Journal articles on the topic '210310 Middle Eastern and African History'
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1
Bang, Anne K. "From Middle Eastern to African to African Islamic history." Islamic Africa 7, no. 1 (April 12, 2016): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21540993-00701004.
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Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko. "Middle Eastern Studies in Finland." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 38, no. 1 (June 2004): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400046411.
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The tradition of Middle Eastern studies in Finland is long but rather thin. The chair for Oriental Languages (mainly Hebrew and Aramaic) was established at Turku University in 1640, changing its name (Linguarum Orientalium Professio) several times over the years before becoming Semitic Languages. After the great fire destroyed almost the whole city of Turku, the university was relocated to Helsinki in 1828. In the mid-19th century, the chair was held by G.A. Wallin (d. 1852), an explorer of the Arabian Peninsula (and a visitor to the holy city of Mecca) and one of the first scholars, worldwide, to study Arabic dialects. In the latter part of the 19th century, Assyriology became the most flourishing field of Middle Eastern Studies in Finland, several great Assyriologists, such as Knut Tallqvist (d. 1949), holding the chair of Oriental Languages. Though concentrating on Assyriology, Assyriologists also kept alive Arabic philological studies, which gained additional weight in the 1960s when the Assyriologist and Comparative Semitist Jussi Aro (d. 1983) was appointed as professor. He retrained himself as a dialectologist, working with Lebanese dialects. It was only in 1980 that a chair for Arabic Language was established and another dialectologist, Heikki Palva, was appointed to it in 1982. After the retirement of Professor Palva in 1998, the chair was renamed Arabic and Islamic Studies. The chair, at the Institute for Asian and African Studies (IAAS, University of Helsinki), has been held by the present writer, Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, since 2000.
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Susser, Asher. "The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Middle Eastern and North African History." Bustan: The Middle East Book Review 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/bustan.12.2.0195.
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Hart, David Montgomery. "Faulty models of North African and Middle Eastern tribal structures." Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée 68, no. 1 (1993): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/remmm.1993.2569.
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Kazuo, Miyazi. "Middle East Studies in Japan." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 34, no. 1 (2000): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400042395.
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The Purpose of this Paper is to present the history and the present status of Middle Eastern and North African Studies in Japan. As the status of the studies is closely related to the status of the relationships between Japan and the regions concerned, I will first write about the history of Japan-Middle East (including North Africa) relations and the relationship thereof to the studies.
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Webber, Sabra J. "Middle East Studies & Subaltern Studies." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 31, no. 1 (July 1997): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400034830.
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Despite the physical proximity of the birthplace of Subaltern Studies, South Asia, to the Middle East and despite the convergent, colliding histories of these two regions, scholars of the Middle East attend very little to the Subaltern Studies project or to the work of Subaltern Studies groups. Although certain stances of Fanon and Said, with their focus on cultural strategies of domination and resistance, have a currency in Middle Eastern studies, no literary theorist, folklorist, anthropologist, political scientist or historian in the field of Middle Eastern Studies, so far as I am aware, explicitly draws upon Subaltern Studies with any consistency as an organizing principle for his or her studies. It is the Latin Americanists (and to a lesser degree Africanists) who have been most eager to build on South Asian Subaltern Studies to respond to Latin American (or subsanaran African) circumstances. Perhaps it is time to take a closer look at what Subaltern Studies might contribute to Middle Eastern studies if we were to make a sustained effort to apply and critique that body of literature.
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Katz, Sheila H. "NISSIM REJWAN, Israel in Search of Identity: Reading the Formative Years (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999). Pp. 188." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 4 (November 2000): 557–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380000283x.
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Once one lets go of the expectation of a more scholarly treatment of the complex issues of identity in Israel and the Middle East, one can appreciate the less rigorous but nevertheless nuanced conversations that Nissim Rejwan brings to this volume. Despite a dearth of footnotes, non-existent bibliography, somewhat haphazard organization, and overly ambitious aims, there still emerges an astute critique of the Ashkenazi-dominated Israeli establishment. Without ever using the word, Rejwan details a particular brand of racism that creates an illusion of a homogenous “other” out of a diverse mix of Jewish Israelis of Middle Eastern, North African, and African origin, as well as non-Jewish Palestinian and Middle Eastern Arabs.
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Marcinkowski, Christoph. "Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq." ICR Journal 2, no. 3 (April 15, 2011): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v2i3.638.
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Charles Tripp’s A History of Iraq is now in its third edition. Since 2000, when the first edition appeared, it has become a classic in Middle Eastern studies. The current edition has been updated to include the 2003 Anglo-American invasion, the fall and capture of Saddam Husayn, and the subsequent insurgency. Its author is Professor of Politics at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in the University of London.
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AL-QATTAN, M. M., B. AL-SHANAWANI, A. AL-THUNAYAN, and A. AL-NAMLA. "THE CLINICAL FEATURES OF ULNAR POLYDACTYLY IN A MIDDLE EASTERN POPULATION." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 33, no. 1 (February 2008): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193407087888.
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Two clinical forms of ulnar polydactyly are recognised in the literature, viz the African and the Caucasian forms. The current study investigated the clinical and radiological features of ulnar polydactyly in 94 Saudi patients. The incidence of ulnar polydactyly was one in 1000 live births. There were 41 males and 53 females. Positive family history, syndromal cases, associated hand anomalies, polydactyly of the little toe and systemic abnormalities were seen in 11%, 6%, 5%, 29% and 23% of cases, respectively. There were 50 unilateral (53%) and 44 bilateral cases (47%). In unilateral cases, the left hand was more commonly affected. Using a modified Rayan–Frey classification, the majority of cases were classified as Type II (pedunculated polydactyly, 52 (55%) cases) and Type III (a functioning and articulating extra digit without complete duplication of the metacarpal, 29 (31%) cases). It was concluded that the Saudi clinical presentation of ulnar polydactyly is somewhat different epidemiologically and lies between the African and Caucasian forms.
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Flowers, Jonathan M., Khaled M. Hazzouri, Muriel Gros-Balthazard, Ziyi Mo, Konstantina Koutroumpa, Andreas Perrakis, Sylvie Ferrand, et al. "Cross-species hybridization and the origin of North African date palms." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 5 (January 14, 2019): 1651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817453116.
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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a major fruit crop of arid regions that were domesticated ∼7,000 y ago in the Near or Middle East. This species is cultivated widely in the Middle East and North Africa, and previous population genetic studies have shown genetic differentiation between these regions. We investigated the evolutionary history of P. dactylifera and its wild relatives by resequencing the genomes of date palm varieties and five of its closest relatives. Our results indicate that the North African population has mixed ancestry with components from Middle Eastern P. dactylifera and Phoenix theophrasti, a wild relative endemic to the Eastern Mediterranean. Introgressive hybridization is supported by tests of admixture, reduced subdivision between North African date palm and P. theophrasti, sharing of haplotypes in introgressed regions, and a population model that incorporates gene flow between these populations. Analysis of ancestry proportions indicates that as much as 18% of the genome of North African varieties can be traced to P. theophrasti and a large percentage of loci in this population are segregating for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are fixed in P. theophrasti and absent from date palm in the Middle East. We present a survey of Phoenix remains in the archaeobotanical record which supports a late arrival of date palm to North Africa. Our results suggest that hybridization with P. theophrasti was of central importance in the diversification history of the cultivated date palm.
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El Enshasy, Hesham, Elsayed A. Elsayed, Ramlan Aziz, and Mohamad A. Wadaan. "Mushrooms and Truffles: Historical Biofactories for Complementary Medicine in Africa and in the Middle East." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/620451.
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The ethnopharmaceutical approach is important for the discovery and development of natural product research and requires a deep understanding not only of biometabolites discovery and profiling but also of cultural and social science. For millennia, epigeous macrofungi (mushrooms) and hypogeous macrofungi (truffles) were considered as precious food in many cultures based on their high nutritional value and characterized pleasant aroma. In African and Middle Eastern cultures, macrofungi have long history as high nutritional food and were widely applied in folk medicine. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available information related to the nutritional and medicinal value of African and Middle Eastern macrofungi and to highlight their application in complementary folk medicine in this part of the world.
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Laraqui, Abdelilah, Nancy Uhrhammer, Hicham EL Rhaffouli, Yassine Sekhsokh, Idriss Lahlou-Amine, Tahar Bajjou, Farida Hilali, et al. "BRCAGenetic Screening in Middle Eastern and North African: Mutational Spectrum and FounderBRCA1Mutation (c.798_799delTT) in North African." Disease Markers 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/194293.
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Background. The contribution ofBRCA1mutations to both hereditary and sporadic breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) has not yet been thoroughly investigated in MENA.Methods. To establish the knowledge aboutBRCA1mutations and their correlation with the clinical aspect in diagnosed cases of HBOC in MENA populations. A systematic review of studies examiningBRCA1in BC women in Cyprus, Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia was conducted.Results. Thirteen relevant references were identified, including ten studies which performed DNA sequencing of allBRCA1exons. For the latter, 31 mutations were detected in 57 of the 547 patients ascertained. Familial history of BC was present in 388 (71%) patients, of whom 50 were mutation carriers. c.798_799delTT was identified in 11 North African families, accounting for 22% of total identifiedBRCA1mutations, suggesting a founder allele. A broad spectrum of other mutations including c.68_69delAG, c.181T>G, c.5095C>T, and c.5266dupC, as well as sequence of unclassified variants and polymorphisms, was also detected.Conclusion. The knowledge of genetic structure ofBRCA1in MENA should contribute to the assessment of the necessity of preventive programs for mutation carriers and clinical management. The high prevalence of BC and the presence of frequent mutations of theBRCA1gene emphasize the need for improving screening programs and individual testing/counseling.
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Naficy, Hamid. "For a theory of regional cinemas: Middle Eastern, North African and Central Asian cinemas." Early Popular Visual Culture 6, no. 2 (July 2008): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460650802150366.
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Stein, Sarah Abrevaya. "Diversified Diasporas." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 6, no. 1 (March 1997): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.6.1.111.
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The many contributors to this volume disagree on who, precisely, are the subjects of their joint work. Or rather, they diverge in their understanding of how their subjects should be defined, remembered, portrayed. Some of the contributors to Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries imagine their subjects regionally (as Middle Eastern, North African, or Balkan); others refer to them as linguistic entities (speakers of Judeo-Persian, Judeo-Spanish, or Judeo-Arabic). Others describe them as transnational or diasporic populations (Sephardi, Hispano-Jewish, or simply Jewish), while still others divide them along the borders of empires or nation-states (Ottoman, Iraqi, Moroccan, Israeli).
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Byrne, Jeffrey James. "The Middle Eastern Cold War: Unique Dynamics in a Questionable Regional Framework." International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 2 (April 8, 2011): 320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743811000109.
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One of the more prominent themes to emerge from this roundtable is the desire to integrate the history of the modern Middle East with broader trends in international history, particularly with regard to the recent emphasis on “decentralizing” and “globalizing” the Cold War narrative. My own research interests are consistent with this approach, as one of the central concerns of my current project is to show how Algeria's revolutionary nationalists defied the regional categories imposed on them from the outside by pursuing overlapping diplomatic initiatives under the rubrics of Maghribi unity, African unity, Arab unity, Afro-Asianism, and Third Worldism. After independence in 1962, the Algerian foreign ministry's main geographical divisions differed significantly from those used by the U.S. State Department—and most history departments’ hiring committees—by dividing the world into “the West,” “the Socialist Countries,” “the Arab World,” “Africa,” and “Latin America/Asia.” These categories were the product of both practical considerations and ideological/identity politics on the part of Algeria's new leaders, and to my mind suggest that the “Middle East” may itself be a particularly arbitrary and misleading geographical framework, even in comparison to other parts of the developing world where European imperialism exerted a heavy cartographical influence.
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Batchelor, Daud AbdulFattah. "Malaysian Muslims Lead in Balancing Religious Observance and Social Development." ICR Journal 4, no. 3 (July 15, 2013): 440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v4i3.458.
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It has always been a big question: Which Muslims in what Muslim country are closer to achieving the ideal of Islamic wellbeing? Whose country is doing better at applying Islamic values? One response is a newly formulated rating index, the Islamic Index of Well-being (IIW), which suggests that Muslims in Malaysia lead the Muslim countries surveyed in Islamic well-being, just ahead of their Indonesian cousins. These two countries were clearly ahead globally in the group of 27 out of the 51 Muslim-majority countries for which full data was available to be assessed. Senegal, the Palestinian territories and Bangladesh came next, followed by other Middle-eastern countries, then the sub-Sahara African countries. Ex-communist bloc Muslim countries have the lowest indices, no doubt a consequence of the severe anti-religious policies formerly applied there, including widespread persecution. The results reflect a relative lag of Middle-eastern countries in this index, given that they are traditionally considered as the heart of the Muslim world.
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Lobban, Richard. "ENDRE STIANSEN AND MICHAEL KEVANE, ED., Kordofan Invaded: Peripheral Incorporation and Social Transformation in Islamic Africa (Boston: Brill, 1998). Pp. 319. $94 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 2 (May 2000): 290–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800002373.
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The history of Sudan still reflects the country's struggle to find its identity between Middle Eastern and African studies. Even within Sudan, there are spheres of interest ranging from the expanding ancient studies of Nubia to the protracted conflict between so-called Afro-Arab northerners and Nilotic southerners. Lost in these expanding domains are the histories of eastern Sudan and Kordofan to the west. Even the historiography of Sennar and Darfur is far better established than that of Kordofan. Thus, the very title of the book being reviewed suggests that Kordofan is an “invaded” and “peripheral” area on the edge of the Islamic and African worlds. Thus, this work is a welcome starting point in filling in this considerable gap in Sudan studies. Stiansen and Kevane have done noble service in this respect.
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Moussouni, Abdellatif. "Review on the genetic history of Algerians within North African populations from the HLA point of view." International Journal of Modern Anthropology 2, no. 13 (July 7, 2020): 140–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i13.6.
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This article aims to take stock of knowledge on the history of the human settlement of North Africa and the genetic history of Algerians within North African populations by gathering the most important published results related to HLA allele analysis. These results revealed a strong genetic relationship between studied North African populations (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia). Such evident genetic affinity between North African populations, also proved by the use of other powerful autosomal markers, agrees with historic data considering North African populations as having similar origins. HLA allele analysis also indicated a genetic link between North African populations (Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco) and the populations of the South-Western Europe particularly the Basques and Spaniards. This would reflect a Neolithic relationship between Iberians and the natives of North Africa (the Berbers). However, other results showed a genetic distinction between samples from North African populations and Middle Eastern populations (Arab-Palestinians, Lebanese’s and Jordanians). Beside these results related to Mediterranean populations, the HLA allele variation was analyzed at the world scale showing low genetic differentiations among the three broad continental areas, with no special divergence of Africa.
Keywords: Genetic diversity; Molecular Anthropology; Genetic History; HLA genes; North Africa; Algeria
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White, Donald. "Before the Greeks Came: A Survey of the Current Archaeological Evidence for the Pre-Greek Libyans." Libyan Studies 25 (January 1994): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026371890000621x.
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Since the late Sandro Stucchi organised the pioneering Urbino conference in 1981 (Stucchi and Luni 1987), the relations of the ancient Eastern Libyans with their northeastern African neighbors, whether Egyptian or Greek, have been the object of much discussion in print (Barker 1989, 31–43; Knapp 1981, 249–279; Leahy 1985, 51–65; O'Connor 1983, 271–278 and 1987, 35–37) as well as the focus of another international conference, this time organised by Anthony Leahy for the Society of Libyan Studies joined with the University of London's School of African Studies Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies (Leahy et al. 1990). The 1986 joint SOAS/Society for Libyan Studies conference concentrated on Libyan-Egyptian relations prior to the middle of the 8th century BC, which normally stand outside the immediate purview of classical archaeologists, even though the Urbino conference and the first Cambridge Colloquium organised by Joyce Reynolds in 1984 both included some discussion of the pre-Greek Libyans (Baldassarre 1987,17–24; Beltrami 1985,135–143; Tinè 1987,15–16). While this acceleration of interest would no doubt gratify Oric Bates (dead since 1918), it would also perhaps pique his curiosity even more to read that after so many years the third and second millenia BC Libyans still remain archaeologically largely undocumented (Knapp 1981, 258, 263–264; Leahy 1985, 52; O'Connor 1983, 271 and 1990, 45), especially since he himself had cause to believe that he had excavated their remains in the vicinity of Marsa Matruh (Bates 1915a, 201–207, 1915b, 158-165 and 1927, 137–140; Petrie 1915, 165–166 and 1920, 36).
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Cadinot, Dominique. "Becoming Part of Mainstream America or Asserting a New Muslim-Americanness: How American Muslims Negotiate their Identity in a post 9/11 Environment." American Studies in Scandinavia 50, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v50i1.5695.
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In 2005, historian David R. Roediger published the now-classic Working Toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White in which he recounts how immigrant minorities in the early 20th century secured their place in the “white race” in order to qualify as fully American and be treated with fairness and respect. Muslim immigrants from the Middle-East were no exception to the process described. However, becoming white was a particularly long and arduous journey which eventually led to the 1978 Office of Management Budget directive officially categorizing Middle-Eastern immigrants as white. But the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 sparked new alliances between the various ethnic groups that make up the US Muslim community: Arabs, African-Americans or South-East Asians from all walks of life have joined forces in resisting discrimination and bigotry. Thus, the question arises whether common cultural heritage or faith should be the main force shaping a new collective and visible identity. Also, such process entails a questioning of hierarchies based on socioeconomic status; compared to their African-American coreligionists, American citizens of Arab descent fare much better in terms of education and wealth. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of 9/11 on the way Arab-American Muslims and their community leaders re-define the boundaries of their collective identity and how they forge bonds of solidarity with indigenous Muslims. It seeks to address two related questions: How do Arab-American Muslims relate to the black-white dualist model or racial binary? What role does class identification play in structuring social relations between Arab and African-American Muslims? While I do not negate the fact that in the US race continues to play a fundamental role in structuring social relations, I argue that it is important to pay close attention to how socioeconomic status may condition the formulation of a group identity.
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Mhajne, Anwar, and Crystal Whetstone. "Navigating Area Studies: Insiders and Outsiders in Middle Eastern and North African, South Asian and Latin American Studies." AUC STUDIA TERRITORIALIA 22, no. 1 (November 23, 2022): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23363231.2022.8.
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In this collaborative article, we – Anwar Mhajne and Crystal Whetstone – investigate our positionalities in diverse area studies through a critical reflection on our experiences as political science graduate students conducting fieldwork for our dissertations. We work across different area studies – the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and South Asia and Latin America – mainly as an insider (Mhajne) or simply as an outsider (Whetstone). Taking an interpretive approach and using the method of autoethnography, we critically reflect on our different fieldwork experiences undertaken as political science graduate students, relying on postcolonialism to guide us. We ask: how can our fieldwork experiences complicate the structures of insider and outsider in relation to our situatedness in different regions of area studies? We engage with a decolonial feminist framework to help unpack these experiences and to imagine how our varied experiences disrupt the colonization processes embedded within area studies. We conclude by identifying eight ways to further decolonize area studies based on our fieldwork and other scholars’ work.
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Drysdale, Alasdair. "POPULATION DYNAMICS AND BIRTH SPACING IN OMAN." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 1 (January 14, 2010): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809990560.
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Rapid population growth constitutes one of the most critical problems confronting many Middle Eastern and North African countries, placing incremental pressure on their finite water and other natural resources and challenging their abilities to grow sufficient food, accommodate school and university graduates with jobs, build adequate urban and rural infrastructures, contain rapid urbanization, and alleviate poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, and disease. More than one-third of the population is under the age of fifteen in a majority of countries and, thus, has yet to marry and reach reproductive age. As a result, in most places the number of women of childbearing age (fifteen to forty-nine) will more than double in the next thirty years. Because there are so many young people, by one estimate the region's economies would have to generate half as many additional jobs by 2010 as existed in 1996 to avoid an increase in already high unemployment rates, particularly among young adults. The growing bulge of unemployed young people has serious political ramifications for many Middle Eastern regimes, from Algeria to Saudi Arabia. These problems will likely get worse in the short term because of demographic momentum—the parents of the future have already been born.
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Redhead, Grace. "‘A British Problem Affecting British People’: Sickle Cell Anaemia, Medical Activism and Race in the National Health Service, 1975–1993." Twentieth Century British History 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwab007.
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Abstract Recent historiography has explored a contradiction at the heart of the British welfare state—it was founded on and supported by migrant and non-white labour, whose own healthcare and broader welfare state entitlements were neglected. This article explores how this contradiction was exposed and challenged by some of the health service’s own workforce, who witnessed and contested racism in the National Health Service (NHS). This is discussed through the lens of the treatment of sickle cell anaemia (SCA), a genetic trait and disease more common in people of African, South Asian, Middle Eastern and Mediterranean descent, which has been highly racialized as affecting black people in particular. By pushing for improved responses to pain in sickle cell disease, and demonstrating the need for SCA screening in urban areas, healthcare professionals within the NHS—many of whom were black or migrant nurses, health visitors or doctors—articulated the status and entitlements of Black British citizenship.
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Katz, Michael B., Mark J. Stern, and Jamie J. Fader. "The Mexican Immigration Debate." Social Science History 31, no. 2 (2007): 157–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013717.
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This article uses census microdata to address key issues in the Mexican immigration debate. First, we find striking parallels in the experiences of older and newer immigrant groups with substantial progress among second- and subsequent-generation immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Mexican Americans. Second, we contradict a view of immigrant history that contends that early–twentieth–century immigrants from southern and eastern Europe found well–paying jobs in manufacturing that facilitated their ascent into the middle class. Both first and second generations remained predominantly working class until after World War II. Third, the erosion of the institutions that advanced earlier immigrant generations is harming the prospects of Mexican Americans. Fourth, the mobility experience of earlier immigrants and of Mexicans and Mexican Americans differed by gender, with a gender gap opening among Mexican Americans as women pioneered the path to white–collar and professional work. Fifth, public–sector and publicly funded employment has proved crucial to upward mobility, especially among women. The reliance on public employment, as contrasted to entrepreneurship, has been one factor setting the Mexican and African American experience apart from the economic history of most southern and eastern European groups as well as from the experiences of some other immigrant groups today.
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Pablo-Romero, María del P., Antonio Sánchez-Braza, and Mohammed Bouznit. "The Different Contribution of Productive Factors to Economic Growth in mena Countries." African and Asian Studies 15, no. 2-3 (November 4, 2016): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341360.
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The aim of this study is to analyse the extent to which different productive factors, and the relationships that exist between them, affect the economic growth of productivity in ten Middle Eastern and North African (mena) countries during the period 1990-2010. A translog production function is estimated by using panel data and the contribution of the factors to growth is calculated. The results show a positive effect of the physical and human capital on productivity and high complementarity relationships between them, both factors being essential in determining economic growth. However, the magnitude of their contribution varies substantially between the ten countries considered. Thus, the capitalisation of the economies and the improvement of the human capital seem to be key policy elements of economic growth in these countries. Nevertheless, a considerable part of the economic growth cannot be explained by these factors, particularly in Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia.
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Kehdy, Fernanda S. G., Mateus H. Gouveia, Moara Machado, Wagner C. S. Magalhães, Andrea R. Horimoto, Bernardo L. Horta, Rennan G. Moreira, et al. "Origin and dynamics of admixture in Brazilians and its effect on the pattern of deleterious mutations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 28 (June 29, 2015): 8696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504447112.
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While South Americans are underrepresented in human genomic diversity studies, Brazil has been a classical model for population genetics studies on admixture. We present the results of the EPIGEN Brazil Initiative, the most comprehensive up-to-date genomic analysis of any Latin-American population. A population-based genome-wide analysis of 6,487 individuals was performed in the context of worldwide genomic diversity to elucidate how ancestry, kinship, and inbreeding interact in three populations with different histories from the Northeast (African ancestry: 50%), Southeast, and South (both with European ancestry >70%) of Brazil. We showed that ancestry-positive assortative mating permeated Brazilian history. We traced European ancestry in the Southeast/South to a wider European/Middle Eastern region with respect to the Northeast, where ancestry seems restricted to Iberia. By developing an approximate Bayesian computation framework, we infer more recent European immigration to the Southeast/South than to the Northeast. Also, the observed low Native-American ancestry (6–8%) was mostly introduced in different regions of Brazil soon after the European Conquest. We broadened our understanding of the African diaspora, the major destination of which was Brazil, by revealing that Brazilians display two within-Africa ancestry components: one associated with non-Bantu/western Africans (more evident in the Northeast and African Americans) and one associated with Bantu/eastern Africans (more present in the Southeast/South). Furthermore, the whole-genome analysis of 30 individuals (42-fold deep coverage) shows that continental admixture rather than local post-Columbian history is the main and complex determinant of the individual amount of deleterious genotypes.
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Dakhli, Leyla, and Vincent Bonnecase. "Introduction: Interpreting the Global Economy through Local Anger." International Review of Social History 66, S29 (March 16, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000092.
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AbstractDuring the 1980s and 1990s, violent events occurred in the streets of many African and Middle Eastern countries. Each event had its own logic and saw the intervention of actors with differing profiles. What they had in common was that they all took place in the context of the implementation of a neoliberal political economy. The anger these policies aroused was first expressed by people who were not necessarily rebelling against the adjustments themselves, or against the underlying ideologies or the institutions that imposed them, but rather against their practical manifestations in everyday life. This special issue invites reflections on these revolts and what they teach us about the neoliberal turn in Africa and the Middle East.The echoes between the present and the recent past are as important for the genesis of this work as they are for those that read it. They must not prevent us from investigating the specifics of these uprisings, with a particular emphasis on the intersection between a global political economy and local challenges, while understanding them through their particular circumstances. This issue aims to stimulate a more general reflection on popular feelings and social responses in the face of neoliberalism.
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GERNER, DEBORAH J. "HILLEL FRISCHCountdown to Statehood: Palestinian State Formation in the West Bank and Gaza, SUNY Series in Israeli Studies (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998). Pp. 234. $59.50 cloth, $19.95 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 2 (May 2001): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801412062.
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One of the central political challenges facing numerous African, Asian, and Middle Eastern countries over the past half-century has been how best to maneuver successfully through the related, but not necessarily parallel, processes of creating and articulating a national identity, achieving independence from colonial rule, and developing predictable and legitimate institutions of governance (that is, state formation). How a national community elects to approach these formidable tasks is influenced by a plethora of factors, including the constraints and opportunities represented by the international and regional environment and the attributes of key leaders. Understanding this phenomenon is not simply an academic exercise, as the strategies pursued may have a significant impact on the shape the eventual state takes.
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Stein, Leslie. "Challenges to the Cohesion of the Arab State. Edited by Asher Susser. (Tel Aviv, Israel: The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 2008. Pp. 264. $37.95.)." Historian 73, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2010.00288_5.x.
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Keding, Birgit. "Middle Holocene Fisher-Hunter-Gatherers of Lake Turkana in Kenya and Their Cultural Connections with the North: The Pottery." Journal of African Archaeology 15, no. 1 (December 7, 2017): 42–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-12340003.
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AbstractDuring the Early and Middle Holocene, large areas of today’s arid regions in North and East Africa were populated by fisher-hunter-gatherer communities who heavily relied on aquatic resources. In North Africa, Wavy Line pottery and harpoons are their most salient diagnostic features. Similar finds have also been made at sites in Kenya’s Lake Turkana region in East Africa but a clear classification of the pottery was previously not available. In order to elucidate the cultural connections between Lake Turkana’s first potters and North African groups, the pottery of the Koobi Fora region that was excavated by John Barthelme in the 1970/80s was re-assessed in detail. It was compared and contrasted – on a regional scale – with pottery from Lowasera and sites near Lothagam (Zu4, Zu6) and – on a supra-regional scale – with the pottery of the Central Nile Valley and eastern Sahara. The analyses reveal some significant points: Firstly, the early fisher pottery of Lake Turkana is clearly typologically affiliated with the Early Khartoum pottery and was thus part of the Wavy Line complex. Secondly, certain typological features of the Turkana assemblages, which include only a few Dotted Wavy Line patterns, tentatively hint to a date at least in the 7th millennium bp or earlier. Thirdly, the pottery features suggest that the East African fisher-hunter-gatherers adopted pottery from Northeast Africa.
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Hadid, Vicky, and Michael Haim Dahan. "A Case of Chronic Abdominal Neuropathic Pain and Burning after Female Genital Cutting." Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/906309.
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Introduction. Female genital cutting is prevalent in the Middle Eastern and African countries. This ritual entails not only immediate complications such as infection, pain, and haemorrhage, but also chronic ones including dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia. However, there is limited data on neuropathic pain secondary to female genital mutilation when searching the literature.Case. This case discusses a 38-year-old female with a history of infibulation who presented with a chronic burning abdominal and anterior vulvar pain including the related investigations and treatment.Discussion. This case brings to light the additional delayed complication of this ritual: sensory neuropathy. Our goal is to educate health professionals to be aware of these complications and to appropriately investigate and treat them in order to find a solution to relieve the patients’ symptoms.
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Gammer, Moshe. "Separatism in the Northern Caucasus." Caucasus Survey 1, no. 2 (September 22, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23761202-00102003.
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Editors’ note: We publish here posthumously one of the last unpublished articles by the great historian of the Caucasus, Moshe Gammer (1950-2013). Professor in the Department of Middle Eastern and African History at Tel Aviv University, Gammer specialized in the history of Muslim resistance to Russian rule in the Northern Caucasus, to which subject his best-known works, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan and The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule, were dedicated. The current article was originally written in 2010 for submission to Europe-Asia Studies, but could not be completed for health reasons. The text has been left unabridged, and the author’s original preferences in terminology and toponymic spellings have been retained. The editors thank Ruth Frankl-Gammer and Dr Chen Bram for their kind assistance in publishing this article.
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Khoshneviss, Hadi. "A home to which I don’t belong: geopolitics, colonialism and whiteness in the experience of Middle Eastern and North African citizens in the United States." Postcolonial Studies 22, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 506–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2019.1690233.
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Shannon, Jonathan H. "Introduction." International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, no. 4 (October 12, 2012): 775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812000864.
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Scholars of the Middle East and North Africa in all disciplines can learn much about their favored topics of interest through the study of music and related cultural practices. However, professional and often personal limitations have precluded awareness of the rich potential that music offers for analyses of Middle Eastern and North African societies. Typically music and the performing arts have been the purview of specialists in ethnomusicology, anthropology of music, and performance studies. Music and other sonic phenomena have been routinely marginalized if not ignored by scholars in Middle East studies, who, to a surprising extent, have reproduced conservative Muslim opinion regarding music by leaving it out of their analyses. Even the majority of ethnographic texts on the region depict Middle Easterners as living in near silence. When scholars have explored the ways in which music and expressive culture might shed light on their areas of expertise, they have tended to apply the conceptual tools of their home disciplines to the study of music: hence we have the sociology and anthropology of music, the history and politics of music and performance, and so on. Music in these studies remains a (usually passive) expression of more fundamental forces, reproducing the marginal position that music, and the arts in general, typically enjoy in Western societies—at best serving as an analytic tool but too seldom understood as an agent itself.
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Almuneef, Maha, Ziad A. Memish, Mostafa F. Abbas, and Hanan H. Balkhy. "Screening Healthcare Workers for Varicella-Zoster Virus: Can We Trust the History?" Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 25, no. 7 (July 2004): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502445.
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AbstractObjective:To determine the relationship between immunity and a history of chickenpox based on a self-administered questionnaire.Methods:We investigated immunity to varicella-zoster virus in a cohort of newly recruited employees with different job categories and different nationalities using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IgG.Results:There were 1,058 new recruits. Of these, 890 (84%) were immune and 168 (16%) were susceptible. The susceptibility rate was 23% (n = 77) for Asian, 15% (n = 14) for South African, 13% (n = 66) for Middle Eastern, and 9% (n = 11) for Western employees. Physicians were more likely to be immune (93%) than were nurses (85%), medical technicians (75%), or administrative clerks (84%). Seropositivity was not affected by age or gender. The positive predictive value of a history of chickenpox for the seropositivity was 89% (511 of 574); the negative predictive value was 22% (105 of 484). History of chickenpox had a sensitivity of 57% (511 of 890) and a specificity of 63% (105 of 168).Conclusions:The varicella-zoster virus seroprevalence among new employees was low, posing an important risk to existing employees and patients. Positive or negative history of chickenpox was an unreliable indicator of susceptibility among healthcare workers of different nationalities. Serologic screening of all employees and vaccination of those susceptible was recommended.
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Samy El Gendy, Nehal M., and Ahmed A. Abdel-Kader. "Prevalence of Selected Eye Diseases Using Data Harvested from Ophthalmic Checkup Examination of a Cohort of Two Thousand Middle Eastern and North African Subjects." Journal of Ophthalmology 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8049475.
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Purpose. To highlight the prevalence of selected ophthalmic diseases accidentally discovered at first-time screening of a large sample of patients from the Middle East and North Africa visiting a large referral university hospital checkup unit based in Cairo. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional study of two thousand and thirteen subjects coming for routine ophthalmic medical checkups from different Middle East countries (mainly Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen). Patients were evaluated for prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, cataract, and amblyopia. Patients’ demographic data and medical history were collected. Complete ophthalmic examination was performed. Investigations were done when needed to confirm suspected conditions. Results. The study included 1149 males and 864 females. 652 Sudanese patients, 568 Yemeni patients, 713 Egyptian patients, and 63 patients from different Gulf and North African countries like Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Libya, and Jordan. Sudanese patients showed a higher percentage of glaucoma (13.3%) and ocular hypertension (8.3%). Yemeni patients showed the highest prevalence of amblyopia (6.7%), diabetic retinopathy (8.6%), and cataract (4.2%). The group of relatively higher economic classification seemed to show fewer prevalences of these ophthalmic conditions. Yemeni patients tended to have a high percentage of persistent myelinated nerve fibers. Conclusion. Different ophthalmic conditions were discovered for the first time at the general checkup clinic. Certain conditions were more common than others in certain countries. The lack of regular checkups and the unavailability of medical services due to low to moderate socioeconomic status as well as political turbulence may account for the delay in initial diagnosis of many treatable conditions.
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Gros-Balthazard, Muriel, Khaled Hazzouri, and Jonathan Flowers. "Genomic Insights into Date Palm Origins." Genes 9, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9100502.
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With the development of next-generation sequencing technology, the amount of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) genomic data has grown rapidly and yielded new insights into this species and its origins. Here, we review advances in understanding of the evolutionary history of the date palm, with a particular emphasis on what has been learned from the analysis of genomic data. We first record current genomic resources available for date palm including genome assemblies and resequencing data. We discuss new insights into its domestication and diversification history based on these improved genomic resources. We further report recent discoveries such as the existence of wild ancestral populations in remote locations of Oman and high differentiation between African and Middle Eastern populations. While genomic data are consistent with the view that domestication took place in the Gulf region, they suggest that the process was more complex involving multiple gene pools and possibly a secondary domestication. Many questions remain unanswered, especially regarding the genetic architecture of domestication and diversification. We provide a road map to future studies that will further clarify the domestication history of this iconic crop.
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Fattah, Hala. "ALEXEI VASSILIEV, The History of Saudi Arabia (London: Saqi Press, 1998). Pp. 482. $69.95 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 1 (February 2000): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800002270.
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This is the most complete and perhaps the best treatment of the origins and development of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia yet to appear in the English language. No serious library can afford to pass it up. The author is a Russian scholar who was Middle East correspondent for Pravda for many years, as well as the director of the Institute for African Studies and member of the Russian Foreign Ministry's advisory group. His knowledge of languages is used to great advantage in the book, and his bibliography of Arabic, Turkish, Russian, English, and French works is an impressive contribution to the history of the Arabian Peninsula. Rare indeed is the scholor who has read, let alone been able to retrieve, the number of valuable local histories that Vassiliev has used for the book. Despite its overwhelming attention to detail, his history is written in a fluid and accessible style, holding the reader's attention till the last. The narrative never flags, even when the author reconstructs the minutiae of the almost daily battles between the armies of central, eastern, and western Arabia in great and absorbing detail. In fact, some sections make for riveting reading, especially those in the latter part of the book, when Ibn Saud faces off against the Ikhwan or browbeats both the internal and external opposition to create his own imprint on the Arabian Peninsula.
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Pinto, Hugo, Will Archer, David Witelson, Rae Regensberg, Stephanie Edwards Baker, Rethabile Mokhachane, Joseph Ralimpe, et al. "The Matatiele Archaeology and Rock Art (MARA) Program Excavations: The Archaeology of Mafusing 1 Rock Shelter, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Journal of African Archaeology 16, no. 2 (November 27, 2018): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-20180009.
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AbstractThe rock shelter Mafusing 1 was excavated in 2011 as part of the Matatiele Archaeology and Rock Art orMARAresearch programme initiated in the same year. This programme endeavours to redress the much-neglected history of this region of South Africa, which until 1994 formed part of the wider ‘Transkei’ apartheid homeland. Derricourt’s 1977Prehistoric Man in the Ciskei and Transkeiconstituted the last archaeological survey in this area. However, the coverage for the Matatiele region was limited, and relied largely on van Riet Lowe’s site list of the 1930s. Thus far, theMARAprogramme has documented more than 200 rock art sites in systematic survey and has excavated two shelters – Mafusing 1 (MAF1) and Gladstone 1 (forthcoming). Here we present analyses of the excavated material from theMAF1 site, which illustrates the archaeological component of the wider historical and heritage-related programme focus. Our main findings atMAF1 to date include a continuous, well stratified cultural sequence dating from the middle Holocene up to 2400 cal.BP. Ages obtained from these deposits are suggestive of hunter-gatherer occupation pulses atMAF1, with possible abandonment of the site over the course of two millennia in the middle Holocene. After a major roof collapse altered the morphology of the shelter, there was a significant change in the character of occupation atMAF1, reflected in both the artefact assemblage composition and the construction of a rectilinear structure within the shelter sometime after 2400 cal.BP. The presence of a lithic artefact assemblage from this latter phase of occupation atMAF1 confirms the continued use of the site by hunter-gatherers, while the presence of pottery and in particular the construction of a putative rectilinear dwelling and associated animal enclosure points to occupation of the shelter by agropastoralists. Rock art evidence shows distinct phases, the latter of which may point to religious practices involving rain-serpents and rainmaking possibly performed, in part, for an African farmer audience. This brings into focus a central aim of theMARAprogramme: to research the archaeology of contact between hunter-gatherer and agropastoralist groups.
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BOULBY, MARION. "MEIR HATINA, Islam and Salvation in Palestine, Dayan Center Papers, no. 127 (Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 2001). Pp. 186. $14.95 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 35, no. 1 (February 2003): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743803380079.
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Freedgood, Elaine. "Literary Debt." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 5 (October 2016): 1480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1480.
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Postcolonial Publishing and Indigenous Publishing, like Hegel's Africa, are Often Imagined to be Without a History. Indeed, in A Companion to the History of the Book, published by Wiley Blackwell in 2009 and heralded by Adrian Johns as particularly exemplary in that the editors “take the term book in a broad sense to include not only codex volumes and scrolls, but also periodicals, ephemera, and even ancient Babylonian clay tablets” (Review of Companion 782), no region of the global South gets a chapter to itself, and Africa gets only two entries in the index: in a one-sentence remark about Middle Eastern and North African Islamic book production before 1100 and in a parenthetical reference to slavery in a chapter on libraries that mentions colonization. Johns himself has written a huge work on “the book”—that is, about early modern Britain (Nature). In David Finkelstein and Alistair MacCleery's recently reprinted An Introduction to Book History, “the book” is unapologetically introduced as a Western form: the introduction makes it clear that the topic of the volume is overwhelmingly “Western European traditions of social communication through writing …” (30). The definite article is fearless in book history and occludes the history and travels of the book elsewhere, reinstalling it, time after time, in the North Atlantic regions that seem to be its natural habitat.
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De Vries, Daniel H., and James C. Fraser. "Historical waterscape trajectories that need care: the unwanted refurbished flood homes of Kinston's devolved disaster mitigation program." Journal of Political Ecology 24, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20976.
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Abstract In 1999 Hurricane Floyd pummeled the eastern portion of North Carolina (NC, U.S.A.), and in its wake many localities participated in federal home acquisition-relocation programs in flood-prone areas, with shared and devolved governance. This article reports on one such program that was conducted in the City of Kinston, where a historical African-American neighborhood called Lincoln City was badly flooded by water containing raw sewage from a compromised wastewater treatment plant upstream. Afterwards, some of the acquired homes were relocated to an adjacent area populated by middle-class, African-American families. The article explores to what extent political devolution of flood mitigation disempowered residents to deal with this crisis in their waterscape. Combining a framework from medical anthropology regarding the logics of choice and care with historical political ecology, it illustrates how devolved government policy led to a continuation of the waterscape's discriminatory history after the buyout program, with no recourse for local citizens as the program worked through a logic of choice that demarcated responsibilities. Understanding this case requires a historically informed assessment of social impact, in which the chosen flood mitigation measures are critically assessed using tools from historically-informed political ecology, leading to a longerterm logic of care where needed. Keywords: Devolution, flooding, path-dependency, waterscape, buyout, mitigation, care, choice
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Pierron, Denis, Margit Heiske, Harilanto Razafindrazaka, Ignace Rakoto, Nelly Rabetokotany, Bodo Ravololomanga, Lucien M. A. Rakotozafy, et al. "Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 32 (July 17, 2017): E6498—E6506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704906114.
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Although situated ∼400 km from the east coast of Africa, Madagascar exhibits cultural, linguistic, and genetic traits from both Southeast Asia and Eastern Africa. The settlement history remains contentious; we therefore used a grid-based approach to sample at high resolution the genomic diversity (including maternal lineages, paternal lineages, and genome-wide data) across 257 villages and 2,704 Malagasy individuals. We find a common Bantu and Austronesian descent for all Malagasy individuals with a limited paternal contribution from Europe and the Middle East. Admixture and demographic growth happened recently, suggesting a rapid settlement of Madagascar during the last millennium. However, the distribution of African and Asian ancestry across the island reveals that the admixture was sex biased and happened heterogeneously across Madagascar, suggesting independent colonization of Madagascar from Africa and Asia rather than settlement by an already admixed population. In addition, there are geographic influences on the present genomic diversity, independent of the admixture, showing that a few centuries is sufficient to produce detectable genetic structure in human populations.
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Bokhari, Kamran A. "The 36th Annual Meeting of the Middle East Studies Association of North America." American Journal of Islam and Society 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v20i1.1889.
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The 36th annual meeting of the Middle East Studies Association of NorthAmerica (MESA), was held at the Wardman Park Hotel, Washington, DC,November 23-26, 2002. This conference, possibly the largest gathering ofscholars and students of the Middle East, took place in an atmosphere saturatedby 9/11 and Washington’s plans for an all-out war against Iraq, aswell as considerable right-wing and pro-Zionist pressure applied by suchmembers of the epistemic community of scholars, journalists, and policyanalysts as Daniel Pipes (the Middle East Forum) and Martin Kramer, aone-time director and currently a senior research fellow at Tel AvivUniversity’s Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies.Both are behind Campus Watch (http://www.campus-watch.org), whichmonitors academic discourse that opposes American foreign policy towardthe Muslim world and its one-sided support for Israel, and which maintainson its website a list of “un-American” academicians and apologists for“militant Islam” and rogue regimes.November 23, the first day, was reserved for the business meetings ofall groups having an institutional affiliation with MESA. The panels, presentedas parallel sessions, began on Sunday at 8:30 a.m. Also featured wasa presidential address by the outgoing president, a plenary session, a bookexhibition, an art gallery, and a film fest. MESA organizers reported that1,900 people attended the 156-panel event, along with 80 exhibitions.The first session featured panels on popular culture and identity in theMaghreb, women and development, issues in contemporary Iran, intellectualsand ideas in the making of the Turkish Republic, history of the Ottomanborderlands, legitimation of authority in early period of Islam, comparativeperceptions of the “other” in Israeli and Palestinian textbooks, comparativeanalysis of political Islam, religious conversion and identity, and the Arabicqasidah. There was also a roundtable discussion on water issues and a thematicconversation on 9/11 and the Muslim public sphere. In the following ...
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Tarantino, Marta. "A Systematization of Gender Studies in and on the Middle East: Challenges and New Perspectives of Social Theory." Studi Magrebini 20, no. 1 (July 20, 2022): 80–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2590034x-20220067.
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Abstract The International Women’s Year of 1975 promoted by United Nations represents a moment of realization on the urgency to address gender equality globally and to include in the discussions all those countries of Global South that for decades had been marginalized and declassified to a “third world” position with respect to the alleged advanced West. Taking this moment as focal point of discussion, the present article aims at pinpointing mark roundings and crucial events for the history and development of gender studies in and on the Middle East, in particular by taking into account the scientific and fictional literature production of feminists and women studies in the Middle Eastern and North African region. Starting from a deep insight on the issues connecting the Western born suffragist movement to the instances promoted by first feminists in the MENA, the systematization here proposed traces a line from late 19th century until today, with the aim of individuating common grounds, transnational challenges and shifts in civil society requests as well as of understanding how all these elements affected and steered the following production both in and out the academic background. Finally, starting from recent disciplines of men, queer and LGBTQ+ studies and their presence as engaging objects of investigation within the region, contemporary pathways undertaken by scholars, activists and artists, both locally and globally, will be employed as theoretical background to grasp and dissect modern transformations occurring to private and public gender relationships in the Arab-Muslim context.
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Patel, Harish, Kishore Kumar, Rajesh Kumar Essrani, Masooma Niazi, Jasbir Makker, and Suresh Kumar Nayudu. "Acute Hepatitis in a Yemeni Immigrant Associated with Khat: A “Biological Amphetamine” Carried in Cultures." Clinics and Practice 11, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract11010023.
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Viral infections, alcohol, hepatic steatosis, autoimmunity medications and herbal supplements are common etiologies of hepatitis. Khat (Catha Edulis) is a commonly used recreational substance in East African and Middle Eastern countries. Khat has been reported in the literature to be associated with hepatotoxicity, which can present in several forms, including chronic liver disease. The possible pathogenesis of liver injury could be secondary to biochemical components of Khat itself or additives such as pesticides or preservatives. An autoimmune mechanism of liver injury has also been postulated, supported by sparse evidence. We present a case of a Yemeni immigrant with acute hepatitis whose fear about social norms and breaching confidentiality made it challenging to identify Khat as being the underlying cause. A 34-year-old man from Yemen presented with right upper quadrant pain of one day duration. He had predominantly elevated transaminases with mild elevation in bilirubin. His investigations were negative for the viral, metabolic or biliary etiology. A persistent focus on clinical history and the well-established physician–patient relationship revealed a history of Khat use. The liver biopsy finding of lobular hepatitis was compatible with drug-induced liver injury and established the finding of Khat hepatotoxicity. Subsequently, the patient improved with conservative management.
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West, Robert, and Jürgen Pfeffer. "Armed Conflicts in Online News: A Multilingual Study." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 11, no. 1 (May 3, 2017): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v11i1.14889.
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Wars and conflicts have constituted major events throughout history. Despite their importance, the general public typically learns about such events only indirectly, through the lens of news media, which necessarily select and distort events before relaying them to readers. Quantifying these processes is important, as they are fundamental to how we see the world, but the task is difficult, as it requires working with large and representative datasets of unstructured news text in many languages. To address these issues, we propose a set of unsupervised methods for compiling and analyzing a multilingual corpus of millions of online news documents about armed conflicts. We then apply our methods to answer a number of research questions: First, how widely are armed conflicts covered by online news media in various languages, and how does this change as conflicts progress? Second, what role does the level of violence of a conflict play? And third, how well informed is a reader when following a limited number of online news sources? We find that coverage levels are different across conflicts, but similar across languages for a given conflict; that Middle Eastern conflicts receive more attention than African conflicts, even when controlling for the level of violence; and that for most languages and conflicts, following very few sources is enough to stay continuously informed. Finally, given the prominence of conflicts in the Middle East, we further analyze them in a detailed case study.
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Kabha, Mustafa, and Haggai Erlich. "AL-AHBASH AND WAHHABIYYA: INTERPRETATIONS OF ISLAM." International Journal of Middle East Studies 38, no. 4 (October 25, 2006): 519–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743806412459.
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Islam is a universal religion and culture. Scholars who tend to focus on Islam in specific societies may overlook connections that, over the centuries, were important in shaping various Islamic intercultural dialogs. One case in point is the role of Ethiopia in the history of Islam. Although situated next door to the cradle of Islam, Ethiopia conveniently has been perceived by many Western historians of the Arab Middle East as an African “Christian island,” and as largely irrelevant. In practice, however, the Christian-dominated empire has remained meaningful to all Muslims from Islam's inception. It has also been the home of Islamic communities that maintained constant contact with the Middle East. Indeed, one of the side aspects of the resurgence of political Islam since the 1970s is the emergence in Lebanon of the “The Association of Islamic Philanthropic Projects” (Jamעiyyat al-Mashariע al-Khayriyya al-Islamiyya), better known as “The Ethiopians,” al-Ahbash. Its leader came to Beirut from Ethiopia with a rather flexible interpretation of Islam, which revolved around political coexistence with Christians. Al-Ahbash of Lebanon expanded to become arguably the leading factor in the local Sunni community. They opened branches on all continents and spread their interpretation of Islam to many Islamic as well as non-Islamic countries. This article is an attempt to relate some of the Middle Eastern–Ethiopian Islamic history as the background to an analysis of a significant issue on today's all-Islamic agenda. It aims to present the Ahbash history, beliefs, and rivalry with the Wahhabiyya beginning in the mid-1980s. It does so by addressing conceptual, political, and theological aspects, which had been developed against the background of Ethiopia as a land of Islamic–Christian dialogue, and their collision with respective aspects developed in the Wahhabi kingdom of the Saudis. The contemporary inner-Islamic, Ahbash-Wahhabiyya conceptual rivalry turned in the 1990s into a verbal war conducted in traditional ways, as well as by means of modern channels of Internet exchanges and polemics. Their debate goes to the heart of Islam's major dilemmas as it attracts attention and draws active participation from all over the world.
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Resnicow, Ken, Minal Patel, Molly Green, Alyssa Smith, Elizabeth Bacon, Stefanie Goodell, Dylan Kilby, et al. "The Association of Unfairness with Mental and Physical Health in a Multiethnic Sample of Adults: Cross-sectional Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): e26622. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26622.
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Background Two psychosocial constructs that have shown consistent associations with negative health outcomes are discrimination and perceived unfairness. Objective The current analyses report the effects of discrimination and unfairness on medical, psychological, and behavioral outcomes from a recent cross-sectional survey conducted in a multiethnic sample of adults in Michigan. Methods A cross-section survey was collected using multiple approaches: community settings, telephone-listed sample, and online panel. Unfairness was assessed with a single-item previously used in the Whitehall study, and everyday discrimination was assessed with the Williams 9-item scale. Outcomes included mental health symptoms, past-month cigarette use, past-month alcohol use, past-month marijuana use, lifetime pain medication use, and self-reported medical history. Results A total of 2238 usable surveys were collected. In bivariate analyses, higher unfairness values were significantly associated with lower educational attainment, lower age, lower household income, and being unmarried. The highest unfairness values were observed for African American and multiracial respondents followed by Middle Eastern or North African participants. Unfairness was significantly related to worse mental health functioning, net adjustment for sociodemographic variables, and everyday discrimination. Unfairness was also related to self-reported history of depression and high blood pressure although, after including everyday discrimination in the model, only the association with depression remained significant. Unfairness was significantly related to 30-day marijuana use, 30-day cigarette use, and lifetime opiate use. Conclusions Our findings of a generally harmful effect of perceived unfairness on health are consistent with prior studies. Perceived unfairness may be one of the psychological pathways through which discrimination negatively impacts health. Future studies examining the relationships we observed using longitudinal data and including more objective measures of behavior and health status are needed to confirm and extend our findings.
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Last, Murray. "Rural and Urban Islam in West Africa (special issue of Asian & African Studies: Journal of the Israel Oriental Society: vol. 20, no. 1, 031986). Edited by Nehemia Levtzion and Humphrey J. Fisher. Haifa: Institute of Middle Eastern Studies, 1986. Pp. 177. $15.00." Journal of African History 28, no. 3 (November 1987): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700030425.
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