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1
Folster, Natalie. "Systemic constraints on aid policy and aid outcomes : the history of Canadian official development assistance to Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1670/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the aid process to discover why aid so often fails. It does this through an investigation of the determinants of Canadian aid policy, the forces which have shaped the manner in which it has been implemented in Tanzania, and how this has affected the outcome of these efforts. The study examines in detail three significant policy decisions taken with respect to the Canadian aid programme in the past fifteen years: the decentralization and recentralization of aid administration 1989 - 1993; failed efforts in the DAC to further untie bilateral aid in 1999; and the termination of Canadian bilateral aid to Tanzania and the rest of East Africa in 1993. In addition, Canadian assistance in Hanang District, Tanzania between 1967 and 1999 is examined as a means to identify the numerous obstacles encountered by aid officials in the course of implementing aid agreements, and the forces which influence their decision-making process. Particular attention has been paid to the influence exerted on the Canadian aid programme as a result of its participation in international organizations like the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD and the World Bank. The study also identifies constraints on the effective use of aid resources inherent in the institutionalized processes of aid which inhibit the capacity of the Canadian International Development Agency to respond effectively to evidence of policy failure and improve aid practice. It is argued that bureaucratic processes have an enduring power to shape the policies they were designed to administer. In addition, that the institutional structure of the aid programme has made it extremely vulnerable to the pursuit of economic and political objectives which conflict with the stated purpose of Canadian ODA as an instrument for poverty alleviation in recipient countries.
2
BROUSE, KIRSTEN. "Adaptive Aid in Haiti? How Aid Organizations Learn and Adapt in Fragile States." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34420.
Full textAbstract:
If we understand development as an emergent property of a complex system, then effective development assistance needs to adapt and evolve in-context. This thesis explores how learning and adaptation practices might help aid organizations apply complexity thinking to improve their effectiveness. Based on a new framework of organizational practices, this study uses a mixed methods approach to assess the extent to which 12 small and medium international aid organizations in Haiti learn and adapt.
The study supports the assumption that learning and adaptation contribute to effectiveness, and finds that organizations vary significantly in their learning and adaptation practices. It finds that development organizations employ more learning practices than humanitarian assistance organizations, and that organizations are generally better at collecting information and adopting learning attitudes, than they are at establishing the structures and processes they need to be truly adaptive. The research also finds that the barriers that make learning and adaptation more difficult for organizations are largely structural and related to aid system dynamics, while organizations benefit from enablers that are largely attributed to individual agency.
This thesis argues for the important role that aid organizations can, and must play in making aid more effective – at the project, organization, and aid system levels. However, the aid system itself does not encourage learning. International aid organizations will therefore need to actively engage in learning if they are to play an effective role in development, and be a meaningful part of the system-level aid effectiveness dialogue.
3
Stephens, Barbara Jean. "International Development Non-Government Organisations and Partnership." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Social and Political Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7877.
Full textAbstract:
International develoment non-government organisations (INGOs)are a recognised component of Aotearoa New Zealand society. In 2012 CID advised the Government that INGOs are the key conduit for many thousands of New Zealanders that donated over $114 million in 2011 in support of international development and disaster relief. Since the 1970s the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and TRade (MFAT) has managed the allocation of a proportion of Government Overseas Development Assistance to subsidise the money raised from the public by the INGOs. The impact of INGO involvement in development projects and programmes has received considerable academic scrutiny; however little attention has been paid to the understanding and operation of partnership within international activities . This thesis focuses on the partnership practices of New Zealand INGOs.
4
Sigrist, Adam C. "International Development: Not-So-Simple Business." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1304535890.
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5
Yoder, Celeste J. "The Role of Aid Providers in the Development of South Sudan." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1243351292.
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6
Moncrieff, Richard. "French development aid and the reforms of 1998-2002." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/46178/.
Full textAbstract:
This study is an analysis of the changes to the institutions and doctrines of French development aid between 1998 and 2002, and specifically the reforms announced by Prime Minister Jospin in February 1998. This includes analysis of institutional reorganisation and of new policy doctrines. The study considers the implications of these changes for the relations between France and former French colonies of sub- Saharan Africa, including detailed analysis of the aid relationship between France and Cote d’Ivoire. Using qualitative data, especially personally conducted interviews in Paris and Côte d’Ivoire and analysis of official documents, this is the first major study of these reforms that puts them into historical and theoretical perspective. It thereby contributes to the wider debate over continuity and change both in French aid policy and in France’s relations with sub-Saharan Africa. It also furthers understanding of the mechanisms and dynamics of reform within French state administration. This study compares French development aid policy and institutional architecture from the 1960s up to the mid 1990s with the new institutions and policies put in place in the 1998–2002 period. Chapter 1 looks at the creation of French aid policy in the late 1950s and early 1960s and considers its imperial origins. Chapter 2 examines French aid from 1960 to 1995 and places it in the context of the global politics of development aid and the policies of other donors, in order to highlight the specificities of the French case. The French reaction to the emergence of the structural adjustment and later good governance agendas is considered. Chapter 3 examines the content of the reforms put in place by Jospin and associated changes in the 1998–2002 period, including the reactions of officials and critics. Chapter 4 is a case study of the changes made to the aid relationship between France and Cote d’Ivoire and the effects of instability in Côte d’Ivoire on French policy. The impact on French policy of the growing role of multilateral donors in Côte d’Ivoire is also considered. Chapter 5 examines the evolutions in French doctrine which have run in parallel to the Jospin reforms, looking at French attitudes to major development issues, particularly the relationship between the state and the market. French development aid is part of the long-term continuities of French foreign policy, and especially France’s desire to demonstrate the universal validity of its cultural and political achievements. In this study French aid is analysed as an extension of these foreign policy aims within the specific post-colonial relations with sub-Saharan Africa. French aid has helped to maintain a protected environment within which the French have sought not only to support close political allies, but also to reproduce a “model” of society and politics. This study asks whether the French can continue to use aid in this way in the light of the Jospin reforms and the events of the 1998–2002 period. This study asks whether the changes of this period can be seen as a convergence between French aid and the policies, practices and norms of other aid donors. To this end, the notion of an aid donor “regime” is used. This helps to show that reform of French policy occurs in a context of interaction with other aid donors, and to show how that interaction affects French policy
7
Conway, Timothy Hugh. "Poverty, participation and programmes : international aid and rural development in Cambodia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325138.
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8
Weber, Janice Minna. "The agency for international development's (AID) urban development policy and its application." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78059.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1985.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Bibliography: leaves 114-117.
by Janice Minna Weber.
M.C.P.
9
Markgraf, Claire Teresa McCarville. "Governance and aid allocation in the International Development Association (IDA) : revisiting assessing aid in the twenty-first century." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90210.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 83-90).
This paper examines the relationship between governance and the foreign aid allocation of a World Bank agency, the International Development Association. In particular, the study investigates whether this major multilateral program's financial support for the development of the world's poorest countries consistently prioritizes good governance. A new dataset from the first decade of the twenty-first century, 2003-12, is used in three econometric estimation models to determine whether the quality of governance in recipient countries has had implications for aid allocation decisions. As in much of the literature in this area, the results are mixed. This finding itself raises important questions both about the relevance of a country's governance to aid allocation decisions and about the usefulness of good governance as a metric by which aid organizations are judged.
by Claire Teresa McCarville Markgraf.
M.C.P.
10
MacKay, Edward Grant. "CIDA and the aid-trade linkage." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26873.
Full textAbstract:
The Canadian foreign aid program increasingly has been linked to trade and other commercial objectives- How and why has this happened? Has this been a successful linkage? What are the implications for Canada and its foreign aid program of this pursuit of the aid-trade linkage? This thesis attempts to answer these questions by exploring the origins and evolution of Canada's aid program, the political and bureaucratic status of Canada's aid agency, the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), and the various policies and policy instruments employed in this recent orientation of aid.
It is here argued that in the pragmatic origins of Canada's aid efforts, beginning with the Colombo Plan of the 1950s, lay the seeds for today's aid-trade policy linkage. These origins enabled the interests and objectives of other federal government departments to intrude on and often supersede developmental considerations in Canadian development assistance. As a result, the creation of a strong central aid agency has consistently been impeded, and the needs of Third World nations consistently overshadowed by domestic concerns.
Exacerbating this situation was the fiscal restraint and domestic recession of the late 1970s and early 1980s. The pressures stemming from these twin problems gave the final impetus for the increasing integration of aid and commerce.
While it is questionable whether linking aid with commerce serves Canada's political and economic interests, in either the short term or the long term, the federal government seems intent on continuing this policy trend. Indeed, the aid-trade linkage superficially resolves a number of administrative problems for CIDA, and enthusiastically is promoted as a bright new opportunity for Canada and its development partners. Conversely, efforts to reverse this policy trend face many obstacles in the Canadian polity and society. In the absence of decisive political leadership on this issue, then, aid-trade linkage is likely to continue.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
11
Blemings, Travis I. "The Politics of Development Aid: Understanding the Lending Practices of the World Bank Group." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/454225.
Full textAbstract:
Political SciencePh.D.
This study examines variations in the lending strategies of the four main agencies of the World Bank. Countries with similar basic development and demographic attributes often receive very different amounts of financial support from the different agencies of the World Bank. Utilizing regression analysis of panel-data covering the years between 1990 through 2011, the study finds that variation in the allocation of development aid both within and between the different World Bank agencies (IBRD, IDA, IFC, and MIGA) do not generally reflect patterns in objective indicators of economic need or institutional quality among recipients. Rather, statistical analysis shows that World Bank aid is positively correlated with several measures of donor influence. Utilizing a multi-donor model of political influence, the study finds evidence that the Bank’s top donors, countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, and Japan disproportionately influence the Bank to lend in ways that support their foreign policy interests. Countries with close economic, political, and geostrategic ties to powerful donors tend to receive more aid on average than their less well-connected peers. The data show that the Bank often lends in ways that contradict its own lending criteria. Despite the Bank’s explicit emphasis on economic need and institutional quality, the agencies of the World Bank often provide greater amounts of assistance to those with less need and poor quality governance. The study has implications for the study of international organizations, institutional design, and how donor influence at the World Bank is mediated by variations in internal agency structures.
Temple University--Theses
12
Johnson, Richard Boyd. "World view and international development : a critical study of the idea of progress in the development work of World Vision Tanzania." Thesis, Open University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266416.
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13
Duncan, Andrew A. "A Participatory Evaluation of a Development NGO in Nicaragua." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30782.
Full textAbstract:
International development has been a central aspect of foreign policy from the â developedâ to the â less-developedâ world for more than fifty years. Despite several trillions of dollars being spent for the ambiguous purpose that is â development,â poverty and suffering have yet to be eliminated. With this being the case, existing institutions and processes that are part of "developmentâ need to be analyzed, and the voices of those who are supposedly being helped, heretofore marginalized, need to be accessed in order to find where the fault lies so that it may be addressed. The present study assessed the opinions of a rural community in Nicaragua being served by a small US-based NGO on issues of development, participation, and healthcare.
This was done through interviewing members of the organization and, mainly, through both surveying and interviewing members of the recipient community. Findings show that most of the people in this community very much want to be "developed,â and that they are appreciative of any help that they receive.Master of Science
14
Saleh, Mustafa Jamal. "Foreign aid efficiency in Jordan during the three cycles of the five year development plan ( 1976-1990)." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.331983.
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15
McGarrity, Andrew. "The George W. Bush Administration's aid strategy and its impact on development in Sub-Saharan Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14607.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-77).Much of Sub-Saharan Africa economically and democratically lags behind the rest of the world. Many wealthy countries have worked to speed up Africa's development through the use of foreign aid. The George W. Bush Administration utilized aid in their efforts to help eliminate poverty and deepen democracy. They disbursed aid through a novel government agency named the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). This thesis gauges the usefulness of the MCC and measures its impact on economic and democratic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. To provide an assessment of the MCC, I examine the association between foreign aid disbursed by the MCC and resulting economic and democratic development. The conclusions are drawn by employing a quantitative methodology using difference of means analysis and bivariate analysis. The empirical research suggests that aid disbursed through the MCC is producing only slight economic and democratic growth. I conclude the study with a case study that corroborates the empirical findings. This study brings into question the general effectiveness of foreign aid and further suggests that Africa may need another solution to underdevelopment that may go beyond the reach of aid planners.
16
Diko, Stephen K. "Setting a New International Development Agenda for West African Countries after 2015 – Moving Beyond the Millenium Development Goals." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1397467782.
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17
Campbell, Michelle. "Communicaiton for Poverty Alleviation: How Aid and Development Agencies in New Zealand View the Relationships Between Communication and Development." The University of Waikato, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2768.
Full textAbstract:
A highly debated topic of the last few decades has centred on the idea of communication as a means for poverty reduction. With two-thirds of the world's population living in poverty, there is a dire need to understand why global poverty and inequality continue to increase, and what role communication can, and is playing in the fight against poverty. This study therefore seeks to understand how three aid and development agencies in New Zealand, New Zealand Aid (NZAID), Oxfam New Zealand (NZ), and Christian World Service (CWS), construct poverty in the context of international development. Additionally it seeks to establish how these three organisations view relationships between communication and poverty. Eleven semi-structured, in-depth interviews with key informants were conducted, transcribed, and analysed in order to extract information surrounding the issues of poverty and international development. From this analysis, it is evident that these three organisations recognise official and unofficial definitions of poverty. It is also apparent that these definitions of poverty affect the ways in which these organisations view the causes of poverty, as well as their outlook on international development. Furthermore, three topics emerged when examining relationships between communication and poverty: communication with local people and local organisations, communication about local people and local organisations, and dealing with communication issues through accountability, transparency, and legitimacy. Implications on communication and development theory as well as theory on the discursive constructions of poverty are addressed. Finally, this study addresses practical implications for aid and development agency practice, and offers recommendations for further study in the area development communication.
18
Coll, Morell Josep Maria. "Aid Valuenomics: The Institutionalization of the Linkages among Culture, Entrepreneurship and Endogenous Development. A New Governance of an Innovative International Aid System." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96377.
Full textAbstract:
Sesenta
años
de
ayuda
al
desarrollo
no
han
funcionado
para
aliviar
la
pobreza
en
los
países
menos
desarrollados.
La
ambiciosa
retórica
oficial
de
los
donantes
sí
que
ha
sido
eficaz
en
la
creación
de
un
mercado
de
la
ayuda
que
se
nutre
de
las
motivaciones
altruísticamente
impuras
que
buscan
llevar
a
cabo
sus
propios
intereses,
reflejados
en
los
objetivos
políticos
y
económicos
de
las
naciones-‐estado
en
su
dominio
de
la
política
exterior.
En
el
intento
de
proveer
los
flujos
de
ayuda
a
los
países
socios
en
el
Sur,
la
función
objetivo
de
las
agencias
de
ayuda
se
ha
enfocado
a
maximizar
su
presupuesto
y
no
el
servicio.
Los
incentivos
para
hacer
más
eficaz
la
ayuda
no
se
encuentran
en
su
lugar
y
las
fuerzas
que
empujan
a
nuevos
donantes
para
entrar
en
la
cadena
de
valor
no
captan
los
beneficiarios
teóricos
del
sistema,
los
mismos
pobres.
Sin
embargo,
los
nuevos
donantes
emergentes
del
Sur
y
una
creciente
muestra
de
nuevas
iniciativas
orientadas
al
mercado
están
allanando
el
camino
para
un
nuevo
orden
de
la
arquitectura
de
la
cooperación
al
desarrollo
internacional.
Los
Estados
Miembros
de
la
Unión
Europea
destinan
parte
de
su
cuota
a
la
Comisión
Europea
al
presupuesto
de
ayuda
al
desarrollo
a
terceros
países.
Como
resultado
de
ello,
la
Comisión
Europea
se
ha
convertido
en
uno
de
los
principales
actores
y
organismos
donantes
en
la
asignación
de
recursos
para
el
desarrollo
de
países
de
bajos
ingresos.
Sin
embargo,
la
política
comunitaria
de
desarrollo
es
un
instrumento
de
la
política
exterior
de
la
Comisión
Europea,
que
gira
en
torno
a
la
promoción
de
la
integración
económica
mediante
la
liberalización
del
comercio.
En
lugar
de
adoptar
un
enfoque
exclusivo
y
a
medida
de
las
necesidades
de
cooperación
al
desarrollo
de
los
países
socios
del
Sur,
la
CE
sigue
un
modelo
estándar
de
cooperación
que
se
caracteriza
por
una
relación
asimétrica
paternalista
en
el
que
el
donante
tiene
como
objetivo
maximizar
sus
intereses
e
imponer
su
enfoque
exógeno
basado
en
la
oferta.
Tanzania
es
uno
de
los
más
queridos
por
los
donantes
en
África.
Este
país
es
a
menudo
referenciado
como
ejemplo
de
buena
coordinación
de
la
ayuda
y
del
principio
de
propiedad
entre
la
comunidad
de
donantes
y
el
gobierno
receptor.
Grandes
cantidades
en
flujos
de
ayuda
han
contribuido
a
generar
un
ambiente
de
estabilidad
macroeconómica
y
de
crecimiento
económico
sostenido.
Sin
embargo,
las
tasas
de
pobreza
han
sólo
disminuido
ligeramente,
mucho
menos
de
lo
esperado,
en
un
ambiente
dónde
la
corrupción
es
rampante.
La
CE,
junto
con
sus
socios
de
desarrollo,
no
da
prioridad
a
las
necesidades
de
la
mayoría
pobre,
quienes
prácticamente
viven
y
trabajan
en
el
sector
rural.
El
Gobierno,
en
lugar
de
acercarse
a
los
beneficiarios
locales
objetivos
de
sus
programas
de
desarrollo,
se
ha
volcado
a
las
recompensas
más
prometedoras
de
la
adopción
del
modelo
de
desarrollo
de
los
donantes,
de
su
enfoque
para
el
desarrollo
y
sus
recetas
políticas.
Por
lo
tanto,
la
brecha
entre
donantes-‐receptores
y
los
pobres
es
aún
mayor.
El
mito
de
la
propiedad
genuina
es
sólo
una
utopía.
Los
micro
emprendedores
de
la
región
de
Dodoma,
un
zona
rural
tradicional
del
interior
de
Tanzania,
luchan
para
ganarse
la
vida
en
un
contexto
inestable,
afectado
por
la
escasez
de
lluvias,
la
falta
de
crédito,
la
infraestructura
deficiente
(o
inexistente)
de
mercados
y
la
baja
capacidad
empresarial.
A
pesar
de
la
diversidad
y
cantidad
de
instituciones
oficiales
que
trabajan
para
el
desarrollo
de
la
zona,
los
grupos
sociales
informales,
semi-‐aislados,
no
mantienen
relaciones
sistemáticas
de
cooperación.
Sin
embargo,
estas
comunidades
comparten
un
sistema
de
valores
que
tiene
el
potencial
de
absorber
nuevos
conocimientos
e
innovaciones
tecnológicas
a
través
de
la
activación
de
sus
valores
de
motivación.
La
motivación
adecuada
de
los
emprendedores
locales
debe
seguir
un
enfoque
de
comunicación
lateral
para
la
transferencia
de
conocimientos
dentro
de
la
generación
de
un
entorno
de
innovación
que
fomente
una
economía
del
aprendizaje.
La
inclusión
del
sistema
de
valores
local
tiene
repercusiones
importantes
para
las
teorías
de
desarrollo
económico
y
las
políticas
de
desarrollo,
que
más
bien
se
han
centrado
en
variables
exógenas.
En
cambio,
el
modelo
de
desarrollo
endógeno
afirma
que
los
valores
culturales
son
un
factor
fundamental
para
fomentar
el
espíritu
emprendedor
y
desencadenar
el
desarrollo
económico.Sixty years of development aid have not worked out to alleviate poverty in least developed countries as expected. The over ambitious official rhetoric of aid donors has been effective in creating an aid market that is fuelled by impurely altruistic motivations that seek to accomplish self-‐interested political and economic goals of nations-‐states in its foreign policy domain. In the attempt to deliver aid flows to partner countries in the South, aid agencies’ objective function has focused to maximize its budget rather than the service. The incentives to make aid more effective are not in place and the forces that push new donors to enter the value chain do not capture the theoretical beneficiaries of the system, the poor. However, new emerging drivers from the South and a sample of market-‐oriented initiatives are paving the way for a new order of the current international aid architecture. The European Union’s Member States combine part of its share to the European Commission to jointly state and deliver development aid to third countries. As a result, the European Commission has converted into one of the biggest actors and donor agencies in allocating resources for the development of low-‐income countries. However, the EC development policy is an instrument of the overall EC foreign policy, which hinges on the promotion of economic integration through trade liberalization. Instead of adopting a single, tailored development cooperation approach to developing countries, the EC follows a standard model of cooperation that is characterized by an asymmetric paternalistic relationship in which the donor seeks to maximize its interest and impose its supply-‐driven and exogenous approach. Tanzania is one of the donor darlings in Africa. This country is often held as an example of good aid coordination and ownership between the donor community and the recipient government. Large amounts of aid flows have contributed to generate an environment of macroeconomic stability and long-‐sustained economic growth. However, poverty rates have only fallen slightly, much lesser than expected and corruption is rampant. The EC, along with her development partners, does not prioritize the needs of the poor majority, which mostly live and work in the rural sector. The Government, instead of approaching to the local intended beneficiaries of its development programs, has fallen to the promising rewards of adopting the leading donor-‐driven approach of its development partners and its policy recipes. Therefore, the gap between the donors-‐recipient and the poor is even bigger. The myth of genuine ownership is just an utopia. The small-‐scale entrepreneurs of Dodoma region, a traditional semi-‐arid rural area in the inland of Tanzania, struggle to make their living in a context affected by unstable shortage of rainfall, lack of credit, poor market infrastructure and low entrepreneurial skills. Despite the diversity and quantity of formal institutions that work for the development of the area, semi-‐isolated informal social groups do not maintain systematic relations of cooperation with them. Nevertheless, these communities share a value system that has the potential to absorb new knowledge and technology innovations throughout the activation of motivational values. The proper motivation of local entrepreneurs must follow a lateral communication approach of knowledge transfers within the generation of an innovation environment that fosters a learning economy. The inclusion of the local value system renders relevant implications for economic development theories and development policies, which have rather focused on exogenous variables. Instead, the Endogenous Development Model claims that cultural values are a critical factor for boosting entrepreneurship and unleashing economic development.
19
Teka, Tegegne. "International non-governmental organisations in rural development in Ethiopia : the case of Wolaita province." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295385.
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Ratcliff, Catherine Mary. "Seeing Africa : construction of Africa and international development in Soviet and Russian public discourse : freedom as development?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25807.
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Tsarist Russia, the USSR and modern Russia have had unique perspectives on Africa and aid, due to geographical location, changing ideologies, non-colonial history with Africa, the Cold War, alternating aid status of recipient and donor, and a historic view of Africa in a tripartite relationship with the West. Western development discourse evolved to produce a large aid apparatus, accompanied by depoliticised discourse on Africa. The USSR’s discourse on Africa was political. Using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Discourse Historical Approach (DHA) and a postcolonial approach, with a structural analysis of 262 pages of Soviet newspaper Pravda and discourse analysis of 54 articles, this thesis relates findings to the Russian, Soviet and Western contexts in which the discourses arose. It shows that Pravda used Africa and aid as discursive tools to establish the USSR’s position in the international hierarchy, used Africa as a rhetorical proxy, and carried a theme of “freedom as development”. Similarities between Soviet, Russian and Western representations of Africa, development and aid (for example Africa’s low status) were built on different motivations and assumptions, and used different tools. The USSR’s Cold War rhetoric conveyed a partial and incomplete construction of Africa, aid and development. Pravda conveyed assumptions that all countries, including the USSR, are developing, that the USSR and Africa are comparable and in some ways similar, and that freedom is an overriding aspiration. Constructing development as natural, Pravda constructed a weak link between development and aid, and in general Pravda presented aid as harmful Western aid. Russia’s legacy is an ideology in which Africa is still eternally “developing” but shares this activity with all countries, Africa is weak and yet is Russia’s friend and ally, competition continues between Russia and the West over Africa’s friendship, and aid has mainly humanitarian rather than development value. Socialist ideological discourse of equal nations remains in today’s Communist Pravda. This thesis explores the evolution of perceptions in Soviet Pravda discourse, and makes a substantive analytical contribution to the literatures on development and aid, Russian foreign policy and international relations, and postcolonialism. It increases knowledge of Cold War Africa, and the USSR’s and Russia’s self-perceptions and attitudes towards others. Russia’s status as a non-Western donor and recent aid recipient make its legacy and attitudes of particular interest.
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Marandet, Elodie. "Governing through freedom, ruling at a distance : neoliberal governmentality and the new aid architecture in the AIDS response in Malawi." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7657.
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In this thesis, I critically analyse power relations between donors and the government of Malawi (GoM) under the new aid architecture and argue that this new configuration represents a shift away from domination, with donors attempting to impose policies, and towards more subtle interactions, through which donors seek to transform the GoM into a self-disciplined, entrepreneurial, neoliberal subject by shaping its aspirations and promoting specific norms of conduct, ‘truths’ and policy-related techniques. The research focuses on funding for AIDS and draws on forty interviews with representatives from the GoM, donors and civil society, conducted in Malawi 2008, as well as discursive analysis of secondary sources. I use Foucault’s concept of governmentality, a form of productive power focused on the care of the population and working through individuals’ subjectivities, and extend it to the relation between donors and the GoM. I show that the agency of the GoM is both elicited by the principle of country ownership, and re-worked through the increased involvement of donors in the policy sphere. I explore how these interactions are legitimised by a discourse that presents donors and the GoM as equals, while casting the GoM as technically deficient and requiring donors’ intervention. I analyse how donors instrumentalise dialogue with the GoM to instil an ethos of self-responsibility.I also investigate how AIDS funding has been made reliant on public financial management reforms, which re-code social domains according to an economic logic, by subordinating government activities to macroeconomic imperatives and creating new undemocratic accountabilities based on market rationalities. I argue that by restructuring the GoM according to this neoliberal rationality, the new aid architecture has programmatic effects, allowing donors to rule at a distance. I also examine avenues for resistance, particularly the potential residing in the intrinsic contradictions of this rationality.
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Dolan, Carrie. "Health Aid in Africa: Placement, Service Utilization, and Benefit." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4932.
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While the health sector has attracted significant foreign aid, evidence on the effectiveness of this support is mixed. This dissertation examines the allocation of health aid within the context of placement, service utilization, and benefit. The first paper examined the sub-national allocation of Chinese development aid projects across Africa. I determined how political preferencing of Chinese aid specifically, allocating aid to the birth region of the current political leader differs across sectors such as health, education, and transportation. I find some evidence that aid, more broadly defined, is subject to political preferencing in recipient countries, which could potentially limit its intended effects. The second paper examines the influence of health aid on malaria service utilization in Malawi. It tests the hypothesis that health aid boosts a facility’s readiness to provide malaria services, thereby increasing the utilization of malaria services in a facility’s service area. Findings indicate that while increased health aid is associated with increased health facility readiness to diagnose malaria, these improvements are not generally related to increased health care utilization. The final project focuses on population level health effects of health aid placement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, specifically whether all‐cause child mortality is lower in regions receiving malarial aid interventions. Among the most promising evidence xi found on the potential benefit of health aid is that investments, such as malaria bed nets, are associated with reductions in child mortality, particularly in rural settings and among those with low malaria burden. These latter findings suggest health aid should be carefully targeted and should consider local disease risks to fully realize the benefits of population‐level improvements in child health. When taken together, my findings indicate that health aid is positively associated with limited improvements in health outcomes. Overall, these results support a need for researchers to avoid the temptation to aggregate aid flows and health outcomes at the country level, and instead examine sector‐specific aid flows at the lowest sub-national geographic unit possible in order to inform policies designed to allocate health aid.
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Farrow, Richard Michael. "International responses to the Palestinian refugee crisis : conflict over aid, resettlement and development 1949-53." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.668154.
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Salm, Christian. "Transnational socialist networks in the 1970s : the cases of European Community development aid and southern enlargement." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/transnational-socialist-networks-in-the-1970s(b40aa651-1400-44a9-b69b-211f3597fa80).html.
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This thesis examines the role of the western European socialist parties’ transnational cooperation in European integration in the 1970s. It argues that their cooperation across national borders significantly influenced politics and policy-making in what was then the European Communities (EC). The thesis focuses on the network-like informal structures that characterised transnational cooperation between those socialist (leading) party members/leaders of different national parties involved in European affairs. Methodologically, the study draws on concepts from political science, notably, the ‘policy network’ approach and the notion of ‘Europeanisation’ and utilises these concepts as analytical tools for historical source analysis. Empirically, the study is based on extensive archival research in 17 archives in nine countries, including newly accessible party sources and previously undisclosed private papers. While so far research concentrated on Christian democrats’ contribution to European integration, for the first time, the thesis documents that socialist transnational cooperation in and through transnational networks was an important factor of the emerging European governance system. In two case studies, the thesis addresses the role of the socialist transnational cooperation concerning two important policy areas, namely, EC development aid policy and EC southern enlargement policy. Both policy fields helped define the external dimension of European politics and policy-making in the 1970s with major challenges such as the fair distribution of resources between the rich North and the poor South and the transitions in southern Europe with tremendous consequences for the political order in Western Europe and the EC. The thesis demonstrates that the socialist parties strengthened their informal transnational network structures for the purposes of debating ideological and programmatic issues and finding policy solutions to common challenges in both policy fields. Moreover, it shows that the socialist transnational networks developed various functions to influence European governance. Against this background, the analysis in this thesis makes not only a significant contribution to the study of transnational networks of western European socialist parties and European integration in the 1970s; it also adds to our understanding of the role of transnational networks in European politics and policy-making.
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Lövestam, Ida. "Power structures in local and international development aid : A case study of two organizations working in Peru." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-4790.
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The purpose of this essay is to examine what power relations are created or allowed by the structures of two very different development aid organizations. One organization is a Peruvian organization called ASDE, that recieves financial support from other organizations with different nationalities. The other is CARE Peru which is a Peruvian department of the international organization CARE International. It has become increasingly important in the global aid business to emphasize a partnership on equal premises and make sure that the donors do not have too much control over the aid given. This ideology does not only apply to the administrative level of aid but can also be applied to the relationship between the organization workers in the project area and the target group participants. The bottom-up structure ideal can be seen both as a goal in itself but also as a means to achieve efficiency and sustainability in the aid given. The two organizations compared are of very different structure, allowing me to examine and compare the power relations that the structures carry within. The empirical data was collected during a three months field study in Peru in the spring semester of 2010. The results of the study show that the two organizations have power relations embedded in the structures over which they in some cases have and in others do not have power. In addition to systems within the global aid business over which the organizations have no power, the power relations between organization employees and target group participants, as well as the level of participation of target group participants, are dependent on the purpose and strategies of the organization. These in turn depend on the structure of the organization. In this way the bigger structures of the organizations affect the level of participation and ownership on a local level. The study shows that it is more probable to achieve an equal relationship between workers and target group being a smaller, locally created organization. However, it also puts light on the difficulties created by global systems of development aid as well as the practical difficulties, when striving towards the ideals of equality, local ownership and participation.
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Zeghdoudi-Durand, Zehor. "Le partenariat en droit international du développement." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG2035/document.
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En matière d’aide au développement le droit est aussi inventif que fertile : droits économiques et sociaux, droits de l’homme, développement humain durable, etc. ; autant de matières mises en balance avec le droit du marché, de la concurrence sous couvert d’un intérêt économique général. La première option de cette étude est d’envisager les mécanismes juridiques propres à l’aide au développement à travers ces deux finalités à première vue antinomiques : l’efficience économique et le développement humain. La seconde est de délimiter le champ de recherche à la matière conventionnelle afin d’apprécier le seul processus partenarial qui, du point de vue de la coopération internationale, n’a pas livré tout son potentiel. L’intérêt de ce modèle de coopération internationale fondé sur le « Partenariat » n’est encore que secondaire comparé à la nature des parties (publique et privée) qui s’obligent, la nature des droits (politiques, économiques et sociaux) qu’il se propose de concilier, et enfin, les obligations à la fois de rentabilité et d’humanisme (le marché du développement humain) qu’il impose aux partenaires. Ainsi, la finalité de cette recherche est, certes, d’interroger les effets juridiques de tels partenariats, mais également de considérer le contrat de marchés publics d’aide au développement comme, potentiellement, porteur d’une nouvelle formule de coopération visant à résorber les inégalités de développement entre ÉtatsAs regards development aid the law is as creative as fertile : economic and social rights, human rights, sustainable development, etc. ; so many matters put in balance with the market law, the competition on behalf of a general economic interest. The first option of this study is to consider the legal mechanisms peculiar to the development aid through these two ends, at first sight paradoxical/antinomical : the economic efficiency and the human development. The second is to bound the field of research to the conventional material in order to appreciate the only process partnership which, from the international cooperation point of view, has not delivered yet all his potential. The interest of this international cooperation pattern based on the ”Partnership” remains still secondary, compared with the nature of the parties (public and private) which bind themselves, the nature of the rights (political, economical and social) that it sets out to conciliate, and finally, the bonds of profitability as well as humanism (the market of human development) it imposes upon its partners. Thus, the purpose of this research is indeed, to question the legal effects of such partnerships, but also, to regard the contract of public procurements of Development Aid, as potentially a growth market of an new model cooperation to be used for resorb inequalities of development between states
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Breslin, Randal Scott. "Exploring the professional journeys of exemplary expatriate field leaders in the international aid sector : a collective case study." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25495.
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The international aid sector is a multi-billion dollar industry that has continued to grow in size, influence and complexity since the 1970s. The stakeholders are globalised and diverse, from elite UN politicians in New York and Geneva to malnourished infants in Somalia. This study attempts to focus on the professional development of one category of player in this multifaceted sector, that is the expatriate field leader employed international non-government organisations (INGO) and responsible for the implementation of projects in a cross-cultural environment. The study found that relationships, results, and grit were three foundational traits of exemplary expatriate filed leaders in the international aid sector. This collective case study takes a grounded theory approach to explore the professional journeys of 12 exemplary expatriate field practitioners in the international aid sector who work in Central Asia, Middle East, and North Africa with ten different INGOs and have an average of 12.5 years of field experience. The participants were nominated for the study by their supervisors or peers as being exemplary field leaders. The study purposes to gain insight into the professional journey of exemplary field leaders by examining their work-life experience from age 18 until present. Biographic narrative interviews were conducted and supplemented with professional development timelines to create the initial data set. The study provides insight into the processes of professional identity formation of expatriate aid workers and identifies seven events that shape their professional self-identity. These experiences consist of a variety of reflected appraisals and intrinsic rewards that validated or changed how the research participants saw themselves. Participants credited good relationships and seeing the results of their work as what keeps them going in spite of difficulties. On the other hand, the most difficult work experiences of the aid workers were not carjacking, riots, dust, heat, bugs, strange food, or low funding but relational conflicts and the grief associated with relational disappointments. Interpersonal relationships were core to both the best experiences and the most difficult experiences of the research participants. Gritty appears to be a better construct to describe exemplary field leaders than resilient. Grit is a trait defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals. The research participants demonstrated grit in many situations, not least of which was in their commitment to learn the local language in-situ of crisis-affected people. The research participants believed that learning local languages was a key to establish and maintain meaningful relationships and cooperation with local people. The study also includes a discussion of an apparent incongruity in the international aid sector. On one hand the sector promotes the necessity of humanitarian professionals to establish and maintain collaborative relationships with crisis-affected people, but survey evidence suggests most workers in the humanitarian sector put a low priority on learning the languages of crisis-affected people while others do not have sufficient opportunity to learn the local languages because of the well-entrenched tradition of short-term employment contracts of 1-12 months and the practice of churning (rotating experienced staff from project to project). It appears that the current system of doing business in the humanitarian sector may actually obstruct professional competence and contribute to failed outcomes.
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Simelane, Batsabile Nokulunga. "Socio-economic impacts of development initiatives led by international aid agencies in the local community of Msunduza." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020818.
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Development is central to the existence of every society including demographic entities that constitute a community of people. Community development is a process designed to create conditions of economic and social progress for the entire community with its active participation and fullest possible reliance on the community development initiatives. The support of either individuals or organisations for the community to realise its full potential is essential, likewise is the role of development agencies in community development a good omen towards the advancement of human development. This research looks at a number of development initiatives presented by aid agencies aimed at improving community life, solving serious problems of quality life, social exclusion, and resources availability. The research explores the socio-economic impacts of development initiatives led by development agencies in local communities, a case study of a peri-urban community of Msunduza, Swaziland. The study was guided by five objectives: i) To evaluate the positive and negative impacts of development initiatives led by development agencies; ii) To establish to what extent the Msunduza community know community development initiatives and how they perceive them; iii) To analyse the sustainability of development initiatives/projects led by the development agencies; iv) To determine what the participatory principles of community development are in the area; v) To draw conclusions and make recommendations that will improve community development through organisational interventions.
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Mallipeddi, Ravi Kanth. "Understanding the roles of partners in partnerships funded by the global fund." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2598.
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Atabong, Etoke Andrew. "Efficient mechanisms for the delivery of development aid : a case study of The South East Consortium for International Development (SECID)." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30315.
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com, ssigler227@gmail, and Steven Matthew Sigler. "Renewing Societies: Interculturalism and the Creative Sojourner." Murdoch University, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20100203.142632.
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From their nascent beginnings during World War II to their good governance and capacity building focus under the Post-Washington Consensus of the early 21st century, international development activities have encompassed a particular world view. This world view, founded on Western historical materialism and a normative perspective, rationalizes the project as the predominate form of development assistance and the expert or volunteer as its agent. Yet this approach to development, although at times successful, has often proved to be unsustainable in the absence of international financing and expertise.
Still, there is an alternative approach available when one recognizes that what the vast majority of people want is security for themselves, their families, and their lifestyles.1 From this approach, the focus of development is shifted away from what people do not have (be it material comforts, infrastructure, or good governance) and sets it on the critical roles culture, individual growth, and informal association have in community development. In this approach, human agency at the interpersonal level becomes critical in the diffusion of social, political, economic, and technological innovation and, accordingly, the decisive factor in poverty reduction. That is to say, development that can address poverty must come from within the social classes that experience it.
To explore how the international development community can act on this alternative approach, this thesis provides a review of the theory, practice, and consequences of international development to the present day and, from that lead, builds a theoretical argument for the individual creative sojourner as a primary messenger of development. In addition, it presents an exploratory case study of creative sojourners in Timor-Leste and, from their ideas and insights, proposes policy considerations for an overseas apprenticeship program that would support the efforts of trades people, agriculturalists, and small entrepreneurs in improving their lives and, in the process, renewing their societies.
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Weiss, John A. "The Aid paradigm for poverty reduction: Does it make sense?" Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the ODI, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/2810.
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YesWhilst thinking on economic policy for development has undergone many shifts with the perceived weak results of earlier adjustment reforms a new donor consensus has emerged based around the central themes of economic growth, good governance and social development. This paper examines the logic behind this new Aid paradigm and discusses the empirical evidence to support it. A nuanced story is revealed with country circumstances playing a critical role and particular interventions varying in impact across countries. For example, growth does not always lead to gains for the poor that match the national average; public expenditure needs to be targeted to achieve social development but effective targeting is difficult; governance reform may be critical but there is no simple governance blueprint and the corruption-growth association need not always be negative.
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DeWaard, Chad. "Official development assistance unmasked : theoretical models of international relations and the determinants of American, German, and Swedish aid /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1147195581&sid=13&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Dever, Christopher James. "A Broker of International Reconciliation: UNICEF Through the Korean and Vietnam Wars." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/104971.
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HistoryM.A.
This paper represents original research in the UNICEF archives and illuminates the case study of this particular intergovernmental organization (IGO) during the period of the Korean War through the Vietnam War (1948-1975). It investigates the complex issues raised by the intersection of power politics and humanitarian impartiality. It argues that historians must take intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) seriously in their attempt to accurately interpret the historical record. The story of UNICEF during the Korean War charts a familiar narrative where superpower rivalries served to derail the good intentions of this purportedly impartial intergovernmental organization. However, the case study of UNICEF in Vietnam is a surprising example of the rising influence and impact of IGOs and INGOs on the international scene. By balancing its associations across the East-West divide and riding a wave of increasingly international sentiment worldwide, UNICEF navigated a treacherous political arena and realized new heights of its goal of impartiality even before the cessation of war in Vietnam. In a dramatic show of their expanding influence, UNICEF played a pivotal role in improving relations between the United Nations and North Vietnam.
Temple University--Theses
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Deerfield, Amanda. "A Study of Corruption, Foreign Aid, and Economic Growth." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/msppa_etds/5.
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Foreign aid donors increasingly demand that aid is used efficiently and effectively. This study examines the effect of corruption levels, measured by the Corruption Perceptions Index, within a recipient country on the levels of economic growth. A growing literature outlines the mechanisms through which corruption impedes economic growth and is summarized within. Additionally, as longevity gains may result from foreign aid but are not captured in economic growth, this study computes a variable called the Life Quality Indicator (LQI) that combines such gains with economic growth and examines corruption’s effect on LQI growth. As any windfall, foreign aid has been argued to exacerbate problems within corrupt countries—causing economic decline. This study develops an interaction of corruption levels and the ratio of aid receipts to GDP to examine the effects of this interaction on economic growth and LQI growth. Conducting a regression analysis shows the relationships between the interaction term and economic growth and the interaction term and LQI growth are negative, leading to policy recommendations that corrupt countries not receive foreign aid.
Using game theory, this study predicts the outcomes of interactions between aid recipients and donors during the Cold War, post-Cold War, and in the present. The present predicted outcomes suggest that recipients will be the winners because they are able to choose between receiving aid from emerging donors and from the Development Assistant Committee (DAC). Policy guidance to the aid community includes understanding that emerging donors may exert influence on aid recipients and programs to monitor this influence ensuring that it does not become exploitation may be necessary.
Finally, a case study of Russia is presented, highlighting its corruption and foreign aid receipts in the post-Soviet timeframe. A separate analysis is conducted on the Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries to determine whether Russia’s corruption and foreign aid receipts caused lower levels of economic and LQI growth than that experienced by other FSU countries. While results do not show this, the negative relationship between the interaction term and economic and LQI growth is also found in this subset.
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Bendroth, Karl. "Swedish Development Assistance Policy 1990- 2012 : How has it changed?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-31369.
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It has gone more than 50 years since Sweden officially started organizing and giving development assistance to needing countries. There have been many different Governments with differences in both ideological background and political aim during that time, not only in Sweden but also internationally. How much has circumstances and the different rule affected the Swedish development assistance policies? To answer that question has been the main aim for this thesis. In my study I have focused on the last 22 years, as from 1990 until 2012, and studied one budget proposition for development assistance per Government. I have also studied some of the most important steering documents, important events and international decisions that have affected the Swedish development policies. Since the budget propositions show the ambitions of the Governments it is also their policies. It is these policies that I will analyze using the two variables: size of the aid, and the goal for the aid. The analysis is has been done using Nikolaos Zahariadis policy theory The Multiple Streams Framework. My study shows that the policies that were adopted 50 years ago still have a large, if not settling, impact on today’s policies. The main goal for the development assistance today only differs on a few words from what was written in proposition 1962:100. The economic goal which is one of the most fundamental parts of today’s development assistance, that one percent of Sweden’s GDP should go to international aid, was first decided in 1968. Finally, I have concluded that both the way the goal of the development assistance has been formulated and how extensive the frame of funding for development assistance has been, haven’t always percental been followed with how much money that have been spent on the budget point development work.
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Lahdenperä, Jori, and Shehzad Humayoun. "The International Monetary Fund (IMF) & World BankStructural Adjustment Programs : Review study of adjustment-aid theory." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-9978.
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Monetary funding to developing countries is today accompanied by so called “Structural Adjustment Programs” (SAPs) imposed by the IMF and the World Bank, consisting of economical policy reforms that the countries have to undergo in order to be eligible for loans. The impact of these adjustment loans is widely criticized due to the negative effects observed. Our purpose is to investigate in depth why these adjustment programs have not delivered the expected results. We’ve found that there exist some undesirable consequences following SAP implementation that has a hindering effect on growth. These, combined with the complicate context in which the IMF and World Bank operates can be seen as the explanation for the adversity experienced.
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Graham, Vaughn Fitzgerald. "The ownership of official development assistance in the security and justice sector in Jamaica 2005-2013 : how the nature of sectoral development policy making reflects and challenges international aid policy." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5465/.
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Ownership refers to programme aid recipient countries establishing their own development priorities by leading development policymaking in partnership with donors, rather than donors prescribing priorities for these recipients. Ownership has become a central indicator of global aid effectiveness since the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Simultaneously, donors have shifted towards a reliance on sectoral programme assistance which channels programme aid throughout whole sectors rather than using piecemeal projects. The donors comprising the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development-Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) have institutionalized ownership as international aid policy, and are broadly of the view that ownership at the sectoral level is best promoted through a reliance on sector wide approaches (SWAps). However there is no settled understanding of what recipient leadership entails; there is lack of an institutional understanding of recipient contexts, and how these contexts can operationalize ownership; and there has been a spurious association between ownership and SWAps over time. By relying on Historical Institutionalism, this thesis discusses how broader institutional characteristics establish the context of recipient policymaking generally, and how these characteristics contextualize the operationalization of ownership during sectoral development policymaking, specifically. The evidence reveals that ownership can be simultaneously reflected and challenged in Jamaica.
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Schwebel, Amy Elizabeth. "Improving the impact of Australian aid: the role of AusAID's Office of Development Effectiveness." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/6732.
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This research is in response to the current debate on aid in Australia. The debate focuses on the volume of money allocated to aid rather than the impact. While Australian aid is still far from the UN commitment of 0.7 per cent of gross national income, this focus has kept public debate superficial and has deflected attention away from the more important discussion: is aid achieving outcomes and impacting positively in areas identified by developing countries as essential for their sustainable development.The release of the first Annual Review of Development Effectiveness provided the impetus to investigate whether the newly formed Office of Development Effectiveness (ODE) will introduce changes that will improve Australia’s approach to aid. Framed within national interest, development and aid literature, this research analyses what limitations, if any, there are to reform of aid policies and practices in Australia.
The thesis concludes that the potential for the ODE to significantly improve the effectiveness of Australia aid is limited. It is one of many voices – including the powerful national interest agenda furthered by foreign policymakers – shaping Australian aid policy and practice. However, the furthering of Australian national interest – narrowly defined as security and economic considerations – through the aid program is at the expense of poverty alleviation objectives. This negatively affects how the development ‘problem’ is framed and thus the focus of aid policy. Furthermore, efforts to prioritise national interest considerations undermine the adoption of ‘good’ practice essential for sustainable development.
This is a political reality that is unlikely to change. Thus, the role of the ODE is to provide recommendations within this restricted framework. However, it is only through scrutiny, discussion and debate that the discrepancy between ‘good development’ in theory and in practice can be narrowed. This should also be the role of the ODE.
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Thusi, Thokozani. "Mission impossible? Linking humanitarian assistance and development aid in political emergencies in Southern Africa: The case of Mozambique between 1975-1995." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2001. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The aim of this research is to highlight both the conceptual and practical factors that constrain attempts to link humanitarian assistance and development aid in political emergencies in Southern Africa by using the case study of Mozambique in the period between 1975-1995. Extensive use and reference to Norwegian relief and development aid during the above-mentioned period is made. Although cross-reference is made to other donor countries such as the Like-minded Group (comprising of Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland) and UN agencies that supported Mozambique's transition from war to peace, the major focus is on Norway as she has traditionally been the sixth largest bilateral donor by the early 1990's and incorporated long-term development priorities in her programs.
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Jones, Raymond Peter. "The international aid approach to educational planning : a case study of the planning and development of secondary education in Swaziland." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1988. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10019672/.
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What happened in the planning and development of secondary education in Swaziland can be seen as representing a common African experience, and exemplifying a general paradox which characterised the aid process. What donors regarded as persistent weaknesses in planning and management in recipient countries was, in varying degrees, a way of protecting an African view of education against donor intervention. The development of secondary education was shaped by an African approach and the variety of societal institutions across African countries, rather than by the acceptance or imposition of international models and the responsible interventionism of donor agencies. The exceptionally well protected nature of the Swazi case stems from a distinctively Swazi paradox. Extreme dependence on South Africa provided a form of security within which the Swazi monarchy was enabled to give full expression to a remarkably homogeneous traditional system, a system which had broken down elsewhere in Africa. The functioning of a powerful traditional monarchy and the persistence of traditional institutions and processes gave Swaziland a rare degree of autonomy in protecting the Swazi model of education against external pressures brought to bear by a substantial array of donor agencies. The Swazi experience provides support for the view that education, far from being a powerful instrument for economic and social change, has only a limited role to play in the development process. The particularity of the Swazi experience, and the reason it was an extremely heightened case of a more general phenomenon, arises out of the features that imposed fundamental restrictions on alterations in existing societal structures. These features were those that form the two sides of the Swazi paradox, the functioning of a powerful traditional monarchy and extreme dependence on South Africa.
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Durr, Samantha J. "A Brief History of United States Foreign Development Assistance to Benin, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Senegal Since 2000." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1493389407692537.
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Mitchell, John "David" F. "NGO insecurity in high-risk conflict zones: the politicization of aid and its impact on “humanitarian space”." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34145.
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Doctor of PhilosophySecurity Studies Interdepartmental Program
Emizet F. Kisangani
Attacks against nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in high-risk conflict zones have increased exponentially over the last two decades. However, the few existing empirical studies on NGO insecurity have tended to focus on external factors influencing attacks, with little attention paid to the actions of aid workers themselves. To fill this gap, this dissertation theorizes that aid workers may have contributed to their own insecurity by engaging in greater political action. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used to assess the impact of political activity by NGOs on the insecurity of aid workers. The quantitative analyses test the theory at two levels. The first is a large-N country-level analysis of 117 nations from 1999 to 2015 using panel corrected standard errors. The second is a subnational-level statistical analysis of four case studies: Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, and Colombia from 2000 to 2014. Both the country- and provincial- level analyses show that the magnitude of aid tends to be a significant determinant of aid worker security. The qualitative methods of “structured-focused comparison” and “process tracing” are used to analyze the four cases. Results show that aid workers are most likely to be victims of politically-motivated attacks while in-transit. Consistent with the quantitative findings, it is speculated that if workers are engaged in a large-scale project over an extended period of time, attackers will be able to monitor their daily activities and routines closely, making it easier to orchestrate a successful ambush. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that political statements made by NGOs—regardless of their sectors of activity—have increased insecurity for the broader aid community. These results dispel the myth that humanitarian activity has historically been independent, impartial, and neutral. Several NGOs have relied on this false assumption for security, believing that adherence to core principles has contributed to “humanitarian space.” The results also dispel the popular NGO assumption that targeted attacks are not official tactics of organized militants, but rather the result of criminality or mistaken identity. In fact, the overwhelming majority of aid workers attacked in high-risk conflict zones have been targeted by political actors.
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DaSilva, Christian. "Youth Agency and the Efficacy of Basic Education in Tanzania: An Inquiry into Post-primary School Structuration." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33019.
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This qualitative study explores how youth in Tanzania, with low levels of basic education, manage their personal lives and seek opportunities in the workplace or in post-basic education training programs.
In Tanzania, Education for All (EFA) has served as a key focal point of coordination between the government and the international donor community. While substantial attention has centered on the challenges of ensuring the sustainability and quality of EFA, there is relatively little known about the socio-economic circumstances of young school leavers and their perceptions of education and its relation to their post-school life trajectories.
Using structuration theory as the theoretical framework to illuminate the dynamic interconnectedness of social structures and youth agency, I conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 young male and female school leavers. Disturbing patterns of social reproduction and a fundamental discontinuity between basic education and post-school challenges were revealed in the research. Yet, in view of their resilience, orientation to the future and entrepreneurial resourcefulness, findings suggest that despite profound qualitative shortcomings, aspects of basic education and the structuring effects of economic liberalization may be contributing to enhanced youth agency.
The dissertation contributes to the theoretical discourse in the study of youth phenomena by adapting and advancing Klocker’s (2007) use of the notion of thinners and thickeners of agency within structuration theory. Exploring factors like educational quality and attainment level, in addition to those already established by Klocker (tribe, gender, age, and poverty), my research shows how young people’s agency can be attenuated or accentuated in space and time. This dissertation contributes empirical, hermeneutic and narrative data to illuminate the educational experience and post-basic education realities for a group of Tanzanian youth, reducing what has heretofore been described as a paucity of such qualitative accounts of marginalized African youth and the challenges they face.
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Russon, Jo-Ann Katherine. "Addressing poverty alleviation : the UK government-MNC interface in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.677283.
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Bene, Charmaine B. "Donor Engagement of Diasporas: Public-Private Partnerships Towards Development Effectiveness?" Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24014.
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During the past decade, international development discourse has shifted from a narrow focus on aid effectiveness to one of cooperation towards more effective development. A series of High Level Forums have produced a set of principles to guide this new development framework. With the steady increase of international migration, sizeable diasporas who generate a diversity of activities with development implications in their homelands have formed outside of developing countries. Recognizing their importance and potential for development, several developed country bilateral donors have engaged these emerging development actors, including the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Analysis of their policies and programs reveals a set of emerging themes and lessons learned that identify the need to challenge conventional ways of thinking about the nature of development partnerships in order to move towards more effective development.
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Airey, Siobhán. "Auras of Legality - The Jurisdiction and Governance Signature of the International Governance of Official Development Assistance." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40067.
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Official Development Assistance (ODA) or international development aid (defined as the transfer of official financing to promote the development and welfare of developing countries), is a highly influential and politically sensitive area of international relations. Though it is not governed by any international legal agreement, it displays remarkable cohesion across the major Northern donors in its modalities of governance, the coherence in its normative aims and in its institutional reform agenda. In order to understand why, this project focuses on the central, if overlooked, role of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and its Development Assistance Committee (DAC) as the key institutional locus of the international governance of ODA by donors.
This project examines the legal nature of the international governance of ODA, tracing and critically analysing the link between the governance of ODA and governance by ODA. It demonstrates how the legal form of the international governance of ODA is central to the reach and effectiveness of the legal and institutional reform agenda promoted via ODA at national and international levels, and to contouring the legal and political subjectivities of donors and aid-recipient states in ways that escape formal legal and democratic recognition.
Finding that mainstream legal analytical methods fail to fully capture the legal-juridical quality of the international governance framework of ODA, and the particular role of law therein, I develop a new analytical lens based on the concepts of ‘jurisdiction’ (as juris dictio) and the ‘signature.’ This lens reveals how ODA creates a distinct jurisdiction with its own internal legal logic, where donor and aid-recipient subjectivities and relations of authority are continually constructed and maintained by international governance instruments and practices developed during colonial and imperial governance eras under the League of Nations and Marshall Plan institutions. I demonstrate how this jurisdictional space is augmented by key legal, policy, bureaucratic and technocratic instruments of governance by the OECD and DAC, through patterns of juridification and reiteration.
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Willner-Reid, Matthew. "Mercenaries, missionaries and misfits : competition in the 'aid marketplace' in Afghanistan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3fea436f-50d7-4649-8c06-ffbf8efa5214.
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Both practitioners and academics have recently begun referring to humanitarian agencies operating within an active 'aid marketplace' in which limited funding pits actors against each other in pursuance of their own projects and wider aims. This thesis seeks to explore how the pressures of a competitive environment impact on the motivations and actions of aid actors at an individual and organizational level. Based on the common saying that aid workers are 'mercenaries, missionaries and misfits', I construct a typology of pressures (interest-based, altruistic, and bureaucratic), which, it is argued, can be used to explain and understand much of this competitive and collaborative behaviour. A particular focus of the thesis is the impact of these various influences on the process and politics of information transfer and discourse creation regarding the process of needs assessment, monitoring and evaluation. I explore all of these issues through the medium of a case study of UNHCR's interventions in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2015, and seek to provide a detailed history of the agency's activities, politics and challenges during this period. In particular I am interested in the motivations driving the agency's actions; the strategies it has employed to achieve its aims; the calculated narratives that it has crafted to justify its interventions and attract greater support; and the very different ways in which it has approached the needs of different categories of displaced people.
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Booth, Michael Stephen. "In the bank or on the ground : an examination of financial reserves in Australian international aid organisations." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/54669/1/Michael_Booth_Thesis.pdf.
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This study contributes to the understanding of the contribution of financial reserves to sustaining nonprofit organisations. Recognising the limited recent Australian research in the area of nonprofit financial vulnerability, it specifically examines financial reserves held by signatories to the Code of Conduct of the Australian Council for International Development (ACFID) for the years 2006 to 2010. As this period includes the Global Financial Crisis, it presents a unique opportunity to observe the role of savings in a period of heightened financial threats to sustainability.
The need for nonprofit entities to maintain reserves, while appearing intuitively evident, is neither unanimously accepted nor supported by established theoretic constructs. Some early frameworks attempt to explain the savings behaviour of nonprofit organisations and its role in organisational sustainability. Where researchers have considered the issue, its treatment has usually been either purely descriptive or alternatively, peripheral to a broader attempt to predict financial vulnerability.
Given the importance of nonprofit entities to civil society, the sustainability of these organisations during times of economic contraction, such as the recent Global Financial Crisis, is a significant issue. Widespread failure of nonprofits, or even the perception of failure, will directly affect, not only those individuals who access their public goods and services, but would also have impacts on public confidence in both government and the sectors’ ability to manage and achieve their purpose. This study attempts to ‘shine a light’ on the paradox inherent in considering nonprofit savings. On the one hand, a public prevailing view is that nonprofit organisations should not hoard and indeed, should spend all of their funds on the direct achievement of their purposes. Against this, is the commonsense need for a financial buffer if only to allow for the day to day contingencies of pay rises and cost increases. At the entity level, the extent of reserves accumulated (or not) is an important consideration for Management Boards. The general public are also interested in knowing the level of funds held by nonprofits as a measure of both their commitment to purpose and as an indicator of their effectiveness. There is a need to communicate the level and prevalence of reserve holdings, balancing the prudent hedging of uncertainty against a sense of resource hoarding in the mind of donors. Finally, funders (especially governments) are interested in knowing the appropriate level of reserves to facilitate the ongoing sustainability of the sector. This is particularly so where organisations are involved in the provision of essential public goods and services.
At a scholarly level, the study seeks to provide a rationale for this behaviour within the context of appropriate theory. At a practical level, the study seeks to give an indication of the drivers for savings, the actual levels of reserves held within the sector studied, as well as an indication as to whether the presence of reserves did mitigate the effects of financial turmoil during the Global Financial Crisis. The argument is not whether there is a need to ensure sustainability of nonprofits, but rather how it is to be done and whether the holding of reserves (net assets) is an essential element is achieving this. While the study offers no simple answers, it does appear that the organisations studied present as two groups, the ‘savers’ who build reserves and keep ‘money in the bank’ and ‘spender-delivers’ who put their resources ‘on the ground’. To progress an understanding of this dichotomy, the study suggests a need to move from its current approach to one which needs to more closely explore accounts based empirical donor attitude and nonprofit Management Board strategy.
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Cuschieri, Marie-Therese. "An evaluation of the evolution and development of Olympic Solidarity, 1980-2012." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14566.
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According to the Olympic Charter, “the aim of Olympic Solidarity is to organise assistance to National Olympic Committees, in particular those which have the greatest need”. For the last five decades funding from the sale of Broadcasting Rights for the Olympic Games, allocated to the National Olympic Committees, has been channelled through Olympic Solidarity as a means of promoting development. The aim of this research was therefore to evaluate the extent to which this redistributive claim is evidenced through an analysis of the distribution of the Olympic Solidarity funding, and an insight into the life histories of people involved in the process of allocating grant aid for Olympic Solidarity's World Programme funding.