Books on the topic '2011 a-489'

Durante el año 2018 el sector forestal chileno anotó un récord histórico en las exportaciones forestales del país, al alcanzar una cifra de US$ 6.838 millones. Este nivel no logró mantenerse durante el año 2019, puesto que desde los inicios del año comienza una caída en los montos exportados mes a mes, la que se acentuó a partir de junio, registrando un monto mensual menor en 26%, en relación a igual mes del año 2018. Con este resultado, las exportaciones de productos forestales para el año 2019 totalizaron un monto de US$ 5.662 millones, lo que significa una caída de 17,2% respecto del total registrado durante el año 2018, es decir, un monto menor en US$ 1.176,3 millones. Esta baja es consecuencia de una caída generalizada en la mayoría de los productos exportados, destacándose la pulpa, madera aserrada y tableros; productos que representan el 67% de las exportaciones del sector. Sin embargo, la pulpa, con una participación del 48% del total exportado, es el rubro que tiene la mayor incidencia en el resultado final del año 2019, y tuvo una baja de 23,8% en el monto exportado.

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Re A (Children)(Conjoined Twins) [2001] 2 WLR 480, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Re A (Children)(Conjoined Twins) [2001] 2 WLR 480, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.

CACIC’13 was the nineteenth Congress in the CACIC series. It was organized by the Department of Computer Systems at the CAECE University in Mar del Plata. The Congress included 13 Workshops with 165 accepted papers, 5 Conferences, 3 invited tutorials, different meetings related with Computer Science Education (Professors, PhD students, Curricula) and an International School with 5 courses. CACIC 2013 was organized following the traditional Congress format, with 13 Workshops covering a diversity of dimensions of Computer Science Research. Each topic was supervised by a committee of 3-5 chairs of different Universities. The call for papers attracted a total of 247 submissions. An average of 2.5 review reports were collected for each paper, for a grand total of 676 review reports that involved about 210 different reviewers. A total of 165 full papers, involving 489 authors and 80 Universities, were accepted and 25 of them were selected for this book.

A prática da participação política digital com a apropriação do Facebook e Twitter em estratégias políticas eleitorais A cada quatro anos, os brasileiros vão às urnas eleger seus representantes a prefeito e vereadores. Um passo importante no exercício da cidadania e na renovação das esperanças por uma nação mais desenvolvida nos âmbitos social, econômico e político almejado por cada voto computado. A decisão sobre a quem depositar nossas expectativas não é tarefa fácil. Envolve, sobretudo, uma análise crítica dos programas de governo, da vida pregressa e das propostas de cada concorrente. Apesar de ainda existir uma certa apatia por parte dos cidadãos em relação à política, percebe-se que, por outro lado, em pleno século XXI, a comunicação sobre as práticas que envolvem as discussões e o métier nesse campo encontra terreno fértil em diferentes espaços públicos. Nesse sentido, na questão da busca pela informação, o cidadão tem, além das mídias tradicionais (jornal, rádio e televisão), um novo aporte tecnológico que é a internet. O que difere a web dessas outras mídias é justamente a possibilidade de produção de conteúdos sobre política pelos públicos (antes restrita aos profissionais da mídia de massa) e a capacidade de interação, de conversação digital, não-física entre candidatos e eleitores. Com isso, as práticas entre esses atores sociais convergem na mesma direção, com produção e difusão de conteúdo. Nesse processo, eleitores passam a ser colaboradores no jogo político quando divulgam ideias e opiniões dos candidatos de sua preferência para seu grupo social. No cerne desse contexto virtual e de disputa política, cabe ressaltar a participação dos cidadãos em sites de redes sociais, como Facebook e Twitter. Estas plataformas constituem espaços públicos que permitem a expressão e troca de opiniões, a interação entre os participantes e a divulgação de informações. Na propaganda eleitoral, o uso desses dispositivos integra as estratégias das campanhas e o seu dinamismo na questão tempo-espaço propicia agilidade na comunicação de conteúdos e a possibilidade de diálogo entre os que disputam uma eleição e os votantes. A adoção de sites de redes sociais como um novo canal de divulgação e promoção de propaganda política foi experimentada nas campanhas norte-americanas em 2008. No nosso entendimento, no Brasil, Facebook e Twitter foram significativos para potencializar as estratégias de campanha eleitoral em 2012. O Twitter teve um papel relevante ao pautar a mídia tradicional e, já em 2010, quando foram eleitos presidente, senadores, governadores, deputados federais e estaduais, complementou significativamente as ações de campanhas políticas digitais (OLIVEIRA, 2011). Nas eleições de 2012, a primeira de âmbito municipal com a apropriação de sites de redes sociais para APRESENTAÇÃO propaganda política, o Facebook foi considerado o que mais os candidatos a prefeituras brasileiras utilizaram para disseminar suas campanhas (AGGIO; REIS, 2013). A autorização dada pela Justiça Eleitoral brasileira para utilização da internet nas disputas políticas consta na Lei nº 12.034, de setembro de 2009, que reformulou conceitos sobre as bases da regulamentação da propaganda eleitoral na rede. A partir de então, os candidatos passaram a ter liberdade total para utilizar blogs, mensagens instantâneas e sites de redes sociais. Com a autorização da Justiça Eleitoral para a utilização dessas plataformas virtuais em propaganda política, candidatos a cargos eletivos buscaram o apoio de agências de comunicação para divulgar suas ações de campanha e escolher estratégias de marketing eleitoral visando otimizar suas imagens frente a públicos diversificados. Apesar do uso do site de rede social Orkut nas eleições de 2004, a regulamentação específica para o uso da internet em campanhas eleitorais é direcionada ao pleito de 2010 (pois antes a web era utilizada segundo a legislação de rádio e televisão) ou focada em campanhas online realizadas em outros países. Trata-se de mais uma oportunidade, para quem pleiteia um cargo político, de expressar ideias e propostas, de divulgar o ritmo cotidiano de campanha, além de compartilhar fatos e acontecimentos e, principalmente, dialogar e interagir com um público disposto a consumir informação política. Este livro, fruto de estudos desenvolvidos durante o mestrado no Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos da Mídia da UFRN, apresenta o contexto de campanhas e estratégias eleitorais adotadas pelos postulantes à Prefeitura do Natal (RN) ao incorporar os sites Facebook e Twitter como possíveis espaços de disseminação de informação política e interação com eleitores. Com isso, buscamos compreender as práticas de participação e de comunicação dos candidatos a prefeito e eleitores em plataformas de redes sociais virtuais nas Eleições 2012, considerada a primeira de âmbito municipal a se apropriar desses meios para propaganda política. Também procuramos verificar a maneira pela qual se concretizou o relacionamento entre os que disputaram a cadeira do executivo municipal potiguar em 2012 e seus eleitores. Além disso, a obra busca analisar quais foram os tipos de questionamentos e demandas direcionados aos candidatos e qual foi o posicionamento adotado ao responder os comentários deixados nas postagens. Outro enfoque deste trabalho é verificar a frequência com que os concorrentes se comunicaram com seus eleitores e que tipo de informação política foi disponibilizado nessas redes. Podemos inferir que a chegada das campanhas eleitorais ao ciberespaço e seu uso na esfera política foram, inicialmente, de desconhecimento para os candidatos porque exigiram, como acreditamos que ainda continuam exigindo, mais engajamento, formação e capacitação para entender a funcionalidade e o potencial das redes sociais virtuais. Às vezes, mesmo os profissionais contratados e especializados no desenvolvimento de estratégias que objetivam conquistar a opinião pública não conseguem atender as expectativas de determinados candidatos, que por desconhecimento sobre o uso desses dispositivos, acreditam ser tarefa fácil garantir uma quantidade significativa de visualização das publicações e alcance das páginas. Numa campanha eleitoral, candidatos têm como uma das metas falar para um maior número de pessoas possível e conquistar a maior votação que puderem. Portanto, utilizam de todo o aparato técnico e tecnológico para atingir tal premissa. Os usuários precisaram de tempo para se adaptar às novas práticas de comunicação e interação oriundas desses ambientes digitais. Tempo para conhecer as funcionalidades dessas mídias e de familiarização com as linguagens e o novo contexto. A mudança social que emerge da reconfiguração das práticas de comunicação para o espaço público digital não depende especificamente dos meios, que são condição necessária, mas não suficiente para se alcançar essa mudança. Os próprios usuários, participantes ou agentes sociais que utilizam a mídia digital também têm comprometimento com essa mudança. Mesmo com a expansão de canais participativos, ainda cabe o questionamento sobre os efeitos políticos provenientes da comunicação digital. Ainda que existam mais espaços de expressão e discussão destinados aos eleitores, a contrapartida comunicacional do candidato é relevante, no sentido de que este leve em consideração as mensagens e contribuições enviadas por aqueles que escolhem quem irá representá-los na esfera municipal de governo. O que os cidadãos esperam, com a internet, é ter voz ativa e suas opiniões potencializadas em processos de tomada de decisão. Nas campanhas eleitorais isso não é diferente. O cidadão quer ser ouvido, quer ter sua participação valorizada nos espaços de redes sociais, quer se comunicar e interagir com seus candidatos. Ele quer a oportunidade de cobrar, fiscalizar e monitorar diariamente as ações de representantes eleitos pelo povo. Do outro lado, candidatos têm a oportunidade de disponibilizar, de forma constante, informações que estejam imbuídas de teor relevante politicamente e que possam propiciar diálogos com os eleitores no atendimento às demandas, no esclarecimento de dúvidas e na tessitura de comentários acerca do conteúdo publicado nos perfis virtuais. As práticas de comunicação vivenciadas no universo online são contemporâneas e as transformações oriundas do uso de tecnologias digitais na vida social, cultural, econômica e política ainda não são conhecidas em sua totalidade, nem mesmo a extensão dos graus de efeitos e consequências provenientes do seu uso, que dependem do modo como as pessoas as apropriam e para qual finalidade. Os pensamentos otimista e pessimista acompanham o incremento das tecnologias digitais na comunicação humana. O fato é que na política, a incorporação dessas ferramentas virtuais no escopo das estratégias de campanhas online é recente. Por isso, esta obra, diante da efervescência do cenário político brasileiro, busca tratar das práticas comunicativas estabelecidas entre candidatos e eleitores na realidade virtual. No que se refere a campanhas eleitorais, especialmente as de partidos pequenos, que dispõem de poucos recursos financeiros e de pouco espaço para visibilidade de suas ações, a internet e os sites de redes sociais são um instrumento de baixo custo. São espaços onde as informações podem ser difundidas em diferentes formatos (vídeos, fotos, links, texto) e propícios para discussões públicas. Em relação a 2010, podemos inferir que no Brasil, em 2012, as redes sociais foram utilizadas na propaganda política eleitoral e ganharam mais força nas eleições municipais para prefeito e vereadores em 5.565 municípios. Natal, capital do Rio Grande do Norte, com 528.364 eleitores, foi uma dessas cidades em que a campanha eleitoral também se projetou nas redes sociais. Seis candidatos disputaram os cargos à Prefeitura e 489 concorreram às 29 vagas disponíveis na Câmara de Vereadores. Nesta obra, o leitor poderá vivenciar e compreender como as práticas de comunicação, participação e interação foram concebidas no Facebook e Twitter pelos candidatos Carlos Eduardo (PDT), Fernando Mineiro (PT), Hermano Morais (PMDB), Robério Paulino (PSOL), Rogério Marinho (PSDB) e pelos eleitores potiguares. Nesta perspectiva, apresentamos um esboço da estrutura deste livro. Nossa abordagem, portanto, começa com uma discussão dos principais conceitos que norteiam esta análise. O primeiro capítulo versará sobre o tema da internet e da esfera pública, partindo das definições sobre o que é a esfera pública. Consideramos o ambiente online como um ambiente possível de aglutinação de uma esfera pública política, e das mudanças nesse contexto. Já o segundo capítulo abordará o tema central da análise desta obra, que é a participação política. Nele, trataremos dos conceitos de participação, do interesse pelo processo político e de algumas experiências participativas online. Outro conceito que é pertinente ao tema deste livro se refere à questão da visibilidade política no meio digital e da interação em ambientes midiáticos. Além disso, neste tópico será abordada ainda a questão da abrangência do Facebook e do Twitter no Brasil, suas características como meios de comunicação e particularidades da conversação nessas plataformas. A seguir, no quarto capítulo, nos dedicamos a explicar os procedimentos adotados para análise das práticas de participação entre candidatos e eleitores nas mídias sociais. No quinto capítulo serão apresentados os resultados desta análise qualitativa do conteúdo coletado no Facebook e no Twitter dos candidatos, com base em referenciais teóricos, o que nos possibilitará tecer comparações sobre o modo com que cada um se apropriou dessas plataformas e as formas de uso no marketing eleitoral, nas práticas de comunicação das ações de campanha e na interação. Ao mesmo tempo, analisaremos os questionamentos de eleitores endereçados aos candidatos.

Research concerns the problem of landslide movement, which is one of the most important geomorphological processes in the Carpathians. The aim of the studies is to determine the temporal and spatial complexity of landslide activity and to demonstrate the suitability of using different species of conifers in the dendrogeomorphological method. The Sawicki landslide located in Beskid Niski Mts., which is one of the largest landslides in the Polish Flysch Carpathians, was selected for dendrogeomorphological analysis. The dendrogeomorphological method and geomorphological mapping were used in the research. 1078 samples from conifers (fir, spruce, larch and pine) growing on the Sawicki landslide and its immediate surroundings were taken using an increment borer in 2013- 2018. The cores were taken from the upslope and downslope side of the tree stump. The width of annual tree rings were measured for each extracted core sample. The landslide activity was assessed on the basis of the eccentricity, the eccentricity index and its yearly variation. Geological and topographic maps, published data on landslides activity in the research area, precipitation data from the Research Station in Szymbark (Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Science) for 1968-2017 and from the meteorological station in Krynica (Institute of Meteorology and Water Management) for 1881-2010 were also used for dendrogeomorphological research of Sawicki landslide. The research shows that the Sawicki landslide is characterized by varied temporal and spatial complexity of landslide activity. The dynamics of displacements within the research sites and research sub-sites, including various fragments of landslides, and movements of colluvial packages is spatially mosaic and chaotic in time. Mass movements covering almost the entire surface of the landslide occurred in the years 1913-1914 and 1974-1975, while in the years 1888, 1906-1907, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1965, 1973, 1980, 1983-1985, 1997 landslide activity was recorded only in its particular parts. The largest variation in the dynamics of landslide movements is characteristic for the period 1970-1985. It was also found that in the initial stage of formation of the landslide tongue, the colluviums movement is disordered. During further downhill movement, the direction of displacement is arranged. Periods of Sawicki landslide activity refers to extremely humid years (62%) and wet years (48%) and they are consistent with the years of landslides activity in Szymbark, listed in the current literature of the subject. The most predisposed conifer species to dendrogeomorphological analysis were spruce, larch and fir. Despite its limitations, the dendrogeomorphological method is a useful tool in landslide activity research.

A set of advanced training programs for teachers of general secondary education institutions is designed to train management and teaching staff of general secondary education institutions who will implement an innovative educational project of the all-Ukrainian level on the topic "Didactic, methodological and educational support to implement the conceptual foundations of basic secondary education reformation" for April 2021- December 2026 (Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine No. 484 dated April 29, 2021). The content of the programs is a set of modules and topics, the choice of which takes into account the peculiarities of the professional activity of a modern teacher and the requirements of society for providing educational institutions with highly qualified specialists; the main directions of state policy in the field of education, in particular, the National Qualifications Framework, educational standards, requirements for the competencies of teaching staff, in particular, for the introduction of innovative educational systems.

O I Congresso Nacional Multiprofissional em Saúde (ICONMUSA) promovido pela Inova Científica (CNPJ: 34.055.613/0001-48) ocorreu entre os dias 20 e 21 de agosto de 2021, de forma online com transmissão através do canal do YouTube. Tratou-se de um evento multiprofissional de caráter técnico-científico que objetivou promover o conhecimento dos discentes, docentes e os profissionais da saúde a respeito de temáticas multiprofissionais voltadas para a área da saúde, possibilitando a troca de experiências e o aprendizado científico, contou com a participação de profissionais renomados e palestras relevantes no contexto da saúde.

O I Congresso Nacional Multiprofissional em Terapia Intensiva (ICONMUTI) promovido pelo Instituto Inova (CNPJ: 34.055.613/0001-48) ocorreu entre os dias 17 e 18 de dezembro de 2021, de forma online com transmissão através do canal do YouTube. Tratou-se de um evento multiprofissional de caráter técnico-científico que objetivou promover o conhecimento dos discentes, docentes e os profissionais da saúde a respeito de temáticas multiprofissionais voltadas para a área da terapia intensiva, possibilitando a troca de experiências e o aprendizado científico, contou com a participação de profissionais renomados e palestras relevantes no contexto da terapia intensiva.

The nexus of substance use disorders and criminal justice involvement is considerable. This is particularly the case in the United States, where 48% of individuals in federal prisons were incarcerated for drug-related convictions in 2011. In the last year for which national data are available, approximately half of the individuals incarcerated in state and federal prisons met criteria for drug abuse or dependence. Tobacco and alcohol use are also more common in correctional populations than in the general, non-institutionalized population. Thus, criminal justice populations have a significant need for evidence-based treatment of addiction and interventions to reduce the medical complications of drug use. While many programs to address substance use disorder among correctional populations exist, many individuals fail to receive adequate care and continue to experience complications of substance use disorders. Thus, correctional clinicians and staff, researchers, and patients will need to continue to advocate for improved and enhanced dissemination of integrated, evidence-based behavioral and pharmacological treatment for substance use disorder across the continuum of criminal justice involvement. This chapter describes the evolution of addiction programming within correctional settings from the late 1700s to contemporary practices. Beginning with a discussion of mutual aid societies as one of the earliest providers of ‘treatment,’ this chapter outlines important aspects of early treatment. Additionally, current levels of care and specialized modalities for individuals involved in the criminal justice system are presented, such as cognitive-behavioral interventions, drug courts, therapeutic communities, pharmacologically supported therapy, and harm reduction approaches.

En México, desde el año 2000, la demanda de energía primaria ha tenido un crecimiento de un 25 %, paralelamente con la expansión económica, siendo el petróleo, el gas natural y el carbón los combustibles fósiles dominantes en la generación de esta energía, cubriendo aproximadamente un 90 % de la demanda. Entre estos combustibles, el petróleo ha sido el más empleado en nuestro país en las últimas dos décadas, con 96,4 millones de toneladas equivalentes de petróleo (Mtoe) (iea, 2016), por ende, el costo tarifario de energía eléctrica es muy alto. En las zonas costeras del país es indispensable un sistema de climatización (aire acondicionado) en cada una de las viviendas para lograr tener un confort térmico. La presencia de estos equipos es mucho más alta en regiones de sensación cálida extrema, donde el 48 % de las viviendas tiene al menos un equipo de aire acondicionado. En total se contabilizan poco más de 7 millones de equipos de aire acondicionado en uso, en viviendas particulares en el país. El número de equipos de aire acondicionado por región climática varía, identificando que la mayor concentración se da en la región cálida extrema. (inegi, 2018). El uso de estos equipos, ocasiona un gran impacto en las finanzas de los usuarios por el alto gasto por consumo de energía eléctrica. (Galindo, 2020). Esta demanda de energía tendrá consecuencias significativas en el abastecimiento energético para las futuras generaciones. Es por esto que se buscan formas innovadoras de ahorro de energía que ayuden a resolver la problemática del gasto excesivo en el consumo eléctrico en construcciones específicamente localizadas en la costa de la República Mexicana. Tal es el caso de la ventilación natural, que como su nombre lo indica, mediante la circulación de aire a temperatura ambiente, busca obtener el confort térmico de las personas dentro de un edificio de forma natural, sin necesidad de consumir energía complementaria convencional para que esto se lleve a cabo. Con base a lo antes mencionado, es de importancia mejorar la eficiencia energética de las viviendas, a través de estrategias para el uso adecuado de la energía, ya que actualmente las viviendas tipo de interés social, construidas en México, no consideran en sus propuestas arquitectónicas el diseño, ni los materiales adecuados para que su función sea la ideal, de acuerdo a las características del clima de cada región. El presente libro aporta una perspectiva del impacto de océano en el clima de las zonas costeras, con base a mapas y gráficos históricos del clima de los estados costeros del país, con la finalidad de analizar las zonas costeras del país e identificar los estados más idóneos para el aprovechamiento de los vientos locales o brisa marina, como recurso energético que pueda ser aprovechado en la arquitectura bioclimática y de esta manera aportar al diseño de viviendas que resulten menos dependientes de la energía convencional, así como de otras energías renovables. En el primer capítulo se describe la metodología para el desarrollo de los mapas climáticos, describiendo la información que fue seleccionada, también se hace mención de las herramientas y software aplicados en la realización de estos. En el segundo capítulo se presentan los mapas climáticos, así como sus gráficos correspondientes a la temperatura máxima promedio, temperatura mínima promedio, precipitación y evaporación.

Horseradish roots, due to the content of many valuable nutrients and substances with healing and pro-health properties, are used more and more in medicine, food industry and cosmetics. In Poland, the cultivation of horseradish is considered minor crops. In addition, its limited size causes horseradish producers to encounter a number of unresolved agrotechnical problems. Infectious diseases developing on the leaves and roots during the long growing season reduce the size and quality of root crops. The small range of protection products intended for use in the cultivation of horseradish generates further serious environmental problems (immunization of pathogens, low effectiveness, deterioration of the quality of raw materials intended for industry, destruction of beneficial organisms and biodiversity). In order to meet the problems encountered by horseradish producers and taking into account the lack of data on: yielding, occurrence of infectious diseases and the possibility of combating them with methods alternative to chemical ones in the years 2012–2015, rigorous experiments have been carried out. The paper compares the impact of chemical protection and its reduced variants with biological protection on: total yield of horseradish roots and its structure. The intensification of infectious diseases on horseradish leaves and roots was analyzed extensively. Correlations were examined between individual disease entities and total yield and separated root fractions. A very important and innovative part of the work was to learn about the microbial communities involved in the epidemiology of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The effect was examined of treatment of horseradish cuttings with a biological preparation (Pythium oligandrum), a chemical preparation (thiophanate-methyl), and the Kelpak SL biostimulator (auxins and cytokinins from the Ecklonia maxima algae) on the quantitative and qualitative changes occurring in the communities of these microorganisms. The affiliation of species to groups of frequencies was arranged hierarchically, and the biodiversity of these communities was expressed by the following indicators: Simpson index, Shannon–Wiener index, Shannon evenness index and species richness index. Correlations were assessed between the number of communities, indicators of their biodiversity and intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. It was shown that the total yield of horseradish roots was on average 126 dt · ha–1. Within its structure, the main root was 56%, whereas the fraction of lateral roots (cuttings) with a length of more than 20 cm accounted for 26%, and those shorter than 20 cm for 12%, with unprofitable yield (waste) of 6%. In the years with higher humidity, the total root yield was higher than in the dry seasons by around 51 dt · ha–1 on average. On the other hand, the applied protection treatments significantly increased the total yield of horseradish roots from 4,6 to 45,3 dt · ha–1 and the share of fractions of more than 30 cm therein. Higher yielding effects were obtained in variants with a reduced amount of foliar application of fungicides at the expense of introducing biopreparations and biostimulators (R1, R2, R3) and in chemical protection (Ch) than in biological protection (B1, B2) and with the limitation of treatments only to the treatment of cuttings. The largest increments can be expected after treating the seedlings with Topsin M 500 SC and spraying the leaves: 1 × Amistar Opti 480 SC, 1 × Polyversum WP, 1 × Timorex Gold 24 EC and three times with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL + 1 × Tytanit). In the perspective of the increasing water deficit, among the biological protection methods, the (B2) variant with the treatment of seedlings with auxins and cytokinins contained in the E. maxima algae extract is more recommended than (B1) involving the use of P. oligandrum spores. White rust was the biggest threat on horseradish plantations, whereas the following occurred to a lesser extent: Phoma leaf spot, Cylindrosporium disease, Alternaria black spot and Verticillium wilt. In turn, on the surface of the roots it was dry root rot and inside – Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The best health of the leaves and roots was ensured by full chemical protection (cuttings treatment + 6 foliar applications). A similar effect of protection against Albugo candida and Pyrenopeziza brassicae was achieved in the case of reduced chemical protection to one foliar treatment with synthetic fungicide, two treatments with biological preparations (Polyversum WP and Timorex Gold 24 EC) and three treatments with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL, 1 × Tytanit). On the other hand, the level of limitation of root diseases comparable with chemical protection was ensured by its reduced variants R3 and R2, and in the case of dry root rot, also both variants of biological protection. In the dry years, over 60% of the roots showed symptoms of Verticillium wilt, and its main culprits are Verticillium dahliae (37.4%), Globisporangium irregulare (7.2%), Ilyonectria destructans (7.0%), Fusarium acuminatum (6.7%), Rhizoctonia solani (6.0%), Epicoccum nigrum (5.4%), Alternaria brassicae (5.17%). The Kelpak SL biostimulator and the Polyversum WP biological preparation contributed to the increased biodiversity of microbial communities associated with Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. In turn, along with its increase, the intensification of the disease symptoms decreased. There was a significant correlation between the richness of species in the communities of microbial isolates and the intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. Each additional species of microorganism contributed to the reduction of disease intensification by 1,19%.

An analysis of the existing literature on the issue of damage to regeneration caused by timber harvesting, revealed that a great majority of results reported in those publications was obtained through laborious and time-consuming field research conducted in two stages. Field research methods for gathering data, employed by various authors, differed in terms of the manner of establishing trial plots, the accuracy of counting and evaluating the number of saplings growing on the investigated sites, classification systems used for distinguishing particular groups of regeneration based on quantitative (diameter at breast height, tree height) and qualitative features (biosocial position within the certain layer and the entire stand), classification systems used for identifying types of damage caused by cutting and felling, as well as transporting operations, and finally the duration of observation intervals and time spent on gathering data on the response of damaged saplings from both, the individual and collective perspectives. Obviously, the most reliable manner of gathering such data would be to count all damaged elements of the environment being a subject of interest of particular investigators at the certain point of time. However, due to time and work consumption of this approach, which is besides very costly, any research should be designed in such a manner as to reduce the above-mentioned factors. This paper aimed to (1) analyse the probability of occurrence of damage to regeneration depending on the form of timber assortments dragged from the felling site to the skidding routes, and timber harvesting technology employed in logging works, and (2) identify a method ensuring that gathered data is sufficient for performing reliable evaluation of share of damage to regeneration at acceptable accuracy level, without necessity to establish trial plots before commencing harvesting works. The scope of these studies enclosed a comparison between two motor-manual methods of timber harvesting in thinned stands, with dragging of timber in the first stage of skidding from the stand to landings. According to one of these methods, a classical one, operations of felling and delimbing of trees were carried out by sawmen at the felling site. Timber obtained using different methods was skidded by carters and horses, and operators of a light-duty cable winch, driven by the chainsaw’s engine, as well as operators of cable winches combined with farm tractors. In the latter, alternative method, sawmen performed only cutting and felling of trees. Delimbing and cross-cutting of trunks, dragged from the felling sites, was carried out by operators of processors combined with farm tractors, worked on skidding routes. The research was conducted in the years 2002–2010 in stands within the age classes II–IV mostly, located in the territories of Regional Directorates of State Forests in Krakow and Katowice, and in the Forest Experimental Unit in Krynica-Zdrój. In the course of a preliminary stage of investigations 102 trial plots were established in stands within early and late tinning treatments. As a result of the field research carried out in two stages, more than 3.25 thsd. circular sites were established and marked, on the surface of which over 25 thsd. saplings constituting the regeneration layer were inventoried. Based on the results of investigations and analyses it was revealed that regardless of the category of thinning treatment, the highest probability of occurrence of destroying P(ZN) to regeneration (0.24–0.44) should be expected when the first stage of timber skidding is performed using cable winches. Slightly lower values of probability (0.17–0.33) should be expected in stands where timber is skidded by horses, while in respect to processor-based skidding technology the probability of destroying occurrence oscillates between 0.12 and 0.27, depending on the particular layer of regeneration. P(ZN) values, very close to those of skidding technology engaging processors, were recorded for skidding performed using the light-duty cable winch driven by the chainsaw’s engine (0.16–0.27). The highest probability of damage P(USZK) to regeneration (0.16–0.31) can be expected when processors are used in the first stage of timber skidding. Slightly lower values of probability (0.14–0.23) were obtained when skidding was performed with the use of cable winches, whereas engaging horses for hauling of trunks results in probability of damage occnrrence oscillating between 0.05–0.20, depending on the particular layer of regeneration. With regard to the probability of occurrence of both, destroying and damage P(ZNUSZK) to regeneration (0.33–0.54), the highest values can be expected when cable winches are engaged in the first stage of skidding. Little lower (0.30–0.43) was the probability of their occurrence if processor-based technology of skidding was employed, while in respect to horse skidding these values oscillated between 0.27–0.41, depending on the layer of regeneration. The lowest values of probability of occurrence of damage P(USZK), and destroying and damage treated collectively P(ZNUSZK), within all layers of regeneration, were recorded in stands where thinning treatments were performed using the light-duty cable winch driven by the chainsaw’s engine. The models evaluated and respective equations, developed based on those models, for evaluating the number of destroyed saplings ZNha (tab. 40, 42, 44, 46, 48) could be used for determining the share of damage expressed as a percentage, upon conducting only one field research at the investigated felling sites, once the timber harvesting and skidding would have been completed. As revealed by the results of analyses, evaluation of statistically significant regression models was possible for all layers of regeneration (tab. 39, 41, 43, 45, 47). Nevertheless, the smallest part of these models that could be considered positively verified, were those for the natural young regeneration, although almost a half of them revealed to be significant. Within the medium-sized regeneration over three-fourths of all models could be considered positively verified, four of which explained more than 50% of variability. Within the high-sized regeneration almost two-thirds of evaluated regression models were statistically significant, five of which were verified positively, moreover, one of them explained more than 50% of variability. The most promising results were those obtained for the advance growth. Nearly 90% of the evaluated models revealed to be statistically significant, ten of which could be considered positively verified. Furthermore, four statistically significant models explained over 50% of general variability. With regard to the entire regeneration more than 80% of evaluated models were statistically significant. However, due to insignificant coefficients of regression, eight of them could be considered positively verified. At this point it should be stressed that in respect to logging technology employing the light-duty cable winch FKS it was impossible to evaluate statistically significant models of regression. Whereas, in the case of processor-based logging technology, firstly regarding the advance growth, and then the entire regeneration, all of the evaluated statistically significant models could be considered positively verified, in terms of both, all of the stands, and particular categories of thinning treatments individually. This latter case also revealed the highest degree of matching of evaluated models (R2 popr 0.73–0.76 for advance growth and 0.78–0.94 for the entire regeneration). A significant impact of the kind of form of hauled timber on the probability of damage occurrence P(USZK), mainly in early thinning treatments, could have been reflected in the results obtained for all stands (early and late thinning treated collectively). Moreover, due to an insignificant impact of the form of hauled timber and logging technology employed, on the probability of occurrence of damage in late thinned stands, and a significant impact of the above-mentioned variables on early thinned stands, it should be assumed that for performing an evaluation of destroying and damage caused by timber harvesting the both thinning treatment categories should be analysed separately. Furthermore, when evaluating the probability of occurrence of destroying and damage caused by timber harvesting, the layers of natural young regeneration and advance growth should be analysed separately. As proved by the results presented in this paper, varying values of probability computed for each of the layers of regeneration seem to indicate that when investigating damage to regeneration caused by timber harvesting, it would be reasonable and recommended to perform a separate analysis of damage to the highest saplings as well, namely individuals with diameter at breast height close to 7 cm. In respect to studies on damage to regeneration caused by logging technologies mentioned above, the evaluation of number of destroyed saplings within the advance growth can be carried out using the proportions of damaged and undamaged saplings per 1 ha of the stand. The numbers evaluated in this manner can be used to calculate the damage share expressed in relative values (percentage of damaged saplings compared with the entire number of saplings before commencing the logging works). However, one should keep in mind that this is true only if the field research have been carried out based on the methodology described in this paper.