Academic literature on the topic '2009 d-437'

Angel, S. et al. (Eds.). (1983). Land for housing the poor. Singapore: Select Books. Antaöv. A. (2007). Democracy to become reality: Participatory planning through action research. Habitat International, 31(3-4), 333-344. Archer, D. (2009). Social capital and participatory slum upgrading in Bangkok, Thailand. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge. Asian Coalition for Housing Right [ACHR]. (2012). Comprehensive site planning: Transform community to better living place for all. Bangkok: Author. Boonyabancha, S. (2005). BMK going to scale with “slums” and squatter upgrading in Thailand. Environment and Urbanization, 17(1), 21-46. Boonyabancha, S. (2009). Land for housing the poor—by the poor: Experience from the BMK nationwide slum upgrading programme in Thailand. Environment and Urbanization, 21(2), 1-21. Brydon-Miller, M. et al. (2003). Why action research? Action Research, 1(1), 9-28. Community Organizations Development Institute [CODI]. (2003). โครงการบ้านมั่นคง: แผนยุทธศาสตร์การแก้ไขปัญหาที่อยู่อาศัย (พ.ศ. 2546-2550) [BMK: Strategic plan for slum upgrading (2003-2007)], Bangkok: Author. Community Organizations Development Institute [CODI]. (2010). บ้านมั่นคง [Baan Mankong]. Retrieved May 29, 2012, from http://www.codi.or.th/baanmankong/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=57&Itemid=10&lang=en Community Organizations Development Institute [CODI]. (2013). โครงการบ้านมั่นคง: พัฒนาการการแก้ไขปัญหาที่อยู่อาศัย [Baan Mankong Program: The evolution of housing development]. Retrieved March 14, 2013, from http://www.codi.or.th/baanmankong/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=57&Itemid=10&lang=en Davis, M. (2006). Planet of slums. New York: Verso. Forestor, J. F. (1989). The deliberative practitioner. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Frank, D. (2008). Sustainable housing finance for low-income groups: A comparative study. Berlin: Nomos Publishers. Friedmann, J. (1973). Retracking America: A theory of transactive planning. Los Angeles: Anchor Books. Gustavsen, B. (2008). Action research, practical challenges, and the formation of theory. Action Research, 6(4), 421-437. Healey, P. (1997). Collaborative planning: Shaping places in fragmented societies. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. International Institute for Environment and Development [IIED]. (2003). A decade of change: From the urban community development (UCDO) to the community organizations development institute (CODI) in Thailand, Working Paper 12 on Poverty Reduction in Urban Areas. Innes, J. (1996). Planning through consensus building: A view of the comprehensive ideal. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(4), 460-472. Krumholz, N. & Forestor, J. F. (1990). Making equity planning work: Leadership in the public sector. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Rabhibhat, A. (2007). รายงานวิจัยการประเมินผลโครงการบ้านมั่นคง เรื่อง คนจนเมือง: การเปลี่ยนแปลงโลกทัศน์และทัศนคติที่มีต่อตนเองและสังคม [The urban poor: The changes of social perspective and self reflection]. Unpublished Final Report submitted to Community Organization Development Institute. Sang-arun, N. (2012). The right to the city: The housing rights movement of Bangbua community. Journal of Architecture/Planning Research and Studies, 9(1), 1-12. Sapu, S. & Usavagovitwong, N. (2007). คู่มือการออกแบบและวางผังชุมชนโครงการบ้านมั่นคง: กรณีการสร้างชุมชนในภาคตะวันออกฉียงเหนือ [Community planning and design manual for Baan Mankong program: A case study of northeastern province]. Bangkok, Thailand: Community Organization Development Institute. Seabrook, J. (1996). In the cities of the south: Scenes from a developing world. London: Verso. Spatig, L. et al. (2010). The power of process: A story of collaboration and community change. Community Development, 41(1), 3-20. The Crown Property Bureau. (2010). รายงานประจำาปี พ.ศ. 2553 [Annual report 2010]. Retrieved March 12, 2013, from http://www.crownproperty.or.th/th/annual_report_2010.pdf The Crown Property Bureau. (2013). การพัฒนาชุมชนตามโครงการบ้านมั่นคง 39 ชุมชน [39 Communities: Baan Mankong program’s community development]. Retrieved March 12, 2013, from http://www.crownproperty.or.th/real_estate_02_06.php Turner, J. F. C. (1977). Housing by people: Towards autonomy in building environments. Michigan: Pantheon Books. UN-Habitat. (1997). Accommodating people in the Asia-Pacific region. Fukuoka: Author. UN-Habitat. (2012). Sustainable housing for sustainable cities: A policy framework for developing countries. Nairobi: Author. United Nations. (2008). Promotion and protection of all rights, civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, including the rights to development. Human Rights Council. Retrieved March 20, 2013, from http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/C90EE08CC6A733ABC12574C00049C81D/$file/G0810545.pdf Usavagovitwong, N. (2007). Towards community participation in housing design: Experience from low-income waterfront community, Bangkok. Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, KMITL, 5(1), 64-79. Usavagovitwong, N. et al. (2012). Understanding urban community amid capitalism: A case study of the Crown Property Bureau’s superblock. Journal of Architecture/Planning Research and Studies, 9(1), 27-42.

La fuga de clientes es un problema relevante al que enfrentan las empresas de servicios y que les puede generar pérdidas económicas significativas. Identificar los elementos que llevan a un cliente a dejar de consumir un servicio es una tarea compleja, sin embargo, mediante su comportamiento es posible estimar una probabilidad de fuga asociada a cada uno de ellos. Esta investigación aplica minería de datos para la predicción de la fuga de clientes en una empresa de distribución de gas natural, mediante dos técnicas de machine learning: redes neuronales y support vector machine. Los resultados muestran que mediante la aplicación de estas técnicas es posible identificar los clientes con mayor probabilidad de fuga para tomar sobre estas acciones de retenciónoportunas y focalizadas, minimizando los costos asociados al error en la identificación de estos clientes. Palabras Clave: fuga de clientes, minería de datos, machine learning, distribución de gas natural. Referencias [1]J. Miranda, P. Rey y R. Weber, «Predicción de Fugas de Clientes para una Institución Financiera Mediante Support Vector Machines,» Revista Ingeniería de Sistemas Volumen XIX, pp. 49-68, 2005. [2]P. A. Pérez V., «Modelo de predicción de fuga de clientes de telefonía movil post pago,» Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 2014. [3]Gas Sur S.A., «https://www.gassur.cl/Quienes-Somos/,» [En línea]. [4]J. Xiao, X. Jiang, C. He y G. Teng, «Churn prediction in customer relationship management via GMDH-based multiple classifiers ensemble,» IEEE IntelligentSystems, vol. 31, nº 2, pp. 37-44, 2016. [5]A. M. Almana, M. S. Aksoy y R. Alzahrani, «A survey on data mining techniques in customer churn analysis for telecom industry,» International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, vol. 4, nº 5, pp. 165-171, 2014. [6]A. Jelvez, M. Moreno, V. Ovalle, C. Torres y F. Troncoso, «Modelo predictivo de fuga de clientes utilizando mineríaa de datos para una empresa de telecomunicaciones en chile,» Universidad, Ciencia y Tecnología, vol. 18, nº 72, pp. 100-109, 2014. [7]D. Anil Kumar y V. Ravi, «Predicting credit card customer churn in banks using data mining,» International Journal of Data Analysis Techniques and Strategies, vol. 1, nº 1, pp. 4-28, 2008. [8]E. Aydoğan, C. Gencer y S. Akbulut, «Churn analysis and customer segmentation of a cosmetics brand using data mining techniques,» Journal of Engineeringand Natural Sciences, vol. 26, nº 1, 2008. [9]G. Dror, D. Pelleg, O. Rokhlenko y I. Szpektor, «Churn prediction in new users of Yahoo! answers,» de Proceedings of the 21st International Conference onWorld Wide Web, 2012. [10]T. Vafeiadis, K. Diamantaras, G. Sarigiannidis y K. Chatzisavvas, «A comparison of machine learning techniques for customer churn prediction,» SimulationModelling Practice and Theory, vol. 55, pp. 1-9, 2015. [11]Y. Xie, X. Li, E. Ngai y W. Ying, «Customer churn prediction using improved balanced random forests,» Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 36, nº 3, pp.5445-5449, 2009. [12]U. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-Shapiro y P. Smyth, «Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining: Towards a Unifying Framework,» de KDD-96 Proceedings, 1996. [13]R. Brachman y T. Anand, «The process of knowledge discovery in databases,» de Advances in knowledge discovery and data mining, 1996. [14]K. Lakshminarayan, S. Harp, R. Goldman y T. Samad, «Imputation of Missing Data Using Machine Learning Techniques,» de KDD, 1996. [15]B. Nguyen , J. L. Rivero y C. Morell, «Aprendizaje supervisado de funciones de distancia: estado del arte,» Revista Cubana de Ciencias Informáticas, vol. 9, nº 2, pp. 14-28, 2015. [16]I. Monedero, F. Biscarri, J. Guerrero, M. Peña, M. Roldán y C. León, «Detection of water meter under-registration using statistical algorithms,» Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, vol. 142, nº 1, p. 04015036, 2016. [17]I. Guyon y A. Elisseeff, «An introduction to variable and feature selection,» Journal of machine learning research, vol. 3, nº Mar, pp. 1157-1182, 2003. [18]K. Polat y S. Güneş, «A new feature selection method on classification of medical datasets: Kernel F-score feature selection,» Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 36, nº 7, pp. 10367-10373, 2009. [19]D. J. Matich, «Redes Neuronales. Conceptos Básicos y Aplicaciones,» de Cátedra: Informática Aplicada ala Ingeniería de Procesos- Orientación I, 2001. [20]E. Acevedo M., A. Serna A. y E. Serna M., «Principios y Características de las Redes Neuronales Artificiales, » de Desarrollo e Innovación en Ingeniería, Medellín, Editorial Instituto Antioqueño de Investigación, 2017, pp. Capítulo 10, 173-182. [21]M. Hofmann y R. Klinkenberg, RapidMiner: Data mining use cases and business analytics applications, CRC Press, 2016. [22]R. Pupale, «Towards Data Science,» 2018. [En línea]. Disponible: https://towardsdatascience.com/https-medium-com-pupalerushikesh-svm-f4b42800e989. [23]F. H. Troncoso Espinosa, «Prediction of recidivismin thefts and burglaries using machine learning,» Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 13, nº 6, pp. 696-711, 2020. [24]L. Tashman, «Out-of-sample tests of forecasting accuracy: an analysis and review,» International journal of forecasting, vol. 16, nº 4, pp. 437-450, 2000. [25]S. Varma y R. Simon, «Bias in error estimation when using cross-validation for model selection,» BMC bioinformatics, vol. 7, nº 1, p. 91, 2006. [26]N. V. Chawla, K. W. Bowyer, L. O. Hall y W. Kegelmeyer, «SMOTE: Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique,» Journal of Artificial Inteligence Research16, pp. 321-357, 2002. [27]M. Sokolova y G. Lapalme, «A systematic analysis of performance measures for classification tasks,» Information processing & management, vol. 45, nº 4, pp. 427-437, 2009. [28]S. Narkhede, «Understanding AUC-ROC Curve,» Towards Data Science, vol. 26, 2018. [29]R. Westermann y W. Hager, «Error Probabilities in Educational and Psychological Research,» Journal of Educational Statistics, Vol 11, No 2, pp. 117-146, 1986.

This research is aimed to discover the interrelation between marital satisfaction, religiouscommitment and marital commitment globally and based on its types, personal, moral, andstructural. The sampling of the research is 315 persons, with age 20 until 58 years old. The resultof the research shows there is a significant correlation between marital satisfaction and maritalcommitment, religious commitment and marital commitment, marital satisfaction together withreligious commitment and marital commitment. It is also discovers that marital commitmentinfluences personal commitment and moral commitment, while religious commitment influencespersonal commitment, moral commitment, and structural commitment.Keywords: marital satisfaction, religious commitment, marital commitment Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kepuasan pernikahan, komitmen beragama, dan komitmen pernikahan secara global dan menurut tipenya, komitmen personal, moral, dan struktural. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah berjumlah 315 orang, berusia 20 hingga 58 tahun. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan signifikan antara kepuasan pernikahan dan komitmen pernikahan, komitmen beragama dan komitmen pernikahan, kepuasan pernikahan bersama dengan komitmen beragama dan komitmen pernikahan. Juga diketahui bahwa kepuasan pernikahan memiliki pengaruh terhadap komitmen personal dan komitmen moral. Sementara komitmen beragama memiliki pengaruh terhadap komitmen personal, komitmen moral, dan komitmen struktural. Kata kunci: kepuasan pernikahan, komitmen beragama, komitmen pernikahan References Abbott, D., Berry, M. and Meredith, W. (1990). Religious Belief and Practice: A Potential Assetin Helping Families. Family Relations, 39(4), p.443.Adams, J. M. & Jones, W. H. (1999). Interpersonal commitment in historichal perspectives. InHandbook of Interpersonal Commitment and Relationship Stability. New York: SpringerScience+Business Media.Agnew, H. (2009). Commitment, Theories and Typologies. Department of PsychologicalSciences Faculty Publications. Diunduh dari: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/psychpubs/28Allgood, S. M., Harris, S.,Skogrand, L., & Lee, T.R. (2008). Marital commitment andreligiosity in a religiously homogenous population. Marriage & Family Review, 45(1),52-67. doi: 10.1080/01494920802537472.Amato, P. R. 2010. Research on divorce: continuing developments and newtrends. Journal ofMarriage and Family 72(3): 650-666. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.xAmato, P. and Sobolewski, J. (2001). The Effects of Divorce and Marital Discordon AdultChildren's Psychological Well-Being. American SociologicalReview, 66(6), p.900.Andrea, S.G. (2014). Hubungan antara religiositas dan komitmen pernikahan pada individuyang menikah melalui ta’aruf. Skripsi. Depok: Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Indonesia.Argue, A., Johnson, D. and White, L. (1999). Age and Religiosity: Evidence froma Three-WavePanel Analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38(3), p.423.Aron, A., Aron, E. and Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of Other in the Self Scaleand the structureof interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), pp.596- 612.Arriaga, X. and Agnew, C. (2001). Being Committed: Affective, Cognitive, and ConativeComponents of Relationship Commitment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), pp.1190-1203.Benokraitis, N. (1996). Marriages and families. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.Beveridge, A., Campbell, A., Converse, P. and Rodgers, W. (1976). The Quality of AmericanLife: Perceptions, Evaluations, and Satisfactions. Political Science Quarterly, 91(3),p.529.Bilqisthi, H. (2014). Hubungan antara komitmen pernikahan dengan kepuasanpernikahan padaindividu yang menikah melalui ta’aruf. Skripsi. Depok: Fakultas Psikologi UniversitasIndonesia.Bimas Islam Dalam Angka. (2012). Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia.www.bimasislam.kemenag.go.idBKKBN (2011, Desember). Policy brief pusat penelitian dan pengembangan kependudukan.20 Februari 2015. http://www.bkkbn.go.id/ViewBerita.aspx?BeritaID=967Badan Pusat Statistik. (2010). Survey agama berdasarkan provinsi di Indonesia. www.bps.go.idBurpee, L. and Langer, E. (2005). Mindfulness and Marital Satisfaction. Journalof AdultDevelopment, 12(1), pp.43-51.Carp, F. and Carp, A. (1982). Test of a Model of Domain Satisfactions and WellBeing: EquityConsiderations. Research on Aging, 4(4), pp.503-522. Cho, D. W. (2014). The influence of religiosity and adult attachment style on maritalsatisfaction among Korean Christian couples living in South Korea. A Dissertation. Liberty University.Chomeya, R. (2010). Quality of psychology test between likert scale 5 and points. Journal ofSocial Sciences, 6 (3), 399-403.Chung, R. H. (2008). Religiosity as predictor of marital commitment andsatisfaction in KoreanAmerican couples. University of Southern CaliforniaClements, R. and Swensen, C. (2000). Commitment to one’s spouse as a predictorof maritalquality among older couples. Curr Psychol, 19(2), pp.110-119.DeGenova, M. and Rice, F. (2005). Intimate relationships, marriages, andfamilies. New York:McGraw-Hill.DeGenova, M. (2008). Intimate relationships, marriages & families. Boston, MA: McGrawHill.Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), pp.542575.Duvall, E. and Miller, B. (1985). Marriage and family development. New York: Harper & Row.Fowers, B. and Olson, D. (1993). ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale: A brief research andclinical tool. Journal of Family Psychology, 7(2), pp.176-185.Gravetter, F.J. & Forzano, L.B. (2009). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (Edisike-3). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Goltz, J.W. (1987). Correlates in marital commitment. Disertasi Doktoral.Kanada: UniversitasAlberta.Hansen, D., Kelley, H. and Thibaut, J. (1982). Interpersonal Relations: A Theory ofInterdependence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 44(1), p.246.Hassan, R. (2007). On Being Religious: Patterns of Religious Commitment in MuslimSocieties. The Muslim World, 97(3), pp.437-478.Hatch, R., James, D. and Schumm, W. (1986). Spiritual Intimacy and MaritalSatisfaction. Family Relations, 35(4), p.539.Harris, S. S. (2005). Marital commitment and religiosity in a sample of adults in Utah. AllGraduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2851. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2851Haseley, J. and Riggs, S. (2006). Marital satisfaction among newly married couples. Denton:University of North Texas.Hawkins, M. (1981). Care of the dying. BMJ, 282(6280), pp.1969-1969.Heaton, T. and Albrecht, S. (1991). Stable Unhappy Marriages. Journal of Marriage and theFamily, 53(3), p.747.Heaton, T., Albrecht, S. and Martin, T. (1985). The Timing of Divorce. Journal of Marriageand the Family, 47(3), p.631.Hoge, D. and Hoge, J. (1984). Period Effects and Specific Age Effects Influencing Values ofAlumni in the Decade after College. Social Forces, 62(4), p.941Impett, E., Beals, K. and Peplau, L. (2001). Testing the investment model of relationshipcommitment and stability in a longitudinal study of married couples. Curr Psychol, 20(4),pp.312-326.Johnson, M. P. (1973). Commitment: A conceptual structure and empirical application. TheSociological Quarterly, 14(3), 395-406.

Abstract. Total column ozone reduction in the Arctic is evaluated each winter since 1993/1994 by the transport method (3-D CTM passive ozone minus measurements). The cumulative loss from 1 December to the end of the season ranges from 5–10% during warm winters like 1998/1999, 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 up to 30%–32% during cold winters like 1994/1995 and 1995/1996. The 23% cumulative loss observed during the winter 2002/2003 is similar in amplitude to the 20–24% measured in 1996/1997 and 1999/2000 but the timing is different. It started unusually early in December after the occurrence of very low temperature at all stratospheric levels between 550 K and 435 K allowing PSC formation and thus chlorine activation. The early ozone loss of 2002/2003 is well captured by current 3-D CTM models.

The aim of this paper was to investigate anaphoric processing of the null pronoun in Brazilian Portuguese and determine whether the perception of morphological gender features has a disambiguating effect during the process of reading. This feature enables the anaphoric null pronoun to be interpreted as referring to either the subject or object. We assume the proposal put forth by Carminati (2005) regarding the resolution of the null subject pronoun, which is based on the investigation of the processing of full and null pronouns in Italian. The sample of the present study was composed of 32 speakers of university-level Brazilian Portuguese. The stimuli were temporal adverbial subordinate clauses with the manipulation of the gender feature in the participle as disambiguating information. The authors used the self-paced reading experimental paradigm with a control response. The results were in line with that predicted by the Feature Strength Hypothesis and Antecedent Position Hypothesis put forth by Carminati (2005). References Ariel, M. (1991). The function of accessibility in a theory of grammar. Journal of Pragmatics, 16(5), 443-463. doi: 10.1016/0378-2166(91)90136-L Carminati, M. N. (2002). The processing of Italian subject pronouns. Dissertação de doutoramento, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA: GLSA Publications. Carminati, M. N. (2005). Processing reflexes of the Feature Hierarchy (Person > Number > Gender) and implications for linguistic theory. Lingua, 115, 259–285. doi: 10.1016/j.lingua.2003.10.006 Lasnik, H. & Lohndal, T. (2017). Noam Chomsky. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.356 Duarte, M. E. L. (2015) A perda do princípio “Evite Pronome” no Português Brasileiro. Campinas, SP: EDUNICAMP. Filiacia, F. Soracea, A., Carreiras M. (2013) Anaphoric biases of null and overt subjects in Italian and Spanish: a cross-linguistic comparison. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, doi: 10.1080/01690965.2013.801502 Gelormini-Lezama, C., Almor, A. (2011). Repeated names, overt pronouns, and null pronouns in Spanish, Language and Cognitive Processes, 26(3), 437-454. doi: 10.1080/01690965.2010.495234 Gonçalves, A. V. G., Sousa, M. L. (2012). Ciências Da Linguagem: O Fazer Cientifico?. (1. Ed.). São Paulo, SP. Editora Mercado de letras. Grosjean, F. (1996). Living with Two Languages and Two Cultures. In I. Parasnis, Ed. Cultural and language diversity and the deaf experience. (pp. 20-37). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kaiser, E., Fedele, E. (2019). Reference resolution: a psycholinguistic perspective. J. Gundel & B. Abbott, (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Reference. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199687305.013.15 Lapertua, M. (2004) Sujeito nulo na aquisição: um parâmetro em mudança – sujeito preenchido na aprendizagem: a eterna tentativa de mudança. Revista do Gelne, 6(1), 141. Limberger, B., Buchweitz, A. (2012). Estudos sobre a relação entre bilinguismo e cognição: o controle inibitório e a memória de trabalho. Letrônica, 5(3), 67-87, Lucchesi, D. (2009). A realização do sujeito pronominal. In D. Lucchesi, A. Baxter, & I. Ribeiro, (Eds.). O português afro-brasileiro (pp. 165-183). Salvador, BA: EDUFBA. Presuss, E. O., Finger, I. F. (2018). A dinâmica do Processamento Bilíngue. Campinas, SP. Pontes Editoras. Veríssimo, V. (2017). A evolução do conceito de parâmetro do sujeito nulo. Entrepalavras, Fortaleza, 7, 76-90. Xavier, G. R. (2006). Português Brasileiro como Segunda Língua: Um Estudo sobre o Sujeito Nulo. Campinas, SP: EDUNICAMP.

In the last few decades, the studies in second language acquisition have not answered the question what mechanisms a human’s brain uses to make acquisition of language(s) possible. A neurocognitive model which tries to address SLA from such a perspective was suggested by Ullman (2005; 2015), according to which, “both first and second languages are acquired and processed by well-studied brain systems that are known to subserve particular nonlanguage functions” (Ullman, 2005: 141). The brain systems in question have analogous roles in their language and nonlanguage functions. This article is meant to critically analyse the suggested DP model within the context of neurocognitive studies of L2; and evaluate its contribution to the field of SLA studies. References Aboitiz, F. (1995). Working memory networks and the origin of language areas in the human brain. Medical Hypothesis, 25, 504-506. Aboitiz, F. & Garcia, R. (1977). The anatomy of language revisited. Biological Research, 30, 171-183. Aboitiz, F., Garcia, R., Brunetti, E. & Bosman, C. (2006). The origin of Broca’s area and its connections from an ancestral working memory network. In: Broca’s Region, (pp. 3-16). Y.Grodzinsky and K. Amunts, (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Alexander, M. P. (1997). Aphasia: clinical and anatomic aspects. In: Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology, (pp. 133–150). T. E. Feinberg, & M. J. Farah, (Eds.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Alexander, G.E., DeLong, M.R. & Strick, P.L. (1986). Parallel organisation of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 9, 357-381. Anderson, J. R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M. D., Douglass, S., Lebiere, C., Qin, Y. (2004). An integrated theory of the mind. Psychological Review, 111, 1036–1060. Birdsong, D., ed. (1999). Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Buckner, R. L., & Wheeler, M. E. (2001). The cognitive neuroscience of remembering. Nature Review Neuroscience, 2(9), pp. 624–634. Calabresi, P., Centonze, D., Gubellini, P., Pisani, A. & Bernardi, G. (2000). Acetyl-chlorine-ediated modulation of striatal function. Trends in Neurosciences, 23(3), 120-126. Cepeda, N.J., Vul. E., Rohrer, D., Wixted, J. T., Pashler, H. (2008) Spacing effects in learning: A temporal ridgeline of optimal retention. Psychological Science, 19, 1095-1102. Chun, M.M. (2000). Contextual cueing of visual attention. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4(5), 170-178.Crosson, B., Benefield, H., Cato, M. A., Sadek, R. J., Moore, A. B., Auerbach, E. J., Gokcay, D., Leonard, C.M. & Briggs, R.W. (2003). Left and right basal ganglia activity during language generation: contributions to lexical, semantic and phonological processes. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 1061-1077. Devescovi, A., Caselli, M. C., Marchione, D., Pasqualetti, P., Reilly, J., & Bates, E. (2005). A crosslinguistic study of relationship between grammar and lexical development. Journal of Child Language, 32, 759–786. Di Giulio, D.V., Seidenberg, M., O’Leary, D. S. & Raz, N. (1994). Procedural and declarative memory: a developmental study. Brain and Cognition, 25(1), 79-91. Dionne, G., Dale, P., Boivin, M., & Plomin, R. (2003). Genetic evidence for bidirectional effects of early lexical and grammatical development. Child Development, 74, 394–412. Eichenbaum, H. & Cohen, N.J. (2001). From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection: Memory Systems of the Brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ellis, N.C. (1994). Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages. New York: Academic Press. Ellis, N.C. (2002). Reflections on frequency effects in language processing. Studies in Second language acquisition, 24, 297-339. Ellis, R., Loewen, S., Elder, C., Erlam, R., Philp, J., Reinders, H. (2009). Implicit and Explicit Knowledge in Second Language Learning, Testing and Teaching. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. Embick, D., Marantz, A., Miyashita, Y., O’Neil, W., & Sakai, K. L. (2000). A syntactic specialization for Broca’s area. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 97, (6150–6154). Fabbro, F., Clarici, A., Bava, A. (1996). Effects of left basal ganglia lesions on language production. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82(3), 1291–1298. Ferman, S., Olshtain, E., Schechtman, E. & Karni, A. (2009). The acquisition of a linguistic skill by adults: procedural and declarative memory interact in the learning of an artificial morphological rule. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 22, 384-412. Retrieved from: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jneuroling. Fredriksson, A. (2000). Maze learning and motor activity deficits in adult mice induced by iron exposure during a critical postnatal period. Developmental Brain Research, 119(1), 65-74. Friederici, A. (2002). Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(2), 78–84. Friederici, A., von Cramon, D., Kotz, S. (1999). Language related brain potentials in patients with cortical and subcortical left hemisphere lesions. Brain, 122, 1033-1047. Goodale, M. A. (2000). Perception and action in the human visual system. In: The New Cognitive Neurosciences, (pp. 365-378). M. S. Gazzaniga, (ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Hahne, A., Friederichi, D. (2003). Processing a second language: late learners’ comprehension strategies as revealed by event-related brain potentials. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 1-42. Henke, K (2010) A model for memory systems based on processing modes rather than consciousness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 523–532. Hikosaka, O., Sakai, K., Nakahara, H., Lu, X., Miyachi, S., Nakamura, K., Rand, M. K. (2000). Neural mechanisms for learning of sequential procedures. In: The New Cognitive Neurosciences, (pp. 553-572). M. S. Gazzaniga, (ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Joanisse, M.F., Seidenberg, M.S. (1999). Impairments in verb morphology after brain injury: a connectionist model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA. 96, (7592 –7597). Middleton, F.A., Strick, P.L. (2000). Basal ganglia and cerebral loops: motor and cognitive circuits. Brain research reviews, 31, 236-250. Moro, A., Tettamanti, M., Perani, D., Donati, C., Cappa, S. F., & Fazio, F. (2003). Syntax and the brain: disentangling grammar by selective anomalies. Neuroimage, 13(1), 110–118. Neurolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Perspectives on SLA. (2010). Arabski, J. & Wojtaszek, A. (Eds.), Bristol: Multilingual Matters. Newport, E. (1993). Maturational constraints on language learning. Cognitive Science, 14(1), 11-28. Opitz, B. & Friederichi, A.D. (2003). Interactions of the hippocampal system and the prefrontal cortex in learning language-like rules. Neuroimage, 19(4), 1730-1737. Packard, M.& Knowlton, B. (2002). Learning and memory functions of the basal ganglia. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 25, 563–593. Park, D., Lautenschlager, G., Hedden, T., Davidson, N., Smith, A. & Smith, P. (2002). Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 16, 299-320. Peelle, J.E., McMillan, C., Moore, P., Grossman, M. & Wingfield, A. (2004). Dissociable patterns of brain activity during comprehension of rapid and syntactically complex speech: evidence from fMRI. Brain and Language, 91, 315-325. Pinker, S. (1994). The Language Instinct. New York: William Morrow. Poldrack, R., Packard, M. G. (2003). Competition among multiple memory systems: converging evidence from animal and human brain studies. Neuropsychologia, 41(3), 245–251. Roediger, H.L., Butler, A.C. (2011). The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention. Trends in Cognitive Science, 15, 20-27. Schlaug, G. (2001). The brain of musicians: a model for functional and structural adaptation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 930(1), 281-299. Squire, L.R., Knowlton, B.J. (2000). The medial temporal lobe, the hippocampus, and the memory systems of the brain. In: The New Cognitive Neurosciences. (pp. 765-780). M. S. Gazzaniga, Ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Squire, L. R., Zola, S. M. (1996). Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 93. (13515–13522). Sun, R., Zhang, X. (2004). Top-down versus bottom-up learning in cognitive skill acquisition. Cognitive Systems Research, 5, 63–89. Ullman, M.T. (2004). Contributions of memory circuits to language: the declarative/procedural model. Cognition, 92(1-2), 231-70. Ullman, M.T. (2005). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on second language acquisition: the declarative/procedural model. In: Adult Second Language Acquisition, (pp. 141-178). C. Sanz, (ed.). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Ullman, M.T. & Pieport, E.I. (2005). Specific language impairment is not specific to language: the procedural deficit hypothesis. Cortex, 41, 399-433. Ullman, M. (2006). Is Broca’s area part of a basal ganglia thalamocortical circuit? In: The Cortex: Integrative Models of Broca’s Area and the Ventral Premotor Cortex. (pp. 480-485). R. Schubotz & C. Fiebach, (Eds.). Milan: Masson. Ullman, M. (2015) The declarative / procedural model: A neurobiologically motivated theory of first and second language. In: Theories in Second Language Acquisition: An Introduction, (pp. 135-158.) VanPatten, B. and J. Williams, (Eds.). 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. Ullman, M. and Lovelett, J. (2016). Implications of the declarative / procedural model for improving second language learning: The role of memory enhancement techniques. Second Language Research, Special issue, 1-27. Zurowski, B., Gostomzyk, J., Gron, G., Weller, R., Schirrmeister, H., Neumeier, B., Spitzer, M., Reske, S.N. & Walter, H. (2002). Dissociating a common working memory network from different neural substrates of phonological and spatial stimulus processing. Neuroimage, 15, 45-57.

<p><em>This article expands upon the findings of the paper presented at the 8^th International Conference of Latgalistics. The study is based more generally upon the author’s study that forms the basis of the Master’s thesis “The culturohistorical circumstances of the development of the Rudzāti subdialect”.</em></p><p><em>The Rudzāti₄₃₇ subdialect is spoken in contemporary Līvāni municipality in the parish of Rudzāti, and also in section Z of Rožupe parish. The neighboring subdialect ZR is Atašiene_432,ZA – Stirniene₄₃₃, A – Preiļi₄₃₉, D – Vārkava₄₃₈, bet R – Līvāni₄₃₆ (see Figure 1).</em></p><p><em>Since geographic, economic or political circumstances have differentiated groups of people (In Latvia, the largest factor is in the development of dialects has been the allocation of territory to different manor estates, Rudzīte 2005: 15), the aim of the research is to clarify which culturohistorical boundaries crossed the territory of the Rudzāti dialect until it became a single parish in 1925, which neighboring dialects influenced its development, and whether this is reflected in contemporary phonetic material, especially in the dialect’s vowel sounds.</em></p><p><em>Interviews conducted for the 2010–2012 ESF project “Their nest, their land – Latvian rural population development strategy and cultural change” were used in the research (ESF 2010–2012). Three Rudzāti speakers from the ZA subdialect area were also interviewed (Speaker interviews, 2015).</em></p><p><em>The most important factor in the analysis of the characteristics of the Rudzāti₄₃₇ dialect was the gathering of the most accurate sociolinguistic information possible about the speakers. It was especially important to discern the places of birth and current residence of the speakers, in order to detect peculiarities in the “endpoints” of the Rudzāti_437­dialect and isolate these. For this reason, it was also important to query the place of birth of speakers’ parents. Attention was also paid to each speaker’s religious confession and denomination. The Ošas river was used as a conditional boundary line during analysis of speaker material, because this was the boundary between the counties of Rēzekne and Daugavpils during the Russian Imperial period, and speakers of the dialect were grouped according to which side of the river their place of residence was located.</em></p><em>In the study, correlations to the vowels and diphthongs of standard Latvian were analyzed in the Rudzāti dialect in addition to vowel deletions, reductions and insertions in the final syllables. Special attention was paid to instances in which vowel and diphthong shifts indicated the possibility of intersections with isoglosses. Such differences were found in shifts of the standard Latvian vowels e, ā, ē, ū and the diphthong ei.</em>

Ключові слова: пам’ять, ідентичність, національна ідентичність, комеморація, кмеморативні практики. Анотація Національна ідентичність, з одного боку, є однією з фундаментальних ідентичностей, тобто, вона може служити орієнтиром для людини навіть тоді, коли інші (професійні, родинні, класові) швидко змінюються внаслідок трансформації суспільства. З іншого боку, зміни суспільства, його соціальних інститутів (як агентів впливу) змінюють зміст і форми національної ідентичності членів суспільства. Відтак усталення тієї чи іншої моделі ідентичності здійснюється в певному соціальному контексті, який задає не тільки спектр альтернатив, але й набір різних комеморативних практик. У статті обґрунтовується взаємообумовленість смислоконституювання пам’яттєвого та ідентичнісного дискурсів, із урахуванням того, що пам’яттєвий дискурс, з одного боку, віддзеркалює характерні риси національної ідентичності, а з іншого – формує своєрідну смислову основу останньої, моделює її, впливаючи на зміни з різним ступенем інтенсивності. Доведено, що національна ідентичність формується за допомогою колективної пам’яті та комеморативних практик. Посилання Anderson, 2001 – Anderson B. Voobrazhaemыe soobshchestva. Razmыshlenyia ob ystokakh y rasprostranenyy natsyonalyzma [Imaginary communities. Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism]. M. : Kanon-press, 2001. 288 s. [in Russian] Assman, 2012 – Assman A. Prostory spohadu. Formy ta transformatsii kulturnoi pam’iati [Spaces of memory . Forms and transformations of cultural memory] / per. z nim. K. Dmytrenko, L. Doronicheva, O. Yudin. K.: Nika-Tsentr, 2012. 440 s. (Seriia «Zmina paradyhmy». Vyp. 15). [in Ukrainian] Assman, 2014 – Assman A. Dlynnaia ten proshloho. Memoryalnaia kultura y ystorycheskaia polytyka [Long shadow of the past. Memorial culture and historical politics] / per. s nem. B. Khlebnykova. M.: Novoe lyteraturnoe obozrenye, 2014. 323 s. [in Russian] Brubeiker, 2012 – Brubeiker R. Эtnychnost bez hrupp [Ethnicity without groups]. M.: Yzdatelskyi dom Vsshei shkolы эkonomyky, 2012. 408 s. [in Russian] Briubeiker, 2006 – Briubeiker R. Pereobramlenyi natsionalizm. Status natsii ta natsionalne pytannia v novii Yevropi [Perebramlennyi natsionalizm [Text]: status of the nation and the national question in the new Europe] / Per. z anhl. Lviv : Kalvariia, 2006. 280 s. [in Ukrainian] Vahner-Patsyfy, Shvarts, 2011 – Vahner-Patsyfy R., Shvarts B. Memoryal veteranov Vetnama: pamiaty trudnoho pryshloho [Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Commemorating a Difficult Newcomer] // Polytycheskaia kontseptolohyia. 2011. № 2. S. 155–192. [in Russian] Vasylev, 2009 – Vasylev A.H. Memoryalyzatsyia y zabvenye kak mekhanyzmы proyzvodstva kulturnoho edynstva y raznoobrazyia [Memorialization and oblivion as mechanisms for the production of cultural unity and diversity] // Fundamentalnыe problemы kulturolohy. T. VI. Kulturnoe nasledye: ot proshloho k budushchemu / otv. red. D.L. Spyvak M., Spb.: Novыi khronohraf, Эidos, 2009. C. 56–68. [in Russian] Voropaieva, 2011 – Voropaieva T.S. Formuvannia natsionalnoi i yevropeiskoi identychnosti hromadian Ukrainy: teoretyko-empirychni aspekty (1993–2010 roky) [Formation of national and European identity of citizens of Ukraine: theoretical and empirical aspects (1993-2010)]. // Naukovi studii iz sotsialnoi ta politychnoi psykholohii. 2011. Vyp. 26. S. 333-343. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nsspp_2011_26_40. [in Ukrainian] Hibernau, 2012 – Hibernau M. Identychnist natsii [Identity of Nations] / per. z anhl. P. Tarashchuka; red. L. Marchenko. K.: Tempora, 2012. 303 s. [in Ukrainian] Huzman, Sappa, 2016 – Huzman O.A., Sappa H-M.M. Natsionalna identychnist yak sotsiokulturnyi fenomen [National identity as a socio-cultural phenomenon] // Virtus: Scientific Journal / Editor-in-Chief M.A. Zhurba. 2016. Juni (№ 8). S. 64–68. [in Ukrainian] Diurkheim, 1998 – Diurkheim E. Elementarnыe formy relyhyoznoi zhyzny [Elementary forms of religious life] // Mystyka. Relyhyia. Nauka. Klassyky myrovoho relyhyovedenyia: antolohyia / per. s anhl., nem., fr., sost. y obshch. red. A.N. Krasnykova. M.: Kanon+, 1998. S. 174–231. [in Russian] Zaretskyi, 2008 – Zaretskyi Yu. Ystoryia, pamiat, natsyonalnaia ydentychnost [History, memory, national identity] // Neprykosnovennыi zapas. 2008. № 3(59). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2008/3/za4-pr.html#_ftnref28 [in Russian] Zynovev, 2008 – Zynovev A. Symvoly rossyiskoi natsyonalno-hosudarstvennoi ydentychnosty [Symbols of Russian national-state identity] // Experimentum, 2009: Sbornyk nauchnыkh statei fylosofskoho fakulteta MHU / Pod red. A. Selezneva, E. Moshchelkova; Sost. A. Vorobev, T. Denysova. M.: Yzdatel Vorobёv A.V., 2008. [in Russian] Yeits, 1997 – Yeits F.A. Yskusstvo pamiaty [The art of memory]; [Per. s anhl.] SPb.: Unyversytetskaia knyha, 1997. 480 s. [in Russian] Kastoryadys, 2003 – Kastoryadys K. Voobrazhaemoe ustanovlenye obshchestva [The Imaginary Establishment of Society]. M.: Lohos, 2003. 480 s. [in Russian] Kasianov, 2016 – Kasianov H.V. Istorychna pamiat ta istorychna polityka: do pytannia pro terminolohiiu y henealohiiu poniat [Historical memory and historical politics: on the question of terminology and genealogy of concepts] // Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal. 2016. № 2(527). S. 118–137. [in Ukrainian] Kyrydon, 2016 – Kyrydon A.M. Heterotopii pam’iati:. Teoretyko-metodolohichni problemy studii pam’iati [Heterotopias of memory :. Theoretical and methodological problems of memory studies]. Kyiv : Nika-Tsentr, 2016. 320 s. [in Ukrainian] Kozellek, 2005 – Kozellek R. Mynule maibutnie. Pro semantyku istorychnoho chasu [Past future. On the semantics of historical time]. K. : Dukh i litera, 2005. 317 s. [in Ukrainian] Kozellek, 2006 – Kozellek R. Chasovi plasty. Doslidzhennia z teorii istorii [Temporal layers and. Research in the theory of history]; [Per. z nim.]. K.: Dukh i litera, 2006. 436 s. [in Ukrainian] Konyk, 2009 – Konyk A. «Istorychna pam’iat» ta «polityka pam’iati» v epokhu media kultury [Historical memory and the politics of memory in a media-cultural epoch] // Visnyk Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu im. I. Franka. Seriia «zhurnalistyka». 2009. Vyp. 32. S. 153–163. [in Ukrainian] Konnerton, 2004 – Konnerton P. Yak suspilstva pam’iataiut [As societies remember] / per. z anhl., nauk. red. Svitlany Shlipchenko. K.: Nika-tsentr. 2004. 184 s. (Seriia «Zmina paradyhmy». Vyp. 7). [in Ukrainian] Konovalenko, 2005 –Konovalenko A.V. Psykholohyia polytycheskoi reklamy [The psychology of political advertising]. Rostov n/D: Fenyks, 2005. (Seryia «Psykholohycheskyi praktykum»). 96 s. [in Russian] Koposov, 2011 – Koposov N.E. Pamiat strohoho rezhyma. Ystoryia y polytyka v Rossyy [Strict mode memory. History and politics in Russia]. M.: Novoe lyteraturnoe obozrenye, 2011. 320 s. [in Russian] Kryvda, 2019 – Kryvda N. Kolektyvna pam’iat yak chynnyk formuvannia hrupovoi identychnosti [Collective memory as a factor in the formation of group identity] // Filosofski obrii. 2019. № 41. S. 60–76. [in Ukrainian] Lotman, 1992 – Lotman Yu. Symvol v systeme kultury [Symbol in the system of culture] // Yzbrannыe staty. Tallynn, 1992. T. 1. S. 191–199. [in Russian] Mainout, 2000 – Mainout K. Anatomiia natsionalizmu [Anatomy of nationalism] // Natsionalizm. Antolohiia. K.: Smoloskyp, 2000. S. 255–256. [in Ukrainian] Malynova, 2017 – Malynova O.Yu. Kommemoratsyia ystorycheskykh sobytyi kak ynstrument symvolycheskoi polytyky: Vozmozhnosty sravnytelnoho analyza [Commemorating Historical Events as a Tool of Symbolic Politics: Possibilities for Comparative Analysis] // Polytyia. 2017. № 4 (87). S. 6-11. [in Russian] Malynova, 2018 – Malynova O.Yu. Kommemoratsyia stoletyia revoliutsyy(i) 1917 hoda v RF: analyz stratehyi kliuchevykh mnemonycheskykh aktorov [Commemoration of the centenary of the revolution (s) of 1917 in the Russian Federation: analysis of the strategies of key mnemonic actors] // Polys. Polytycheskye yssledovanyia. 2018. № 1. S. 9–25. [in Russian] Mehyll, 2007 – Mehyll A. Ystorycheskaia epystemolohyia [Historical epistemology] / Perevod Kukartsevoi M., Kashchaeva V., Tymonyna V. M.: «Kanon+»; ROOY «Reabylytatsyia», 2007. 480 s. [in Russian] Nahorna, 2005 – Nahorna L. Identychnist natsionalna [National identity] // Entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy: T. 3: E-I / Redkol.: V.A. Smolii (holova) ta in. NAN Ukrainy. Instytut istorii Ukrainy. K.: V-vo «Naukova dumka», 2005. S. 415-417. [in Ukrainian] Nahorna, 2011 – Nahorna L. Sotsiokulturna identychnist: pastky tsinnisnykh rozmezhuvan [Sociocultural identity : traps of value demarcations]. K.: IPiEND NANU, 2011. 272 s. [in Ukrainian] Nechytailo, 2014 – Nechytailo A.A. Natsiietvorennia ta natsionalna pam’iat v epokhu postmodernu ta rozbudovy hlobalnoho informatsiinoho suspilstva [Nation-building and national memory in the postmodern era and the development of the global information society] // Politolohichnyi visnyk. 2014. Vyp. 74. S. 332–340. [in Ukrainian] Nora, 1998 – Nora P. Pokolenye kak mesto pamiaty [Generation as a place of memory] // Novoe lyteraturnoe obozrenye. 1998 № 30. URL:http://magazines.russ.ru/ authors/n/nora/ [in Russian] Nora ta in., 1999 – Nora P., Ozuf M., Zh. De Piuymezh, Vynok M. Frantsyia — pamiat [France — memory]. Spb. : Novaia Peterburhskaia byblyoteka, Yzd. S-Pb. unyversyteta. 1999. 328 s. [in Russian] Nora, 2005 – Nora P. Vsemyrnoe torzhestvo pamiaty [World commemoration] // Neprykosnovennыi zapas. 2005. № 2–3 (40-41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/ ha2.html. [in Russian] Ptashnyk-Serdiuk, 2012 – Ptashnyk-Serdiuk O.I. Sotsiolohichnyi analiz protsesu identyfikatsii [Sociological analysis of the identification process] // Naukovi pratsi. Sotsiolohiia. 2012. Vyp. 189. T. 201. S. 60–64. [in Ukrainian] Renan, 2006 – Renan E. Shcho take natsiia? [What is a nation?] // Natsionalizm: Antolohiia / Uporiad. O. Protsenko, V. Lisovyi. 2-he vyd. K.: Smoloskyp, 2006. S. 107-120. [in Ukrainian] Rykёr, 2004 – Rykёr P. Pamiat, ystoryia, zabvenye [Memory, history, oblivion] / Per. s fr. M.: Yzd-vo humanytarnoi lyt-ry, 2004. 728 s. [in Russian] Romanovskaia, Fomenko, 2015 – Romanovskaia E.V., Fomenko N.L. Ydentychnost y kommemoratsyia [Identity and commemoration] // Vlast. 2015. № 7. S. 81–84. [in Russian] Riuzen ,2010 – Riuzen Y. Novi shliakhy istorychnoho myslennia [New ways of historical thinking] / Pereklav z nim. V. Kam’ianets. Lviv: Litopys, 2010. 358 s. [in Ukrainian] Saveleva, Poletaev, 2004 – Saveleva Y., Poletaev A. Sotsyalnye predstavlenyia o proshlom: typy y mekhanyzmy formyrovanyia [Social views of the past: types and mechanisms of formation] // Humanytarnye yssledovanyia. M.: HU-VShE, 2004. Vyp. 7 (14). 52 s. [in Russian] Savytska, 2014 – Savytsk I.M. Formuvannia natsionalnoi identychnosti cherez pryzmu istorychnoi pamiati [Problems of formation national identity through the prism of historical Memory in modern society] // Naukovyi visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu bioresursiv i pryrodokorystuvannia Ukrainy, 2014, Vyp. 203, ch. 1. S. 14-20. [in Ukrainian] Smit, 1994 – Smit E. Natsionalna identychnist [National identity] / per. z anhl. P. Tarashchuk. K.: Osnovy, 1994. 196 s. [in Ukrainian] Smit, 2013 – Smit E. Natsii i natsionalizm u hlobalnu epokhu [Nations and nationalism in the global era]. K.: Nika-Tsentr, 2013. 278 s. [in Ukrainian] Smolyna, 2015 – Smolyna N.S. Sovremennыe operatsyy-transformatsyy s kollektyvnoi pamiatiu: sotsyalnыe ramky deistvytelnosty [Modern transformation operations with collective memory: the social framework of reality] // Dni nauky filosofskoho fakultetu – 2014: Mizhn. nauk. konf. (15-16 kvit. 2014 r., Kyiv): [materialy dopovidei ta vystupiv] / redkol.: A.Ye. Konverskyi [ta in.]. K.: Vydavnycho-polihrafichnyi tsentr «Kyivskyi universytet», 2014. Ch. 5. S. 120. [in Russian] Smoliar, 2009 – Smoliar A. Pam’iat ta polityka [Memory and Politics] [per. z polsk] // Ukraina Moderna. Vyp. 4 (15): Pam’iat yak pole zmahan / Hol. red. Ya. Hrytsak K.: Krytyka, 2009. S. 78–94. [in Ukrainian] Stasevska, 2018 – Stasevska O.A. Eksplikatsiia aksiolohichnoho aspektu kontseptu «istorychna pam’iat» [Explication of the axiological aspect of the concept«historical memory»] // Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu «Iurdychna akademiia Ukrainy imeni Yaroslava Mudroho». 2018. Vyp. 1 (36). S. 123–135. [in Ukrainian] Stepyko, 2011 – Stepyko M.T. Ukrainska identychnist: fenomen i zasady formuvannia [Ukrainian identity: phenomenon and principles of formation]. K.: NISD, 2011. 336 s. [in Ukrainian] Tarasova, 2017 – Tarasova N.Yu. Komemoratyvni zasady natsionalnoi identyfikatsi [Commemorative grounds for national identification] // Aktualni problemy filosofii ta sotsiolohii. 2017. № 20. S. 140–143. [in Ukrainian] Ukraina, 2007 – Ukraina v 2006 rotsi: vnutrishnie i zovnishnie stanovyshche ta perspektyvy rozvytku: ekspertna dopovid [Ukraine in 2006 : internal and external situation and development prospects: expert report.] / red. V.I. Tyshchenko. K. : Slavutych-Delfin, 2007. 256 s. [in Ukrainian] Filosofskyi slovnyk, 2002 – Filosofskyi entsyklopedychnyi slovnyk : эntsyklopedyia [Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary] / NAN Ukrainy, In-t filosofii im. H.S. Skovorody ; holov. red. V.I. Shynkaruk. Kyiv : Abrys, 2002. 742 s. [in Ukrainian] Khalbvaks, 2007 – Khalbvaks M. Sotsyalnыe ramky pamiaty [Social framework of memory]. M. : Novoe yzd-vo, 2007. 384 s. [in Russian] Khatton, 2004 – Khatton P. Ystoryia kak yskusstvo pamiaty [History as an art of memory] / per. s anhl. V.Yu. Bystrova. SPb: Vladymyr Dal, 2004. 424 s. [in Russian] Shatska, 2011 – Shatska B. Mynule – pam’iat – mit [Past - memory - myth] / Per. z pol. Oles Herasym, nauk. red. Andrii Pavlyshyn. Chernivtsi: Knyhy. KhKhI, 2011. 248 s. [in Ukrainian] Yak, 2017 – Yak B. Natsyonalyzm y moralnaia psykholohyia soobshchestva [Nationalism and the moral psychology of the community]. M.: Yzd-vo Ynstytuta Haidara, 2017. 520 s. [in Russian] Le Goff J, 1988 – Le Goff J. Histoire et memoire. Paris, Gallimard, 1988. 416 р. [in French] Nora, 1994 – Nora P. Between memory and history: Les lieux de memoire. N.Y., Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 1994. 724 p. [in English] Ross, 2009 – Ross M.H. Culture and Belonging in Divided Societies: Contestation and Symbolic Landscapes. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. 312 p. [in English]

The debate about diagnoses and treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in children continue to range on between the developmental and biological perspectives. While there is increasing evidence that support the biological susceptibility of the disorder, a number of researches also emphasized the significant effect of environment on the syndrome. This study used developmental perspectives to evaluate and bring together various bio-psychosocial factors that impact on children diagnosed with ADHD. The study explored and integrated the existing and advancing study on ADHD to a more refined pattern that embraced developmental perspectives. The study also discussed how the linkage in childhood ADHD fits within the developmental psychopathology perspective. The study revealed that ADHD as a developmental disorder is influenced by prenatal, biological and psychosocial environmental risk factors, and suggested that better understanding of genomic susceptibilities, family environment and parental characteristics would transform the pathway for development of ADHD in children. References American Psychiatric Association.(2000). Diagnostic and StatisticalManual of MentalDisorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association.(2013). Diagnostic and StatisticalManual of MentalDisorders.5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Arnsten, A.F, (2007). Catecholamine and second messenger influenceson prefrontalcortical networks of “representational knowledge”:a rational bridge between genetics andthe symptoms of mental illness. Cerebral Cortex, 17, i6–i15. Arnsten, A.F, & Pliszka, S.R. (2011). Catecholamine influences on prefrontalcorticalfunction: relevance to treatment of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and relateddisorders. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 99, 211–216. Atladóttir H.O, Parner E.T, & Schendel D. (2007). Variation in incidence ofneurodevelopmental disorders with season of birth. Epidemiology, 18, 240–245. Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosisand treatment (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Baumeister A.A, Hawkins M.F (2001). Incoherence of neuroimaging studies of attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 24, 2–10. Berger I. (2011). Diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: much ado aboutsomething. Israeli Medical Association Journal, 13, 571–574. Berger, A., Posner, M. I. (2000). Pathologies of brain attentionalnetworks. Neuroscienceand Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 3–5. Biederman J, Faraone S.V, Keenan K, Knee D, &Tsuang M.T (1990): Familygenetic andpsychosocial risk factors in DSM-III attention deficit disorder. Journal of AmericanAcademy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 526 –533. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Tsuang MT (1991b): Evidence of familialassociationbetween attention deficit disorder and major affective disorders. Archives of GeneralPsychiatry, 48, 633–642. Biederman, J, Faraone, S.V, Keenan K, Benjamin, J, Krifcher, B. &Moore C. et al (1992).Further evidence for family-genetic risk factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Patterns of comorbidity in probands and relativesin psychiatrically and pediatricallyreferred samples. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 728 –738. Biederman, J., Milberger, S., Faraone, S. V., Kiely, K., Guite, J.,Mick, E., Ablon, S., Warburton, R., & Reed, E. (1995). Family environment risk factors for attention deficithyperactivity disorder: A test of Rutter’s indicators of adversity. Archives of GeneralPsychiatry, 52, 464–470. Biederman, J., Faraone, S.V., Mick, E., Spencer,T.,Wilens,T., Kiely,K., Guite, J., Ablon, J.S., Reed, E., & Warburton, R. (1995). High risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorderamong children of parents with childhood onset of the disorder: A pilot study. Journal ofAmerican Psychiatry, 152, 431–435. Biederman J, Faraone S.V, Monuteaux M, Spencer T, Wilens T, Bober M, et al (2004).Gender effects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder inadults, revisited. BiologicalPsychiatry, 55, 692–700. Brookes, K.,Mill, J.,&Guindalini,C., et al (2006). Acommon haplotype of the dopaminetransporter geneassociated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderand interactingwithmaternal use of alcohol duringpregnancy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 74–81. Brophy, K., Hawi, Z., Kirley, A., Fitzgerald, M., & Gill, M. (2002). Synaptosomalassociated protein 25 (SNAP-25) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):Evidence of linkage and association in the Irish population. Molecular Psychiatry, 7 , 913–917 Campbell, S. B. (2000). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A developmental view.In: Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology. (pp. 383–401). A. J. Sameroff, M.Lewis, & S. Miller (Eds.). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. Carlson, E. A., Jacobvitz, D., & Sroufe, L. A. (1995). A developmental investigation ofinattentiveness and hyperactivity. Child Development, 66, 37–54. Childress, A.C, Berry, S.A (2012). Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivitydisorder in adolescents. Drugs, 72, 309–325. Cortese, S (2012). The neurobiology and genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorder (ADHD): what every clinician shouldknow. European Journal of PaediatricNeurology, 16, 422–433. Dopheide, J.A (2005). ASHP therapeutic position statement on theappropriate use ofmedications in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in paediatricpatients. American Journal of Health System Pharmacy, 62, 1502– 1509. Coghill, D., Nigg, J., Rothenberger, A., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Tannock, R. (2005). Withercausal models in the neuroscience of ADHD? Developmental Science, 8, 105–114. Cummings, E. M., Davies, P., & Campbell, S. B. (2000). Developmental Psychopathologyand Family Process: Research, Theory, and Clinical Implications. New York: Guilford. Faraone, S. V., Perlis, R. H., Doyle, A. E., Smoller, J. W., Goralnick, J. J., Holmgren, M.A., et al. (2005). Molecular genetics of attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder. BiologicalPsychiatry, 57 , 1313–1323. Faraone, S, Biederman, J, Krifcher Lehman, B, Keenan, K, Norman, D, Seidman, L. et al.(1993). Evidence for the independent familial transmission of attentiondeficit hyperactivitydisorder and learning disabilities: Results froma family genetic study. American Journalof Psychiatry, 150, 891– 895. Faraone, S. V, Tsuang, M. T. (1995). Methods in psychiatric genetics. In: Textbook inPsychiatric Epidemiology, Tohen, M, Tsuang, M., Zahner, G. (Eds). (pp. 81–134). NewYork: John Wiley& Sons. Faraone, S. V. & Biederman, J. (1998). Neurobiology of attentiondeficit hyperactivitydisorder. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 951–958. Faraone S.V, Biederman J, &MonuteauxM.C. (2001a). Attention deficit hyperactivitydisorder with bipolar disorder in girls: Further evidence for a familial subtype? Journal ofAffect Disorders, 64, 19 –26. Haraone S.V, Doyle A.E (2001): The nature and heritability of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,10, 299 –316, viii–ix. Faraone, S.V., & Biederman, J. (2000). Nature, nuture, and attentiondeficit hyperactivitydisorder. Developmental Review, 20, 568–581. Faraone S.V, Perlis R.H, Doyle A.E, Smoller J.W, Goralnick J, &Holmgren M.A, et al.(2005). Molecular genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. BiologicalPsychiatry, 57, 1313–1323. Gray, J. A., Feldon, J., Rawlins, J. N. P., Hemsley, D. R., & Smith, A. D. (1991) Theneuropsychology of schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14, 1–84. Gray, J. A. (1982). The neumpsychology of anxiety. New York: Oxford University Press. Halperin, J. M., & Healey, D. M. (2011). The infl uences of environmental enrichment,cognitive enhancement,and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter thedevelopmental trajectory of ADHD? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35 , 621–634. Hauschild K.M, Mouridsen S.E, & Nielsen S. (2005). Season of birth inDanish childrenwith language disorder born in the 1958–1976 period. Neuropsychobiology; 51, 93–99. Hudziak J.J, Rudiger L.P, Neale M.C, Heath A.C, & Todd R.D (2000). A twin study ofinattentive,aggressive, and anxious/depressed behaviors. Journal of the American Academyof Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 469 –476. Kahn, R. S., Khoury, J. & Nichols,W.C., et al (2003). Role of dopamine transportergenotype and maternal prenatal smoking in childhood hyperactive-impulsive,inattentive,and oppositional behaviors. Journal of Pediatrics, 143, 104–110. Kesner R.P, & Churchwell J.C (2011). An analysis of rat prefrontal cortexin mediatingexecutive function. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 96, 417–431. Kuntsi, J.,& Stevenson, J. (2000). Hyperactivity in children:Afocuson genetic research andpsychological theories. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 1–24. Langley, K., Rice, F., & van den Bree, M. B., et al (2005). Maternal smoking duringpregnancy as an environmental risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorderbehaviour. A Review. Minerva Pediatrica, 57, 359–371. Manshadi M, Lippmann S, O’Daniel R, & Blackman A (1983): Alcohol abuse andattention deficit disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 44, 379 –380 Martin N, Scourfield J, McGuffin P (2002).Observer effects and heritability ofchildhoodattention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 80, 260 –265. Neale, B. M., Medland, S. E., Ripke, S., Asherson, P., Franke, B., Lesch, K. P., et al.(2010). Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and AdolescentPsychiatry, 49 , 884–897. Nigg J, Nikolas M, & Burt S. A(2010). Measured gene-by-environment interaction inrelation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy ofChild and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 863–73. Oades, R. D., Lasky-Su, J., Christiansen, H., Faraone, S.V., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Banaschewski, T., et al. (2008). The influence of serotonin- and other genes onimpulsivebehavioral aggression and cognitive impulsivity in children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity. A Developmental Perspective on ADHD disorder (ADHD): Findingsfrom a family-based association test (FBAT) analysis. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 4,4–48. Pastor P. N & Reuben C.A. (2008). Diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder andlearning disability: United States, 2004–2006. Vital Health Statistics, 10, 1–14. Quay, H. C. (1988a). Attention deficit disorder and the behavioral inhibitionsystem: Therelvance of the neuropsychological theory of Jeffrey A. Gray. In: Attention deficitdisorder: Criteria, cognition, intervention (pp. 117–126). L. M. Bloomingdale & J.Sergeant (Eds.). NewYork: Pergamon. Quay, H. C. (1988b). The behavioral reward and inhibition systems inchildhood behaviordisorder. In: Attentiondeficit disorder W; New research in treatment, psychopharnmcology,and attention (pp. 176–186). L. M. Bloomingdale (Ed.). NA: Pergamon. Quay, H. C. (1996, January). Gray'sbehavioral inhibition in ADHD:An update. Paperpresented at the annual meeting of the InternationalSociety for Research in Child andAdolescent Psychopathology, Los Angeles, CA. Rader, R, McCauley L,& Callen, E.C. (2009). Current strategies in thediagnosis andtreatment of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. American FamilyPhysician, 79, 657–665. Robbins, T. W. (2003). Dopamine and cognition. Currpin Neurol,16, (2), S1–S2. Rutter, M, Cox, A, Tupling, C, Berger, M, &Yule, W. (1975). Attainment and adjustmentin two geographical areas. 1—The prevalence of psychiatric disorders. British Journal ofPsychiatry, 126, 493–509. Rutter, M., &Sroufe, L. A. (2000). Developmental psychopathology: Concepts andchallenges. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 265–296. Sergeant, J. (2000). The cognitive-energetic model: An empiricalapproach to attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscienceand Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 7–12. Sherman D, McGue M, &Iacono W (1997). Twin concordance for attention deficithyperactivity disorder: A comparison of teachers’ and mothers’reports. American Journalof Psychiatry, 154, 532–535. Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Auerbach, J., Campbell, S. B., Daley, D., & Thompson, M. (2005).Preschool varieties of hyperactive and dysregulated behaviour: Multiple pathways betweenrisk and disorder. Developmental Science, 8 , 141–150. Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Bitsakou, P., & Thompson, M. (2010). Beyond the dual pathwaymodel: Evidence for the dissociation of timing, inhibitory, and delayrelated impairments inattention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child andAdolescent Psychiatry, 49 , 345–355. Sonuga-Barke, E. J., & Halperin, J. (2010). Developmental phenotypes and causalpathways in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Potential targets for earlyintervention? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 368–398. Sprich-Buckminster S, Biederman J, Milberger S, Faraone S, &Krifcher LehmanB (1993):Are perinatal complications relevant to the manifestation ofADD? Issues of comorbidityand familiality. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,32,1032–1037 Swanson, J. M., Sunohara, G. A., Kennedy, J. L., Regino,R., Fineberg, E.,Wigal, T.,Lerner, M.,Williams, L., LaHoste,G. J.,&Wigal, S. (1998). Association of the dopaminereceptorD4 (DRD4) gene with a refined phenotype of attention deficithyperactivitydisorder (ADHD): A family–based approach.Molecular Psychiatry, 3, 38–41. Taylor, E. (1999). Developmental neuropsychopathology of attentiondeficit and impulsiveness. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 607–628. Thapar, A.,O’Donovan,M., &Owen,M. J. (2005b). The genetics of attention deficithyperactivity disorder. Human Molecular Genetics, 14, 275–282. Thapar, A., Langley, K.,O’Donovan,M. (2006). Refining the attention deficithyperactivity disorderphenotype formolecular genetic studies. Molecular Psychiatry, 11,714–720. Thapar A, Langley K, &Asherson P, (2007). Gene–environment interplay in attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder and the importance of a developmental perspective. BritishJournal of Psychiatry 190, 1–3. Tochigi M, Okazaki Y, & Kato N, (2004). What causes seasonality of birth inschizophrenia? Neuroscience Res, 48, 1–11 Trent S & Davies W. (2012). The influence of sex-linked genetic mechanisms on attentionand impulsivity. Biological Psychology, 89, 1–13. United States, 2003 and 2007 (2010). Increasing prevalence of parent-reported attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder among children, MMWR Morb Mortal Wekly Rep, 59, 1439–43. Yehuda, R. (2000). Biology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of ClinicalPsychiatry, 61, 14–21. Zimmer, L (2009). Positron emission tomography neuroimagingfor a better understandingof the biology of ADHD. Neuropharmacology, 57, 601–607.

During a survey of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) crops in western Iran in July 2009, leaf samples from yellow and stunted plants were collected from fields in the provinces of Kermanshah (n = 30) and Lorestan (n = 16). Symptoms suggested infections by luteoviruses, such as viruses of the Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) subgroup (e.g., Turnip yellows virus [TuYV]) (4) and Chickpea chlorotic stunt virus (CpCSV), a virus first described from Ethiopia (1) and recently reported from other countries of West Asia and North Africa (2). All 46 samples were analyzed by triple-antibody sandwich (TAS)-ELISA (3) using the luteovirus-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) B-2-5G4 (1), a mixture of three MAbs (1-1G5, -3H4, and -4B12) to an Ethiopian (Eth) isolate of CpCSV (1), and six individual MAbs (5-1F10, -2B8, -3D5, -5B8, -6F11, and 6-4E10) to a CpCSV isolate from Syria (Sy) (2) in combination with a mixture of polyclonal antibodies to CpCSV and BWYV for plate coating. CpCSV-Eth and -Sy were used as positive controls. Six of the sixteen Lorestan samples and two of the thirty Kermanshah samples reacted with MAb B-2-5-G4, indicating infections with a luteovirus. While none of the 46 samples reacted with the mixture of the CpCSV-Eth specific MAbs, two (Lorestan No. 25 and Kermanshah No. 31) of the eight MAb B-2-5-G4-positive samples reacted strongly with each of the six individual MAbs to CpCSV-Sy. Since this indicated the presence of a serotype II isolate of CpCSV in these two chickpea samples from Iran, we tried to confirm this by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. TRI-Reagent (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was used for total RNA extraction from samples Nos. 25 and 31. RT-PCR was carried out using the primers 5′-CAC GTG AGA TCA ATA GTC AAT GAA TAC GGT CG-3′ (sense) and 5′-TTT GTA ATT ACC AAY ATT CCA-3′ (antisense) derived from the CpCSV coat protein (CP) gene and 5′ end of ORF5, the readthrough domain (RTD), respectively. In RT-PCR experiments, no amplification was observed from healthy plant extracts, but chickpea samples Nos. 25 and 31 yielded amplicons of ~1,100 bp, which were used for cloning and sequencing. The sequences of the complete CP gene and 5′ end of ORF5 (RTD) from the two samples were determined and deposited in GenBank (GU930837 and GU930838). Sequence analysis revealed that the two Iranian isolates were most similar to each other, sharing CP nucleotide and amino acid (aa) sequence identities of 97.8 and 99.1%, respectively. They differed from each other only in 3 of the 200 aa positions of their CP sequences and were indistinguishable in the 128 N-terminal aa positions of their RTD sequences. When using DNAMAN for phylogenetic analysis, they clustered with serogroup-II isolates of CpCSV from Egypt, Morocco, and Syria (2), with which they were most closely related (approximately 98% in CP aa sequence). While the two Iranian CpCSV isolates differed by approximately 10% in CP aa sequences from serotype-I isolates of CpCSV, they differed strikingly (by ~27%) in RTD aa sequences from CpCSV-Eth, a serotype-I isolate and the only CpCSV isolate for which RTD sequences are available. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of CpCSV in Iran. The virus can cause yellowing and stunting of chickpea similar to symptoms caused by other viruses reported from this crop. References: (1) A. D. Abraham et al. Phytopathology 96:437, 2006. (2) A. D. Abraham et al. Arch. Virol 154:791, 2009. (3) A. Franz et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 128:255, 1996. (4) K. M. Makkouk et al. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 110:157, 2003.

This chapter discusses the meaning of hearsay in criminal proceedings and the categories of hearsay admissible by statute in such proceedings. It considers the relationship between the hearsay provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (the 2003 Act) and Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights as it relates to hearsay; the definition of hearsay and its admissibility under the 2003 Act, including admissibility under an inclusionary discretion (section 114(1)(d); and safeguards including provisions relating to the capability and credibility of absent witnesses the power to stop a case and the discretion to exclude. Also considered in this chapter are: expert reports; written statements under section 9 of the Criminal Justice Act 1967; and depositions of children and young persons under section 43 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933.

AbstractOriginally, the concept of resilience refers to one’s capacity to cope with unexpected shocks and unpredictable situations. Originating from ecological theories, the approach has gained ground in social sciences. In the context of education, the concept has been applied to explain how disadvantaged students can overcome structural constraints and become educationally successful and socially mobile (Werner, E. E., Vulnerable but invincible: a longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982; Masten A. S., American Psychologist 56: 227–238, 2001; Reid, R., Botterrill L. C., Australian Journal of Public Administration 72:31–40, 2013; Máté, D., Erdélyi Társadalom 13:43–55, 2015).This paper is based on the analysis of the Hungarian National Assessment of Basic Competences (NABC) database which has been conducted annually since 2001. We created a typology of school resilience based on the schools’ social and ethnic profile as well as their performance indicators. We defined those schools resilient which over perform others with similar social intake, and we also identified irresilient schools which underperform others with similar social intake. The school types were created by correlating the socio-economic status index (SES) and school performance.Since the NABC database provides us with data on the estimated rate of Roma students in each school, it is possible to take into account the schools’ ethnic intake in the analysis of resilience. We conducted statistical analyses to compare the performance of resilient and irresilient schools in the light of the ratio of Roma students. Finally, we seek answers to the question whether ethnic segregation correlates with school achievement in Hungary. We could identify some crucial institutional factors contributing to resilience (or school success) in the case of schools with relatively high proportion of Roma students.

The development of information technology is particularly noticeable in the methods and techniques of data acquisition, high-performance computing, and bandwidth frequency. According to a newly observed phenomenon, called a storage low (Fayyad & Uthurusamy, 2002), the capacity of digital data storage is doubled every 9 months with respect to the price. Data can be stored in many forms of digital media, for example, still images taken by a digital camera, MP3 songs, or MPEG videos from desktops, cell phones, or video cameras. Such data exceeds the total cumulative handwriting and printing during all of recorded human history (Fayyad, 2001). According to current analysis carried out by IBM Almaden Research (Swierzowicz, 2002), data volumes are growing at different speeds. The fastest one is Internet-resource growth: It will achieve the digital online threshold of exabytes within a few years (Liautaud, 2001). In these fast-growing volumes of data environments, restrictions are connected with a human’s low data-complexity and dimensionality analysis. Investigations on combining different media data, multimedia, into one application have begun as early as the 1960s, when text and images were combined in a document. During the research and development process, audio, video, and animation were synchronized using a time line to specify when they should be played (Rowe & Jain, 2004). Since the middle 1990s, the problems of multimedia data capture, storage, transmission, and presentation have extensively been investigated. Over the past few years, research on multimedia standards (e.g., MPEG-4, X3D, MPEG-7) has continued to grow. These standards are adapted to represent very complex multimedia data sets; can transparently handle sound, images, videos, and 3-D (three-dimensional) objects combined with events, synchronization, and scripting languages; and can describe the content of any multimedia object. Different algorithms need to be used in multimedia distribution and multimedia database applications. An example is an image database that stores pictures of birds and a sound database that stores recordings of birds (Kossmann, 2000). The distributed query that asks for “top ten different kinds of birds that have black feathers and a high voice” is described there by Kossmann (2000, p.436).

Abstract The relationship between freedom of speech and copyright protection has 2.01 increasingly attracted the attention of copyright lawyers.1 They have become troubled by the impact on freedom of expression of the recent extension of See, eg, P Samuelson, ‘Copyright, Commodification, and Censorship: Past as Prologue but to what Future?’ and PB Hugenholtz, ‘Copyright and Freedom of Expression in Europe’, in N Elkin-Koren and NW Netanel (eds), The Commodification of Information (The Hague: Kluwer, 2002), 63, 239; M Birnhack, ‘The Copyright Law and Free Speech Affair: Making-up and Breaking-up’ (2003) 43 Idea: J L & Technology 233; D Fewer, ‘Constitutionalizing Copyright: Freedom of Expression and the Limits of Copyright in Canada’ (1997) 55 U Toronto Faculty L Rev 175; P Drahos, ‘Decentring Communication: The Dark Side of Intellectual Property’, in T Campbell and W Sadurski (eds), Freedom of Communication (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1994), 249.

This chapter discusses the meaning of hearsay in criminal proceedings and the categories of hearsay admissible by statute in such proceedings. It considers the relationship between the hearsay provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (the 2003 Act) and Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights as it relates to hearsay; the definition of hearsay and its admissibility under the 2003 Act, including admissibility under an inclusionary discretion (section 114(1)(d)); and safeguards including provisions relating to the capability and credibility of absent witnesses, the power to stop a case and the discretion to exclude. Also considered in this chapter are: expert reports; written statements under section 9 of the Criminal Justice Act 1967; and depositions of children and young persons under section 43 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933.

This chapter discusses the meaning of hearsay in criminal proceedings and the categories of hearsay admissible by statute in such proceedings. It considers the relationship between the hearsay provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (the 2003 Act) and Art 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights as it relates to hearsay; the definition of hearsay, and its admissibility under the 2003 Act, including admissibility under an inclusionary discretion (s 114(1)(d)); and safeguards including provisions relating to the capability and credibility of absent witnesses, the power to stop a case and the discretion to exclude. Also considered in this chapter are: expert reports; written statements under s 9 of the Criminal Justice Act 1967; and depositions of children and young persons under s 43 of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933.

Environmental emergencies comprise acute exposure of human beings to extremes of temperature, electrical, and radiation injuries, drowning and diving, and high-altitude sickness. Of these, hypothermia, electrical injuries, and drowning are slightly more commonly encountered. However, there are some parts of the UK where scuba diving incidents are more frequent. The story of a physician surviving a temperature of 13.7°C after a 9h resuscitation effort, or various war tragedies in which thousands of soldiers died during cold exposure, etc., are well known. Hypothermia occurs when the core body temperature drops below 35°C, and the compensatory mechanism in a healthy individual is overwhelmed by the extreme exposure. This may be sometimes hastened by various types of medications affecting the thermoregulation. The management in the ED starts with basics (ABCDE). While the ABC and D are taken care of, an accurate measurement of temperature is essential, and most EDs do so by measuring an oesophageal, rectal, or bladder temperature, while the patient is being warmed. The common rhythm in a cardiac arrest associated with hypothermia is asystole. But if the patient is in VF, defibrillation is usually unsuccessful until the core temperature is well above 28–30°C. Therefore, rewarming continues alongside resuscitation and as the core temperature rises, defibrillation attempts should continue according to the UK resuscitation guidelines. The approximate death rate from drowning in the UK is 0.72/100 000 population per year. In 2005, of 435 deaths from drowning, 39 cases were between the ages of 0 and 14 years. Alcohol consumption in the vicinity of water is a major risk factor for morbidity or death by drowning. During the initial assessment, important details surrounding the incident should be obtained rapidly. The outcome of patients in cardiac arrest, who are often hypothermic as well, largely depends on how quickly CPR is initiated. The duration of CPR remains controversial in the hypothermic drowned patient—a safe approach is to continue until the core temperature reaches 35°C. This chapter includes questions on hypothermia, drowning, and some other environmental emergencies to give the reader an insight into the latest management of these situations.

This work is part of a research and development project (R&D - 06631-0009/2019), which aims to develop and validate technological strategies integrating physicochemical systems for the repulsion of the ichthyofauna from the suction pipe during the shutdown of the generating units of the Jirau Hydroelectric Power Plant, located on the Madeira River, state of Rondônia, Brazil. One of the strategies is the acoustic barrier, which is being developed to meet the particularities of the Amazonian fish species in the study area. The barrier will prevent and/or minimize fish entering the suction pipes during turbine stops and restarts. In the first stage, acoustic parameters were identified: auditory threshold and hearing frequency range of the most common fish caught at the plant. In the second stage, computer simulations were carried out that defined the configuration and power of the sound source required for the barrier. In the third stage, the characterization of aerial and underwater sounds in the vicinity of the plant was carried out. In this stage, in situ tests were carried out using the simulated arrangement with the sound source of the Lubell LL916 and the C75 hydrophone of Cetacean Research, testing the efficiency of 4 different noise configurations: pink, thunder, shooting and with well-defined tonal components. The tests were carried out at the spillway of the Jirau Hydroelectric Power Plant, where the movement of fish was monitored before and during the activation of the sound source. The results indicated that all the different types of sounds have the potential to increase the movement of the fish, but with different performances. Sound generated with tonal components increased movement by 57 percent, thunder noise by 43 percent, gunshot noise by 37 percent, and pink noise by 29 percent. These results are promising and will be applied in tests on suction tubes in the next stage of the study.

Hiromitsu Takayama of Chiba University used (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 5000) the Itsuno-Corey protocol to reduce the enone 1 to the allylic alcohol 2. Peiming Gu of Ningxia University developed (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 5339) a Cu catalyst that cyclized the pro­chiral 3 to 4 in high ee. Xiaoming Feng of Sichuan University effected (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 3938) enantioselective Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of the racemic cyclopentanone 5, converting one enantiomer to the δ-lactone 6. The velocity of catalytic osmylation is often limited by slow turnover of the interme­diate osmate ester. Koichi Narasaka, then at the University of Tokyo, showed (Chem. Lett. 1988, 1721) that the efficiency of the transformation was improved by the addi­tion of stoichiometric phenyl boronic acid. Kilian Muñiz, now at ICIQ Tarragona, established (Chem. Eur. J. 2005, 11, 3951) that this acceleration also worked with Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation. D. Christopher Braddock of Imperial College London took advantage (Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 13725) of these observations, converting myrcene 7 selectively to the cyclic boronate 8. Michael P. Doyle of the University of Maryland developed (J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 12185) a Rh catalyst for the ene reaction of 9 with 10 to give 11. Adriaan J. Minnaard of the University of Groningen devised (Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 14250) a Cu cata­lyst that mediated the face selective addition of 13 to 12, establishing the oxygenated quaternary center of 14. Tomonori Misaki and Takashi Sugimura of the University of Hyogo used (Chem. Lett. 2014, 43, 1826) Michael addition of 15 to 16 to construct the oxygenated quaternary center of 17. Jon C. Antilla of the University of South Florida assembled (Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 14187) the δ-lactone 20 by adding the diene 19 to the α-keto ester 18. Zhiyong Wang of the University of Science and Technology of China reported (Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 3564) related results. Jonathan A. Ellman of Yale University achieved (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 11329) substantial enantioselectivity in the addition of thioacetic acid 22 to the nitroalkene 21 to give 23. Subhash P. Chavan of the National Chemistry Laboratory prepared (Tetrahedron Lett. 2014, 55, 5905) the allylic amine 25 by reduction of the aziridine 24.

Abstract Human’s motion and its mechanisms had become interesting in the last years, where the medecine’s field search for rehabilitation methods for handicapped persons. Other fields, like sport sciences, professional or military world, search to distinguish profiles and ways to train them with specific purposes. Besides, recent findings in neuroscience try to describe these mechanisms from an organic point of view. Until now, different researchs had given a model about control motor that describes how the union between the senses’s information allows adaptable movements. One of this sense is the proprioception, the sense which has a quite big factor in the orientation and position of the body, its members and joints. For this reason, research for new strategies to explore proprioception and improve the theories of human motion could be done by three different vias. At first, the sense is analysed in a case-study where three groups of persons are compared in a controlled enviroment with three experimental tasks. The subjects belong to each group by the kind of sport they do: sedentary, normal sportsmen (e.g. athletics, swimming) and martial sportmen (e.g. karate, judo). They are compared thinking about the following hypothesis: “Martial Sportmen have a better proprioception than of the other groups’s subjects: It could be due to the type of exercises they do in their sports as empirically, a contact sportsman shows significantly superior motor skills to the members of the other two groups. The second via are records from encephalogram (EEG) while the experimental tasks are doing. These records are analised a posteriori with a set of processing algorithms to extract characteristics about brain’s activity of the proprioception and motion control. Finally , the study tries to integrate graphic tools to make easy to understand final scientific results which allow us to explore the brain activity of the subjects through easy interfaces (e.g. space-time events, activity intensity, connectivity, specific neural netwoks or anormal activity). In the future, this application could be a complement to assist doctors, researchers, sports center specialists and anyone who must improve the health and movements of handicapped persons. Keywords: proprioception, EEG, assesment, rehabilitation.References: Röijezon, U., Clark, N.C., Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 1: Basic science and principles of assessment and clinical interventions. ManualTher.10.1016/j.math.2015.01.008. Röijezon, U., Clark, N.C., Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 2: Clinical assessment and intervention. Manual Ther.10.1016/j.math.2015.01.009. Roren, A., Mayoux-Benhamou, M.A., Fayad, F., Poiraudeau, S., Lantz, D., Revel, M. (2008). Comparison of visual and ultrasound based techniques to measure head repositioning in healthy and neck-pain subjects. Manual Ther. 10.1016/j.math.2008.03.002. Hillier, S., Immink, M., Thewlis, D. (2015). Assessing Proprioception: A Systematic Review of Possibilities. Neurorehab. Neural Repair. 29(10) 933–949. Hooper, T.L., James, C.R., Brismée, J.M., Rogers, T.J., Gilbert, K.K., Browne, K.L, Sizer, P.S. (2016). Dynamic Balance as Measured by the Y-Balance Test Is Reduced in Individuals with low Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study. Phys. Ther. Sport,10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.04.006. Zemková, G., Stefániková, G., Muyor, J.M. (2016). Load release balance test under unstable conditions effectivelydiscriminates between physically active and sedentary young adults. Glave, A.P., Didier, J.J., Weatherwax, J., Browning, S.J., Fiaud, Vanessa. (2014). Testing Postural Stability: Are the Star Excursion Balance Test and Biodex Balance System Limits of Stability Tests Consistent? Gait Posture. 43(2016) 225-227. Han, Jian., Waddington, G., Adams, R., Anson, J., Liu, Y. (2014). Assessing proprioception: A critical review of methods. J. Sport Health Sci.10.1016/j.jshs.2014.10.004. Hosp, S., Bottoni, G., Heinrich, D., Kofler, P., Hasler, M., Nachbauer, W. (2014). A pilot study of the effect of Kinesiology tape on knee proprioception after physical activity in healthy women. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 18 (2015) 709-713. Mima, T., Terada, K., Ikeda, A., Fukuyama, H., Takigawa, T., Kimura, J., Shibasaki, H. (1996). Afferent mechanism of cortical myoclonus studied by proprioception-related SEPs. Clin. Neurophysiol. 104 (1997) 51-59. Myers, J.B., Lephart, S.M. (2000). The Role of the Sensorimotor System in the Athletic Shoulder. J. Athl.Training.35 (3) 351-363. Rossi, S., della Volpe, R., Ginannesch, F., Ulivelli, M., Bartalini, S., Spidalieri, R., Rossi, A. (2003). Early somatosensory processing during tonic muscle pain in humans: relation to loss of proprioception and motor 'defensive' strategies. Clin. Neurophysiol. 10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00073-7. Chaudhary, U., Birbaumer, N., Curado, M.R. (2014). Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) in paralysis. Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med.10.1016/j.rehab.2014.11.002. Delorme, A., Makeig, S. (2003). EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Meth.10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009. Morup, M., Hansen, L.K., Arnfred, S.M. (2006). ERPWAVELAB: A toolbox for multi-channel analysis of time-frequency transformed event related potentials. J. Neurosci. Meth.10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.11.008. Kaminski, M., Blinowska, K., Szelenberger, W. (1996). Topographic analysis of coherence and propagation of EEG activity during sleep and wakefulness. Clin. Neurophysiol. 102 (1997) 216-227. Korzeniewska, A., Manczak, M., Kaminski, M., Blinowska, K.J., Kasicki, S. (2003). Determination of information flow direction among brain structures by a modified directed transfer function (dDTF) method. J. Neurosci. Meth.10.1016/S0165-0270(03)00052-9. Morup, M., Hansen, L.K., Parnas, J., Arnfred, S.M. (2005). Parallel Factor Analysis as an exploratory tool for wavelet transformed event-related EEG. Neuroimage. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.005. Barwick, F., Arnett, P., Slobounov, S. (2011). EEG correlates of fatigue during administration of a neuropsychological test battery. Clin. Neurophysiol. 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.06.027. Osuagwu, B.A., Vuckovic, A. (2014). Similarities between explicit and implicit motor imagery in mental rotation of hands: An EEG study. Neuropsycholgia. Buzsáki, G. (2006). Rhythms of the brain. Ed. Oxford. USA. Trappenberg, T.P. (2010). Fundamentals of Computational Neuroscience. Ed. Oxford. UK. Koessler, L., Maillard, L., Benhadid, A., Vignal, J.P., Felblinger, J., Vespignani, H., Braun, M. (2009). Automated cortical projection of EEG: Anatomical correlation via the international 10-10 system. Neuroimage. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.02.006. Jurcak, V., Tsuzuki, Daisuke., Dan, I. (2007). 10/20, 10/10, and 10/5 systems revisited: Their validity as relativehead-surface-based positioning systems. Neuroimage. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.024. Chuang, L.Y., Huang, C.J., Hung, T.M. (2013). The differences in frontal midline theta power between successful and unsuccessful basketball free throws of elite basketball players. Int. J. Psychophysiology.10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.002. Wang, C.H., Tsai, C.L., Tu, K.C., Muggleton, N.G., Juan, C.H., Liang, W.K. (2014). Modulation of brain oscillations during fundamental visuo-spatialprocessing: A comparison between female collegiate badmintonplayers and sedentary controls. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.10.003. Proverbio, A.L., Crotti, N., Manfredi, Mirella., Adomi, R., Zani, A. (2012). Who needs a referee? How incorrect basketball actions are automatically detected by basketball players’ brain. Sci Rep-UK. 10.1038/srep00883. Cheng, M.Y., Hung, C.L., Huang, C.J., Chang, Y.K., Lo, L.C., Shen, C., Hung, T.M. (2015). Expert-novice differences in SMR activity during dart throwing. Biol. Psychol.10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.08.003. Ring, C., Cooke, A., Kavussanu, M., McIntyre, D., Masters, R. (2014). Investigating the efficacy of neurofeedback training for expeditingexpertise and excellence in sport. Psychol. SportExerc. 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.005. Park, J.L., Fairweather, M.M., Donaldson, D.I. (2015). Making the case for mobile cognition: EEG and sports performance. Neurosci. Biobehav. R. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.014. Babiloni, C., Marzano, N., Infarinato, F., Iacoboni, M., Rizza, G. (2009). Neural efficency of experts’ brain during judgement of actions: A high -resolution EEG study in elite and amateur karate athletes. Behav. Brain. Res. 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.034. Jain, S., Gourab, K., Schindler-Ivens, S., Schmit, B.D. (2012). EEG during peddling: Evidence for cortical control of locomotor tasks. Clin. Neurophysiol.10.1016/j.clinph.2012.08.021. Behmer Jr., L.P., Fournier, L.R. (2013). Working memory modulates neural efficiency over motor components during a novel action planning task: An EEG study. Behav. Brain. Res. 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.031.

The design of nuclear pressure vessel requires the description of various dynamic effects, among which fluid-structure interaction. The present paper gives on overview of DCNS R&D methodology for fluid-structure interaction modelling in nuclear pressure vessels: a global R&D program has been launched by DCNS within a collaborative framework, or the application of numerical methods in FSI to the dynamic analysis of nuclear propulsion systems (nuclear reactors and steam generators). Two applications are proposed in the paper as a conclusive example of this R&D program. 1) The dynamic analysis of a nuclear reactor with FSI is made possible by the implementation of the so-called (u, p, φ) formulation within the ANSYS code [J.F. Sigrist, S. Garreau, Dynamic Analysis of Fluid-Structure Interaction Problems with Spectral Method Using Pressure-Based Finite Elements, Finite Element Analysis in Design, 43 (4), 287–300, 2007] allowing the application of modal methods in the context of coupled fluid-structure systems; importance of FSI in the dynamic behaviour of a nuclear reactor are underlined by a fully coupled analysis. 2) The dynamic analysis of a steam generator with FSI is made possible by the implementation of an homogenisation technique within the CASTEM code [J.F. Sigrist, D. Broc, Dynamic Analysis of a Tube Bundle with Fluid-Structure Interaction Modelling Using a Homogenisation Method, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 197 (9–12), 1080–1099, 2008] allowing the description of the interactions between the confined fluid and inner structures and tube bundle in a straightforward manner.

In European Union, concerns for improving the legislative framework of food labeling materialized in Regulation 1924 (2006) which aims to harmonize the rules used for nutrition and health claims such as “source of vitamin D” or “calcium contributes to normal muscle function” addressed to the average consumer; these concerns were accentuated in 2012 by the adoption of Regulation 432, which approves a list of permitted health claims. In compliance with European law, this paper's goal is to examine how the use of nutrition and health claims modifies Romanian customers' dietary choices and overall health. The challenges and difficulties encountered in the implementation and enforcement of this regulation raised interest for our research. Using the advantages of a statistical survey with a sample of 200 people of different genders, ages and educational levels, we aimed to evaluate the effect of nutrition and health claims on food consumption decisions; thus, it is highlighted how the consumers use individual factors (personal eating style), product sensory characteristics (taste) and shelf-life cognitive cues (nutrition label, brand, price) in food selection, but also how this selection influences their food consumption. The results of this work can be helpful to analyze the perception of Romanian consumers about the efficiency, accuracy and consistency of these mentions present on food product labels. The research is all the more valuable as recently many studies have focused on the analysis of BOP (Back-of-pack) or FOP (Front-of-pack) labeling systems. We conclude by discussing possible opportunities to improve the comprehensiveness of these mentions so that consumers can more easily direct their choices towards nutritionally balanced foods and, thus, stimulate and support the responsible behavior of producers.

At Saint Martin’s University, the Mechanical Engineering Department incorporates design throughout the curriculum, starting from the freshman course ‘Introduction to Engineering’ up through the senior capstone design. Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering students are required to take three Mechanical Engineering elective courses. Each of these elective courses is 3 credits; one of these credits must be design. For ME 436 Thermal Design of Heat Exchangers course, the students were assigned a project to meet the Accrediting Board of Engineering and Technology student outcome criteria a, b, c, d, e, g, and i. In addition to course work the students designed, market searched for parts, budgeted, manufactured and built, then tested a finned helical coil heat exchanger experiment. A limited budget was assigned for this project. Currently, the apparatus is being used as an additional experiment in the Thermal Engineering Laboratory. This article includes the preliminary design, final design, experimental results, and assessment by students and faculty.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has been alarming the world since its first outbreak in December 2019. In this scenario, the presence of aggravating factors such as the elevation of the D-dimer and the reduction of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) during the clinical course of the disease, collaborated in the appearance of thromboembolic events derived from inflammatory processes and extensive intravascular coagulation, contributing to the emergence of diseases such as Hemorrhagic Stroke (ICH), leading the patient to have a worse clinical prognosis and a consecutive worsening of their health. Objective: To investigate occurrences of ICH derived from thromboembolic effects resulting from COVID-19. Methods: We selected 43 articles published between 2020 and 2021 on the PubMed platforms, SciELO portal, CAPES Journal and Google Scholar in order to conduct an integrative review within this database. Results: The elevated D-dimer was widely cited as a favorable factor for thromboembolic events due to the influence of excessive inflammatory processes, hypoxia and intravascular dissemination of coagulation, contributing to the development of ICH, given its greater association with disorders such as ischemic strokes, considering only these parameters. However, the reduction in ACE2 and the occurrence of cytokine storms end up causing increased inflammation and blood pressure, increasing the risk of stroke due to the rupture of capillaries sensitized by the action of thromboembolic effects and becoming a risk to the life and prognosis of patients infected with SARS-CoV2, especially in groups of individuals with a greater predisposition to the development of thromboembolic and hypertensive events related to COVID-19.

The rock shelter of the Roc-aux-Sorciers at Angles-sur-lAnglin (Vienne, France) is one of the archaeological reference sites for the Upper Paleolithic. The sculpted, painted and engraved frieze was gradually brought to light in its archaeological context by Susanne Cassou de Saint-Mathurin and Dorothy Garrod from 1949 onwards (Saint-Mathurin, Garrod, 1950). A wealth of archaeological material was discovered alongside the parietal art, comprising numerous works of portable art, tools made of animal bone, jewellery, etc. It was very rapidly observed that the portable art and the parietal art shared the same graphic and thematic conventions. For example, images of female bodies are rendered in high relief, in a monumental way, but also in the form of small statuettes. Our research has demonstrated the undeniable intra-site links between the portable art and the parietal art (Pinon, 2012). Here we propose to broaden this analysis within a well-identified culture of the Middle Magdalenian known as the Magdalenian of Lussac-Angles spearpoints. At the time of the discovery of the Magdalenian site of La Marche in 1937 (Vienne) (Lwoff, Pricard, 1940), some similarities had been identified between this site and that of Le Roc-aux-Sorciers, where the discoveries dated back to 1927 (Rousseau, 1933). These similarities are also perceptible in shared techniques (Chehmana, Beyries, 2010), as well as in the production of objects in hard organic materials such as the Lussac-Angles spearpoints (Pinon, 1988), the jewellery in fossil mammoth ivory (Dujardin, Pinon, 2000), the engraved horse incisors (Mazire, 2009) and the figurative art (Bourdier et al., 2016 Fuentes, 2016). We propose to further explore the links between these two sites through the analysis of the dynamic processes of reworking images. In particular we examine the engraved plaquettes of La Marche and the parietal art of Le Roc-aux-Sorciers to bring these links into perspective. This could shed light on some common ways of seeing the world in this Magdalenian group. Bourdier, C., Pinon, G., Bosselin, B. (2016). Norme et individualit au Rocaux-Sorciers (Vienne, France): approches des mains du registre animalier au travers de la forme. In M. Groenen, M.-Ch. Groenen (Eds.), Style, Techniques and Graphic expression in Rock Art (pp. 1735). BAR S2787. Chehmana, L., Beyries, S. (2010). Lindustrie lithique du Roc-aux-Sorciers (collection Rousseau). In J. Buisson-Catil, J. Primault (Eds.), Prhistoire entre Электронная библиотека ИА РАН: https://www.archaeolog.ru/ru/el-bib 16 Vienne et Charente. Hommes et socit du Palolithique (pp. 453460). Association des publications Chauvinoises, mmoire XXXVIII. Dujardin, V., Pinon, G. (2000). Le Magdalnien dans la Vienne et la Charente. In G. Pion (Dir.), Le Palolithique suprieur rcent: nouvelles donnes sur le peuplement et lenvironnement (pp. 213222). Actes de la table ronde de Chambry, 12-13 mars 1999, Mmoire de la Socit prhistorique franaise 28. Fuentes, O. (2016). The social dimension of human depiction in Magdalenian rock art (16,500 cal. BP 12.000 Cal. BP): the case of the Roc-aux-Sorciers rockshelter. Quaternary International, 430, 97113. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2016.06.023 Pericard, L., Lwoff, S. (1940). La Marche. Commune de Lussac-les-Chteaux (Vienne). Premier atelier de Magdalnien III dalles graves mobiles. Bulletin de la Socit Prhistorique franaise, 37(79), 155180. Pinon, G. (1988). Fiche sagaie de Lussac-Angles. In H. Camps Fabrer (Dir.), Fiches typologiques de lindustrie osseuse prhistorique. Commission de nomenclature sur lindustrie de los prhistorique. Cahier I: sagaies (fiche 3bis). Universit de Provence. Pinon, G. (2012). Art mobilier et art parital du Roc-aux-Sorciers (Angles-surlAnglin, Vienne, France): disparits ou sens communs In J. Clottes (Ed.), Lart plistocne dans le monde / Pleistocene art of the world / Arte pleistoceno en el mundo (pp. 15491558). Bulletin Socit Prhistorique Arige-Pyrnes. Mazire, G. (2009). Les incisives de chevaux graves. In G. Pinon (Dir.), Le Roc-aux-Sorciers: art et parure du Magdalnien. Runion des Muses Nationaux. http://www.catalogue-roc-aux-sorciers.fr Rousseau, L. (1933). Le Magdalnien dans la Vienne. Dcouverte et fouille dun gisement du Magdalnien, Angles-sur-lAnglin (Vienne). Bulletin de la Socit Prhistorique franaise, 30, 239256. Saint-Mathurin (de), S., Garrod, D. (1950). Une frise sculpte du Magdalnien ancien dcouverte Angles-sur-lAnglin, dans la Vienne. Acadmie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 94(2), 123128.

ЦЕЛЬ: изучить особенности клинического течения хронического гипопаратиреоза в российской по- пуляции. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ: исследование проведено на основе данных Всероссийского регистра паци- ентов с хроническим послеоперационным (п/о) и нехирургическим (н/х) гипопаратиреозом, основанного в 2020 году под эгидой ГНЦ ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии» Минздрава России (http://gipopt.clin-reg.ru/). Электронная информационно-аналитическая платформа регистра позволяет в режиме онлайн вводить информацию по пациентам с данной патологией в различных регионах Российской Федерации (РФ), а также обладает динамической системой аналитики. Выгрузка базы данных проведена 18.01.2023 г. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: общее число включенных в исследование пациентов составило 1039 человек (мужчин/ женщин – 131/907, жив/умер – 1036/3) из 68 регионов РФ. Хронический п/о гипопаратиреоз наблюдался в 87,4% случаев (909/1039), н/х – в 12,6% (130/1039). П/о гипопаратиреоз в 43% случаев (391/909) развил- ся после хирургического лечения рака щитовидной железы, узлового и диффузного токсического зоба в 24% (218/909) и 14% (131/909), соответственно, после паратиреоидэктомии в 5% (43/909), в том числе селективной – в 35% (15/43). В структуре н/х гипопаратиреоза преобладал идиопатический вариант – 65% (60/92); реже – аутоиммунный (24%, 22/92) и другие наследственные формы (11%, 10/92). Медиана возраста на момент постановки диагноза н/х гипопаратиреоза была ожидаемо меньше, чем в группе п/о гипопара- тиреоза – 13 [5; 20] против 47 [36; 57] лет (р<0,0001, U-тест, поправка Бонферрони Р0=0,0036). Выявлена статистическая тенденция к более низким уровням кальциемии (медиана ионизированного кальция 0,98 ммоль/л [0,85; 1,08] против 1,04 [0,94; 1,12], р=0,018, U-тест, поправка Бонферрони Р0=0,0036) и магниемии (0,75 ммоль/л [0,70; 0,80] против 0,71 [0,65; 0,76], р=0,005), более высокому уровню фосфора крови (1,58 ммоль/л [1,21; 2,09] против 1,48 [1,31; 1,67]) у пациентов с н/х гипопаратиреозом по сравнению с п/о формой. По уровню суточной кальциурии группы не различались (р>0,05), однако пациенты с п/о ги- попаратиреозом имели значимо более низкие показатели рСКФ – 75,0 мл/мин/1,73 м2 [60,3; 91,1] против 91,3 [68,7; 112,2] (р<0,0001, U-тест, поправка Бонферрони Р0=0,0036). В терапии гипопаратиреоза чаще всего, в 75% случаев, использовалась стандартная комбинация в виде сочетания активных форм витамина D и препаратов кальция. Дозы лекарственных препаратов (альфа- кальцидола, кальцитриола, карбоната кальция) в группах с п/о и н/х гипопаратиреозом не различались: 1,50 мкг/сут [1,00; 2,00] против 1,25 [1,00; 2,25], 1,0 мкг/сут [0,5; 1,5] против 1,00 [0,50; 1,75] и 1500 мг/сут [1000; 2000] против 1200 [1000; 2000] соответственно (р>0,05). ВЫВОДЫ: самой частой причиной гипопаратиреоза в РФ является повреждение или удаление око- лощитовидных желез в ходе хирургического лечения по поводу различных заболеваний щитовидной железы, что согласуется с результатами мировых данных. Пациенты с н/х гипопаратиреозом имеют более раннюю манифестацию заболевания и тенденцию к более выраженным нарушениям минерального об- мена по сравнению с лицами с п/о патологией. Большинство пациентов получают стандартную терапию с умеренными суточными дозами препаратов, что соответствует позициям федеральных клинический рекомендаций по гипопаратиреозу. Источник финансирования: государственное задание «Всероссийский реестр пациентов с хроническим гипопаратиреозом как основа оптимизации и внедрения персонализированного под- хода для улучшения качества оказания медицинской помощи населению Российской Федерации», НИОКТРАААА-А20-120011790168-2.

Recent advances in modeling density distributions, so-called neural density fields [1], can accurately describe the density distribution of even irregular celestial bodies, such as asteroids and comets. This representation has several advantages as it relies on no prior information, converges even inside the Brillouin sphere, and is extensible to heterogeneous density distributions of the celestial bodies [1,2]. The accurate knowledge about the density representation of a body is of crucial interest in several fields. For example, spacecraft operations in close proximity to these bodies require this knowledge to be capable of designing safe and efficient trajectories [3]. However, there are open questions in terms of the robustness of this approach with regard to several factors. Previous work utilized a synthetic gravity signal generated with a mascon model as ground truth [1] or measured data from the OSIRIS-REx mission for the asteroid Bennu [4] to train these neural density fields. Further, the influence of other perturbations (e.g. solar radiation pressure), noise and a potentially weak gravitational signal depending on distance warrant further study. Here, we perform a detailed study of these factors, further investigating the capabilities and robustness of neural density fields. As mascon models discretize the body into point masses, their application is accompanied by the appearance of inaccuracy, especially close to the surface inside the Brillouin sphere. The present work resolves this by using the polyhedral gravity model using the line integral approach capable of analytically computing the gravity tensor given a polyhedral mesh assuming homogeneous density [5, 6]. Herewith, this work presents the obtainable precision of whether a mascon or polyhedral ground truth is used for training the neural network and if the polyhedral model can eliminate errors in the surface region, given its smoother analytical form. Further, we explore the robustness against noise when training the neural network. Noise can appear due to multiple sources like numerical errors of the numerical integration of the gravitational triple integral, measurement errors or due to limited sampling of the volume given spacecraft trajectories. Second, it can result from non-gravitational accelerations like the Yarkovsky effect or solar radiation pressure (suspected to have affected the measurements of [4]). Hence, we investigate the effects of noise in the measurements, adding systematic and random noise to the training data in order to present its impact when compared to training without it. Results are presented in terms of absolute and relative errors but also visually explored in representations of the neural density field and acceleration errors. Another central question is how sparse or weak the gravitational signal can be. This is especially a problem during the approach to the body where – due to distance – the gravitational signal is close to a spherical/ point mass, and any irregularities are more challenging to find. Here, we present different sampling strategies given different distance thresholds and we study the resulting precision while also taking propagated orbits for the sampling process into account. This provides an essential insight into whether neural density fields could be employed in a specific mission scenario or whether the gravitational signal is insufficient. For detailed and robust results, we compare these aspects on several celestial bodies, including 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko, 433 Eros, 101955 Bennu and 25143 Itokawa. Overall, we thus take the next step on bringing neural density fields to an onboard mission scenario, where they can be a useful and potent tool complementing existing approaches such as polyhedral or mascon models. All data and code used for the study are available online. References: [1] Izzo, D. and Gómez, P., 2021. Geodesy of irregular small bodies via neural density fields: geodesyNets. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.13031. [2] Cui, Pingyuan, and Dong Qiao. "The present status and prospects in the research of orbital dynamics and control near small celestial bodies." Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters 4.1 (2014): 013013. [3] Leonard, J.M., Geeraert, J.L., Page, B.R., French, A.S., Antreasian, P.G., Adam, C.D., Wibben, D.R., Moreau, M.C. and Lauretta, D.S., 2019, August. OSIRIS-REx orbit determination performance during the navigation campaign. In 2019 AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference (pp. 1-20). [4] von Looz, M., Gómez, P. and Izzo, D., 2021. Study of the asteroid Bennu using geodesyANNs and Osiris-Rex data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.14427. [5] Tsoulis, D., 2012. Analytical computation of the full gravity tensor of a homogeneous arbitrarily shaped polyhedral source using line integrals. Geophysics, 77(2), pp.F1-F11. [6] Tsoulis, D. and Gavriilidou, G., 2021. A computational review of the line integral analytical formulation of the polyhedral gravity signal. Geophysical Prospecting, vol. 69, no. 8-9, pp. 1745–1760.

Radio-frequency (RF) ablation is one of the most widely used methods for the treatment of hepatic malignancies. A finite element method (FEM) analysis was employed to determine the thermal dose delivered to the tumor/tissue region. We simulated heating within a RF probe implanted in generic tumor surrounded by healthy tissue using ANSYS. The 3-D model consists of a tumor / tissue region into which the RF probe is embedded inside the tumor. One-quarter symmetry was then invoked. The blood flow was modeled using Penne’s bio-heat transfer equation with differing perfusion rates between the healthy tissue and tumor volume based on literature values. The resulting temperature distribution throughout the region was determined over time. A program was written in Visual Basic to extract the temperature distribution data in the tumor/tissue region and calculate the thermal dose throughout the region. This was done by using a time–temperature Arrhenius relationship for chemical and physical rate process. Tissue necrosis is assumed complete when a thermal dose of one hour has been achieved at 43 °C. In the present study, the geometry of the electrode had a significant effect on the size of the volume of necrosis. It was found that the lower portion of the tumor did not receive the specified thermal dose relative to the upper portion of the tumor in single setting during the RF ablation therapy. This might be due to the Ni-Ti electrode, which protruded only from the top surface of the trocar. The effectiveness of the existing probe can be improved by having one more set of electrodes protruding out from the lower curved surface of the trocar. It was found that the modified probe significantly improved heating in the lower portion of tumor/tissue area, providing more symmetry between the upper and lower portion.

Abstract Although Middle East region is blessed with 43% of global proven gas reserves equivalent at 80 trillion cubic meters, of which 50 % are in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, apart from the challenge of historic under-investment, regional gas endowments have been highly uneven and unique. The region is responding to gas shortages by boosting supplies through a combination of E&P developments and imports. As per IEA, the current 240 billion cubic meters (BCM) demand is expected to rise to 300 BCM by 2020 and 600 BCM by 2030. About 90% of incremental energy demand for power generation would come from gas then. Strategic investment will have to focus on creating large volumes of storage capacity as well as peak deliverability to cope with rising imports and power demand requirements. Currently, Dubai and Kuwait import LNG through floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) projects. At first these imports were seasonal (i.e. summer demand for electricity for air conditioning) and on a spot or short-term basis. Now, demand extends into all but the winter months and soon demand will be year round. The expansion of FSRU in Kuwait in to a permanent facility would increase capacity from 500 MMSCF/d to 3 BCF/d in two phases. This 11.0 million ton per annum (MMTPA) Kuwaiti LNG project under phase-I, is likely to replace the country's FSRU by 2020, mainly to replace the fuel oil firing in power plants. Abu Dhabi is developing a 8.7 MMTPA project in the Emirate of Fujairah on the Indian Ocean outside the Strait of Hormuz. Depending on supply-demand dynamics, Abu Dhabi may be both an importer and exporter of LNG, possibly relying on gas from the Shah and Bab fields. Bahrain has plans to develop 3.6 MMPTA shore-based import facility. Oman has combined Oman LNG and Qalhat LNG projects for integrated benefits, is developing unconventional gas reserves and would reduce gas subsidies to improve the demand equilibrium. Yemen continues to export LNG but has interruptions because of security issues. While Qatar gains geo-political benefits from its broader LNG export customers, with plans to expand its LNG capacity further, the possibility of it supplying gas to its neighbors is remote. Whereas, Saudi Arabia is better dedicated to its oil-field development, has realized benefits of developing and commercializing its gas fields, for both power and job generation. In view of the above, LNG thus remains a strategic choice for GCC countries mainly due to: Most environment-friendly and efficient option for rapidly escalating power demand at ~ 8% p.a.Techno-economics favoring fuel mix of LSFO and LNG for power and industries, instead of crude and dieselRefinery-Petrochemical integration becomes a more viable optionLimitations on geo-technical and geo-political contentious issues on developing non-associated gas fieldsChallenges on speeding up trade and strengthening exchange of power using 2009-set GCC grid, at full capacitySlow diversification into high-profile renewable power projects and its bold initiatives