Academic literature on the topic '210312 North American History'

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Journal articles on the topic "210312 North American History"

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Cayton, Andrew R. L. "Writing North American History." Journal of the Early Republic 22, no. 1 (2002): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3124860.

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York, Neil L., and John Logan Allen. "North American Exploration." Western Historical Quarterly 29, no. 3 (1998): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970599.

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Wingerd, Mary, Michael McQuarrie, and George Waldrep. "North American Labor History Conference." International Labor and Working-Class History 48 (1995): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900005421.

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Brown, Kathleen A., and Gigi Peterson. "North American Labor History Conference." International Labor and Working-Class History 52 (1997): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900006992.

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Fure-Slocum, Eric, Kim Nielsen, Dorsey Phelps, Anthony Quiroz, Mark Stemen, and Paul Young. "North American Labor History Conference." International Labor and Working-Class History 46 (1994): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900010966.

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Aguila, J., and D. Hoerder. "North American Migrations." OAH Magazine of History 23, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/maghis/23.4.7.

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Grayson, Donald K., and David J. Meltzer. "North American overkill continued?" Journal of Archaeological Science 31, no. 1 (January 2004): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2003.09.001.

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White, Richard. "Is There a North American History?" Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines 79, no. 1 (1999): 8–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfea.1999.1756.

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Halpern, Rick, Ardis Cameron, Thomas Sugrue, and Walter Licht. "1995 North American Labor History Conference." International Labor and Working-Class History 51 (April 1997): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900002039.

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Chandler, Christopher M., and Owen M. McDougal. "Medicinal history of North American Veratrum." Phytochemistry Reviews 13, no. 3 (October 15, 2013): 671–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-013-9328-y.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "210312 North American History"

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Proietti, Salvatore. "The cyborg, cyberspace, and North American science fiction." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0021/NQ44558.pdf.

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Jenkins, Danny R. "British North Americans who fought in the American Civil War, 1861-1865." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6698.

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Between 33,000 and 55,000 British North Americans (BNAs) fought in the American Civil War. Historians though, have largely overlooked or misinterpreted the BNAs' contribution. Most historical accounts portray BNAs as mercenaries, bounty jumpers, or as the victims of press gangs. Many works imply that most BNAs were kidnapped, or drugged and hauled while unconscious across the border to "volunteer." We are also told that BNAs expended enormous amounts of energy attempting to secure their discharges, and of necessity, had to be placed under guard to prevent their desertion. Nowhere, however, are we informed about average BNAs. Most were neither victims nor abusers of the American recruitment system. Unfortunately, their large and significant contributions to the Union's war effort are all but lost, as historians have tried to capture the more exciting and extraordinary side of BNA recruitment. Such an unbalanced portrayal of BNAs characterizes them as inferior soldiers, and that is a disservice to both BNAs, and to the units in which they served. Much of the misunderstanding surrounding BNAs stems from the lack of a common definition for BNA, and through a failure by researchers to appreciate the significance of the changing nature of the Civil War soldiers' enlistment motivations. My study, on the other hand, concentrates on average BNAs and, in the process, tries to come to grips with their true reasons for enlisting. In the end, the payoff is a more balanced depiction of BNA troops; and the discovery that BNAs were not a homogeneous group of men. There were two basic types: those who resided in the United States before their enlistment, and those who crossed the frontier from the British provinces to volunteer. Both types were willing recruits, but otherwise they showed unique characteristics and enrollment behaviour. American resident BNAs enlisted in patterns much like their American neighbours and friends, while British North American resident BNAs were, in the main, driven by the enlistment bounty. The distinction is important if a better understanding of BNAs is to be achieved.
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Ingham, John Bernard. "The role of British North America in Anglo-American relations, 1848-1854." Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6196/.

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This study analyses the impact on mid-nineteenth-century Anglo-American relations of British North America. It argues that successive British governments worked to retain the strategically-important colonies, despite the often exaggerated influence of Little Englandism. It also stresses the overwhelming loyalty of the colonists, despite aberrations like Canada's 1849 Annexation Crisis. It points to two annexation crises - in 1848 and 1849. During the former, Anglo-American relations suffered as the colonists braced themselves for a popular American invasion. In the 1849 crisis, unknown to the British, the American government briefly considered annexing Canada. When this opportunity vanished, Washington willingly prolonged the crisis in order to weaken Britain during negotiations over Central America. The Fishery Dispute of 1852-1854 found Britain practising pressure politics. London used years of tension between American and colonial fishermen as a pretext for a show of naval strength off North America during negotiations with the United States over Cuba and Central America. The Fishery Dispute also succeeded in forcing the Americans to take Reciprocity seriously. This study rejects traditional interpretations which claim that Lord Elgin's success in 1854 stemmed from his own brilliance and his ability to tell America's feuding sections different stories about the likely effect of Reciprocity. Instead it argues that Elgin succeeded in 1854 because of the work over several years by other diplomats. He also succeeded in 1854 because of a mutual desire for transatlantic calm due to America s domestic problems and Britain's involvement in the Crimean War. Though Elgin's ability oiled the wheels of success, he was also fortunate to arrive just as the ruling party in Washington put down its guard and celebrated the Kansas-Nebraska Compromise. The ratification of Reciprocity in British North America confirms that, despite granting self-government to the three main colonies, Britain put wider imperial interests before purely colonial interests. The thesis concludes that British North America, though nominally powerless and dependent on Britain, had a significant role in Anglo-American relations. The colonies pressured London and Washington by various tactics, while Mother Country and territorially rapacious republic frequently used the colonies as a weapon in their dealings with each other. This produced a diplomatic North Atlantic Triangle with each polity cynically trying to use the other two for its own ends.
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Heidenreich, Linda. "History and forgetfulness in an "American" county /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9975873.

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Akard, William Keith. "Wocante Tinza : a history of the American Indian Movement." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/515087.

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The purpose of the study was to develop an ethnohistorical record of the American Indian Movement with an emphasis placed on portraying of the Indian view of the organization. In the course of the study, the movement was examined to determine its validity as a social organization within Indian society. To accomplish the task, the movement's social roles were assessed on four levels: the individual level, the social group level, the Indian societal level and the greater American societal level. Two main research strategies were employed in the data collection process. First, participant-observation was carried out during a two-year term as a non-Indian member of the movement. Much of the data collected gave indication of the internal social structure and social dynamics of the organization. Secondly, interviews were conducted during the membership period and additionally, during a three-year period as a resident on the Rosebud Sioux Indian Reservation in South Dakota. The data collected in this manner included firsthand accounts movement activities and public opinion of the movement. Findinds. 1. The American Indian Movement functions within Indian society on the individual level as a social enclave to aid socially disenfranchised Indian individuals re-enter Indian society. 2. On the social group level, the movement presents a viewpoint on socio-political issues that differs from the monolithic position typical of the IRA tribal governments. 3. The American Indian Movement serves Indian society as a catalyst for social change, an endorsing force for tradition and culture, and as an advocate on behalf of Indian people. 4. The movement functions as a social reform movement to the greater American society by bringing Indian issues to the levels of national and international attention. 5. Structurally, the American Indian Movement is a formal social organization with a blend of traditional and acculturated social components. The American Indian Movement is clearly a valid functioning social organization within Indian society. The movement has successfully integrated socially to all levels of society. Although the efforts and strategies employed by the movement have been sensationalized by the media and provoked a negative controversial image, the American Indian Movement has made positive contributions to Indian society.
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Smith, Carolyn F. "The Origin of African American Christianity in the English North American Colonies to the Rise of the Black Independent Church." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1250628526.

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Barker, Gordon S. "Anthony Burns and the north-south dialogue on slavery, liberty, race, and the American Revolution." W&M ScholarWorks, 2009. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623339.

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Revisiting the Anthony Burns drama in 1854, the last fugitive slave crisis in Boston, I argue that traditional historical interpretations emphasizing an antislavery groundswell in the North mask the confusion, chaos, ethnic and class tensions, and racial division in the Bay city and also treat Virginia's most famous fugitive slave as an object rather than the Revolutionary and advocate for equal rights that he was. I contend that it was far from clear that antislavery beliefs were on the rise in midcentury Boston. I show that antislavery views had to compete with other less noble, sometimes racist, sentiments and with white Bostonians' concerns about law and order. Many white Bostonians sought to conserve the Union as it was; they did not seek to extend the fruits of the Revolution to a fugitive slave or to their black neighbors. The message that many black Bostonians took from the drama was that they could not depend on their white neighbors, including supposedly friendly abolitionists; they had to unite and look out for their own interests. Reexamining the link between Anthony Burns and the coming of the Civil War suggests that the most significant impact of the crisis was on the white South, not the North. Events in Boston seemed to confirm white Southerners' suspicions that antislavery feelings were on the rise in the North, which fueled their anxiety about the future protection of their interests in the Union. The crisis also accentuated differences between Northern and Southern societies, and white Southerners saw their society, with slavery at its center, as distinctly good. The Burns crisis thus encouraged their defense of slavery as a positive good. Finally, I demonstrate that when Anthony Burns moved to Canada West and joined St. Catharines' vibrant black community, he did not relinquish his fight against slavery; he fled America but not the fight against human bondage.
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Ríos-Bustamante, Antonio. "Tierra No Mas Incognita: The Atlas of Mexican American History." University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies and Research Center, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/218872.

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Stegman, Claire E. "Distribution and History of Walleye (Sander vitreus) in the North American Central Highlands." Ohio University Art and Sciences Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouashonors1367598096.

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McGehee, Elizabeth Hathhorn. "White Democracy, Racism, and Black Disfranchisement: North Carolina in the 1830's." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625541.

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Books on the topic "210312 North American History"

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North American borderlands. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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Avery, N. L. North American aircraft. Santa Ana, Calif: Narkiewicz//Thompson, 1998.

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1944-, Super John C., ed. Encyclopedia of North American history. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1999.

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Oney, Yannisk. North American explorers. New York: Scholastic, 2004.

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Bancroft-Hunt, Norman. North American Indians. Philadelphia, Pa: Courage Books, 1992.

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ill, Barnard Bryn, ed. North American Indians. New York: Crown Publishers, 1996.

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Native American history. New York: Britannica Educational Pub. in association with Rosen Education Services, 2011.

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Haslam, Andrew. North American Indians. Chicago: World Book/Two-Can, 1997.

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Haslam, Andrew. North American Indians. New York: Thomson Learning, 1995.

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Kay, Mussell, and Tuñón Johanna, eds. North American romance writers. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "210312 North American History"

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Claus, Peter, and John Marriott. "The North American tradition." In History, 123–43. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2017]: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315684673-7.

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Kuklick, Bruce. "North American colonies, 1632–1732." In A Political History of the USA, 30–43. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-01405-4_3.

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White, Sam. "North American Climate History (1500–1800)." In The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History, 297–308. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_24.

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Grant, Shelagh D. "Arctic Governance and the Relevance of History." In Governing the North American Arctic, 29–50. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137493910_2.

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Earle, Jonathan. "Racism in the Antebellum North." In The Routledge Atlas of African American History, 34–35. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003123477-12.

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Andrews, Charles M. "1935 Award. About the Colonial Period of North America." In American History Awards 1917–1991, edited by Heinz-D. Fischer, 79–82. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110972146-022.

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Miller, Gwenn A. "Contact and Conquest in Colonial North America." In A Companion to American Women's History, 35–48. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470998595.ch3.

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Melosi, Martin V. "The Fluoride Controversy." In Water in North American Environmental History, 195–204. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003041627-25.

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Melosi, Martin V. "The Lure of Falling Water: Niagara Falls." In Water in North American Environmental History, 128–40. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003041627-17.

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Melosi, Martin V. "Introduction." In Water in North American Environmental History, 1–10. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003041627-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "210312 North American History"

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Dang, Thanh. "Introduction, history, and theory of wind power." In 2009 North American Power Symposium - NAPS. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naps.2009.5484084.

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Wood, Daniel David, Brian E. Schmit, Luke Riggins, Bill James Johnson, and Chris Alan Talley. "Cana Woodford Stimulation Practices-A Case History." In North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/143960-ms.

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Gunningham, M. C., B. Coe, S. Evans, and J. Wiersma. "Coiled Tubing Drilling Case History, Offshore The Netherlands." In SPE/ICoTA North American Coiled Tubing Roundtable. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/38395-ms.

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Samandarli, Orkhan, Hasan A. Al Ahmadi, and Robert A. Wattenbarger. "A Semi-Analytic Method for History Matching Fractured Shale Gas Reservoirs." In SPE Western North American Region Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/144583-ms.

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Shahkarami, Alireza, Shahab D. Mohaghegh, Vida Gholami, and Seyed Alireza Haghighat. "Artificial Intelligence (AI) Assisted History Matching." In SPE Western North American and Rocky Mountain Joint Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/169507-ms.

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Mix, K., G. Bell, and S. J. Evans. "Coiled Tubing Drilling Case History." In SPE Gulf Coast Section/ICoTA North American Coiled Tubing Roundtable. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/36350-ms.

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Timmer, Stephan, and Martin Riedmiller. "Abstract State Spaces with History." In 2006 Annual Meeting of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nafips.2006.365488.

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Nejadi, Siavash, Japan J. Trivedi, and Juliana Yuk Wing Leung. "Improving Characterization and History Matching Using Entropy Weighted Ensemble Kalman Filter for Non-Gaussian Distributions." In SPE Western North American Region Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/144578-ms.

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Watanabe, Shingo, and Akhil Datta-Gupta. "Use of Phase Streamlines for Covariance Localization in Ensemble Kalman Filter for Three-Phase History Matching." In SPE Western North American Region Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/144579-ms.

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Perry, Avital, Hirokazu Takami, Christopher S. Graffeo, Caterina Giannini, and David J. Daniels. "Epidemiology, Natural History, and Optimal Management of Neurohypophyseal Germ Cell Tumors." In 30th Annual Meeting North American Skull Base Society. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1702436.

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Reports on the topic "210312 North American History"

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Jones, Lee, Jenny Powers, and Stephen Sweeney. Department of the Interior: History and status of bison health. National Park Service, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2280100.

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The North American plains bison once numbered in the tens of millions, but only around 1,000 individuals remained by the late 1800s. Through the actions of private individuals and organizations, the establishment of a few protected, federally managed, herds saved the subspecies from extinction and today the Department of the Interior (DOI) supports ap-proximately 11,000 plains bison in 19 herds across 12 states. DOI chartered the Bison Conservation Initiative in 2008, which established a framework for bison conservation and restoration on appropriate lands within the species’ histori-cal range. With the recent announcement of the 2020 DOI Bison Conservation Initiative, DOI outlined a diverse range of accomplishments made under the 2008 Initiative and re-affirmed the commitment to work with partners in support of managing bison as native wildlife. Both the 2008 and 2020 DOI Bison Conservation Initiatives endorse a holistic approach, addressing health and genetic considerations, and recommend managing DOI bison herds together as a metapopulation to conserve genetic diversity by restoring gene flow. Bison conservation and restoration efforts must consider the significance of disease in bison herds and apply a multi-jurisdictional, multi-stakeholder approach to the management of bison on large landscapes. Robust herd health surveillance programs, both in the donor and recipient herds, along with strong partnerships and communication, are needed to protect the century-long success of DOI bison conservation and stewardship. This report discusses overarching principles affecting bison health decisions in DOI herds and provides detailed baseline herd health history and management, providing a foundation upon which the 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative vision for DOI bison stewardship can be realized.
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Ryan, J. J., A. Zagorevski, N. R. Cleven, A J Parsons, and N. L. Joyce. Architecture of pericratonic Yukon-Tanana terrane in the northern Cordillera. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326062.

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West-central Yukon and eastern Alaska are characterized by widespread metamorphic rocks that form part of the allochthonous, composite Yukon-Tanana terrane and parautochthonous North American margin. Structural windows through the Yukon-Tanana terrane expose parautochthonous North American margin in that broad region, particularly as mid-Cretaceous extensional core complexes. Both the Yukon-Tanana terrane and parautochthonous North American margin share the same Late Devonian history, making their discrimination difficult; however, distinct post-Late Devonian magmatic and metamorphic histories assist in discriminating Yukon-Tanana terrane from parautochthonous North American margin rocks. The suture between Yukon-Tanana terrane and parautochthonous North American margin is obscured by many episodes of high-strain deformation. Their main bounding structure is probably a Jurassic to Cretaceous thrust, which has been locally reactivated as a mid-Cretaceous extensional shear zone. Crustal-scale structures within composite Yukon-Tanana terrane (e.g. the Yukon River shear zone) are commonly marked by discontinuous mafic-ultramafic complexes. Some of these complexes represent orogenic peridotites that were structurally exhumed into the Yukon-Tanana terrane in the Middle Permian.
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Dunbar, Joseph. Legacy datums and changes in benchmark elevation through time at the Low Sill and Overbank Structures, Louisiana. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45261.

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Vertical datums used in the study area at the Low Sill and Overbank Structures in southern Louisiana have involved Memphis Datum, Mean Gulf Level, Mean Sea Level, Mean Sea Level Datum of 1929, National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, and the North American Vertical Datum of 1988. The focus of this study was to examine historic benchmarks in the study area to determine the magnitude of elevation changes associated with the different legacy datums that have been used by the US Army Corps of Engineers. Comparison of elevation values across these legacy datums has involved examining historic hydrographic surveys, compiling a list of known benchmarks from these surveys, and comparing their elevation values against publications involving spirit-leveling surveys from the Lower Mississippi Valley and the National Geodetic Survey database for benchmarks. This study describes the history of legacy datums, floodplain geology, potential subsidence impacts affecting the benchmarks, methods for identification and tracking benchmarks, and the results obtained from this study.
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DiGrande, Laura, Christine Bevc, Jessica Williams, Lisa Carley-Baxter, Craig Lewis-Owen, and Suzanne Triplett. Pilot Study on the Experiences of Hurricane Shelter Evacuees. RTI Press, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.rr.0035.1909.

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Community members who evacuate to shelters may represent the most socially and economically vulnerable group within a hurricane’s affected geographic area. Disaster research has established associations between socioeconomic conditions and adverse effects, but data are overwhelmingly collected retrospectively on large populations and lack further explication. As Hurricane Florence approached North Carolina in September 2018, RTI International developed a pilot survey for American Red Cross evacuation shelter clients. Two instruments, an interviewer-led paper questionnaire and a short message service (SMS text) questionnaire, were tested. A total of 200 evacuees completed the paper survey, but only 34 participated in the SMS text portion of the study. Data confirmed that the sample represented very marginalized coastline residents: 60 percent were unemployed, 70 percent had no family or friends to stay with during evacuation, 65 percent could not afford to evacuate to another location, 36 percent needed medicine/medical care, and 11 percent were homeless. Although 19 percent of participants had a history of evacuating for prior hurricanes/disasters and 14 percent had previously utilized shelters, we observed few associations between previous experiences and current evacuation resources, behaviors, or opinions about safety. This study demonstrates that, for vulnerable populations exposed to storms of increasing intensity and frequency, traditional survey research methods are best employed to learn about their experiences and needs.
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Hayward, N., and S. Paradis. Geophysical reassessment of the role of ancient lineaments on the development of the western margin of Laurentia and its sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits, Yukon and Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330038.

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The role of crustal lineaments in the development of the western margin of Laurentia, Selwyn basin and associated sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits (clastic-dominated, Mississippi-Valley-type) in Yukon and NWT, are reassessed through a new 3-D inversion strategy applied to new compilations of gravity and magnetic data. Regionally continuous, broadly NE-trending crustal lineaments including the Liard line, Fort Norman structure, and Leith Ridge fault, were interpreted as having had long-standing influence on craton, margin, and sedimentary basin development. However, multiple tectonic overprints including terrane accretion, thrust faulting, and plutonism obscure the region's history. The Liard line, related to a transfer fault that bounds the Macdonald Platform promontory, is refined from the integration of the new geophysical models with published geological data. The geophysical models support the continuity of the Fort Norman structure below the Selwyn basin, but the presence of Leith Ridge fault is not supported in this area. The ENE-trending Mackenzie River lineament, traced from the Misty Creek Embayment to Great Bear Lake, is interpreted to mark the southern edge of a cratonic promontory. The North American craton is bounded by a NW-trending lineament interpreted as a crustal manifestation of lithospheric thinning of the Laurentian margin, as echoed by a change in the depth of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. The structure is straddled by Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb occurrences, following their palinspastic restoration, and also defines the eastern limit of mid-Late Cretaceous granitic intrusions. Another NW-trending lineament, interpreted to be associated with a shallowing of lower crustal rocks, is coincident with clastic-dominated Zn-Pb occurrences.
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Dunbar, Joseph. Vertical and horizontal datums used in the Lower Mississippi Valley for US Army Corps of Engineers projects. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42781.

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Six geodetic datums have been used by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Mississippi River Commission (MRC), for river surveys in the Lower Mississippi Valley (LMV). These legacy elevation datums are the Cairo datum, the Memphis datum, the Mean Gulf Level (MGL), the Mean Sea Level (MSL), the National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD) 1929, and the North American Vertical Datum 1988 (NAVD88). The official geodetic datum currently prescribed by the USACE is NAVD88 (USACE 2010). In addition to these different geodetic datums, hydraulic datums are in use by the USACE for rivers, lakes, and reservoir systems. Hydrographic surveys from the Mississippi River are typically based on a low water pool or discharge reference, such as a low water reference plane (LWRP), an average low water plane (ALWP), or a low water (LW) plane. The following technical note is intended to provide background information about legacy datums used in the LMV to permit comparison of historic maps, charts, and surveys pertaining to the Mississippi River in the LMV. The purpose of this report is to provide background information and history of different published horizontal and vertical datums used for presentation of hydrographic survey data from the Mississippi River. The goal is to facilitate understanding of differences with comparison to other historic surveys for change-detection studies along the river. Conversion values are identified herein for the earlier surveys where appropriate, and methods are presented here to evaluate the differences between earlier and later charts and maps. This report is solely intended to address the LMV area and historic surveys made there. This note is not applicable to areas outside of the LMV. Throughout this technical note, historic hydrographic surveys and data from the Memphis, TN, to Rosedale, MS, reach will be used as examples of features of interest for discussion purposes. Selected historic hydrographic survey sheets at Helena, AR, are included as Plates 1 to 3 (Appendix C) of this document and will be used as examples for discussion purposes.
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