Academic literature on the topic '2013 d-389'

ImportanceComprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) are offered to qualifying US Medicare beneficiaries annually to optimize medication regimens and therapeutic outcomes. In 2016, Medicare adopted CMR completion as a Star Rating quality measure to encourage the use of CMRs.ObjectiveTo examine trends in CMR completion rates before and after 2016 and whether racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in CMR completion changed.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis observational study using interrupted time-series analysis examined 2013 to 2020 annual cohorts of community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 years and older eligible for a CMR as determined by Part D plans and by objective minimum eligibility criteria. Data analysis was conducted from September 2022 to February 2024.ExposureAdoption of CMR completion as a Star Rating quality measure in 2016.Main Outcome and MeasuresCMR completion modeled via generalized estimating equations.ResultsThe study included a total of 561 950 eligible beneficiaries, with 253 561 in the 2013 to 2015 cohort (median [IQR] age, 75.8 [70.7-82.1] years; 90 778 male [35.8%]; 6795 Asian [2.7%]; 24 425 Black [9.6%]; 7674 Hispanic [3.0%]; 208 621 White [82.3%]) and 308 389 in the 2016 to 2020 cohort (median [IQR] age, 75.1 [70.4-80.9] years; 126 730 male [41.1%]; 8922 Asian [2.9%]; 27 915 Black [9.1%]; 7635 Hispanic [2.5%]; 252 781 White [82.0%]). The unadjusted CMR completion rate increased from 10.2% (7379 of 72 225 individuals) in 2013 to 15.6% (14 185 of 90 847 individuals) in 2015 and increased further to 35.8% (18 376 of 51 386 individuals) in 2020, in part because the population deemed by Part D plans to be MTM-eligible decreased by nearly half after 2015 (90 487 individuals in 2015 to 51 386 individuals in 2020). Among a simulated cohort based on Medicare minimum eligibility thresholds, the unadjusted CMR completion rate increased but to a lesser extent, from 4.4% in 2013 to 12.6% in 2020. Compared with White beneficiaries, Asian and Hispanic beneficiaries experienced greater increases in likelihood of CMR completion after 2016 but remained less likely to complete a CMR. Dual-Medicaid enrollees also experienced greater increases in likelihood of CMR completion as compared with those without either designation, but still remained less likely to complete CMR.Conclusion and RelevanceThis study found that adoption of CMR completion as a Star Rating quality measure was associated with higher CMR completion rates. The increase in CMR completion rates was achieved partly because Part D plans used stricter eligibility criteria to define eligible patients. Reductions in disparities for eligible Asian, Hispanic, and dual-Medicaid enrollees were seen, but not eliminated. These findings suggest that quality measures can inform plan behavior and could be used to help address disparities.

Abstract Background Imatinib mesylate (IM) at 400 mg/d remains a standard for first line therapy in patients (pts) with newly diagnosed chronic phase CML (CP-CML). A sub analysis of the IRIS study (Larson et al. Blood, 2008) demonstrated that pts with high IM trough levels achieved higher rates of major molecular response (MMR). The level of 1000 ng/ml was established as the [C]min value threshold to predict molecular response (Picard et al. Blood, 2007). We conducted a randomized trial to evaluate the value of IM dose optimization based on the monitoring of [C]min levels in newly diagnosed CP-CML pts (OPTIM-imatinib trial, EudraCT number 2008-006854-17). Patients and Methods Pts diagnosed with CP- CML for less than 3 months, not previously treated or treated with IM for less than 3 months were eligible and treated with IM 400 mg/d. IM [C]min was determined by chromatography-tandem mass-mass spectrometry 15 days after enrollment. Pts with a [C]min < 1000 ng/ml were randomized between a dose-increase strategy aiming to reach the threshold of 1000 ng/ml (arm A1) versus standard IM management (arm A2). Pts with [C]min levels ≥1000 ng/ml were observed (arm A3). All pts were managed according to the ELN 2009 recommendations (amended with ELN 2013 recommendations). IM [C]min levels were assessed monthly in A1 and A2 and every 3 months in A3. BCR-ABLIS was assessed every 3 months. The primary end-point was MMR rates at 12 months. Results One hundred thirty nine pts were enrolled. Median follow-up was 31 months. Median age was 64y (25 to 88y), sex ratio (M/F) was 1.4 and Sokal score distribution was 21%, 41% and 38% for high, intermediate and low categories respectively, equally distributed in the 3 arms. In 6 pts the initial [C]min was not assessed (3 were intolerant and 3 declined the dosage). Thus 133 pts were studied. In 86 pts (65%), initial [C]min value was < 1000 ng/ml. These pts were randomized between A1 (43 pts) and A2 (43 pts). [C]min was ≥1000 ng/ml in the 47 remaining pts followed in A3. Table 1 shows the significant improvement of the median IM [C]min after dose adjustment in A1 (p<0.0001) as compared to standard management in A2. Correspondingly, IM daily dose increased in A1 (p<0.0001) to reach a mean value of 600 mg/d. In the experimental A1 arm, the distribution of IM doses at 12 months was 13% for 500 mg/d, 30% for 600 mg/d, 34% for 800 mg/d whereas 16% of the pts remained at 400 mg/d and 7% were dose decreased at 300 mg/d. During follow-up, a similar proportion of pts with AE was observed in A1 (58%) and A2 (51%). Eight SAE related to IM were equally distributed in A1, A2 and A3. Cumulative incidences of treatment discontinuation were comparable in the 3 arms (overall, 18.8% by 12 months and 34.1% by 24 months). Reasons for discontinuation were not similar in A1 and A2 with a trend for more treatment failures in A2 as compared to A1 (60% versus 18%, p=0.08). At 12 months, MMR was achieved in 27 out of 43 pts (63%; 95%CI 49-77) in A1 as compared to 16 out 43 pts (37%; 95%CI 23-51) in A2 (p=0,031). The rates of MMR were not statistically different between A1 and A3 (p=0.12). Conclusions Only 1/3 of pts on IM400 were correctly dosed and may not require systematic high dose IM. Two-thirds of the pts were not exposed enough to IM at standard dose and may benefit from individualized strategies. A tailored dose adjustment based on pharmacology resulted in higher MMR rate at 12 months (63% vs 37%), a magnitude in line with the results previously reported with second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors or high dose IM front line. Our results may provide a strong rational to early personalize the use of IM and IM generic formulations in order to optimize the outcome for each patient. This study was supported by a grant from the French Department of Health (Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique). Table 1. Median [C]min (ng/ml; (95% CI)) Initial Assessment M3 M6 M9 M12 A1 591; (508-654) 838; (746-922) 1001; (748-1261) 1062; (918-1221) 1013; (830-1277) A2 651; (558-797) 605; (487-786) 591; (517-722) 605; (460-720) 646; (576-894) A3 1314; (1199-1514) 1032; (899-1143) 1002; (784-1205) 935; (737-1073) 1000; (846-1098) Mean IM daily dose (mg/d; (95% CI)) Inclusion M3 M6 M9 M12 A1 400 538; (508-568) 611; (563-658) 607; (545-668) 600; (535-665) A2 400 395; (387-402) 392; (383-401) 391; (381-401) 391; (381-401) A3 400 400; (400-400) 398; (385-410) 389; (376-402) 382; (370-395) Disclosures Rousselot: BMS: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Consultancy. Johnson-Ansah:BMS: Speakers Bureau; Hybrigenics SA: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Huguet:PFIZER: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; ARIAD: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding. Legros:Novartis: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; ARIAD: Speakers Bureau; BMS: Speakers Bureau. Gardembas:Novartis: Speakers Bureau. Coiteux:ARIAD: Speakers Bureau; BMS: Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Speakers Bureau. Deau:BMS: Honoraria. Mahon:ARIAD: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria.

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with a high energy conversion efficiency and low emissions are considered as promising substitutes for traditional thermal power devices[ 1 ,2]. However, the conventional Ni based anode suffers from agglomeration, sulfur poisoning and carbon coking with hydrocarbon fuels, which limit its application[3]. Various alternative materials have been studied as promising SOFC anodes. Meanwhile, in situ exsolution has been developed as a fabrication strategy to prepare perovskite oxides with uniformly dispersed nanometallic particles[4]. Recently, A-site ordered PrBaMn2O5+d has been reported as a promising anode with high electrical conductivity and good catalytic activity for the electrochemical oxidation of both hydrogen and hydrocarbons[5]. In this work, La0.5Ba0.5Mn1-2xCoxFexO3-δ (x=0, 0.05, 0.1) has been synthesized with the Pechini method and investigated as an anode material of SOFCs with H2 and methane as fuels. The structure of the anode converts from a mixture of cubic and hexagonal phases to a perovskite structure with core-shell nanoparticles on the surface after reduction. The in situ exsolution process of the metals on the B sites is studied with an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, a thermogravimetric analyzer and a transmission electron microscope. The results of the electrochemical tests demonstrate that the doping of Co and Fe into B sites effectively improve the performance of the single cell with H2 as the fuel. A single cell with a 2CF-LBM anode layer and a 300-μm La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-δ electrolyte layer exhibits a maximum power density (P max) of 98, 210, 383, 653 and 1479 mW cm-2 with wet H2 as the fuel at 650, 700, 750, 800 and 850 oC, respectively, and achieves a peak power density of 503 mW cm-2 at 850 oC when fueled with wet CH4. Moreover, the 2CF-LBM anode exhibits a high coking resistance, and no remarkable degradation of the performance is observed when the cell is operated with methane as the fuel for more than 200 hours. Keywords: Solid oxide fuel cell; Perovskite; Anode; In situ exsolution Table 1. Abbreviations of various anode materials and the maximum output power densities of the cells fed with H2 and CH4 at 850 oC Anode composition Abbreviation P max,H2 (mW cm-2) P max,CH4 (mW cm-2) La0.5Ba0.5MnO3-δ LBM 962 336 La0.5Ba0.5Mn0.9Co0.05Fe0.05O3-δ 1CF-LBM 1241 389 La0.5Ba0.5Mn0.8Co0.1Fe0.1O3-δ 2CF-LBM 1479 503 Figure 1. (a) Bright-field TEM image, (b) HAADF imagine with the EDS linear scanning and (c) EDS elemental map of the reduced 2CF-LBM; (d) I-V and I-P curves of the single cell in 650-850 oC with H2 as fuel. References S. Tao, J.T. Irvine, Nature materials 2003, 2, 320-323. Z. Shao, S.M. Haile, Nature 2004, 431, 170-173. X.M. Ge, S.H. Chan, Q.L Liu, et al., Advanced energy materials 2012, 2, 1156-1181. D. Neagu, G. Tsekouras, D. N. Miller, et al., Nature Chemistry 2013, 5, 916-923. S. Sengodan, S. Choi, A. Jun, et al., Nature materials 2015, 14, 205-209. Figure 1

ABSTRACT: Asia is the second region after Africa to have the tallest prevalence of stunting in the world. Indonesia is one of the countries in Southeast Asia with the fifth highest prevalence of stunting in the world at 37%, or nearly 9 million children who experience stunting. This study aims to examine the factors that influence and risk the occurrence of stunting in children in Indonesia. The research method uses a type of qualitative research with a traditional literature review. This study found that stunting is influenced by several complex factors not only at the individual level but also at the family and community levels. A comprehensive synthesis of the available evidence on the determinants of stunting in children in Indonesia outlines who is most vulnerable to stunting, which interventions are successful, and what new research is needed to fill knowledge gaps. Keywords: Indonesian toddlers, stunting factors References: Adair, L. S., & Guilkey, D. K. (1997). Age-specific Determinants of Stunting in Filipino Children. The Journal of Nutrition, 127(2), 314–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.2.314 Akombi, B. J., Agho, K. E., Hall, J. J., Merom, D., Astell-Burt, T., & Renzaho, A. M. N. (2017). Stunting and Severe Stunting Among Children Under-5 Years in Nigeria: A Multilevel Analysis. BMC Pediatrics, 17(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0770-z Asfaw, M., Wondaferash, M., Taha, M., & Dube, L. (2015). Prevalence of Undernutrition and Associated Factors Among Children Aged Between Six to Fifty Nine Months in Bule Hora District, South Ethiopia. BMC Public Health,15(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1370-9 Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. (2018). Hasil Utama RISKESDAS 2018. Bardosono, S., Sastroamidjojo, S., & Lukito, W. (2007). Determinants of Child Malnutrition During the 1999 Economic Crisis in Selected Poor Areas of Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16(3), 512–526. Best, C. M., Sun, K., De Pee, S., Sari, M., Bloem, M. W., & Semba, R. D. (2008). Paternal Smoking and Increased Risk of Child Malnutrition Among Families in Rural Indonesia. Tobacco Control, 17(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2007.020875 Biadgilign, S., Shumetie, A., & Yesigat, H. (2016). Does Economic Growth Reduce Childhood Undernutrition in Ethiopia? PLoS ONE, 11(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160050 Black, R. E., Victoria, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., Onis, M. de, Ezzati, M., McGregor, S. G., Katz, J., Martorell, R., Uauy, R., & The Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. (2013). Maternal and Child Undernutrition and Overweight in Low-income and Middle-income Countries. The Lancet, 382, 396. Budge, S., Parker, A. H., Hutchings, P. T., & Garbutt, C. (2019). Environmental Enteric Dysfunction and Child Stunting. Nutrition Reviews, 77(4), 240–253. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy068 Burchi, F. (2010). Child Nutrition in Mozambique in 2003: The Role of Mother’s Schooling and Nutrition Knowledge. Economics and Human Biology, 8(3), 331–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2010.05.010 Casale, D., Espi, G., & Norris, S. A. (2018). Estimating the pathways through which maternal education affects stunting: Evidence from an urban cohort in South Africa. 21(10), 1810–1818. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018000125 Casanovas, M. del C., Lutter, C. K., Mangasaryan, N., Mwadime, R., Hajeebhoy, N., Aguilar, A. M., Kopp, C., Rico, L., Ibiett, G., Andia, D., & Onyango, A. W. (2013). Multi-sectoral Intervensions for Healthy Growth. Matern Child Nutrition, 2, 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12082 Chirande, L., Charwe, D., Mbwana, H., Victor, R., Kimboka, S., Issaka, A. I., Baines, S. K., Dibley, M. J., & Agho, K. E. (2015). Determinants of Stunting and Severe Stunting Among Under-Fives in Tanzania: Evidence from The 2010 Cross-sectional Household Survey. BMC Pediatrics, 15(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0482-9 Creswell, J. W. (2014). A Concise Introduction to Mixed Methods Research. SAGE Publications Inc. Dao, D., Thang, V. Van, & Hoa, D. T. (2010). Malnutrition Status and Related Factors Within Ethnic Minority Children Under 5 Years Old in North Tra My District, Quang Nam Province in 2010. Journal of Science, 61. Fantay Gebru, K., Mekonnen Haileselassie, W., Haftom Temesgen, A., Oumer Seid, A., & Afework Mulugeta, B. (2019). Determinants of Stunting Among Under-Five Children in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Mixed-Effects Analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data. BMC Pediatrics, 19(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1545-0 Fitri, L. (2018). Hubungan BBLR dan ASI Eksklusif Dengan Kejadian Stunting di Puskesmas Lima Puluh Pekanbaru. Jurnal Endurance, 3(1), 131–137. Goldstein, H. (2010). Multilevel Statistical Models, 4th Edition. Wiley. Handayani, F., Siagian, A., & Aritonang, E. (2017). Mother’s Education as A Determinant of Stunting among Children of Age 24 to 59 Months in North Sumatera Province of Indonesia. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22, 58–64. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2206095864 Hendraswari, C. A., Purnamaningrum, Y. E., Maryani, T., Widyastuti, Y., & Harith, S. (2021). The Determinants of Stunting for Children Aged 24-59 Months in Kulon Progo District 2019. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 16(2), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v16i2.3305 Hoddinott, J., Alderman, H., Behrman, J. R., Haddad, L., & Horton, S. (2013). The Economic Rationale For Investing In Stunting Reduction. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 9, 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12080 Horrell, S., Humphries, J., & Voth, H.-J. (2001). Destined for Deprivation: Human Capital Formation and Intergenerational Poverty in Nineteenth-Century England. Explorations in Economic History, 38(3), 339–365. https://doi.org/10.1006/exeh.2000.0765 International Food Policy Research Institute. (2016). Global Nutrition Report 2016: From Premise to Impact: Ending Malnutrition by 2030. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2016). InfoDATIN: Situasi Balita Pendek. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2018). Warta KESMAS: Cegah Stunting itu Penting. Kimani-Murage, E. W., Muthuri, S. K., Oti, S. O., Mutua, M. K., Van De Vijver, S., & Kyobutungi, C. (2015). Evidence of A Double Burden of Malnutrition in Urban Poor Settings in Nairobi, Kenya. PLoS ONE, 10(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129943 Kusumawati, E., Rahardjo, S., & Sari, H. P. (2015). Model Pengendalian Faktor Risiko Stunting pada Anak Usia di Bawah Tiga Tahun Model of Stunting Risk Factor Control among Children under Three Years. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 9, 249–256. Madan, E. M., Haas, J. D., Menon, Purnima., & Gillespie, Stuart. (2018). Seasonal Variation In The Proximal Determinants Of Undernutrition During The First 1000 Days Of Life In Rural South Asia: A Comprehensive Review.Global Food Security, 19, 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.08.008 McGregor, S. G., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Ritcher, L., Strupp, B., & International Child Development Steering Group. (2007). Developmental Potential in The First 5 Years for Children in Developing Countries. The Lancet, 369, 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4 Mugianti, S., Mulyadi, A., Anam, A. K., & Najah, Z. L. (2018). Faktor Penyebab Anak Stunting Usia 25-60 Bulan di Kecamatan Sukorejo Kota Blitar. Jurnal Ners Dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery), 5(3), 268–278. https://doi.org/10.26699/jnk.v5i3.art.p268-278 Ntenda, P. A. M., & Chuang, Y.-C. (2018). Analysis of Individual-level and Community-level Effects on Childhood Undernutrition in Malawi. Pediatr Neonatol, 59(4), 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.11.019 Oddo, V. M., Rah, J. H., Semba, R. D., Sun, K., Akhter, N., Sari, M., De Pee, S., Moench-Pfanner, R., Bloem, M., & Kraemer, K. (2012). Predictors of Maternal and Child Double Burden of Malnutrition in Rural Indonesia and Bangladesh. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95(4), 951–958. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.026070 Prado, E. L., & Dewey, K. G. (2014). Nutrition and brain development in early life. Nutrition Reviews, 72(4), 267–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12102 Prakhasita, R. C. (2019). Hubungan Pola Pemberian Makan Dengan Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita Usia 12-59 Bulan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Wedi Surabaya. Universitas Airlangga. Reynaldo, Martorell., & Young, M. F. (2012). Patterns of Stunting and Wasting: Potential Explanatory Factors. Advances in Nutrition, 3(2), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.001107 Rosiyati, E., Pratiwi, E. A. D., Poristinawati, I., Rahmawati, E., Nurbayani, R., Lestari, S., Wardani, P. S., & Nugroho, M. R. (2019). Determinants of Stunting Children (0-59 Months) in Some Countries in Southeast Asia. Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas, 4(3), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.25311/keskom.vol4.iss3.262 Sari, M., De Pee, S., Bloem, M. W., Sun, K., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Moench-Pfanner, R., Akhter, N., Kraemer, K., & Semba, R. D. (2010). Higher Household Expenditure on Animal-Source and Nongrain Foods Lowers the Risk of Stunting Among Children 0-59 Months Old in Indonesia: Implications of Rising Food Prices. Journal of Nutrition, 140(1), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.110858 Satriawan, E. (2018). Strategi Nasional Percepatan Pencegahan Stunting 2018-2024. [National Strategy for the Acceleration of Stunting Prevention] Semba, R. D., Kalm, L. M., De Pee, S., Ricks, M. O., Sari, M., & Bloem, M. W. (2007). Paternal Smoking is Associated with Increased Risk of Child Malnutrition Among Poor Urban Families in Indonesia. Public Health Nutrition, 10(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898000722292X Semba, R. D., Moench-Pfanner, R., Sun, K., De Pee, S., Akhter, N., Rah, J. H., Campbell, A. A., Badham, J., Bloem, M. W., & Kraemer, K. (2011). Consumption of Micronutrient-fortified Milk and Noodles is Associated with Lower Risk of Stunting in Preschool-Aged Children in Indonesia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 32(4), 347–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200406 Shieh, S. J., Chen, H. L., Liu, F. C., Liou, C. C., Lin, Y. in H., Tseng, H. I., & Wang, R. H. (2010). The Effectiveness of Structured Discharge Education on Maternal Confidence, Caring Knowledge, and Growth of Premature Newborns. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(23–24), 3307–3313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03382.x Stewart, C. P., Iannotti, L., Dewey, K. G., Michaelsen, K. F., & Onyango, A. W. (2013). 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The prevalence of ADHD children increases every year. Some researchers have shown that psychosocial behavior therapy (antecedents-consequences modification) was effective to decrease hyperactivity and increase attention to ADHD children. This study aims to find out the effectiveness of antecedents-consequences modification by parents and teachers to decrease hyperactivity and increase attention to a 6 years old boy with ADHD. The study was a single case experimental design. Psychosocial behavior therapy has been used with antecedents-consequences modification. The antecedents-consequences modification was applied by teacher at school and parents at home. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results showed that there’s a significant decrease of hyperactivity behavior and significant increase of doing his assignment both at school and also at home. Not only about the content of behavior therapy itself, but how to give the therapy is important. Parents and teacher should do the therapy consistently, immediately, specifically and saliency to reach the target of intervention. Keywords: ADHD Children, Antecedents, Consequences, Modification Reference: (APA), A. A. P. (2013). Diagnostic and Manual of Mental Disorder (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association. Amalia, R. (2018). Intervensi terhadap Anak Usia Dini yang Mengalami Gangguan ADHD Melalui Pendekatan Kognitif Perilaku dan Alderian Play Therapy. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 2(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v2i1.4 Anastopoulos, A.D; Farley, S. . (2003). A Cognitive Behavioural Training Program for Parents of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. In W. J. Kazdin, Alan E (Ed.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (pp. 187–203). New York: Guildford Press. Barkley, Russell A; DuPaul, G.L ; McMurray, M. . (1990). A comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 775–789. Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder : A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). New York City: Guildford Press. Barlow, D.H ; Hersen, M. (1984). Single case experimental design : Strategies for studying behavior change (2nd ed.). New York: Pergamon Press. Baumeister, S., Wolf, I., Holz, N., Boecker-Schlier, R., Adamo, N., Holtmann, M., … Brandeis, D. (2018). Neurofeedback Training Effects on Inhibitory Brain Activation in ADHD: A Matter of Learning? Neuroscience, 378, 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.025 Cantwell, D. P., & Baker, L. (1991). Association between attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and learning disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24(2), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221949102400205 Center for Children and Families. (2019). Evidence-based Psychosocial Treatment for ADHD Children and Adolescents. Retrieved from http://ccf.fiu.edu Davidson, G. C. (2010). Abnormal Psychology. New Jersey: Wiley. DuPaul, George; Stoner, G. (2003). ADHD in the schools. New York: Guildford Press. DuPaul, G., & Weyandt, L. (2006). School-based intervention for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Effects on academic, social, and behavioural functioning. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 53(2), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/10349120600716141 Erinta, D. B. M. S. (2012). Efektivitas penerapan terapi permainan sosialisasi untuk menurunkan perilaku impulsif pada anak dengan attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Jurnal Psikologi : Teori & Terapan, 3(1). Evans, Steven W; Owens, Julie; Bunford, M. N. (2014). Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. 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Prospective follow-up of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into early adulthood: Continuing impairment includes elevated risk for suicide attempts and self-injury. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,80(6), 1041–1051. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029451 Jackson, N. A. (2003). A Survey of Music Therapy Methods and Their Role in the Treatment of Early Elementary School Children with ADHD. Journal of Music Therapy, 40(4), 302–323. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/40.4.302 Johnston, Charlotte; Mash, E. J. (2001). Families of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder : Review and Recommendations for Future Research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4(3), 183–207. Jr, W. E. P., Fabiano, G. A., & Pelham, W. E. (2008). Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Attention- Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (Vol. 4416). https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410701818681 Kaiser, N. M., McBurnett, K., & Pfiffner, L. J. (2011). 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(Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). In R. A. Barkley (Ed.), E-book Pediatric เรื่องPsychiatry (Third Edit, Vol. 54, pp. 1–17). Retrieved from http://www.thaipediatrics.org/pages/Doctor/Download/48aedb8880cab8c45637abc7493ecddd:e0a186938dc3b74657fd46d32fac5fe6 Pastor, P., Reuben, C., Duran, C., & Hawkins, L. J. (2015). Association between diagnosed ADHD and selected characteristics among children aged 4-17 years: United States, 2011-2013. NCHS Data Brief, (201), 201. Patterson, G. . (1982). Coercive Family Process. Eugene: Castalia. Pfiffner, L. J ; Barkley, R. . (1990). Educational Placement and Classroom Management. In R. A. Barkley (Ed.), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder : A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: Guildford Press. Pfiffner, Linda J; Barkley, R; DuPaul, G. (2006). Treatment of ADHD in school settings. In R. A. Barkley (Ed.), Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3th ed., pp. 547–589). 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The role of Muslim women in early childhood education is very urgent in education because women are the first source of knowledge for children. There are many supporting and inhibiting factors for the role of Muslim women executors. This study aims to find the role of female educators in Islam as a dual function that functions as a teacher, parent, and community member. The research method uses qualitative with a phenomenological approach. The findings show the role of Muslim women is not ideal, including the role of women as educators in schools, parents, and education experts. Women's awareness of early childhood education is still very low. Suggestions for future research to dig deeper into the causes of the role of women is still low, and influence government policy in increasing the role of Muslim women or non-Muslim women. Keywords: Role of Muslim Women, Early Childhood Education References: Britto, P. R., Lye, S. J., Proulx, K., Yousafzai, A. K., Matthews, S. G., Vaivada, T., … Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development. The Lancet, 389(10064), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31390-3 Edy, E., Ch, M., Sumantri, M. S., & Yetti, E. (2018). Pengaruh keterlibatan orang-tua dan pola asuh terhadap disiplin anak. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 12(1). https://doi.org///doi.org/10.21009/jpud.122.03 Fauzia, S. N. (2017). Perilaku keagamaan Islam pada anak usia dini. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 11(2). https://doi.org/://doi.org/10.21009/jpud.092.07 Frejka, T., Goldscheider, F., & Lappegård, T. (2018). The two-part gender revolution, women’s second shift and changing cohort fertility. Comparative Population Studies, 43, 99–130. https://doi.org/10.12765/CPoS-2018-09en Islamiyati, I. (2018). Hubungan kerjasama orang tua dengan perkembangan anak usia dini di kelompok bermain. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 12(1). https://doi.org/://doi.org/10.21009//jpud.121.06 Jamhari, I. R. (2003). Citra Perempuan dalam Islam. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jum’ah, A. (2006). ). Sayyidinā Muhammad Rasulillah ila al-‘Alamin. Cairo: Dār al-Farouk. Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. (2013). Petunjuk Teknis Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta: Direktorat Pembinaan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Khan, M. Z. (2003). Woman in Islam and Her Role in Human Development. In The Muslim World. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1914.tb01384.x/abstract Kohli, R., Lin, Y. C., Ha, N., Jose, A., & Shini, C. (2019). A way of being: Women of color educators and their ongoing commitments to critical consciousness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 82, 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.03.005 Mansur. (2009). Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini dalam Islam. Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Masnipal. (2013). Siap Menjadi Guru dan Pengelola PAUD Professional. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo. Megawangi, R. (1996). Perkembangan Teori Feminisme Masa Kini dan Mendatang serta Kaitannya dengan Pemikiran Keislaman, dalam Man-sur Fakih, et. al. Membincang Feminisme: Diskur-sus Gender Persfektif Islam. Jakarta: Risalah Gusti. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative Data Analysis. London: Sage Publication. Moeslichatoen. (2004). Metode Pengajaran di Taman Kanak-kanak. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta. Shihab, M. Q. (2001). Tafsîr al-Mishbâh. Jakarta: Lentera Hati. Siregar, N. M. (2018). Peningkatan kecerdasan interpersonal melalui aktivitas fisik anak usia 4-5 tahun. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 12(2). https://doi.org/://doi.org/10.21009/jpud.122.10 Sujiono, Y. N. (2012). Konsep Dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta: PT Indeks. Sumantri, M., & Syaodih, N. (2006). Perkembangan Peserta Didik. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka. Suryana, D. (2014). Dasar-dasar Pendidikan TK. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka. Suyadi. (2011). Pegangan Bimbingan Konseling untuk PAUD. Yogyakarta: Diva Press. Tafsir, A. (n.d.). Pendidikan Agama dalam Keluarga. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Yamin, M., & Sanan, J. S. (2010). Panduan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD). Jakarta: Gaung Persada (GP) Press. Yusmawati, & Lubis, J. (2019). The Implementation of Curriculum by Using Motion Pattern. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini. https://doi.org/DOI:https://doi.org/10.21009/10.21009/JPUD.131.14

412 Background: Curative resection for synchronous colorectal cancer and liver metastases (CRC/LM) can be performed simultaneously as composite resections or in isolation as staged resections. Composite resections expedite care and may be more cost-effective, but there is persistent controversy regarding their safety. This study aimed to identify potentially modifiable differences in adverse perioperative outcomes after composite versus (vs) isolated resection for CRC/LM. Methods: All patients (pts) with CRC/LM in the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant Use File who underwent elective colon, rectal, and/or liver resections from 2005 to 2013 were identified. Patient/procedure characteristics and perioperative outcomes were compared in pts who had isolated colon or rectal resection (CR or RR), isolated liver resection (LR), or composite colon/liver or rectal/liver resection (CLR or RLR) using chi square or Wilcoxon tests. Multiple logistic regression models were used to determine the independent effect of resection type on outcomes. Results: 13,523 pts underwent CR (3,601; 26.6%), RR (2,018; 14.9%), LR (7,002; 51.8%), CLR (513; 3.8%), or RLR (389; 2.9%). In colon cancer pts, the 30-day (30-d) rate of death/serious complication (DSC) was significantly higher after CLR (33.7%) than after CR (22.0%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.41, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.33 to 0.52) or LR (13.9%; aOR 0.33; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.41). Similarly, in rectal cancer pts, the 30-d rate of DSC was significantly higher after RLR (24.7%) than after RR (21.5%; aOR 0.66; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.88) or LR (13.9%; aOR 0.47; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.62). Differences in adverse outcomes following composite resections were not due to mortality, but to higher rates of pulmonary/infectious complications and returns to the operating room. Conclusions: Composite resections for CRC/LM are associated with higher rates of DSC, particularly in colon cancer pts. Aggressive targeted strategies to prevent pulmonary and infectious complications could significantly improve outcomes in pts undergoing composite resections for synchronous CRC/LM.

Esta investigación explora la utilización de materiales alternativos como el filamento termoplástico ABS y un moderno método de manufactura, como lo es la impresión 3D para reproducir la estructura de un instrumento medidor de revoluciones por minuto RPM de un motor aeronáutico con características de atenuación de campos electromagnéticos y supresión de ruido, similares a los instrumentos originales producidos con aluminio embutido, para lograr este propósito se emplea la ley de Gauss y el efecto de la jaula de Faraday, además mediante la combinación de plástico y fibra de vidrio se logra un sistema de paredes dobles que atenúan la propagación del sonido. Empleando el diseño e ingeniería asistidos por computador se ejecuta la simulación y validación del prototipo empleando el método de análisis por elementos finitos y análisis de compatibilidad electromagnética, finalmente los resultados de las pruebas de laboratorio y de campo permiten cuantificar las nuevas características mecánicas obtenidas. Palabras Clave: impresión 3D, instrumento aeronáutico, jaula de Faraday. Referencias [1]R. Collinson, Introduction to Avionics Systems, Rochester, Kent, U.K.: Springer, 2013. [2]G. M. P., Introducción a los procesos de manufactura, México: Mc Graw Hill, 2014. [3]B. v. d. Berg, 3D Printing, Leiden : Springer, 2016. [4]Airbus, «Airbus Technical Magazine,» FAST Flight Airworthiness Support Technology, vol. único, nº 55, p. 40, 2015. [5]J. H. &. L. Serway, Física para ciencias e Ingeniería, Filadelfia: Mc Graw Hill, 2002. [6]M. Moser, Ingeniería Acústica, teoría y aplicaciones., Berlin: Springer, 2009. [7]R. E. Olcina, «Radiación de energía electromagnética,» de Interferencias electromagnéticas en componentes electrónicos, Madrid, Dialnet, 1992, pp. 389-394. [8]Y. Freedman, Física Universitaria, México: Pearson, 2009. [9]B. P. N. Anderson, The Elecromagnetic Field, York, London: Springer, 1968. [10]U. S. Dixit, Simulations for design and manufacturing, Singapore: Springer, 2018.

The present study aims to establish the relationship between the indicators of life expectancy, education and income, which are part of the human development index. The methodology used was a descriptive and correlational statistical analysis, with a population of 2480 families from the location of Virgen de Fátima - Guayas - Ecuador which made possible the analysis of the quality of social and economical development within this sector. The results show that the education index is directly related to life expectancy, which proves that there would be significant changes in life quality if it were invested in educational programs. Keywords: Multiple linear regression, life expectancy, education, per capita income. References [1]V. V. Karina Temporelli, «Relación entre esperanza de vida e ingreso. Un análisis para América Latina y el Caribe,» Lecturas de Economia, nº 75, pp. 61-85, 211. [2]E. Gómez, T. Bolaños, J. Riascos, «La educación y el ingreso como determinantes de la esperanza de vida en Colombia - 2002-2012,» Tendencias, vol. XVII, nº 2, pp. 31-55, 2016. [3]D. Strijker, G,.Bosworth, G. Bouter, «"Research methods in rural studies: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods",» Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 78, pp. 262-270, 2020. [4]W. Luo, Y. Xie, «"Economic growth, income inequality and life expectancy in China",» Social Science & Medicine, vol. 256, p. 113046, Julio 2020. [5]M. Escobar Bravo, D. Puga González, Monserrat Martín Baranera, «"Análisis de la esperanza de vida libre de discapacidad a lo largo de la biografía: de la madurez a la vejez",» Gaceta Sanitaria, vol. 26, nº 4, pp. 330-335, 2012. [6]R. Kotschy, «"Health dynamics shape life-cycle incomes",» Journal of Health Economics, vol. 75, p. 102398, 2021. [7]L. Díaz Serrano, «"The duration of compulsory education and the transition to secondary education: Panel data evidence from low-income countries",» International Journal of Educational Development, vol. 75, p. 102189, 2020. [8]Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), «"Índices e indicadores de desarrollo humano",» Estados Unidos, 2018. [9]P. Nolan, J. Sender, «"Death rates, life expentancy and China's economic reforms: A critique of A.K. Sen",» World Development, vol. 20, nº 9, pp. 1279-1303, 1992. [10]J B.Soriano, D.Rojas, J. Alonso, J-M.Antó, P. Joan, E. Fernández, lA. L.Garcia, F. Benavides,, «"La carga de enfermedad en España: resultados del Estudio de la Carga Global de las Enfermedades 2016",» Medicina clinica, vol. 151, nº 5, pp. 171-190, 14 septiembre 2018. [11]V. Kontis, J. E Bennett, C. D Mathers, G. Li, K. capataz, M. Ezzati, «"Future life expectancy in 35 industrialised countries: projections with a Bayesian model ensemble",» The Lancet, vol. 389, nº 10076, pp. 1323-1335, 2017. [12]A. Novak, Z.Cepar, A. Tronco, «"El papel de los años esperados de escolaridad entre los determinantes de la esperanza de vida",» INDER SCIENCE ONLINE, vol. 20, nº 1, 23 mayo 2016. [13]S. Rangel-Rigotti, S. Rodrigues & Guimarães-Rodrigues, «"A re-examination of the expected years of schooling: What can it tell us?",» econstor, nº 117, 2013. [14]F. Noorbakhsh, A. Paloni, A. Youssef, «"Human Capital and FDI Inflows to Developing Countries: New Empirical Evidence",» World Development, vol. 29, nº 9, pp. 1593-1610, septiembre 2001. [15]D. Filmer, H. Rogers, N. Angrist, S. Sabarwal, «"Learning-adjusted years of schooling (LAYS): Defining a new macro measure of education",» Economics of Education Review, vol. 77, p. 101971, 2020. [16]B. Huat Ver, S. Gorard, «"Effective classroom instructions for primary literacy: A critical review of the causal evidence",» International Journal of Educational Research, vol. 102, p. 101577, 2020. [17] A Smith «Naturaleza y causa de la riqueza de las naciones,» Fondo de Cultura Económica., 1776. [18]G. Kaya Uyanıka, N. Güler, «"A Study on Multiple Linear Regression Analysis",» Procedia - Ciencias sociales y del comportamiento, vol. 106, pp. 234-240, 2013. [19]L. Nathans, F. Oswald , K. Nimon, «Interpreting Multiple Linear Regression: A Guidebook of Variable,» Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, vol. 17, nº 0, pp. 1-19, Abril 2012. [20]M. Tranmer, J. Murphy, M. Elliot and M. Pampaka, «"Multiple Linear Regression (2nd Edition)",» enero 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/cmist/a. [21]Revista de Ciencias Sociales, «Universidad de Costa Rica,» vol. IV, nº 94, 2001. [22]A. Mehdi Riazi, G. Hessameddin Ghanbar and B. Fazel c, «"The contexts, theoretical and methodological orientation of EAP research: Evidence from empirical articles published in the Journal of English for Academic Purposes",» Journal of English for Academic Purposes, vol. 48, p. 100925, 2020. [23]GAD Virgen De Fatima, «"Plan De Desarrollo Y Ordenamiento Territorial",» virgen de Fatima - Ecuador, 2015. [24]E. Montero Rojas, «Educación e ingreso como predictores de la esperanzade vida: evidencias de un análisis de regresión aplicadoa indicadores de desarrollo humano,» Ciencias Sociales, pp. 51-60, 2001. [25]K. Bennett, M. Foreman, & Ezzati, «Esperanza de vida futura en 35 países industrializados: proyecciones con un conjunto de modelos bayesianos,» The Lancet, vol. 385, nº 10076, pp. 1323-1335, 2017.

This chapter discusses the law and practice of oaths and affirmations in international arbitration, particularly in England and Wales. These include the Oaths Act 1978, which provides details of the wording to be spoken while swearing an oath or making an affirmation; the Perjury Act 1911, which prescribes sanctions for not telling the truth; section 38(5) of the English Arbitration Act 1996, which provides that the arbitral tribunal has the power to direct that a party or witness shall be examined on oath or affirmation, and may for that purpose administer any necessary oath or take any necessary affirmation; the 1998 LCIA Rules on the testimony of a witness; and Article 54(d) of the 2014 WIPO Arbitration Rules, which provide that the testimony of witnesses may, either at the choice of a party or as directed by the tribunal, be submitted in written form, whether by way of ‘signed statements, sworn affidavits or otherwise’.

ZusammenfassungDie Kirchen sind mit einem radikalen Umbruch in der Religionslandschaft konfrontiert: Die Bevölkerungsanteile der römisch-katholischen und evangelisch-reformierten Kirche sanken in den letzten Jahrzehnten, während der Anteil an Konfessionslosen stark anstieg. Gleichzeitig haben die Kirchen mit Vertrauensverlusten zu kämpfen. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeichnet diesen Umbruch nach und umreißt die sich daraus ergebenden gesellschaftlichen und persönlichen Konsequenzen (Austrittsneigung). Dazu thematisiert er die Mitgliederbindung der Kirchen, die Rolle des Vertrauens und analysiert Umfragedaten aus den Jahren 1998, 2009 und 2018. Dabei zeigt sich: (a) Die Kirchen haben in der Vergangenheit Vertrauen verloren. Im Vergleich mit anderen wichtigen gesellschaftlichen Akteuren wird ihnen aktuell am wenigsten Vertrauen entgegengebracht. Insbesondere die Konfessionslosen gehen gegenüber den Kirchen zusehends auf Distanz. (b) Der Einsatz der Kirchen für sozial Benachteiligte wird anerkannt. Die Bedeutung der Kirchen im eigenen Leben dagegen ist stark von der persönlichen Religiosität abhängig. (c) Jedes dritte Mitglied der römisch-katholischen (38 %) sowie der evangelisch-reformierten Kirche (37 %) überlegt sich, aus der Kirche auszutreten (Austrittsneigung). Und schließlich (d): Es lassen sich deutliche Zusammenhänge feststellen zwischen den Grössen Austrittsneigung, Religiosität, konfessionelle Zugehörigkeit, Vertrauen in die Kirchen und (in geringerem Maße) Soziodemografie der befragten Personen. Das Vertrauen, welches den Kirchen (z. B. im diakonisch-sozialen Bereich) noch entgegengebracht wird, gilt es zu bewahren und falls möglich auszubauen. Ansonsten droht die Gefahr, dass sich die Trends fortschreiben und die Entfremdung zur Kirche weiterwächst.

Reviews: (a) Vicarion, J. L.; Badia, D.; Carillo, L.; Reyes, E.; Etxebarria, J. Curr. Org. Chem. 2005, 9, 219-235. (b) Mahrwald, R. Ed. In Modern Aldol Reactions; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2004; Vol. 1., pp. 1-335 (c) Mahrwald, R. Ed. In Modern Aldol Reactions; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2004; Vol. 2., pp. 1-345.(d) Machajewski, T. D.; Wong, C.-H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 1352-1375. (e) Carriera, E. M. In Modern Carbonyl Chemistry; Otera, J.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2000; Chapter 8: Aldol Reaction: Methodology and Stereochemistry, 227-248. (f) Paterson, I.; Cowden, C. J.; Wallace, D. J. In Modern Carbonyl Chemistry; Otera, J.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2000; Chapter 9: Stereoselective Aldol Reactions in the Synthesis of Polyketide Natural Products, pp. 249-298. (g) Franklin, A. S.; Paterson, I. Contemp. Org. Synth. 1994, 1 317-338. (h) Heathcock, C. H. In Asymmetric Synthesis; Morrison, J. D., Ed.; Academic Press: Orlando, Fl.; 1984; Vol. 3., Chapter 2: The Aldol Addition Reaction, pp. 111-212. (i) Mukaiyama, T. Org. React. 1982, 28, 203-331. Since the early 1980s, aldol condensations involving boron enolates have gain great importance in asymmetric synthesis, particularly the synthesis of natural products with adjacent stereogenic centers bearing hydroxyl and methyl groups. (Z)-Boron enolates tend to give a high diastereoslectivity preference for the syn-stereochemistry while (E)-boron enolates favor the anti-stereochemistry. Because the B-O and B-C bonds are shorter than other metals with oxygen and carbon, the six membered Zimmerman–Traxler transition state in the aldol condensation tends to be more compact which accentuates steric interactions, thus leading to higher diastereoselectivity. When this feature is coupled with a boron enolate bearing a chiral auxillary, high enantioselectivity is achieved. Boron enolates are generated from a ketone and boron triflate in the presence of an organic base such as triethylamine. Reviews: (a) Abiko, A. Acc. Chem. Res. 2004, 37, 387-395. (b) Cowden, C. J. Org. React. 1997, 51, 1-200.

The sub-continent of West Africa is made up of 16 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Togo. As of 2018, the population of the sub-continent was estimated at about 381 million. The main challenge associated with blood transfusion service delivery across the sub-region concerns adequacy and safety. In this chapter, we highlighted the challenges associated with the delivery of a quality blood transfusion service in countries in the sub-region including: implementation of component therapy rather than whole blood transfusion, effective cold chain management of blood and blood products, alloimmunization prevention, implementation of column agglutination and automation rather than the convention manual tube method in blood transfusion testing, effective management of major haemorrhage, optimization of screening for transfusion transmissible infections, optimizing blood donation, implementation of universal leucodepletion of blood and blood products, effective management of transfusion-dependent patients, pre-operative planning and management of surgical patients, management of Rhesus D negative pregnancy and women with clinically significant alloantibodies, implementation of haemovigilance system, implementation of alternatives to allogenic blood, availability and use of specialized blood products, optimizing safe blood donation, enhancing blood transfusion safety, operating a quality management system-based blood transfusion service and implementation of non-invasive cell-free foetal DNA testing. There is the urgent need for the implementation of evidence-based best practices in blood transfusion service delivery across the sub-region to allow for excellent, safe, adequate and timely blood transfusion service delivery across the sub-region.

Introdução: As hepatites virais são infecções silenciosas, o que dificulta seu diagnóstico. Os principais agentes etiológicos são os vírus do tipo A, B, C ou D e sua identificação é fundamental para o tratamento e prognóstico do paciente, além de contribuir na implementação de políticas públicas de saúde coletiva que visam diminuir os óbitos que atualmente atinge cera de 1,4 milhões de pessoas no mundo. Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de hepatite no Pará, o principal município acometido e a principal cepa viral diagnosticada nos casos notificados no período de 2016 a 2018. Material e métodos: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo. A análise foi realizada por meio de consulta à base de dados do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) disponibilizada pelo Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). Resultados: foram notificados 2.448 casos de hepatite no estado do Pará. O ano de maior incidência foi 2017 (n=934). Em 2018 houve o menor número de notificações com uma redução de 36% (n=601) em relação ao ano anterior. Das 21 cidades registradas, o município de Belém liderou o número de absoluto de casos nos 3 anos analisados: 2016 37,8% (n=389), 2017 44,21% (n=419), 2018 23,30% (n=140). A faixa etária mais acometida foi de 20-39 anos, representando 38,20% dos casos. A hepatite B foi a doença mais diagnosticada pelos testes anti-HBc IgM (n=51) e HBsAg (n=881), correspondendo a 37,9% (n=932), seguida pela hepatite C, diagnosticada pelo teste anti-HCV, que representou 30,8% (n=754). Conclusão: Nos 3 anos analisados a cidade de Belém obteve o maior número de notificações de hepatites virais, principalmente hepatite B, na faixa etária de 20-39 anos. Estes dados são importantes para auxiliar a aplicação das ações de saúde pública voltadas para vigilância, prevenção e controle das hepatites virais no estado do Pará.

Abstract The Earth-Moon system is constantly bombarded by meteoroids of different sizes. They are fragments of asteroids, comets, and major celestial bodies which provide information about the formation and evolution of the Solar System. Meteor showers have been studied for at least 50 years to construct Solar System meteoroid models which can be exploited to understand the spatial distribution of objects near the Earth-Moon system, to predict the degradation of spaceborne equipment, and to forecast large impact on Earth [1]. These models have been constructed by performing Earth-based observations of meteor showers and lunar flashes due to meteoroid impacts. As Earth-based observations are limited by geometrical, illumination, and meteorological constraints, a Moon-orbiting observatory could increase the quality and quantities of meteoroid impact detection to improve current meteoroid models. To answer these questions, the Lunar Meteoroid Impacts Observer (LUMIO) mission has been designed and is currently in development under ESA funding [2]. LUMIO is a CubeSat mission to a halo orbit at Earth-Moon L2 that shall observe, quantify, and characterize meteoroid impacts on the Lunar farside by detecting their flashes, complementing Earth-based observations on the Lunar nearside, to provide global information on the Lunar Meteoroid Environment and contribute to Lunar Situational Awareness [3, 4]. The LUMIO mission foresees two modes during its operative phase [5]: the Science Cycle and the Navigation & Engineering Cycle. The former lasts approximately 14 days and occurs when the Moon far side has the optimal illumination to perform flash detection (i.e., half of the Moon is not illuminated). The latter is defined as the complementary of the Science Cycle. During the Navigation & Engineering Cycle, the CubeSats cannot carry out scientific observations and performs reaction wheel desaturation, communication with the Earth, station-keeping, and technological demonstration. The technological demonstration performed by LUMIO is the Optical Navigation Experiment (ONX) [6]. The ONX aims at proving the feasibility of CubeSats to autonomously navigate in the cislunar environment without communication with the ground by exploiting images of the Moon. Indeed, the spacecraft-Moon range is computed by determining the apparent size of the Moon in the image [7, 8]. This piece of information is then provided to the navigation filter to determine the spacecraft state [6]. The computation of the spacecraft-Moon range is determined by the image processing (IP) algorithm which determines the Moon limb location in the image at subpixel precision [9] and estimates the spacecraft-Moon range with a non-iterative method [10]. To make the algorithm robust to possible outliers in the limb location points, the RANSAC algorithm is used [11]. This IP pipeline provides position measurements to the navigation filter by exploiting attitude information from the ADCS subsystem. The navigation filter is an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) in ECI J2000 taking into account the Moon and Earth gravitational attraction and the Sun third-body perturbation. This work presents the current status of the ONX by focusing on the image processing (IP) algorithm, the navigation filter, and the expected results during the experiment. Acknowledgment This work has been conducted under ESA Contract No. 4000139301/22/NL/AS within the General Support Technology Programme (GSTP) through the support of the national delegations of Italy (ASI) and Norway (NOSA). The authors would like to acknowledge the members of the LUMIO team for their support and the ESA experts for reviewing the Phases 0 and A design. References [1] Z. Ceplecha, J. Borovička, W. G. Elford, D. O. ReVelle, R. L. Hawkes, V. Porubčan, and M. Šimek. Meteor phenomena and bodies. Space Science Reviews, 84(3):327–471, 1998. doi: 10.1023/A:1005069928850. [2] A. Cervone, F. Topputo, S. Speretta, A. Menicucci, E. Turan, P. Di Lizia, M. Massari, V. Franzese, C. Giordano, G. Merisio, D. Labate, G. Pilato, E. Costa, E. Bertels, A. Thorvaldsen, A. Kukharenka, J. Vennekens, and R. Walker. LUMIO: A CubeSat for observing and characterizing micro-meteoroid impacts on the Lunar far side. Acta Astronautica, 195:309–317, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.03.032. [3] F. Topputo, G. Merisio, V. Franzese, C. Giordano, M. Massari, G. Pilato, D. Labate, A. Cervone, S. Speretta, A. Menicucci, E. Turan, E. Bertels, J. Vennekens, R. Walker, and D. Koschny. Meteoroids detection with the LUMIO lunar CubeSat. Icarus, 389:115213, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115213. [4] G. Merisio and F. Topputo. Present-day model of lunar meteoroids and their impact flashes for LUMIO mission. Icarus, 389:115180, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115180. [5] A. M. Cipriano, D. A. Dei Tos, and F. Topputo. Orbit design for LUMIO: The lunar meteoroid impacts observer. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 5:29, 2018. doi: 10.3389/fs-pas.2018.00029. [6] V. Franzese, P. Di Lizia, and F. Topputo. Autonomous optical navigation for the lunar meteoroid impacts observer. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 42(7):1579–1586, 2019. doi: 10.2514/1.G003999. [7] D. Mortari, C. N. D’Souza, and R. Zanetti. Image processing of illuminated ellipsoid. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 53(3):448–456, 2016. doi: 10.2514/1.A33342. [8] J. A. Christian. Optical navigation using planet’s centroid and apparent diameter in image. Journal of guidance, control, and dynamics, 38(2):192–204, 2015. doi: 10.2514/1.G000872. [9] J. A. Christian. Accurate planetary limb localization for image-based spacecraft navigation. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 54(3):708–730, 2017. doi: 10.2514/1.A33692. [10] John A Christian and Shane B Robinson. Noniterative Horizon-Based optical navigation by Cholesky factorization. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 39(12):2757–2765, 2016. doi: 10.2514/1.G000539. [11] R. Hartley and A. Zisserman. Multiple view geometry in computer vision. Cambridge university press, 2003.

The reduction of CO2 concentration in our atmosphere consists in a big challenge for researchers, who are trying to explore novel technologies in order to transform CO2 into high added-value products. CO2 conversion into methane using microwave plasma (MWP) manifests as a very promising solution due to the ease of transport of methane and its storage. Microwave plasma represents a source of high-energy electrons, active ions and radicals that enhance or enable chemical reaction. It can be supplied by electricity generated from renewable resources. Then, MWP does not require any electrode to be generated and thus, the cost of those electrodes and of maintenance is reduced compared to glow discharge or DBD plasmas. MWP also can be generated over wide range of pressure (between 10 mbar-1bar). In addition, in the case of MWP, more electrons and active species are produced in comparison with other type of plasma[1–4]. MWP is a very suitable medium for this chemical reaction and leads to an efficient dissociation of CO2. The catalytic reduction of CO2 with H2 using MWP has been investigated in this work and the synergetic effects between the plasma and several catalysts were studied. First, the reaction was carried out without any catalysts and the effect of CO2/H2 ratio, total flow rate and input energy were evaluated. Then, a microwave generated plasma process was coupled with several Nickel catalysts that we prepared and characterized [5] in order to lead the reaction into methane formation. Multiple configurations were studied by changing the position of the catalyst bed. Obtained results were compared with conventional catalytic tests made with the same catalysts. It was found that the conversion of CO2 and energy efficiency increased using plasma assisted catalytic methanation of CO2 in comparison with conventional process. Operating conditions were studied in order to optimize methane production and energy efficiency of Plasma-catalytic process. References Qin, Y., G. Niu, X. Wang, D. Luo, Y. Duan, J. CO2 Util., 2018, 28, 283–291. De la Fuente, J.F., S.H. Moreno, A.I. Stankiewicz, G.D. Stefanidis, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41, 21067–21077. Ashford, B., X. Tu, Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem, 2017, 3, 45–49. Vesel, A., M. Mozetic, A. Drenik, M. Balat-Pichelin, Chem Phys., 2011, 382, 127–131. Alrafei, B., I. Polaert, A. Ledoux, F. Azzolina-Jury, Catal. Today, Available online 12 March 2019, In Press, Accepted Manuscript. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.03.026

Contemporary processes of urbanization have outpaced the traditional notion of city. Connectivity has become a distinctive characteristic of urban spaces, so that networked cities don’t rely anymore on continuous urbanized areas, but on connections that rarely leave a direct spatial footprint. The new spatial structure of urban areas include greater inter-penetration of built-up and open spaces, and the emergence of urban enclaves, which can be spatially isolated despite being functionally connected to a city. In order to study these enclaves and their impact on urban form, a sample of 47 Spanish functional urban areas was examined, ranging from 36,000 to 6.0 million inhabitants. Land use polygons provided by SIOSE were grouped into three main categories (residential, non-residential and urban infrastructure) and cross-matched with functional urban areas defined by AUDES (an iterative method than combines morphological and functional criteria) in order to calculate compactness proximity index, gross and net density. Factors that influence urban compactness were identified: most northern and some coastal urban areas display a low compactness which can be attributed to orographic conditions; bigger cities tend to display high compactness, but smaller ones display a great diversity of values, from the highest to the lowest. A further analysis of small and intermediate cities helped to identify two complementary mechanisms of urban growth, spatial expansion of core areas and functional integration of peripheral nuclei, whose ocurrence in different proportions can explain the variation of compactness in the studied sample. References Angel, S.; Parent, J.; Civco, D. L. (2012) ‘The fragmentation of urban landscapes: global evidence of a key attribute of the spatial structure of cities, 1990-2000’, Environment and Urbanization, 24 (1), 249-283. Ascher, F. (1995) Métapolis ou l'avenir des villes. (Paris: Éditions Odile Jacob.) Dupuy, G. (1991) L'urbanisme des réseaux, théories et méthodes. (Paris: Armand Colin.) Harvey, D. (1996) ‘Cities or urbanization?’, City 1 (2): 38-61. IGN (2007) SIOSE, Sistema de Información sobre Ocupación del Suelo (http://www.siose.es/), accessed 31 Jan. 2017. Ruiz, F. (2011) AUDES, Áreas Urbanas de España (http://alarcos.esi.uclm.es/per/fruiz/audes/), accessed 31 Jan. 2017.

Limited information exists about enrollment in Part D prescription coverage by Medicare beneficiaries with cancer. Part D coverage may increase access to medicines. This study evaluated patterns of Part D uptake and costs and assessed the effects of coverage on hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) use among people with colorectal cancer (CRC). We analyzed Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)–Medicare linked data on fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare beneficiaries with at least 36 months of follow-up who were diagnosed with CRC at any point from January 2007 through December 2010, and a matched cohort of beneficiaries without cancer. Dual (Medicare/Medicaid) enrollees were excluded because they are automatically enrolled in Part D. Among beneficiaries with CRC (n=12,774), 39 percent had complete Part D coverage, defined as coverage in the diagnosis year and 2 subsequent years; the rate was 38 percent in the matched comparison cohort (P=.119). Among those with complete Part D coverage, there was no significant difference in annual prescription drug costs between people with CRC ($3,157, 95% confidence interval [CI]: $3,098–$3,216) and without ($3,113, 95% CI: $3,054–$3,172). Among people with CRC, odds of ED use ranged from unchanged to marginally higher for those with no or partial Part D coverage, (adjusted odds ratio: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00–1.18), compared with those with complete Part D coverage. Lack of continuous Part D coverage was associated with more ED use among Medicare FFS beneficiaries with CRC in 2007–2013. Among people with Part D coverage, prescription drug costs varied little between those with CRC and matched beneficiaries without cancer.