at rest and so it can be bound with enhanced probability. This state proceeds via N*(1535) resonance and the decay products proton and pion emitted into opposite direction are detected in concidence with 3He produced at zero degree. Under these conditions some hints for bound state can be observed with an upper limit of the cross section of ≈ 0.5 nb.
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Рыжков, В. А., and М. В. Журавлев. "Определение стехиометрии покрытий AlN радиоактивацией сгустками коллективно ускоренных дейтронов." Письма в журнал технической физики 49, no. 13 (2023): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2023.13.55736.19515.
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The use of deuteron bunches collectively accelerated in a Luce diode to an average energy of 1200±200 keV and a number of 1013 per shot is shown for the radioactive determination of the stoichiometry of AlN coatings with a known thickness. In each shot, the deuteron energy was determined by measuring the drift velocity of the virtual cathode collectively accelerating deuteron bunches, and the coating stoichiometry was determined with an accuracy of no worse than ±5% from the ratio of the activities of the 28Al/15O radionuclides induced in the nuclear reactions 27Al(d,p)28Al and 14N( d,n)15O, respectively.
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Ryzhkov, V. A., I. N. Pyatkov, E. V. Kibler, M. V. Zhuravlev, and G. E. Remnev. "Comparison of collective accelaration of protons and deuterons in Luce diode with a polyethylene anode." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika 64, no. 1 (2021): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/64/1/130.
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Collective acceleration of protons and deuterons is compared in the same geometry of a Luce diode with a polyethylene anode at an accelerating diode voltage of 250 kV, current and pulse duration of relativistic electrons up to 30 kA and 90 ns, respectively. The accelerated ions were intercepted by B4C, BN, and AlN plates, in which analytical radionuclides were produced according to nuclear reactions 10B( p , α)7Be, 12C( p, γ)13N, 10B( d , n )11C, 12C( d , n )13N, 14N( d , n )15O and 27Al( d , p )28Al. The ion energy was determined according to the ratios of activity of the analytical radionuclides, while the number of accelerated ions was calculated from the number of induced nuclei of the radionuclides. It was found that the velocities of the main group of protons and deuterons were the same within the measurement error, and the average number of ions accelerated in one pulse was, on average, 3 times higher when protons were accelerated.
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Chasapoglou, Sotirios, Michael Axiotis, George Gkatis, Sotirios Harissopulos, Michael Kokkoris, Anastasios Lagoyannis, Claudia Lederer-Woods, et al. "Cross Section Measurements of (n,x) Reactions at 17.9 MeV Using Highly Enriched Ge Isotopes." HNPS Advances in Nuclear Physics 28 (October 17, 2022): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.3621.
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Τhe 70Ge(n,2n)69Ge, 72Ge(n,a)69mZn, 72Ge(n,p)72Ga and 73Ge(n,p)73Ga reactions have been measured by means of the activation technique at neutron energy 17.9 MeV. The quasimonoenergetic neutron beam was produced via the 2H(d,n)3He reaction at the 5.5 MV Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator of NCSR “Demokritos.” Isotopically highly enriched targets of 70Ge, 72Ge and 73Ge, provided by the nTOF collaboration at CERN, have been used, thus allowing accurate cross section measurements since no corrections are needed to compensate for the parasitic reactions from neighboring isotopes that exist in the case of using natural Ge target. The cross section has been deduced with respect to the 27Al(n,α)24Na reference reaction.
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Galanopoulos, S., R. Vlastou, P. Demetriou, M. Kokkoris, C. T. Papadopoulos, G. Perdikakis, and M. Serris. "Statistical model calculations of 72,73Ge(n,p) and 72,74Ge(n,α) reactions on natural Ge." HNPS Proceedings 15 (January 1, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2626.
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Systematic experimental and theoretical investigations of the 72,73Ge(n,p)72,73 Ga and 72,74Ge(n,α)69,71Znm reaction cross sections are presented in the energy range from thresh- old to about 17 MeV neutron energy. The above reaction cross sections were measured from 8.8 to 11.4 MeV by using the activation method, relative to the 27Al(n,α)24Na refer- ence reaction. The quasi-monoenergetic neutron beams were produced via the 2H(d,n)3He reaction at the 5 MV VdG Tandem T11/25 accelerator of NCSR “Demokritos”. Statisti- cal model calculations using the code EMPIRE-II (version 2.19) taking into consideration pre-equilibrium emission were performed on the data measured in this work as well as on data reported in literature.
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Chasapoglou, S., R. Vlastou, M. Kokkoris, M. Diakaki, V. Michalopoulou, G. Gkatis, A. Stamatopoulos, et al. "Cross Section Measurements of (n,x) Reactions at 17.9 and 18.9 MeV Using Highly Enriched Ge Isotopes." EPJ Web of Conferences 284 (2023): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328401003.
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Nine neutron induced reactions on Ge isotopes (70Ge(n,2n)69Ge, 76Ge(n,2n)75Ge, 73Ge(n,p)73Ga, 72Ge(n,p)72Ga, 73Ge(n,d/np)72Ga, 74Ge(n,d/np)73Ga, 74Ge(n,α)71mZn, 72Ge(n,α)69mZn, 73Ge(n,nα)69mZn) have been measured in this work at energies 16.4-18.9 MeV. For these reactions, most of the experimental datasets in literature were obtained with a natGe target. However, the residual nucleus produced by some reaction channels can also be produced from neighboring isotopes, acting as a contamination for the measured reactions. This contribution must be subtracted, based on theoretical calculations, bearing their own uncertainties. The use of enriched targets however, does not suffer from such contaminations, leading to accurate experimental results. In this scope, five highly isotopically enriched Ge samples have been used in this work. The quasi-monoenergetic neutron beams were produced via the 3H(d,n)4He reaction at the 5.5 MV Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator of N.C.S.R. ‘Demokritos’. The cross section of these nine reactions were measured using the activation method, with respect to the 27Al(n,α)24Na reference reaction.
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Chasapoglou, Sotirios, Roza Vlastou, Michael Kokkoris, Maria Diakaki, Veatriki Michalopoulou, Athanasios Stamatopoulos, Michael Axiotis, et al. "Cross Section Measurements of (n,x) Reactions In the Energy Range Between 16.4 and 18.9 MeV Using Highly Enriched Ge Isotopes." HNPS Advances in Nuclear Physics 29 (May 5, 2023): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnpsanp.5156.
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In this work, the cross sections of the neutron induced reactions 70Ge(n,2n)69Ge, 76Ge(n,2n)75Ge, 73Ge(n,p)73Ga, 72Ge(n,p)72Ga, 73Ge(n,d/np)72Ga, 74Ge(n,d/np)73Ga, 74Ge(n,α)71mZn, 72Ge(n,α)69mZn, 73Ge(n,nα)69mZn have been measured in the energy range between 16.4 and 18.9 MeV via the activation technique with respect to the 27Al(n,α)24Na reference reaction. Most of the existing experimental datasets found in literature for these reactions, were obtained with the use of a natGe target. In this case however, the residual nucleus produced from some reaction channels, could also be produced from neutron induced reactions in neighboring isotopes that exist in the natGe in their natural abundance, acting as a contamination to the measured yield of the reaction of interest. This parasitic contribution should then be subtracted, based on theoretical calculations that bear their own uncertainties. Isotopically enriched targets on the other hand, do not suffer from such contaminations, leading to more accurate experimental cross section results. In this work, five highly enriched targets have been used that helped in the determination of accurate cross section data, especially in the case of the73Ge(n,d/np)72Ga, 74Ge(n,d/np)73Ga and 73Ge(n,nα)69mZn challenging reactions, that will be presented in detail in this manuscript. The experiments were carried out at the 5.5 MV Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator of N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, implementing the 3H(d,n)4He reaction for the production of the quasi-monoenergetic neutron beams.
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Vlastou, R., C. T. Papadopoulos, G. Perdikakis, M. Kokkoris, S. Kossionides, D. Karamanis, and P. A. Assimakopoulos. "The Neutron Facility at NCSR "Demokritos"- Implementation in the Case of the 232Th(n,2n) and 241Am(n,2n) Reactions." HNPS Proceedings 13 (February 20, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2963.
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In the 5.5 MV tandem T11/25 Accelerator Laboratory of NCSR "Demokritos" monoenergetic neutron beams can be produced in the energy ranges 120-650 keV, 4-11.5 MeV and 16-20.5 MeV by using the 7Li(p,n), 2H(d,n) and 3H(d,n) reactions, respectively. The corresponding beam energies and ions delivered by the accelerator, are 1.92-2.37 MeV protons, 0.8-9.6 MeV deuterons and 0.8-3.7 MeV deuterons, for the three reactions, respectively. Experimental results for neutron energies from threshold up to 11.5 MeV and at 17.1 MeV will be given for the 232Th(n,2n)231Th reaction, while for the 241 Am(n,2n)240 Am reaction, preliminary cross section data at 10.4, 10.6 and 17.1 MeV will be discussed. In the framework of the CERN n-TOF collaboration, the cross section of these reactions have been measured relative to the 197Au(n,2n)196Au, 27Al(n,a)24Na and 93Nb(n,2n) reaction cross sections, by using the activation method. In addition to the experimental work, theoretical Statistical model calculations are being carried out using the computer code STAPRE/F. The results are compared to the experimental data.
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Müller, Gerhard, and Joachim Lachmann. "Vier- und fünffach koordinierte Organometall-Phosphankomplexe von Aluminium, Gallium, Indium und Thallium / Four- and Five-Coordinate Organometal Phosphine Complexes of Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 48, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 1544–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1993-1112.
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The organometal phosphine complexes ML3 (L = [o-(Ph2PCH2)C6H4]-; M = Al3+, Ga3+, In3a+) are obtained from MC13 and the lithiated ligand in diethyl ether. Tl[o-(Ph2PCH2)C6H4]3 is prepared from T1C1 by a disproportionation reaction. M1 species could not be detected with L as ligand. Al[o-(Ph2PCH2)C6H4]3 is the first triorganoaluminum bis(phosphine) adduct where C3P2 pentacoordination at aluminum has been definitely proven for both the solution (δ(27Al) =131 ppm, w1/2 = 12 kHz) and the solid state (d(Al–P) = 2.676(3)/2.782(2) A). The trigonal-bipyramidal coordination geometry (C3P2) at Al is achieved by two of the anionic phosphines acting as chelating ligands, spanning equatorial (C atoms) and axial sites (P atoms), while the third phosphine is only carbon-bonded. Like AlL3, the heavier congeners ML3 (M = Ga, In, Tl) are stereochemically nonrigid molecules in solution. Surprisingly, in the solid state only InL3 resembles the aluminum complex (C3P2 penta-coordination) while GaL3 and T1L3 contain four-coordinate metal centers (C3P). This may be rationalized by the noticeably less polar Ga–P bonds as compared to Al–P and In–P bonds, while in T1L3 the span of the ligand is not sufficient to allow for chelating coordination at a five- (or six-)coordinate Tl center.
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Smith, D. L., J. W. Meadows, and M. M. Bretscher. "Measured activation cross-section ratios for 7Li(n,n′t)4He and 60Ni(n,p)60Co relative to 27Al(n,p)27Mg and 27Al(n,α)24Na in the 9Be(d,n)10B thick-target neutron spectrum at 7-MeV deuteron energy." Annals of Nuclear Energy 13, no. 5 (January 1986): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4549(86)90051-4.
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Vlastou, R., A. Kalamara, G. Gkatis, A. Stamatopoulos, M. Kokkoris, S. Chasapoglou, M. Axiotis, and A. Lagoyannis. "Isomeric cross section study of neutron induced reactions on Ge isotopes." EPJ Web of Conferences 239 (2020): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023901028.
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Cross sections for the 70,76Ge(n,2n), 72,73Ge(n,p) and 72,74Ge(n, α) reactions have been measured at the 5.5 MV tandem T11/25 Accelerator Laboratory of NCSR Demokritos, using the activation technique. Neutron beams have been produced in the ~16-20 MeV energy region, by means of the 3H(d,n)4He reaction. The maximum flux has been determined to be of the order of 105 n/cm2 s, while the flux variation of the neutron beam was monitored by using a BF3 detector. The cross section has been deduced with respect to the 27Al(n, α)24Na and 93Nb(n,2n)92mNb reference reactions. The contaminations from reactions induced on neighboring Ge isotopes and leading to the same residual nucleus, have been taken into account. After the end of the irradiations, the activity induced by the neutron beams at the targets and reference foils, has been measured by HPGe detectors. Statistical model calculations using the EMPIRE code were performed on the data measured in this work as well as on data reported in literature.
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Haque, M. M., M. T. Islam, M. A. Hafiz, R. U. Miah, and M. S. Uddin. "14.8 MeV Neutron Activation Cross Section Measurements for Ge Isotopes." Journal of Scientific Research 1, no. 2 (April 9, 2009): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v1i2.1532.
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The cross sections of Ge isotopes were measured with the activation method at 14.8 MeV neutron energy. The quasi-monoenergetic neutron beams were produced via the 3H(d,n)4He reaction at the 150 kV J-25 neutron generator of INST, AERE. The characteristics γ-lines of the product nuclei were measured with a closed end coaxial 17.5 cm2 high purity germanium (HPGe) detector gamma ray spectroscopy. The cross sections were determined with reference to the known 27Al(n,α)24Na reaction. Cross section data are presented for 72Ge(n,p)72Ga, 74Ge(n,α)71mZn and 76Ge(n,2n)75m+gGe reactions. The cross section values obtained for the above reactions were 24.78±1.75 mb, 1.69±0.11 mb and 860±50 mb, respectively. The results obtained were compared with the values reported in literature as well as theoretical calculation performed by the statistical code SINCROS-II. The experimental data were found fairly in good agreement with the calculated and literature data. Keywords: Activation cross section; Neutron induced reaction; Gamma-ray spectroscopy; 14.8 MeV. © 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i2.1532
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Bellisario, Valeria, Giulia Squillacioti, Marco Panizzolo, Federica Ghelli, Giuseppe Mariella, Irina Guseva Canu, Enrico Bergamaschi, and Roberto Bono. "143 Urinary Metals Exposure and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Nanotechnology Workers: Results from the Nanoexplore Project." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 67, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2023): i72—i73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxac087.175.
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Abstract Exposure to metal oxides nanomaterials (NMs) might trigger adverse health effects. NMs can generate Oxidative Stress (OS), causing redox effects detectable in urine through suitable biomarkers. We evaluated the cross-sectional association of urinary OS biomarkers with urinary metal concentrations, using data collected in the multicenter international study NanoExplore. One hundred forty-one workers were recruited at three R&D and four industrial facilities employing NMs in different processes (paints/coating[PC];construction chemicals[CC]). Only 129 workers had complete data and, based on the personal work-shift exposure to NMs, they were classified as unexposed workers (n=41), workers with negligible/low exposure (n=37), and with moderate/high exposure (n=51). OS biomarkers (IsoP,MDA,TAP) and metals (27Al,47Ti,52Cr,118Sn) were quantified in urine samples collected before and after exposure monitoring campaign (2-4 work-shifts). Between-group comparisons were performed with non-parametric tests according to the data distribution. Highly exposed workers had significantly higher pro-oxidant (IsoP and MDA,p<0.005) and antioxidant (TAP,p<0.05) biomarkers concentrations. 47Ti,118Sn and 29Si were significantly higher in CC workers (p<0.005). IsoP and TAP were positively associated with 29Si (both p<0.001), 47Ti (p=0.036,p=0.003), 52Cr (p=0.048,p=0.003) and 118Sn (p=0.047,p=0.022). The ongoing analyses will assess the potential mediation role of OS and metal biomarkers. Occupational exposure to NMs can represent an underestimated hazard for people handling NMs products, increasing OS and potentially beginning pathological processes. Although the health significance of such findings needs to be further elucidated, the assessment of metals in urine may represent a useful tool for estimating the body burden of NMs long-term exposure.
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Luo, Junhua, Li Jiang, Juncheng Liang, Fei Tuo, Long He, and Liang Zhou. "Cross-section measurements of (n, 2n) and (n, p) reactions on 124,126,128,130,131,132Xe in the 14 MeV region and theoretical calculations of their excitation functions *." Chinese Physics C 46, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 044001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/ac3fa4.
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Abstract The reaction cross-sections of 124Xe(n, 2n)123Xe, 126Xe(n, 2n)125Xe, 128Xe(n, 2n)127Xe, 130Xe(n, 2n)129mXe, 132Xe(n, 2n)131mXe, 130Xe(n, p)130I, 131Xe(n, p)131I, and 132Xe(n, p)132I were measured at the 13.5, 13.8, 14.1, 14.4, and 14.8 MeV neutron energies. The monoenergetic neutrons were generated via the 3H(d,n)4He reaction at the China Academy of Engineering Physics using the K-400 Neutron Generator with a solid 3H-Ti target. A high-purity germanium detector was employed to measure the activities of the product. The reactions 93Nb(n, 2n)92mNb and 27Al(n, α)24Na were adopted for neutron flux calibration. The cross sections of the (n, 2n) and (n, p) reactions of the xenon isotopes were obtained within the 13–15 MeV neutron energy range. These cross-sections were then compared with the IAEA-exchange format (EXFOR) database-derived experimental data, together with the evaluation results of the CENDL-3, ENDF/B-VIII.0, JENDL-4.0, RUSFOND, and JEFF-3.3 data libraries, as well as the theoretical excitation function obtained using the TALYS-1.95 code. The cross-sections of the reactions (except for the 124Xe(n, 2n)123Xe and 132Xe(n, p)132I) at 13.5, 13.8, and 14.1 MeV are reported for the first time in this study. The obtained results are beneficial in providing better cross-section constraints for the reactions in the 13–15 MeV region, thus improving the quality of the corresponding database. Meanwhile, these data can also be used for the verification of relevant nuclear reaction model parameters.
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Krupinski, Katrin, Erica Brendler, Robert Gericke, Jörg Wagler, and Edwin Kroke. "A new aspect of the “pseudo water” concept of bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide – “pseudohydrates” of aluminum." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 73, no. 11 (November 27, 2018): 911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2018-0137.
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AbstractBis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide (BTSC), so-called “pseudo water” because of some analogies such as similar (group)electronegativities of Me3Si– vs. H– and –N=C=N– vs. –O–, may form two different kinds of “pseudo hydrates” of metals (M), i.e. M–N(SiMe3)=C=N(SiMe3) and M–N≡C–N(SiMe3)2, derived from its carbodiimide and cyanamide isomeric forms, respectively. With anhydrous AlCl3 in Me3SiCl solution BTSC was shown to be capable of forming both kinds of solvates, i.e. Cl3Al–N(SiMe3)–C≡N(SiMe3) (1) and ((Cl3Al)(Me3Si)NCN)3–Al–(N≡C–N(SiMe3)2)3 (2). Both compounds were isolated as crystalline solids, which undergo condensation reactions upon storage. By single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis the constitution of 1 was confirmed unambiguously, and quantum chemical calculations (B3LYP/6-311++g(d,p)) confirmed that compound 1 is 6 kcal mol−1 more stable than its hypothetical N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyanamide isomer Cl3Al–N≡C–N(SiMe3)2. Compound 1 represents the first crystallographically confirmed disilylcarbodiimide complex of a metal salt. The molecules of compound 2 are heavily disordered in the solid state (positional disorder of N≡C–N(SiMe3)2 vs. N≡C–N(SiMe3)(AlCl3) and positional disorder of SiMe3 vs. AlCl3 groups in the latter). Therefore, the identity of 2 was additionally confirmed by 13C, 15N, 27Al and 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy.
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Frank, Walter, Björn Gelhausen, Guido J. Reiß, and Risto Salzer. "Untersuchungen an Systemen des Typs PCl3/MCl3/Aren (M = Al, Ga), I. Reaktionen mit Monohalogenbenzolen; Multikern-NMR-spektroskopische Charakterisierung von Aryldichlorhydrogenphosphoniumsalzen; Struktur des para-Fluorphenyldichlorphosphonium-tetrachloroaluminats." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 53, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 1149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1998-1025.
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AbstractThe reactions of the monohalobenzenes with AlCl3 (GaCl3) and PCl3 have been monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Primary product of the reaction with fluorobenzene and AlCl3 is the thermolabile para-fluorophenyldichlorophosphonium tetrachloroaluminate, which was characterized by 1H, 13C, 19F, 27Al and 31P NMR spectroscopy as well as by a crystal structure analysis (space group P21/c, a = 7.0720(10), b = 12.659(3), c = 15.413(3) Å, ß = 90.93(3)°, Z = 4, T = -110 °C). For the phosphonium ion we found a very good agreement of the experimental structural parameters and those obtained by ab initio quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP 6-31++G(d,p) level of theory. Both, the experimentally determined and the calculated structure show a significant chinoid distortion of the para-disubstituted benzene ring. From the primary product the reaction proceeds to give exclusively para-fluorophenyl-(phenyl)dichlorophosphonium tetrachloroaluminate. With GaCl3 and fluorobenzene analogous tetrachlorogallates were observed, however, some by-products were recognized: para-ftuorophenylchlorofluorophosphonium and para-fluorophenyldifluorophosphonium tetrachlorogallate at the beginning of the reaction, bis(para-fluorophenyl)chlorophosphonium tetrachlorogallate at a later stage of the reaction. The reaction of chlorobenzene with PCl3 and AlCl3 yields analogous products as compared to the reaction with fluorobenzene. However, appreciable amounts of ortho- and some meta-chlorophenyldichlorophosphonium tetrachloroaluminate are by-products. If GaCl3 is used instead of AlCl3, numerous by-products and reaction intermediates are detectable. The major one is para-chlorophenyldihydrogenchlorophosphonium tetrachlorogallate. No principal differences were observed, when AlCl3 and GaCl3, respectively, reacted with bromobenzene and PCl3 giving phenylbromodichlorophosphonium and para-bromophenylbromodichlorophosphonium salts as well as some amounts of the ortho- and meta-bromophenyl derivatives. With iodobenzene the corresponding reactions exclusively give phenyldichloroiodophosphonium tetrachloroaluminate and -gallate, respectively.
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Cherniak, Daniele J., and E. Bruce Watson. "Al and Si diffusion in rutile." American Mineralogist 104, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1638–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-7030.
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Abstract Diffusion of Al and Si has been measured in synthetic and natural rutile under anhydrous conditions. Experiments used Al2O3 or Al2O3-TiO2 powder mixtures for Al diffusant sources, and SiO2-TiO2 powder mixtures or quartz-rutile diffusion couples for Si. Experiments were run in air in crimped Pt capsules, or in sealed silica glass ampoules with solid buffers (to buffer at NNO or IW). Al profiles were measured with Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) using the reaction 27Al(p,γ)28Si. Rutherford Backscattering spectrometry (RBS) was used to measure Si diffusion profiles, with RBS also used in measurements of Al to complement NRA profiles. We determine the following Arrhenius relations from these measurements: For Al diffusion parallel to c, for experiments buffered at NNO, over the temperature range 1100–1400 °C: D Al = 1.21 × 10 − 2 exp ( − 531 ± 27 kJ/ mol − 1 / RT ) m 2 s − 1 . For Si diffusion parallel to c, for both unbuffered and NNO-buffered experiments, over the temperature range 1100–1450 °C: D Si = 8.53 × 10 − 13 exp ( − 254 ± 31 kJ/ mol − 1 / RT ) m 2 s − 1 . Diffusion normal to (100) is similar to diffusion normal to (001) for both Al and Si, indicating little diffusional anisotropy for these elements. Diffusivities measured for synthetic and natural rutile are in good agreement, indicating that these diffusion parameters can be applied in evaluating diffusivities in rutile in natural systems Diffusivities of Al and Si for experiments buffered at IW are faster (by a half to three-quarters of a log unit) than those buffered at NNO. Si and Al are among the slowest-diffusing species in rutile measured thus far. Diffusivities of Al and Si are significantly slower than the diffusion of Pb and slower than the diffusion of tetravalent Zr and Hf and pentavalent Nb and Ta. These data indicate that Al compositional information will be strongly retained in rutile, providing evidence for the robustness of the recently developed Al in rutile thermobarometer. For example, at 900 °C, Al compositional information would be preserved over ~3 Gyr in the center of 250 μm radius rutile grains, but Zr compositional information would be preserved for only about 300 000 yr at this temperature. Al-in-rutile compositions will also be much better preserved during subsolidus thermal events subsequent to crystallization than those for Ti-in-quartz and Zr-in-titanite crystallization thermometers.
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Riesgo-Gonzalez, Victor, David S. Hall, Katharina Marker, Dominic S. Wright, and Clare P. Grey. "The Effect of Annealing on the Structure, Composition and Electrochemistry of NMC811 Coated with Al2O3 Using an Alkoxide Precursor." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012295mtgabs.
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Increasing capacities and lowering costs of the cathode material is a key challenge in lithium ion-battery research. Towards this end, nickel-rich layered oxides of the formula Li[NixMnyCoy]O2 (NMC) with x ≥ 0.8 were developed. Compared to previously used cathodes such as LiCoO2 , nickel-rich NMCs reach lower costs by replacing most of the cobalt with nickel and they enable higher discharge capacities.1 Despite the presence of small amounts of cobalt and manganese as dopants to improve stability and rate-capability, these materials still show fast capacity fade during electrochemical cycling which cannot be overcome by modifying the ratio of their elements.2 New strategies to mitigate this degradation are therefore urgently needed for the use of these materials in practical applications such as electric vehicles.3 Most of the degradation that occurs in nickel-rich NMCs upon cycling starts at the cathode-electrolyte interface via surface reactions,oxygen evolution followed by rock-salt formationand transition metal dissolution.4–6 One way to slow down or stop these processes is by changing the nature of this interface through coatings. Although there is a large number of studies showing the benefits of using them, knowledge on the design of coatings with specific properties is still lacking.7,8 In this work, we develop a new solution-based deposition method for the synthesis of aluminium oxide coatings onto LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) secondary particles (Figure 1) and study the effect of annealing on their structure and electrochemical lifetime as new-generation cathode for lithium-ion batteries. Using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) we quantify the amount and distribution of aluminium oxide on the cathode particles. By using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SS-NMR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we track changes in the coating phase and composition as a function of annealing temperature. 27Al NMR spectroscopy provides direct evidence of the diffusion of the coating into the bulk of the particles leading to surface-layer doping. Finally, we evaluate the electrochemical performance of the coated materials in half cells using long-term galvanostatic cycling. This work provides insight on the effects of surface coating and doping on battery degradation and shows how, by carefully selecting synthetic conditions, coatings of cathode particles with tailored properties can be prepared. (1) Myung, S.-T.; Maglia, F.; Park, K.-J.; Yoon, C. S.; Lamp, P.; Kim, S.-J.; Sun, Y.-K. Nickel-Rich Layered Cathode Materials for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries: Achievements and Perspectives. ACS Energy Letters 2017, 2 (1), 196–223. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00594. (2) Noh, H.-J.; Youn, S.; Yoon, C. S.; Sun, Y.-K. Comparison of the Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Layered Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x = 1/3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.85) Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Journal of Power Sources 2013, 233, 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.063. (3) Kim, J.; Lee, H.; Cha, H.; Yoon, M.; Park, M.; Cho, J. Prospect and Reality of Ni-Rich Cathode for Commercialization. Advanced Energy Materials 2018, 8 (6), 1702028. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702028. (4) Rinkel, B. L. D.; Hall, D. S.; Temprano, I.; Grey, C. P. Electrolyte Oxidation Pathways in Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142 (35), 15058–15074. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c06363. (5) Wandt, J.; Freiberg, A.; Thomas, R.; Gorlin, Y.; Siebel, A.; Jung, R.; Gasteiger, H. A.; Tromp, M. Transition Metal Dissolution and Deposition in Li-Ion Batteries Investigated by Operando X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4 (47), 18300–18305. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA08865A. (6) Xu, C.; Märker, K.; Lee, J.; Mahadevegowda, A.; Reeves, P. J.; Day, S. J.; Groh, M. F.; Emge, S. P.; Ducati, C.; Layla Mehdi, B.; Tang, C. C.; Grey, C. P. Bulk Fatigue Induced by Surface Reconstruction in Layered Ni-Rich Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries. Nat. Mater. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0767-8. (7) Shi, Y.; Zhang, M.; Qian, D.; Meng, Y. S. Ultrathin Al2O3 Coatings for Improved Cycling Performance and Thermal Stability of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode Material. Electrochimica Acta 2016, 203, 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.185. (8) Neudeck, S.; Strauss, F.; Garcia, G.; Wolf, H.; Janek, J.; Hartmann, P.; Brezesinski, T. Room Temperature, Liquid-Phase Al2O3 Surface Coating Approach for Ni-Rich Layered Oxide Cathode Material. Chemical Communications 2019, 55 (15), 2174–2177. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CC09618J. Figure 1
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KILIÇ, Ali İhsan. "NUCLEAR ASYMPTOTIC NORMALIZATION COEFFICIENT FOR 27Al →26Mg+p REACTION." Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi B - Teorik Bilimler, May 30, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20290/estubtdb.1269417.
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The 26Mg(p,ɣ)27Al reaction is important in nuclear astrophysics as it play a crucial role in understanding the nucleosynthesis processes in red giants and Wolf-Rayet stars. The 26Mg(p,ɣ)27Al reaction is responsible for the production of 27Al in these stars, while the 26Mg(3He,d)27Al reaction provides information on the asymptotic normalization coefficient for the ground state of 27Al.The asymptotic normalization coefficient (ANC) method is an indirect method that provides information on the normalization of the overlap functions for a given reaction. This information is crucial for nuclear astrophysics as it allows for the calculation of the direct component of the reaction rate at astrophysical relevant energies.In this work, the angular distribution of the 26Mg(3He,d)27Al reaction have been analyzed using separate sets of optical potentials via the Distorted Wave Born Approximation which allows for a better understanding of the reaction mechanism and the determination of the ANC. Consequently,thecross section and Astrophysical S factor for 27Al→26Mg + p have been calculated for the direct capture
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Uddin, M. Shuza, M. Shamsuzzoha Basunia, and Syed M. Qaim. "Excitation functions of some deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on Al." Radiochimica Acta, July 29, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2021-1065.
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Abstract Excitation functions of the reactions 27Al(d,αp)24Na, 27Al(d,2p)27Mg and 27Al(d,p)28Al were measured by the activation technique up to deuteron energies of 37 MeV. The available experimental databases of the reaction products 27Mg and 28Al were extended and compared with the nuclear model calculations based on the code TALYS-1.8. Our measured data are reproduced well by the model calculations after adjustment of a few free input parameters. The cross-section ratio of the (d,αp) to (d,2p) process as a function of projectile energy was deduced from the measured data, and the result is interpreted in terms of competition between a proton and an α-particle emission.
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Lotay, G., P. J. Woods, M. Moukaddam, M. Aliotta, G. Christian, B. Davids, T. Davinson, et al. "High-resolution radioactive beam study of the $$^{26}\hbox {Al}(d,p$$) reaction and measurements of single-particle spectroscopic factors." European Physical Journal A 56, no. 1 (January 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-019-00008-8.
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AbstractWe present a detailed comparison of shell model calculations with inverse kinematic transfer reaction data, obtained using a radioactive beam. Experimentally extracted spectroscopic factors from the $$^{26}\hbox {Al}(d,p)^{27}\hbox {Al}$$26Al(d,p)27Al reaction for both even and odd parity states are found to be exceptionally well reproduced by the shell model and a high level of consistency is observed between bound isobaric analog states in $$^{27}\hbox {Al}$$27Al and $$^{27}\hbox {Si}$$27Si, populated via (d, p) and (d, n) transfer, respectively. Furthermore, an evaluation of key resonances in the astrophysical $$^{26}\hbox {Al}(p,\gamma )^{27}\hbox {Si}$$26Al(p,γ)27Si reaction indicates that shell model calculations provide relatively accurate predictions for the existence of strong resonances and mirror nucleus comparisons appear to hold exceptionally well for proton-unbound levels. Consequently, we expect that the utilization of both techniques will likely be a very effective tool in the investigation of stellar processes outside the current reach of experiment.
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Salimi, M., O. Kakuee, S. F. Masoudi, H. Rafi-kheiri, E. Briand, J. J. Ganem, and I. Vickridge. "Determination and benchmarking of 27Al(d,α) and 27Al(d,p) reaction cross sections for energies and angles relevant to NRA." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (September 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97372-7.
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AbstractThe cross-sections of deuteron-induced nuclear reactions suitable for ion beam analysis, measured in different laboratories, are often significantly different. In the present work, differential cross-sections of 27Al(d,p) and 27Al(d,α) reactions were measured, and the cross sections benchmarked with thick target spectra obtained from pure aluminium for the first time in two independent laboratories. The 27Al(d,p) and (d,α) differential cross-sections were measured between 1.4 and 2 MeV at scattering angles of 165°, 150°, and 135° in the VDGT laboratory in Tehran (Iran), and the same measurements for detector angle of 150° were repeated from scratch, including target making, with independent equipment on the SAFIR platform at INSP in Paris (France). The results of these two measurements at 150° are in good agreement, and for the first time a fitted function is proposed to describe the Al-cross sections for which no suitable theoretical expression exists. The obtained differential cross-sections were validated through benchmarking, by fitting with SIMNRA deuteron-induced particle spectra obtained from a high purity bulk Al target at both labs for deuteron incident energies between 1.6 and 2 MeV. The thick target spectra are well-reproduced. The evaluated and benchmarked cross sections have been uploaded to the ion beam analysis nuclear data library database (www-nds.iaea.org/ibandl/).
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Karamanis, D., S. Andriamonje, P. A. Assimakopoulos, G. Doukellis, D. A. Karademos, A. Karydas, M. Kokkoris, et al. "Statistical model calculations of the 232Th(n,2n) reaction." HNPS Proceedings 11 (December 5, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2214.
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On the context of the Cern n_TOF collaboration the 232Th(n,2n)231Th reaction cross section has been measured relative to the 56Fe(n,p)56Mn and 27Al(n,a)24Na reaction cross sections by the activation method for neutron energies up to 11 MeV. The neutrons were produced via the 2H(d,n) reaction using a deuterium filled gas-cell, at the 5.5MV TANDEM Accelerator of NCSR "Demokritos". In addition to the experimental work, theoretical Statistical model calculations have been performed using the computer code STAPRE/F. The code STAPRE is designed to calculate energy averaged cross sections for particle induced nuclear reactions with several emitted particles and gamma rays under the assumption of sequential evaporation. For the first evaporation step preequilibrium emission is taken into account while population of states resulting from the first equilibrium evaporation step is calculated using the Hauser-Feschbach theory. Fission process competition is also taken into account in the evaporation steps. Sensitive parameters for the calculation, like level density parameters, have been adopted after fitting experimental data for the competing (n,f) reaction. The results are being compared to the experimental data.
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He, Long, Junhua Luo, and Li Jiang. "New cross-section measurements of the (n,2n), (n,p) and (n,α) reactions on bromine in the 14 MeV region with detailed uncertainty quantification." Chinese Physics C, December 8, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/aca9bf.
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Abstract Measurement of the cross-sections of 79Br(n,2n)78Br, 81Br(n,p)81mSe, 81Br(n,α)78As, and 79Br(n,α)76As reactions was carried out at specific neutron energies precisely 13.5±0.2, 14.1±0.2, 14.4±0.2, and 14.8±0.2 MeV relative to the standard 93Nb(n,2n)92mNb and 27Al(n,α)24Na reference reactions using offline γ-ray spectrometry and neutron activation. The monoenergetic neutrons were generated at the China Academy of Engineering Physics, via a 3H(d,n)4He reaction using a K-400 Neutron Generator equipped with a solid 3H-Ti based target. The activity of reaction produce was obtained utilizing a high-purity germanium detector. The cross-sections of the (n,2n), (n,p), and (n,α) reactions on the bromine isotopes were conducted in the 13–15 MeV neutron energy range. The covariance analysis approach was employed for a thorough inspection of any uncertainties within the measured cross-section data. Discussion and comparison of the observed outcome were carried out with previously published data, in particular with the results of the JENDL-4.0, JEFF-3.3, TENDL-2019, and ENDF/B-VIII.0 data libraries, along with the theoretical excitation function curve derived by employed the TALYS-1.95 program. Improved cross-section restrictions for the investigated processes in the 13–15 MeV neutron energy range will be furnished by the current findings, which will help to raise the caliber of the associated databases. Furthermore, the parameters of the pertinent nuclear reaction models can be verified using this data.