Journal articles on the topic '20th Amendment'
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Raghuvanshi, Vijay Pratap, and Shiv Pratap Raghuvanshi. "Biomedical waste management rule and changes in the policy." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 4289. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20222927.
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The amount of biomedical waste being generated in our country is increasing day by day. Biomedical waste if not handled properly can pollute the environment and can spread many harmful diseases. Health care workers in our country are still not fully aware about proper BMW handling and disposal, despite increasing global awareness on it. Biomedical waste management rules was first implemented in India on 20th July, 1998. Thereafter, the rules have undergone amendments in years 2003, 2011 and 2016. Latest biomedical waste management rules, 2016 and (amendment) rules, 2018, were simplification of BWM disposal as compared to 2018 rules. The objective of this study was to understand the difference and compare key points to be known by all health care workers and also clarification and inclusions in the rules.
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Muszyńska, Anna. "Remarks against selected solutions implemented by the amendment to the Penal Code of 20 February 2015." Nowa Kodyfikacja Prawa Karnego 42 (June 28, 2017): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-5065.42.6.
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The author presents questions related to the change of legal regulations concerning the selected criminal and security measures. She emphasizes inconsistencies relating to changes in the scope of the obligation to compensate damages, exemplary, forfeiture, protective measures, including addiction treatment. The author welcomes the changes resulting from the amendment of 20th February 2015, but considering the possibility of further changes that lead to more rational normative solutions.
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Horák, Ondřej. "Od „posledního“ k „nejbližšímu“ dědici? K vývoji postavení manželky v česko-rakouském a československém dědickém právu." PRÁVNĚHISTORICKÉ STUDIE 52, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/2464689x.2022.38.
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The paper deals with the changes in the position of the wife in law of succession (both as an intestate heir and as a person entitled to the forced share) in the Czech lands from the middle of the 18th century to the present day, and also with discussions about the adjustment of her inheritance-legal position in Czech-Austrian jurisprudence at the beginning of the 20th century (during the recodification of ABGB) and in the 1920s (in connection with the interwar recodification). The evolution of law of succession in the Czech-Austrian area and in the European context is characterized by the strengthening of the position of spouses; in the domestic regulation of law of succession as a whole and especially in the intestate succession, we can see a shift from “consanguinity” to consideration of “needs” and “merit”. In the Czech lands, however, there is a different approach in the intestate law, where the position of the wife was gradually strengthened (the turning point was in particular the 1st sub-amendment of the ABGB in 1914, inspired by the German BGB in 1896), and when regarding the forced share, where her position (unlike in Austria) has not yet been improved (despite repeated efforts at the beginning of the 19th century during the finalization of the ABGB, at the beginning of the 20th century during the preparation of the amendment of the ABGB, in the 20s of the 20th century in connection with the interwar recodification, and at the beginning of the 21st century during the preparation of the 2012 Civil Code).
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Yoo, Jae-il. "Debates over Constitutional Amendment in the 20th National Assembly: Issues and Discussion Process for Local Decentralization." Journal of Political Science & Communication 22, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 361–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15617/psc.2019.10.31.3.361.
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Delay, Cara. "Wrong for womankind and the nation: Anti-abortion discourses in 20th-century Ireland." Journal of Modern European History 17, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894419854660.
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This article asks how anti-abortion discourses and dialogues engaged with ideas about motherhood, national identity, and women’s reproductive decision-making in 20th-century Ireland, particularly from 1967, when abortion was decriminalized in Britain, to 1983, when Ireland’s Eighth Amendment became the law of the land. It assesses the ways in which ‘pro-life’ advocates rejected the notion that women were independent adults capable of reproductive decision-making. Indeed, throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, anti-choice activists defined all Irish women as innately innocent, moral, and naturally desirous of domesticity and motherhood. Abortion, they argued, was encouraged, coerced, and even forced by outsiders or ‘others’. The arguments of some anti-abortion activists utilized meaningful themes in Ireland’s colonial and nationalist history, including the historical notion of Irish sacrificial motherhood, the depiction of Irish women as young and vulnerable, and the explanation of abortion as foreign, anti-Irish, and reminiscent of British colonial repression.
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Cobb-Reiley, Linda. "Not an Empty Box with Beautiful Words on It: The First Amendment in Progressive Era Scholarship." Journalism Quarterly 69, no. 1 (March 1992): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909206900105.
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Although most First Amendment histories focus on the colonial period or on the suppression of expression during World War I (and the controversies that emerged from the war period), the Progressive Era from 1900 to 1914—a time rich with dissent, violence, censorship and suppression—produced the first significant body of legal literature dealing with the meaning of free speech and press in theoretical terms. This study examines that literature and suggests that early 20th-century legal scholars gave new interpretations to the constitutional free press and speech guarantees and, in fact, the era was an important turning point in the evolution of our free press and free speech values.
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Tucker, James J. "THE ROLE OF STOCK DIVIDENDS IN DEFINING INCOME, DEVELOPING CAPITAL MARKET RESEARCH AND EXPLORING THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF ACCOUNTING POLICY DECISIONS." Accounting Historians Journal 12, no. 2 (September 1, 1985): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.12.2.73.
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Allegations that stock dividends serve as a vehicle for deceptive financing, evasion of taxes, misleading financial reporting, and stock market manipulation resulted in legislation that prohibited their use in the United States in the latter part of the 19th century. In the 20th century, efforts of the Supreme Court to determine the economic substance and taxability of stock dividends catalyzed a pioneering effort by the Court to define income within the 16th Amendment. As early as 1930 market reactions to stock dividends were investigated; this may have been one of the earliest forms of capital market research. This paper examines the effects of stock dividends on the development of accounting.
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황현영. "The Progress in Discussion and Issues on Amendment of Commercial Law proposed at the 20th National Assembly." Korean Journal of Securities Law 18, no. 3 (December 2017): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17785/kjsl.2017.18.3.1.
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Barney, Douglas K., and Tonya K. Flesher. "A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS ON MAJOR TAX REFORM: AGRICULTURE AND THE 1913 INCOME TAX LAW." Accounting Historians Journal 35, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 71–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.35.2.71.
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Farmers have benefited from unique tax treatment since the beginning of the income tax law. This paper explores agricultural influences on the passage of the income tax in 1913, using both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results show that agricultural interests were influential in the development and passage of tax/tariff laws. The percentage of congressmen with agricultural ties explains the strong affection for agriculture. Discussion in congressional debates and in agricultural journals was passionate and patriotic in support of equity for farmers. The quantitative analysis reveals that the percentage farm population was a significant predictor of passage of the 16th Amendment by the states and of adoption of state income taxes in the 20th century.
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Ravna, Øyvind. "The Fulfilment of Norway’s International Legal Obligations to the Sámi – Assessed by the Protection of Rights to Lands, Waters and Natural Resources." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 21, no. 3 (August 19, 2014): 297–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02103001.
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During the two last decades of the 20th century, Norway has undertaken several commitments pursuant to international law that protect Sámi lands, culture, language and way of life. Norway’s 1988 constitutional amendment framed after the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) Article 27 and the ratification of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention no. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries in 1990 are the most prominent of these. The adoption of the 1999 Norwegian Human Rights Act incorporating the ICCPR as internal Norwegian law should also be mentioned. This article examines how Norway complies with the international legal obligations the country has undertaken to protect the indigenous Sámi culture, in relation to land-based renewal resources, marine resources, and mineral resources.
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Klaus Júnior, Cláudio Antônio, Rosana Claudio Silva Ogoshi, and Anderson Antônio Mattos Martins. "THE RIGHT TO WATER, SOCIAL RIGHTS AND THE BRAZILIAN CONSTITUTION." Ponto de Vista Jurídico 13, no. 1 (January 18, 2024): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.33362/juridico.v13i1.3393.
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This study provides a comprehensive exploration of the Right to Water, encompassing its historical significance, international perspectives, and potential constitutional integration. Water's pivotal role in human civilization, geopolitical advantages, and hydropolitical organization are scrutinized. Several nations, including Uruguay, South Africa, Mexico, and Bolivia, have explicitly recognized the right to water, reflecting a global commitment to this fundamental human right. The study delves into the complexities of defining the right to water, its global recognition since the mid-20th century, and its indispensable role beyond consumption in sanitation, infrastructure, socio-economic progress, and public health. Shifting focus to the Brazilian context, the study navigates through Basic Sanitation Law, highlighting its recent amendments and meticulous definitions of sanitation rights. The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 serves as the foundation for public policies, and the study examines the infrequent substantive changes despite numerous amendments, emphasizing the complexities of the amendment process outlined in Article 60. A specific focus is placed on Proposed Constitutional Amendment (PEC) 6/2021, advocating for the inclusion of potable water as a fundamental right. The study acknowledges potential considerations such as privatization and tariffs in the context of providing water as a public service. In conclusion, the research underscores the significance of balancing the recognition of fundamental rights with effective water resource management, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in constitutional amendments. Keywords: Right to Water, Basic Sanitation Law, Brazilian Constitution, Constitutional Amendments, Water Governance. RESUMO Este estudo oferece uma exploração abrangente do Direito à Água, abarcando sua significância histórica, perspectivas internacionais e potencial integração constitucional. São examinados o papel crucial da água na civilização humana, as vantagens geopolíticas e a organização hidropolítica. Diversas nações, incluindo Uruguai, África do Sul, México e Bolívia, explicitamente reconheceram o direito à água, refletindo um compromisso global com este direito humano fundamental. O estudo adentra nas complexidades de definir o direito à água, seu reconhecimento global desde meados do século XX e seu papel indispensável além do consumo em saneamento, infraestrutura, progresso socioeconômico e saúde pública. Mudando o foco para o contexto brasileiro, o estudo percorre a Lei do Saneamento Básico, destacando suas emendas recentes e definições meticulosas dos direitos sanitários. A Constituição Brasileira de 1988 serve como base para políticas públicas, e o estudo examina as mudanças substanciais pouco frequentes apesar de numerosas emendas, enfatizando as complexidades do processo de emenda delineado no Artigo 60. Um enfoque específico é dado à Proposta de Emenda Constitucional (PEC) 6/2021, advogando pela inclusão da água potável como um direito fundamental. O estudo reconhece considerações potenciais, como privatização e tarifas, no contexto de fornecer água como serviço público. Em conclusão, a pesquisa destaca a importância de equilibrar o reconhecimento de direitos fundamentais com uma gestão eficaz dos recursos hídricos, enfatizando a necessidade de cuidado nas emendas constitucionais. Palavras-chave: Direito à Água, Lei do Saneamento Básico, Constituição Brasileira, Emendas Constitucionais, Governança da Água.
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Giæver, Øyvind. "Marriage and Madness." Science & Technology Studies 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55156.
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This essay focuses on marriage regulation as a eugenic tool – a topic that has received little attention in the literature – in 20th century Norway. Although eugenics was very much the focus of expert discussions prior to the first Norwegian marriage act (1918), a marriage bar for the insane that was included in the act was not mainly motivated by eugenic concerns. In fact, an amendment prepared in the late 1950s brought such concerns more to the foreground. In a final round of revisions prepared in the 1970s and 80s, however, both the marriage bar and the eugenic arguments were firmly dismissed. The essay uses these developments to discuss the relative weight to be accorded technical versus political factors in explaining the decline of eugenics – a decline that came rather late as far as the history of Norwegian marriage laws goes.
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Mrazek, Courtney. "“More a Matter for Medical Men”: The King’s Road Reserve Relocation and Public Health in Early 20th-Century Sydney, Nova Scotia." Canadian Journal of Health History 40, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjhh.583-052022.
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Abstract. The forced removal and relocation of the King’s Road Reserve in Sydney, Nova Scotia, between 1915 and 1926 is a key example of how settlers used public health discourses to dispossess Indigenous lands in Canada. At the turn of the twentieth century, non-Indigenous Sydney residents lobbied the government to remove the Mi’kmaw reserve, which was located in an expanding downtown core. They justified this removal by arguing that Mi’kmaq were public health threats to themselves and their white neighbours. Ottawa responded to this case, and other cases across Canada, by implementing section 49A of the Indian Act in 1911. This amendment allowed settlers to request an Exchequer Court trial to rule on urban reserve relocations if land surrenders could not be obtained. The King’s Road Reserve relocation has yet to be examined with a medical lens. Doing so illuminates the centrality of medical expert testimony during this particular episode of twentieth-century colonialism.
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Gruzdeva, Elena Nikolaevna. "The Korsh case, or Should an academician live in the capital?" Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 33, no. 1 (2023): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2023.108.
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According to the tradition, which had been maintained since the 18th century, the members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences had to live in the capital and actively take part in the Academy’s routine. Yet, by the turn of the 20th century the development of Russian science and society had reached a level at which a scientist’s need and desire to live and work where he can bring maximum practical benefit began to conflict with the Academy’s rules. The article describes the situation of the early 20th century when Fyodor E. Korsh, a prominent Moscow philologist and orientalist, was elected to the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Contrary to the Academy’s tradition, F. E. Korsh did not move to St. Petersburg, when he was elected. The archival materials reveal what his colleagues at the Department and other academicians thought about the requirement to live in the capital and about the breach of the rule as well. Since the early 20th century such «extraordinary cases» continued to happen further and further, the authorities in 1912 had to approve of the academicians’ right to live not only in Petersburg but also in other cities and had to introduce an appropriate amendment to the new staff of the Academy of Sciences. The article is supplemented with the previously unknown note which was specially written by F. E. Korsh in 1904 in reply to the reproach for breaking the Academy’s Charter. He explained there his own attitude to the wording of that point in the Charter of the Academy and that of the Department and also wrote about his scientific work in the Academy of Sciences.
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Augustine, Acheoah Ofeh. "Second Amendment and the Gun-Control Controversies: A Flaw in Constitutional Framing and an Antinomy of American Conservatism." Addaiyan Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 8 (November 10, 2019): 24–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36099/ajahss.1.8.4.
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This article is a critical input to the national and international debate on Gun Control and the 2nd Amendment to the United States Constitution since 1791. Auspiciously, the paper interrogates the historical, ideological, and socio-cultural roots of the Gun Rights from Medieval Europe to modern America as well as its implications for homeland security in 21st Century American society. The whole legalistic, philosophical and socio-cultural rationale for and against the Gun Control Question in mainstream American politics elicits many questions: Why has it been legislatively infeasible to address the frailties inherent in the 2nd Amendment texts? Is the Second Amendment immutable amid post-1791 realities? Has morality lost its place in American politics? Was the rights prescribed under 2nd Amendment vested on the individuals as construed impliedly or on the people as expressly stipulated in the constitution? And why has America with the most sophisticated military and intelligence architecture in the world failed to demonstrate the capability to contain sectarian killings in the land? The paper submits that the Gun Control Debate lays bare, one of the internal cleavages within the American political and social system, a nation so admired not just by her military, economic and diplomatic clout but also by the valued she stresses and defend world over: freedom, justice, equality and global peace, ideals for which the United States supplanted pax-Britanica for Pax-Americana. The appalling antecedents of gun killings in America knows no rank with 11 presidential assassination attempts for which four American presidents died: Abraham Lincoln (1865), James Garfield (1881); William McKinley (1901) John F Kennedy (1963) with Theodore Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan seriously injured in the 1912 and 1981 assassination attempts. The quartet presidential assassins: John Wilkes Booth; Charles J. Guiteau; Leon Czolgosz and Lee Harvey Oswald were all some of the first high profile abusers of the 2nd Amendment and the gun rights it granted. The death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Malcolm X among many also resonates one of the foundational flaws of a nation globally reputed as the policeman of the earth. When will this trend ever end?.Millions have gone yet there seems to be hyper-partisanship about the Gun Control Question. This political cleavage represents a failure of the present generation of the political elites, the people and the American institutions to rise above and repeal the frailty of the 2nd Amendment, couched in one of the most nebulous languages in constitutional framings since the first ten Amendment to the world’s first-ever written constitution was ratified on 15 December 1791.The lessons from the government response to the Gun Question never placed America as a society developing societies should aspire to become, it is totally antithetical to the admirable values known about the greatest nation since the collapse of Nazism, Fascism and in the last decade of the 20th Century Communism for which in the submissions of Francis Fukuyama, Liberal Democracy became the Last Man metaphorically outlasting all other contending ideological contemporaries thus: “The End History”. The moral, spiritual, political leaders of America must converge on one front on the Gun Question, the Republicans must not hide under conservative garb and watch the blood of innocent generation of Americans been wasted by abusers of the Second Amendment. The appropriate measures to put a permanent lid on the mindless gun-related deaths must be carried out. The Democrats must forge a bipartisan consensus to arrest the moral drift in the land under the guise of the 2nd Amendment’s immutability clause: “shall not be infringed upon”. American political leaders must not under whatever guise send the wrong signal to the international community that will characterize the state as a policeman that cannot police his home, Charity begins at home, it is contradictory, antithetical and undermined every value upon which America prides herself under the rubric Pax-Americana. Historical antecedents show that the National Rifle Association is a shadow of itself, haven being skewed from its original goal to promote martial qualities and marksmanship to a lobbyist group without conscience for humanity. The American Institutions must live up to their mandate to tame the sinister and overbearing influence of the group. To the political leaders of the land the patriots of the 1775 Revolution fought for a land of the free it is your bounden duty to ensure their labor never be in vain: Lincoln was conscious of this during the heady days as was Andrew John who put their differences aside to restore national psyche, President Trump must not trade the blood of the children of America with his 2020 presidential re-election ambition as the NRA pro-Trump for 2020 billboards suggests. The Gun-Control debates further lays bare one of the antinomies of American Conservatism “being pro-life, anti-abortion and at the same time, pro-gun” as the abuses and defense of the 2nd Amendment represent one of the Ideological conspiracies against under the garb of Classical Liberalism propagated by contemporary votaries of American conservatism.
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Sokalska, Edyta. "Challenges of the Polish local self-government in the context of the development of the civil society." Studia Politologiczne 2020, no. 57 (September 15, 2020): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2020.57.8.
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Political changes in Poland in the last two decades of the 20th century enabled the creation of a new political regime. The development of civil society in the 21st century has aroused curiosity concerning the instruments and forms that promote effective participation and deliberation in the field of local self-government and other areas. The perception of political decisions and their legitimization may be reinforced via the appropriate identification and application of some participatory instruments. Some legal institutions have been established and have been developed in order to increase the scope of civil society in local self-government (e.g., elections to the local authorities, referendums, and public consultations). The latest amendment, enacted on the 11th of January 2018, to the Polish local self-government acts is a step towards the reinforcement of public participation at the local level (the civil budget, participating in the debate on the report on the condition of the of local government unit, and the civil legislative initiative).
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Griffel, Alain. "Wald und Recht (Essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 163, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 304–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2012.0304.
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Forest and Law (essay) The forests of Switzerland are afforded special legal protection. Since 1902, the year in which the first piece of forestry legislation was enacted, Swiss forestry law is governed by the principle of conservation and the interdiction to clear forest land. Hence, during the 20th century Swiss forests were able to recover from past exploitation as well as to remain unscathed, at least in the main. Swiss forest protection is a success story. Recent developments have, however, given cause for concern. The fact that the ban on building outside of building zones has been considerably watered down during the last fifteen years – an end to this trend is unfortunately not yet in sight – could, before long, have a substantial bearing on the forests. Indeed, the Swiss legislator recently amended the Forest Act of 1991, and its next amendment is already in the pipeline. The politics of unsustainable settlement expansion are doing enough damage to the Swiss landscape as it is. We must be vigilant in order to ensure that our forests do not become their next victim.
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Visontai-Szabó, Katalin. "Közös vagy kizárólagos szülői felügyelet?" DÍKÉ 6, no. 2 (June 17, 2023): 234–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/dike.2022.06.02.17.
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Nowadays, as long as parents live together, it is usually not disputed that they jointly exercise their parental rights over their child. It was not so clear before. Before the Family Law Act entered into force in 1953, fathers had additional rights compared to mothers, as long as they raised the child in a joint household. After the breakup of the relationship, strict rules determined which parent was entitled to exercise parental custody rights. When making its decision, the court placed particular emphasis on the sex and age of the child, as well as which parent’s fault led to divorce. In the second half of the 20th century, the rights of parents were equalized, but after the end of marriage, it became natural for a long time, that mothers should raise their children alone. Following the amendment of the Civil Code the joint responsibility of the parents in raising the child is now of paramount importance, and the enforcement of the child's interests is becoming more and more important.
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Kim, Juyoung. "An Essay on the Directions for Revision of the Act of Anti-Terrorism – focusing on major amendment bills in the 20th National Assembly." Gachon Law Review 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 275–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.15335/glr.2019.12.1.010.
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Kumar Sharma, Sanjay, Rajiv Srivastava, Dileep Kumar, and Anil Singh Yadav. "IMPLEMENTATION AND CHALLENGE IN DEALING WITH THE BMW DISPOSAL GUIDELINES AND LEGISLATIONS." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 08 (August 31, 2022): 719–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15227.
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Biomedical Waste Management (BMWM) is a public health problem. Every hospital is generating BMW needs to set up requisite BMW treatment facilities on site or ensure requisite treatment of waste at common treatment facility. The Ministry of Environment & Forests notified the situation of pollution and framed out the Biomedical Waste (management & handling) Rules, 1998 to protect the Environment Protection Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) in our country on 20th July 1998 vide notification number S.O. 630 (E) dated the 20th July, 1998, by the Government of India in the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and Forests. Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by section 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), and in supersession of the Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, except as respects things done or omitted to be done before such suppression, the Central Government hereby makes the following rules, namely Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016, and (Amendment) Rules, 2018, were an update and simplification of BMW not only human health and safety but also to the environment for the current and future generations. Effective BMWM is not only a legal necessity but also a social responsibility. This article reviews the current perspectives on BMWM and rules, conventions and the treatment technologies used worldwide. Furthermore, developing models for the monitoring of hospital health-care waste practices and research into non-burn eco-friendly sustainable technologies, recycling and polyvinyl chloride-free devices will go in long way for safe carbon environment. Globally, greater research in BMWM is warranted to understand its growing field of public health importance.
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Saha, Amartya, Ankita Kumari, Anuradha Padhy, and Anuradha Panda. "New Corporate Tax: Impact of Corporate Tax Cut on Indian Economy." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 10, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b6119.0710221.
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On 20th December, 2019, the Central Government introduced the Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2019, which created a favourable taxing environment for the Companies. Through this Ordinance, section 115BAB, which covers all sorts of domestic companies, that is, any company formed and registered in India, was introduced in the Income Tax Act which offered a very low tax rate of 15% (17.5% including surcharge and cess) to the new manufacturing companies. This Ordinance also reduced the Tax rate for domestic companies to 22% (25.17% including surcharge and cess). Additionally under the new corporate assessment strategy, new organizations that set up assembling offices in India beginning in October and initiate creation before the finish of March, 2023 will be charged at a viable pace of 17%. This move did cause a rise in the value of the stock in India, but through this paper, we plan to delve deeper into how this new introduction affected the economy of India – ranging from the stock market to the value of rupees against dollar, the idea behind introducing this Ordinance, while also touching upon what is Corporate Tax and the Corporate Tax system that was present before the introduction of section 115BAB.
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Góralski, Piotr. "Kwestia dopuszczalności stosowania środków zabezpieczających w stosunku do nieletnich sprawców czynów karalnych. Część II." Nowa Kodyfikacja Prawa Karnego 39 (November 22, 2016): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-5065.39.3.
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Admissibility of precautionary measures against juvenile criminals Part IIThis article discusses the admissibility of precautionary measures against juvenile criminals. It refers to both juvenile offenders charged as adults pursuant to Art. 10 § 2 of the Criminal Code and 15–16-year-old offenders charged pursuant to the provisions of the Procedures in Legal Actions against Juveniles Act of 1982. The article presents the legal status concerning this issue in the period from 1997 to 2015 and relevant changes in the legal regulations concerning precautionary measures introduced by the amendment of the Criminal Code of 20th February 2015.A thesis formulated in the paper discussed here is that only one type of precautionary measure, which is confiscation, may be used against juveniles subject to the regulations of the Procedures in Legal Actions against Juveniles Act. In relation to juveniles charged under the Criminal Code only the precautionary measures which do not interfere with the provisions of Article 3 of the Criminal Code providing for the rule of humanitarian use of criminal penalties should be implemented. It refers mainly to these forms of isolation precautionary measures which would apply to juvenile criminals after serving imprisonment.
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You, Yang. "Application of Mediation Mechanism in International Investment Dispute Settlement." BCP Business & Management 30 (October 24, 2022): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v30i.2446.
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Transnational trade not only brings economic development but also produces many international investment disputes. As a result, many dispute settlement methods have emerged. The international investment dispute settlement Institution has gradually developed into a permanent institution for dispute settlement, with arbitration as the main means. However, the arbitration process has exposed many drawbacks since its development for a long time. Although mediation was relatively mature in other countries, its value was not appreciated until the end of the 20th century. As more and more international voices have pointed out the disadvantages of international investment arbitration, which not only increases economic losses but also takes a long time, the International Center for Settlement of Investment (hereinafter referred to as ICSID) is also making continuous reforms and adopted a new amendment on July 1, 2022, emphasizing the method of mediation mechanism. The current mediation system in international investment has gradually moved from theory to practice, so it is necessary to conduct further research on the development and future construction of mediation mechanisms. Literature research and comparative research are used in this paper to analyze. Since mediation and ADR mechanism have been introduced into the dispute settlement mechanism, the analysis of the mediation system puts forward suggestions on the current development dilemma and future construction of the mediation mechanism.
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Utebor, Emmanuel, and Bolarinwa Lebile. "EXAMINING THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS OF NIGERIA IN THE ADMINISTERATION OF THE VALUE ADDED TAX ACT." ABUAD Private and Business Law Journal 3, no. 1 (2019): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/apblj.2019.0301.03-j.
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In the Attorney-General of Rivers State against the Federal Inland Revenue Service and the Attorney-General of the Federation, on who can impose, administer, and collect Value-added tax in Rivers State, the Federal High Court of Nigeria, sitting in Port-Harcourt, in its judgment delivered on 20th August, 2021 held that the Rivers State has the legitimate power to collect Value-added tax within the State. This was accepted with mixed feelings by the populace as some people commended the Court for championing the lingering debate on fiscal Federalism while others condemned the Court for trying to indirectly amend the provisions of the 1999 Constitution. The decision of the Court is an indication of the constant conflict of taxing powers that exists between the Federal Government of Nigeria and the various State Governments. This decision has also led to the questioning of the validity or legitimacy of the Value-Added Tax Act which confers powers on the Federal government to impose Value-added tax and collect same through its agent(s). This article explores the controversy surrounding the conflict of taxing powers between both tiers of government, its origin, instances of judicial intervention, and the final conclusions that can be drawn from it, as well as made recommendations to curb this lingering crisis, with emphasis on the need for a Constitutional amendment.
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Rarog, Aleksey. "Death Penalty Revisited." Russian Journal of Criminology 16, no. 6 (December 20, 2022): 661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2022.16(6).661-668.
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Death penalty as a type of criminal punishment is known in practically all the countries of the world. The problem of its moral justification and practical value has been discussed in the doctrine of criminal law for almost three centuries, starting with Cesare Beccaria’s «On Crimes and Punishments». The debates grew especially heated in the middle of the19th century in Germany, and, starting from the second half of the century, — in other countries, including Russia. However, there is still no consensus between the supporters and the opponents of the death penalty. In the criminal law science of Russia, both pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet, the views of opponents of the death penalty prevail. Nevertheless, its supporters also defend the death penalty not in principle, but as a temporarily necessary means of combating the most dangerous crimes. The Russian legislators have also repeatedly changed their attitude to this punishment: they abolished it, then returned it to the arsenal of criminal legal means. The first at tempt to abolish death penalty was undertaken by Empress Elisabeth Petrovna, but her efforts turned out to be weak and inconsistent and thus unsuccessful, as well as the timid steps of Catherine II. There were some attempts to abolish death penalty in Russia on the verge of the 19th and the 20th centuries, which also failed. The Provisional Government abolished death penalty in February 1917 only to reinstitute it three months later. The Soviets also abolished it several times, but brought it back a short time later. Currently, the possibility of applying the death penalty is provided for both by the Constitution and the Criminal Code of our country. However, its application is blocked by the Ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 1344-O-P dated November 19, 2009. In the article, the legality of the prohibition of the death penalty by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is questioned; the author believes that the abolition of the death penalty is only possible by introducing the corresponding amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
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Vosko, Leah F. "A New Approach to Regulating Temporary Agency Work in Ontario or Back to the Future?" Articles 65, no. 4 (February 9, 2011): 632–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/045589ar.
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In 2009, the province of Ontario, Canada adopted the Employment Standards Amendment Act (Temporary Help Agencies) partly in response to public concern over temporary agency workers’ limited access to labour protection. This article examines its “new” approach in historical and international context, illustrating that the resulting section of the Employment Standards Act (ESA) reflects continuity through change in its continued omissions and exclusions. The article begins by defining temporary agency work and describing its significance, explaining how it exemplifies precarious employment, partly by virtue of the triangular employment relationship at its heart. Next it traces three eras of regulation, from the early 20th to the early 21st centuries: in the first era, against the backdrop of the federal government’s forays into regulation through the Immigration Act, Ontario responded to abusive practices of private employment agencies, with strict regulations, directed especially at those placing recent immigrants in employment. In the second era, restrictions on private employment agencies were gradually loosened, resulting in modest regulation; in this era, there was growing space for the emergence of “new” types of agencies providing “employment services,” including temporary help agencies, which carved out a niche for themselves by targeting marginalized social groups, such as women. The third era was characterized by the legitimization of private employment agencies and, in particular, temporary help agencies, both in a passive sense by government inaction in response to growing complexities surrounding their operation, and in an active sense by the repeal of Ontario’s Employment Agencies Act in 2000. Despite a consultative process aimed, in the words of Ontario’s then Minister of Labour, at “enhanc [ing] protections for employees working for temporary help agencies,” the new section of the ESA adopted in 2009 reproduces outdated approaches to regulation through its omissions and exclusions; specifically, it focuses narrowly on temporary help agencies rather than including an overlapping group of private employment agencies with which they comprise the employment services industry and its denial of access to protection to workers from a particular occupational group (i.e., workers placed by a subset of homecare agencies otherwise falling within the definition of “assignment employees”). Highlighting the importance of looking back in devising new regulations, the article concludes by advancing a more promising approach for the future that would address more squarely the triangular employment relationship as the basis for extending greater protection to workers.
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de Souza Dias, Talita. "The Activation of the Crime of Aggression before the International Criminal Court: Some Overlooked Implications Arising for States Parties and Non-States Parties to the Rome Statute." Journal of Conflict and Security Law 24, no. 3 (2019): 567–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krz022.
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Abstract On 17 July 2018, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC, the Court), the jurisdiction of the Court was finally activated for the crime of aggression, following a decision made by the Assembly of States Parties (ASP) in December 2017. This resulted from a long and painstaking process which not only furthered the divide between states parties and non-parties but also generated controversy within the ASP itself. In an attempt to reach a minimum common denominator, the ASP decided to exclude from the ICC’s jurisdiction situations involving states parties that have not ratified the amendments in respect of that crime (‘the Kampala Amendments’). Moreover, since the adoption of the Amendments in 2010, it has been agreed that the ICC will not exercise its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression if committed by nationals or on the territory of non-states parties, except when there is a Security Council referral. This combination of jurisdictional hurdles has led many to believe that the crime of aggression will have a limited role to play before the ICC. Nonetheless, a closer look at the Activation Decision, the Kampala Amendments and certain key provisions of the ICC Statute reveals that the activation of the crime of aggression might have a series of overlooked implications for non-parties and parties alike, including those that have not ratified the amendments. In particular, this article will argue that, aside from Security Council referrals, there may still be instances where the Court can apply the crime of aggression to situations involving those states.
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Seltzer, Alan M., David V. Bekaert, Peter H. Barry, Kathryn E. Durkin, Emily K. Mace, Craig E. Aalseth, Jake C. Zappala, Peter Mueller, Bryant Jurgens, and Justin T. Kulongoski. "Groundwater residence time estimates obscured by anthropogenic carbonate." Science Advances 7, no. 17 (April 2021): eabf3503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf3503.
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Groundwater is an important source of drinking and irrigation water. Dating groundwater informs its vulnerability to contamination and aids in calibrating flow models. Here, we report measurements of multiple age tracers (14C, 3H, 39Ar, and 85Kr) and parameters relevant to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from 17 wells in California’s San Joaquin Valley (SJV), an agricultural region that is heavily reliant on groundwater. We find evidence for a major mid-20th century shift in groundwater DIC input from mostly closed- to mostly open-system carbonate dissolution, which we suggest is driven by input of anthropogenic carbonate soil amendments. Crucially, enhanced open-system dissolution, in which DIC equilibrates with soil CO2, fundamentally affects the initial 14C activity of recently recharged groundwater. Conventional 14C dating of deeper SJV groundwater, assuming an open system, substantially overestimates residence time and thereby underestimates susceptibility to modern contamination. Because carbonate soil amendments are ubiquitous, other groundwater-reliant agricultural regions may be similarly affected.
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Tripathi, D. M., Deepa Singh, and Smriti Tripathi. "Influence of Coal Fly-Ash on Soil Properties and Productivity of Chickpea Crop in Semi-Arid Region of Bundelkhand." Current World Environment 15, no. 1 (April 23, 2020): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.15.1.16.
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Fly ash changes the soil properties which may cause disastrous influence on microbial activity and growth of the plant. However, the scientific studies on the influence of fly ash in various combination with an organic fertilizers on soil properties and microbial response at semi-arid region of Bundelkhand soil is scanty in India. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of lower or higher doses of fly ash on the soil physico-chemical characteristic, microbial population and growth of leguminous plant chickpea (cicer arietinum L), an important crop of Bundelkhand. The field experiment was conducted during winter, different treatment were made such as control with no amendment of fly ash (T1), amendment of fly ash at the rate of 10tha-1(T2), 20tha-1(T3), 30tha-1 (T4), 40tha-1 (T5),50tha-1 (T6) in combination with vermi-compost (2tha-1 in soil) and Nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus (20kgN ha-1 +20kg k2O ha-1 + 50 kgP2O5 ha-1 in soil) with three replications. In the present study, it was seen that fly ash, increased water holding capacity (WHC), moisture content, pH, soil porosity, organic carbon and electrical conductivity values of the soil. An increasing trend was also seen in P, K, S, and Mn, concentration from 9.87 to 12.21kg ha-1, 121to 124 kg ha-1, 9.36 to 12.14mg/kg and 9.27 to 87 mg/kg, respectively whereas bulk density and total nitrogen decreased from 1.29 to 1.24 g/cm3 and 247 to 205 kg ha-1, respectively in the fly ash applied soil. The application of fly ash at 20tha-1 (T3) was found optimum for bacterial population though the fly ash level exceeding 20tha-1, resulted decline microbial population.
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Lee, Chung Joo, and Sang Nyon Kim. "Legislation Status Analysis on the Amendments to the Improper Solicitation and Graft Act: Focused on the 20th National Assembly." Korea Association for Corruption Studies 25, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52663/kcsr.2020.25.1.5.
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Ma'u, Dahlia Haliah. "THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC ASTRONOMY IN INDONESIA." Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law 7, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.v7i2.102.
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This paper discusses the history and development of Islamic astronomy in Indonesia. During the Dutch colonization in Indonesia there was a shift from Hijri to Gregorian (Miladiyah) calendar as the official national calendar. After the independent day of Indonesia, the government of Indonesia has gradually made amendments on the application of Islamic calendar. Ministry of Religious Affairs had been founded on January 3, 1946, where the ministry had an authority to arrange holidays that included the beginning of Ramadhan, Syawal and Zulhijjah. In the early 20th century, Islamic astronomy began to flourish in this country along with the return of the young scholars to Indonesia. The development of Islamic astronomy in Indonesia involves the Islamic calendar, prayers time, and the determination of the Qibla.
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Buchwald, Evgeniy, and Olga Valentik. "Amendments in Spatial Development Strategy: Are There Any Significant Advances?" Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 1 (January 2023): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2023.1.3.
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Taking into the account the opinions, expressed at the 20th Anniversary Strategic Planning Forum in St. Petersburg in October – November 2022, the article analyzes amendments and additions introduced in 2022 to Spatial development strategy of the Russian Federation until 2025. The significance of these adjustments is determined by the fact that spatial development strategy remains the key regulator of one of the most significant directions of social and economic strategizing in the country. The task of this strategy updating was greatly facilitated by the significant set of analytical materials and recommendations concerning the key conceptual blocks of this strategy. In particular, these are the recommendations, which have been expressed year after year at the Strategic planning forum. However, the article expresses the idea that this informative material was not sufficiently used in the development of the amendments and additions to the strategy. The authors specify that these amendments and additions have a targeted character and generally do not help to overcome numerous negative aspects of this strategy, which were shown almost immediately after the official adoption of this document. The social and economic instability of recent years, which has negatively impacted the entire practice of strategic planning, has fully affected the spatial direction of this planning. In this regard, the authors insist a spatial development strategy that meets all the requirements of long-term public management is hardly possible in the absence of a “basic” strategy for socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, and without a number of systematic legislative acts, like the law on the basis of state policy for regional development, the law on agglomerations and a fully updated version of the law on local self-governance.
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Belkovich, R. Yu, and S. V. Vinogradov. "Equality of Luck: Evolvement of Egalitarian Theories of Justice in the Late 20th Century." Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia 111, no. 4 (December 19, 2023): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2023-111-4-51-66.
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Since the publication of John Rawls’s Theory of Justice, the egalitarian tradition, which associates fair institutional structure with reaching equality in one aspect or another, has started to play a central role in academic discussions of the social justice problem. The article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of egalitarianism of luck, which by the end of the 20th century has become the main direction in the framework of this tradition. The proponents of this direction in their argument depart from Rawls’s idea about the lottery of birth, according to which a game played by a fortune, being arbitrary from the moral point of view and affecting the distribution of resources in society, is unfair, and therefore should be compensated. Rawls’s approach to minimizing the role of luck in a fair distribution did not guarantee sufficient compensation for natural inequalities, assuming at the same time excessive compensation for “expensive tastes”. Trying to solve this problem, Ronald Dworkin distinguished between brute and option luck, using the model of the “veil of ignorance”, behind which the amount of fair compensation is determined. Further development of egalitarianism of luck at the turn of the 1980—1990s is associated with the names of Richard Arneson, Gerald Cohen, John Roemer and some other authors who made a number of amendments and changes to the concept of undeserved luck and proposed their own ways to neutralize its consequences for society. The arguments of proponents of luck egalitarianism at the end of the 20th century aimed at strengthening the role of an individual’s freedom of choice and implantation of the ethics of responsibility into the theory of social justice. At the same time, the interpretation of luck as a true “currency of equality” made the question of fair distribution conditional upon the consensus on the limits of human capacity for systematic cultivation of virtues and the scope of individual responsibility for one’s own destiny.
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Nevinskij, V. V. "THE MAIN TRENDS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATING THE CHINESE PEOPLE’S ECONOMY REPUBLICS AT THE TURN OF THE ХХ AND ХIХ CENTURIES." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2021.77.1.081-089.
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The article examines the essence and the main trends of constitutional and legal regulation of the Chinese economy at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. One of the obvious consequences along the way is the tendency to revive and enhance the role of “socialist law with Chinese specificity”. In the era of reform, the 1982 Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and the laws as the basis of the legal regulatory mechanism in various spheres of Chinese society, including the economy, are important. The peculiarities of building China’s legal system, including the reasons for a small share of state laws, are revealed. The analysis of amendments to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China allows us to see the main features of the consistent development of constitutional and legal regulation of economic relations “with Chinese specificity” expressed by the constitutional principle of the “socialist market economy.”
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Loukas, Marios, R. Shane Tubbs, Nadine Mirzayan, Michelle Shirak, Ashley Steinberg, and Mohammadali M. Shoja. "The History of Mastectomy." American Surgeon 77, no. 5 (May 2011): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481107700515.
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The mastectomy that is performed today is a procedure born from hundreds of years of discoveries, inventions, and amendments to existing surgical techniques. The reasons for performing this extreme surgery have changed as well, ranging from unilateral breast removal to allow greater upper limb functionality to bilateral removal of the breasts or breast tissue in individuals predisposed to breast cancer or in individuals who have already been diagnosed. The additions of surgical tools and anesthetics to the field of medicine further transformed the surgical field in general and had a large impact on the mastectomy. William Halsted's radical mastectomy served as the basis of most future breast removal techniques, and it the method recognized today as the “radical mastectomy.” Most radical surgeries are currently used for prophylaxis, whereas less invasive lumpectomies have eclipsed breast removal surgeries as of the latter half of the 20th century.
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Dementiev, Vitaliy. "Approaches to the study of the state of structural elements of the confessional space of the north-west of Russia at the turn of the XIX – XX cennturies." Pskov region studies journal, no. 46 (2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/s221979310014074-4.
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The study of the confessional space (or religious landscape) is largely associated with the geographical study of the cultural diversity of large poly-confessional regions. At certain time intervals, the North-West of Russia belonged to such regions. The object of the research is the confessional space of the North-West of Russia at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. It is worth noting that the confessional space is the object of research in many sciences, therefore, various methods and approaches can be used, with the help of which it is possible to assess the state of the structural elements of the research object. The concept of “confessional space” has a broad meaning, combining a number of parameters and elements. Therefore, among the tasks of this study is to clarify this concept. Subsequently, taking these amendments into account, an attempt was made to reveal the structural elements of the confessional space of the North-West of Russia at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. In the course of a comprehensive study of the confessional space, it was proposed to use new approaches and methods. Considering the fact that this region fits into the “core” of the “Orthodox plate”, much attention was paid to studying the state of the territorial structure of the Russian Orthodox Church. A close relationship was revealed between the indicators characterizing the spatial structure of the Russian Orthodox Church and the key indicators of the settlement system.
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Petr A., Kuzminov, and Sherieva Alina M. "The Romanovs in the Caucasus through the lens of written sources of the 19th to the early 20th centuries." Kavkazologiya 2024, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 160–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2024-1-160-183.
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The article discusses the visits of representatives of the Romanov dynasty to the Caucasus and their influence on the life and customs of the mountain peoples of the Northern Caucasus. To at-tain this goal, a combination of legislative, administrative, personal history sources, and infor-mation from periodicals were used. Each type of historical source helped shed light on the unique nature of these relationships, highlighting their significance for both the Romanovs and the moun-tain peoples. Legislative sources allowed for the detailed examination of agrarian reforms, show-ing that despite Alexander II’s assertion of projects to grant land to the mountaineers, and thus be-coming law for all subjects of the Russian Empire, under pressure from the mountaineers who identified many flaws in these projects, the government was forced to reconsider the results of the reform and make significant amendments to the final version of landownership and land use in the Northern Caucasus. The memoirs of S. Siukhov depict one of the most tragic episodes of the Cau-casian War: the meeting of Emperor Alexander II with representatives of the Adyghe peoples, which ended in a new confrontation. The majority of Adyghe society chose departure to Turkey over relocation to the plains. Administrative sources described Alexander III’s meeting with rep-resentatives of the Kabardian and Balkar peoples, which resulted in the granting of alpine mead-ows to mountaineers.
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Arzhakova, Larisa. "Russian historian A. L. Pogodin about Polish history and Polish question." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3557.
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The subjects of the study are works of A. L. Pogodin devoted to the history of Poland, reflected perception of the Polish question by the Russian society. Studying of his polonistic heritage allows us to speak with more confidence about the statement of the Russian historical polonistic in the first quarter of the 20th century, considering that, this problem remains until today debatable and demands amendments. Pogodin’s works have been analyzed from the point of view of both the essence and evolution of the Polish question, as well as those significant changes that occurred not only in the field of historical science, studying the history of Poland, but also the visions of the Russian society on Poland. This study gave the chance to come closer to understanding the Pogodin’s information code in his historical works, which allowing to shake basement of the Russian historical tradition concerning the Polish history of the 19th century.
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Staudigl-Ciechowicz, Kamila. "Civil Law in Forced Unions. The Austrian Civil Code and its Significance for the Development of Civil Law in Central Europe." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 13, no. 3 (2020): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.20.021.12517.
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The current Austrian Civil Code goes back to 1811, after more than 200 years it still is in force in Austria –though with many amendments. Its origin and development is connected to the political history of the Austrian Empire, later the Dual Monarchy and its successor states in the 20th century. The paper analyses the significance of the Austrian Civil Code on the development of civil law in Central Europe on the verge of the collapse of the old empires and the emergence of the new political systems. Especially the question of the influence of the Austrian Civil Code on Polish law and inversely the influence of Polish lawyers on the development of the Austrian Civil Code is addressed. Due to the character of the inclusion of the Polish parts into the Austrian Empire in the 18th century the paper raises the question of the role of civil law in forced unions.
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Markovinović, Hrvoje. "Prijenos poslovnog udjela – što jest, a što ne bi trebao biti." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu 72, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2022): 213–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.12.06.
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Of all commercial companies in business practice, a vast majority are established as limited liability companies. Shares in such company are often a part of the entity’s assets, and when it comes to economic entities, it often even represents a part of their strategic asset substrate. The paper elaborates on the transfer of shares. Existing legal rules are analysed, and special attention is given to the issue of the form of the transfer agreement and the role that the notary public has in the transfer of shares. The paper also analyses the newly proposed solution relating to the transfer of shares by the Draft proposal of the Act on Amendments to the Companies Act, which was released for public debate on the 20th October 2021. Following such analysis, the paper draws attention to the inconsistencies and shortcomings of the proposed solution, as well as to the negative consequences that it might cause in practice.
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Yell, Mitchell L., David Rogers, and Elisabeth Lodge Rogers. "The Legal History of Special Education." Remedial and Special Education 19, no. 4 (July 1998): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074193259801900405.
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ABSTRACT Children and youth with disabilities have historically received unequal treatment in the public education system. In the early 20th century, the enactment of compulsory attendance laws in the states began to change the educational opportunities for these students. Opportunities for admittance to public schools were greater, but many students nevertheless did not receive an effective or appropriate education. Beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, parents and advocates for students with disabilities began to use the courts in an attempt to force states to provide an equal educational opportunity for these students. These efforts were very successful and eventually led to the passage of federal legislation to ensure these rights. The purpose of this article is to examine the legal history of special education. We will examine these early efforts to ensure a free appropriate education for students with disabilities up to and including the enactment of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997.
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Kornev, A. V. "Studying the History of Political and Lgal Doctrines in Russian Jurisprudence in the 20th — Early 21st Century: Conditions, Directions, Results." Lex Russica, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.161.4.130-142.
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The paper is devoted to the role of the history of political and legal ideas in state construction, science and education. In this aspect, the problems related to amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation initiated by the President of the Russian Federation are considered. According to the author, these initiatives are a logical continuation of the planned changes in the political system, the mechanism (apparatus) of the state, the system of local self-government, contained in the most general form in the annual address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly. Such an early date for the address, the subsequent submission of the draft Federal Law to the State Duma without delay, and the work on implementing the provisions contained in it, leave no doubt that there is some strategy for Russia’s political development in the near future. In this regard, an assessment of the political situation in modern Russia is given and suggestions are made regarding the further evolution of the institutions of society and the state. The dialectical relationship between the national development model and its ideological justification is argued. The author emphasizes the special role of ideas in the history of Russian statehood. In addition, the paper reflects the assessment of the history of political and legal doctrines in the system of social sciences and legal education in the Soviet and post-Soviet period. There is evidence of the need to increase the role of theoretical and historical disciplines in the context of modern "hybrid" war and the strengthening of global competition for major geopolitical projects. The idea of reorienting Russian legal education from the study of legislation, which is changing so quickly that it does not actually take the form of knowledge, to the study of law in all its manifestations as a universal regulator of public relations.
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Demers, Robert. "De la lex scantinia aux récents amendements du Code criminel: homosexualité et droit dans une perspective historique." Homosexualité et droit 25, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 777–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042627ar.
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This paper deals with the legal approach to homosexuality throughout history, focussing on Roman law, French law up to the Revolution, English law till the mid-60's and finally, Canadian law from the French period up to the amendments to the Criminal Code in 1969. What lessons can be drawn from this analysis? A first conclusion is the increasing intolerance towards homosexuals as evidenced by laws that become more and more preoccupied with private morality and control of individual behaviour. Here, we notice the inverse trend in the Roman law tradition and the common law one, where cultural and religious differences explain much of this curious evolution. A second conclusion is the link established between deviant behaviour and all forms of « deviance » from official policies-thus, accusations of homosexuality are to be found in troubled periods of religious (heresies) and political turmoil. Finally, one notes that although the Medieval period is often considered as being particularly cruel in its treatment of homosexuals, this view would need important qualifications in light of the 20th century treatment of such persons, witness of course, the Nazi extermination.
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Baldigo, Barry P., Scott D. George, Timothy J. Sullivan, Charles T. Driscoll, Douglas A. Burns, Shuai Shao, and Gregory B. Lawrence. "Probabilistic relations between acid–base chemistry and fish assemblages in streams of the western Adirondack Mountains, New York, USA." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 76, no. 11 (November 2019): 2013–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0260.
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Surface waters across much of New York’s Adirondack Mountains were acidified in the late 20th century but began to recover following the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act. Little data, however, are available to characterize biological impacts and predict recovery of fish assemblages in streams of the region. Quantitative fish and chemistry surveys were completed in 47 headwater streams during summer 2014–2016 to develop logistic (probabilistic) models that characterize the status of contemporary fish assemblages and predict how different nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition loads may affect future fish assemblages. Models for inorganic monomeric aluminum (Ali) and richness ≥1 species and for acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and total density >400 fish/0.1 ha, total biomass >1500 g/0.1 ha, brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) density >0 or >200 fish/0.1 ha, and brook trout biomass >1000 g/0.1 ha were suitable for evaluating community and population responses to changes in acid–base chemistry. Anticipated changes in national (US) secondary standards for atmospheric emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) to achieve target N and S deposition loads will alter acid–base chemistry and the probabilities for observing various levels of fish metrics in streams across the region and elsewhere.
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S.I., Egorova,, and Noeva, V.V. "The poetics of titles in Nikolay Mordinov's novel "Springtime" in the comparative aspect of two editions." Issues of national literature, no. 4(08) (December 29, 2022): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/litteraesvfu.2022.85.11.009.
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The novel "Spring Time" by the people's writer of Yakutia Nikolay Mordinov – Amma Achchygiya was created in a difficult time, still controversially evaluated; it deals with as complex, contradictory processes that took place in the history of Yakutia and the whole of Russia in the early 20th century. In this regard, the novel is an outstanding literary phenomenon of the era, largely reflecting its contradictions. The existence of two versions of the work, the degree and direction of the author’s amendments and additions, the scope and nature of the amnedments made in the second edition – all these are undoubtedly interesting and relevant issues for a scholarly research. The article deals with a modern interesting theoretical issue based on the material of the classic novel of Yakut literature. The study uses methods of comparative analysis of the texts of two published editions of the novel. The novelty of the research for Yakut literary studies is to clarify the issues of composition of an epic work based on identifying elements of the paratext and analyzing the strong positions of the literary text as the title of chapters and parts (subheadings). In this regard, a comparative comparison of the texts of two editions of the novel "Spring Time" is of particular interest.
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Mikheeva, Tatiana N., and Denis S. Mikheev. "Some reflections on the 20th anniversary of the Federal Law “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 23, no. 4 (November 22, 2023): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2023-23-4-439-445.
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Introduction. Legal regulation in the field of local self-government has been carried out by the key Federal Law “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" for twenty years. It is periodically criticized due to numerous adjustments, and, after the 2020 amendments to the Russian Constitution, its “resignation” was already predicted. However, the bill prepared to replace it did not stand up to criticism and died out in the State Duma. Against this background, there is a reason to comprehend and evaluate the current law from the standpoint of the relevance of extending its “legal life”. Theoretical analysis. It has been revealed that, from its inception, local self-government has undergone numerous changes dictated by the needs of the state. They are based on the balance of interests of central and local authorities. Historical and legal research has shown the trend during the period of zemstvo reforms in monarchical Russia. After a long Soviet period of oblivion, at the end of the last century there was a revival of local government on the democratic basis. The Basic Law of the State of 1993 reflected the independence of local self-government, as well as not entirely justified rule on the separation of its bodies from state ones, which influenced further legislative regulation that was subject to frequent changes. Results. The clearly manifested desire of the legislator to bring local self-government closer to the general system of government for the coordinated interaction of all levels of government became a logical step towards the constitutional consolidation of the institution of public power. The authors’ conclusion was that under these conditions, the resource of the current Federal Law “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” is not exhausted.
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Zykova, Olga A. "REGISTER OF ULTIMATE BENEFICIARIES AS A LEGAL MECHANISM FOR TRACKING THE REAL OWNER OF THE COMPANY. EXPERIENCE IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 1 (2020): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-1-178-183.
Full textAbstract:
In 2015, the European Union adopted the Fourth European Union Directive 2015/849 of the 20th of May, 2015 «on the prevention of the use of the fi nancial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist fi nancing», which introduced the most important innovation – the introduction of a public register of benefi cial owners of European companies and other structures. This article examines the reaction of individual countries to the main proposals and comments of the Directive, which is refl ected in the amendments to the current legal system. Special attention is paid to offshore zones, which are trying to fi nd a compromise between the comments of the European Union, promoting business transparency, and the principle of anonymity, which is the main privilege of offshore territories and which attracts a considerable fl ow of entrepreneurs and their investments. In addition, the article deals with the problem of contradiction of the Russian legislation regulating the procedure for maintaining the register of benefi cial owners and providing information contained therein. The article formulates the main conclusion regarding the register of benefi ciaries as a new modern trend of international tax planning, which should be taken into account in the future when creating the structure of foreign companies, as well as when choosing the jurisdiction in which business activities are planned.
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Ranson, David L., and Lyndal Bugeja. "Medicolegal Death Investigation: Coroner and Forensic Pathology Functions and Processes in Victoria, Australia." Academic Forensic Pathology 7, no. 4 (December 2017): 567–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2017.048.
Full textAbstract:
The medicolegal death investigation in Victoria, Australia is a traditional coroner system based on the model in England and Wales in the early 20th Century. In 1985, the first of a series of legislative amendments were made that proved the vanguard of reform of the coroners' jurisdictions in Australia. The Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (the Institute) was established by the Coroners Act 1985 (Vic.), now the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine Act 1985 (Vic.), to provide forensic pathology, medical, and related scientific services needed by the justice system. In addition to death investigation, other forensic and scientific services are performed by the Institute including: clinical medical examinations and support services for assault victims and perpetrators, forensic toxicology services and molecular biology, and anthropology and odontology services in relation to human identification. Medical and nursing staff provide medical information and support to families in a therapeutic setting, as well as direct referral to clinical medical specialists. This takes place where a medical death investigation procedure uncovers genetic or familial disease that may place other family members at risk of future illness. A donor tissue bank ensures that a death also provides the opportunity for families to donate organs and tissues from the deceased for transplantation. Today, the traditional autopsy is one of several modalities of death investigation with postmortem radiology and imaging playing a significant role. This paper describes the principles and new processes at the Institute that support the coroner in death investigation and prevention as well as the therapeutic services designed to relieve the burden of disease on the community.
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Bansal, O. P., and Anjul Singh. "A REVIEW ON MICROPLASTIC IN THE SOILS AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOIL MICROBES, CROPS AND HUMANS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 10, no. 9 (October 20, 2022): 245–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i9.2022.4812.
Full textAbstract:
For modern human life, since the beginning of the 21st century, plastic become indispensable. The golden period for the plastic industry was the second half of the 20th century when plastic-based products bucket to the car were manufactured. Due to mismanagement, and indiscriminate use microplastics are emerging as persistent terrestrial pollutants. In the last decade, environmental scientists and other stakeholders have paid serious attention to soil pollution by microplastics. In soils, the microplastic particles act as a vector for the toxic persistent organic pollutants and potentially toxic metals which are easily sorbed by plants and enter the food chain.Microplastic pollutants not only influence the soil’s physicochemical properties but also impact the feeding habits of soil biota. Microplastic in soils is due to sewage sludge, bio waste compost amendments, plastic mulching, wastewater irrigation, leachate from landfills and atmospheric deposition. The quantity of microplastic particles in the soils varied from nil to13000 items per kg of soil. The quantity of microplastic in the soil is 5-23 times that in the ocean. The microplastic in soil retards seed germination and plant growth. Enzymatic activities of the soil are also influenced by microplastic. Plastic Pellets, Personal Care Products and Cosmetics, Synthetic Textiles, the Abrasion of Tyres, City Dust, and the Abrasion of Road Markings etc. are the environmental sources of microplastic. Intake by humans via food causes respiratory toxicity, cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity and reproductive toxicity among other effects. The present work reports the sources and distribution of microplastic in the soil environment and their impact on soil biota, plants, and human health.
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Russkevich, Evgeniy А., Аndrey P. Dmitrenko, and Nikolay G. Kadnikov. "Crisis and palingenesis (rebirth) of criminal law in the context of digitalization." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 13, no. 3 (2022): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2022.301.
Full textAbstract:
The article reveals how the influence of exponential and combinatorial technological changes has led to a crisis in criminal law, expressed in the inability to perform its basic functions due to impact of a permanently dynamic external environmental. The authors highlight the following fundamental provisions that should be used when making decisions on modernizing criminal law: the emergence of a new (informational) method of committing a crime does not a priori indicate that it is more dangerous than traditional forms, but in many respects indicates the problem of social control lagging behind the development of society and changes in crime; the adaptation of norms of the criminal law to conditions of the information society should not be associated with constructing “digital twins” of traditional criminal law prohibitions; the introduction of appropriate amendments to the content of norms is justified only in cases where the adaptive capacity of criminal legislation to digital crime exhausts itself; the recognition of the use of information technologies as a qualifying feature of a crime in general must comply with the criteria for differentiating criminal liability justified in science. The article separately substantiates that the emergence of a “digital personality” will complete the beginning of the transition from the traditional criminal law of the industrial society of the 20th century to the criminal law of the digital world of the 21st century (Criminal Law 2.0). This is due to the fact that artificial intelligence and “digital personality” will fundamentally change the scope of criminal law protection.