Academic literature on the topic '2008 n-724'

SUMMARYThe prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women with normal cervical cytology varies widely according to the population studied. Two non-overlapping population-based cohort studies of women aged ⩾30 years for the periods 2008–2009 (n=5026) and 2004–2005 (n=10 014) were analysed. The prevalence rate of HPV was 11·0% (95% CI 10·5–11·6). HPV infection was significantly associated with age, menopausal status, and inversely associated with hormone replacement therapy. There was an increasing trend of α3/α15, α5/α6, and multiple HPV infections with increasing age. The five most common types were HPV52, 18, 53, 58 and 70, while HPV16, 31, 33 ranked 21st, 25th, and 16th, respectively, in the merged cohort with normal cytology (n=14 724). HPV16, 31, and 33 were significantly associated with abnormal cytology, which could have resulted in their rarity in the total merged cohort (n=15 040).

The prevalence of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in Korea has been reported to be approximately 60–80 %. Although the prevalence of the tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile strain was less then 5 % prior to the year 2000, it has become an emerging nosocomial pathogen in Korea. Therefore, we have attempted to determine the multicentre nationwide prevalence of tcdA+tcdB+ and tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile for epidemiological purposes. C. difficile strains (n=724, 30 from 2000, 80 from 2001, 74 from 2002, 76 from 2003, 179 from 2004, 285 from 2005) were obtained retrospectively from January 2000 to December 2005 from in-patients at 6 hospitals, all of whom were suspected of having C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD), colitis or pseudomembranous colitis. The numbers of participating hospitals varied yearly (1 in 2000, 2 in 2001–2003, 3 in 2004, 5 in 2005). The hospitals were located in Seoul (n=4), Kyunggi Province (n=1) and Busan (n=1), Korea. PCR assays for tcdA and tcdB genes were conducted using 724 unduplicated C. difficile isolates. The mean prevalence of tcdA+tcdB+ and tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile strains over the 6 years was 51.8 % (38.4–59.3 %) and 25.8 %(10–56.0 %), respectively. The mean prevalence of tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile strains was less than 7 % until 2002, but began to increase in 2003 (13.2 %) and achieved a peak in 2004 (50.3 %). In 2005, the mean prevalence of tcdA+tcdB+ and tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile strains was 47.7 % (30.9–60.3 %) and 27.0 % (17.6–54.8 %), respectively. This nationwide epidemiological study showed that tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile strains have already spread extensively throughout Korea, and our results provide basic data regarding the controversies currently surrounding the toxigenicity of tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile. The use of enzyme immunoassays capable of detecting both TcdA and TcdB is strongly recommended for the diagnosis of CDAD in microbiology laboratories, in order to control the spread of the tcdA−tcdB+ strains of C. difficile.

Ключові слова: пам’ять, ідентичність, національна ідентичність, комеморація, кмеморативні практики. Анотація Національна ідентичність, з одного боку, є однією з фундаментальних ідентичностей, тобто, вона може служити орієнтиром для людини навіть тоді, коли інші (професійні, родинні, класові) швидко змінюються внаслідок трансформації суспільства. З іншого боку, зміни суспільства, його соціальних інститутів (як агентів впливу) змінюють зміст і форми національної ідентичності членів суспільства. Відтак усталення тієї чи іншої моделі ідентичності здійснюється в певному соціальному контексті, який задає не тільки спектр альтернатив, але й набір різних комеморативних практик. У статті обґрунтовується взаємообумовленість смислоконституювання пам’яттєвого та ідентичнісного дискурсів, із урахуванням того, що пам’яттєвий дискурс, з одного боку, віддзеркалює характерні риси національної ідентичності, а з іншого – формує своєрідну смислову основу останньої, моделює її, впливаючи на зміни з різним ступенем інтенсивності. Доведено, що національна ідентичність формується за допомогою колективної пам’яті та комеморативних практик. Посилання Anderson, 2001 – Anderson B. Voobrazhaemыe soobshchestva. Razmыshlenyia ob ystokakh y rasprostranenyy natsyonalyzma [Imaginary communities. Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism]. M. : Kanon-press, 2001. 288 s. [in Russian] Assman, 2012 – Assman A. Prostory spohadu. Formy ta transformatsii kulturnoi pam’iati [Spaces of memory . Forms and transformations of cultural memory] / per. z nim. K. Dmytrenko, L. Doronicheva, O. Yudin. K.: Nika-Tsentr, 2012. 440 s. (Seriia «Zmina paradyhmy». Vyp. 15). [in Ukrainian] Assman, 2014 – Assman A. Dlynnaia ten proshloho. Memoryalnaia kultura y ystorycheskaia polytyka [Long shadow of the past. Memorial culture and historical politics] / per. s nem. B. Khlebnykova. M.: Novoe lyteraturnoe obozrenye, 2014. 323 s. [in Russian] Brubeiker, 2012 – Brubeiker R. Эtnychnost bez hrupp [Ethnicity without groups]. M.: Yzdatelskyi dom Vsshei shkolы эkonomyky, 2012. 408 s. [in Russian] Briubeiker, 2006 – Briubeiker R. Pereobramlenyi natsionalizm. Status natsii ta natsionalne pytannia v novii Yevropi [Perebramlennyi natsionalizm [Text]: status of the nation and the national question in the new Europe] / Per. z anhl. Lviv : Kalvariia, 2006. 280 s. [in Ukrainian] Vahner-Patsyfy, Shvarts, 2011 – Vahner-Patsyfy R., Shvarts B. Memoryal veteranov Vetnama: pamiaty trudnoho pryshloho [Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Commemorating a Difficult Newcomer] // Polytycheskaia kontseptolohyia. 2011. № 2. S. 155–192. [in Russian] Vasylev, 2009 – Vasylev A.H. Memoryalyzatsyia y zabvenye kak mekhanyzmы proyzvodstva kulturnoho edynstva y raznoobrazyia [Memorialization and oblivion as mechanisms for the production of cultural unity and diversity] // Fundamentalnыe problemы kulturolohy. T. VI. Kulturnoe nasledye: ot proshloho k budushchemu / otv. red. D.L. Spyvak M., Spb.: Novыi khronohraf, Эidos, 2009. C. 56–68. [in Russian] Voropaieva, 2011 – Voropaieva T.S. Formuvannia natsionalnoi i yevropeiskoi identychnosti hromadian Ukrainy: teoretyko-empirychni aspekty (1993–2010 roky) [Formation of national and European identity of citizens of Ukraine: theoretical and empirical aspects (1993-2010)]. // Naukovi studii iz sotsialnoi ta politychnoi psykholohii. 2011. Vyp. 26. S. 333-343. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nsspp_2011_26_40. [in Ukrainian] Hibernau, 2012 – Hibernau M. Identychnist natsii [Identity of Nations] / per. z anhl. P. Tarashchuka; red. L. Marchenko. K.: Tempora, 2012. 303 s. [in Ukrainian] Huzman, Sappa, 2016 – Huzman O.A., Sappa H-M.M. Natsionalna identychnist yak sotsiokulturnyi fenomen [National identity as a socio-cultural phenomenon] // Virtus: Scientific Journal / Editor-in-Chief M.A. Zhurba. 2016. Juni (№ 8). S. 64–68. [in Ukrainian] Diurkheim, 1998 – Diurkheim E. Elementarnыe formy relyhyoznoi zhyzny [Elementary forms of religious life] // Mystyka. Relyhyia. Nauka. Klassyky myrovoho relyhyovedenyia: antolohyia / per. s anhl., nem., fr., sost. y obshch. red. A.N. Krasnykova. M.: Kanon+, 1998. S. 174–231. [in Russian] Zaretskyi, 2008 – Zaretskyi Yu. Ystoryia, pamiat, natsyonalnaia ydentychnost [History, memory, national identity] // Neprykosnovennыi zapas. 2008. № 3(59). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2008/3/za4-pr.html#_ftnref28 [in Russian] Zynovev, 2008 – Zynovev A. Symvoly rossyiskoi natsyonalno-hosudarstvennoi ydentychnosty [Symbols of Russian national-state identity] // Experimentum, 2009: Sbornyk nauchnыkh statei fylosofskoho fakulteta MHU / Pod red. A. Selezneva, E. Moshchelkova; Sost. A. Vorobev, T. Denysova. M.: Yzdatel Vorobёv A.V., 2008. [in Russian] Yeits, 1997 – Yeits F.A. Yskusstvo pamiaty [The art of memory]; [Per. s anhl.] SPb.: Unyversytetskaia knyha, 1997. 480 s. [in Russian] Kastoryadys, 2003 – Kastoryadys K. Voobrazhaemoe ustanovlenye obshchestva [The Imaginary Establishment of Society]. M.: Lohos, 2003. 480 s. [in Russian] Kasianov, 2016 – Kasianov H.V. Istorychna pamiat ta istorychna polityka: do pytannia pro terminolohiiu y henealohiiu poniat [Historical memory and historical politics: on the question of terminology and genealogy of concepts] // Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal. 2016. № 2(527). S. 118–137. [in Ukrainian] Kyrydon, 2016 – Kyrydon A.M. Heterotopii pam’iati:. Teoretyko-metodolohichni problemy studii pam’iati [Heterotopias of memory :. Theoretical and methodological problems of memory studies]. Kyiv : Nika-Tsentr, 2016. 320 s. [in Ukrainian] Kozellek, 2005 – Kozellek R. Mynule maibutnie. Pro semantyku istorychnoho chasu [Past future. On the semantics of historical time]. K. : Dukh i litera, 2005. 317 s. [in Ukrainian] Kozellek, 2006 – Kozellek R. Chasovi plasty. Doslidzhennia z teorii istorii [Temporal layers and. Research in the theory of history]; [Per. z nim.]. K.: Dukh i litera, 2006. 436 s. [in Ukrainian] Konyk, 2009 – Konyk A. «Istorychna pam’iat» ta «polityka pam’iati» v epokhu media kultury [Historical memory and the politics of memory in a media-cultural epoch] // Visnyk Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu im. I. Franka. Seriia «zhurnalistyka». 2009. Vyp. 32. S. 153–163. [in Ukrainian] Konnerton, 2004 – Konnerton P. Yak suspilstva pam’iataiut [As societies remember] / per. z anhl., nauk. red. Svitlany Shlipchenko. K.: Nika-tsentr. 2004. 184 s. (Seriia «Zmina paradyhmy». Vyp. 7). [in Ukrainian] Konovalenko, 2005 –Konovalenko A.V. Psykholohyia polytycheskoi reklamy [The psychology of political advertising]. Rostov n/D: Fenyks, 2005. (Seryia «Psykholohycheskyi praktykum»). 96 s. [in Russian] Koposov, 2011 – Koposov N.E. Pamiat strohoho rezhyma. Ystoryia y polytyka v Rossyy [Strict mode memory. History and politics in Russia]. M.: Novoe lyteraturnoe obozrenye, 2011. 320 s. [in Russian] Kryvda, 2019 – Kryvda N. Kolektyvna pam’iat yak chynnyk formuvannia hrupovoi identychnosti [Collective memory as a factor in the formation of group identity] // Filosofski obrii. 2019. № 41. S. 60–76. [in Ukrainian] Lotman, 1992 – Lotman Yu. Symvol v systeme kultury [Symbol in the system of culture] // Yzbrannыe staty. Tallynn, 1992. T. 1. S. 191–199. [in Russian] Mainout, 2000 – Mainout K. Anatomiia natsionalizmu [Anatomy of nationalism] // Natsionalizm. Antolohiia. K.: Smoloskyp, 2000. S. 255–256. [in Ukrainian] Malynova, 2017 – Malynova O.Yu. Kommemoratsyia ystorycheskykh sobytyi kak ynstrument symvolycheskoi polytyky: Vozmozhnosty sravnytelnoho analyza [Commemorating Historical Events as a Tool of Symbolic Politics: Possibilities for Comparative Analysis] // Polytyia. 2017. № 4 (87). S. 6-11. [in Russian] Malynova, 2018 – Malynova O.Yu. Kommemoratsyia stoletyia revoliutsyy(i) 1917 hoda v RF: analyz stratehyi kliuchevykh mnemonycheskykh aktorov [Commemoration of the centenary of the revolution (s) of 1917 in the Russian Federation: analysis of the strategies of key mnemonic actors] // Polys. Polytycheskye yssledovanyia. 2018. № 1. S. 9–25. [in Russian] Mehyll, 2007 – Mehyll A. Ystorycheskaia epystemolohyia [Historical epistemology] / Perevod Kukartsevoi M., Kashchaeva V., Tymonyna V. M.: «Kanon+»; ROOY «Reabylytatsyia», 2007. 480 s. [in Russian] Nahorna, 2005 – Nahorna L. Identychnist natsionalna [National identity] // Entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy: T. 3: E-I / Redkol.: V.A. Smolii (holova) ta in. NAN Ukrainy. Instytut istorii Ukrainy. K.: V-vo «Naukova dumka», 2005. S. 415-417. [in Ukrainian] Nahorna, 2011 – Nahorna L. Sotsiokulturna identychnist: pastky tsinnisnykh rozmezhuvan [Sociocultural identity : traps of value demarcations]. K.: IPiEND NANU, 2011. 272 s. [in Ukrainian] Nechytailo, 2014 – Nechytailo A.A. Natsiietvorennia ta natsionalna pam’iat v epokhu postmodernu ta rozbudovy hlobalnoho informatsiinoho suspilstva [Nation-building and national memory in the postmodern era and the development of the global information society] // Politolohichnyi visnyk. 2014. Vyp. 74. S. 332–340. [in Ukrainian] Nora, 1998 – Nora P. Pokolenye kak mesto pamiaty [Generation as a place of memory] // Novoe lyteraturnoe obozrenye. 1998 № 30. URL:http://magazines.russ.ru/ authors/n/nora/ [in Russian] Nora ta in., 1999 – Nora P., Ozuf M., Zh. De Piuymezh, Vynok M. Frantsyia — pamiat [France — memory]. Spb. : Novaia Peterburhskaia byblyoteka, Yzd. S-Pb. unyversyteta. 1999. 328 s. [in Russian] Nora, 2005 – Nora P. Vsemyrnoe torzhestvo pamiaty [World commemoration] // Neprykosnovennыi zapas. 2005. № 2–3 (40-41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/ ha2.html. [in Russian] Ptashnyk-Serdiuk, 2012 – Ptashnyk-Serdiuk O.I. Sotsiolohichnyi analiz protsesu identyfikatsii [Sociological analysis of the identification process] // Naukovi pratsi. Sotsiolohiia. 2012. Vyp. 189. T. 201. S. 60–64. [in Ukrainian] Renan, 2006 – Renan E. Shcho take natsiia? [What is a nation?] // Natsionalizm: Antolohiia / Uporiad. O. Protsenko, V. Lisovyi. 2-he vyd. K.: Smoloskyp, 2006. S. 107-120. [in Ukrainian] Rykёr, 2004 – Rykёr P. Pamiat, ystoryia, zabvenye [Memory, history, oblivion] / Per. s fr. M.: Yzd-vo humanytarnoi lyt-ry, 2004. 728 s. [in Russian] Romanovskaia, Fomenko, 2015 – Romanovskaia E.V., Fomenko N.L. Ydentychnost y kommemoratsyia [Identity and commemoration] // Vlast. 2015. № 7. S. 81–84. [in Russian] Riuzen ,2010 – Riuzen Y. Novi shliakhy istorychnoho myslennia [New ways of historical thinking] / Pereklav z nim. V. Kam’ianets. Lviv: Litopys, 2010. 358 s. [in Ukrainian] Saveleva, Poletaev, 2004 – Saveleva Y., Poletaev A. Sotsyalnye predstavlenyia o proshlom: typy y mekhanyzmy formyrovanyia [Social views of the past: types and mechanisms of formation] // Humanytarnye yssledovanyia. M.: HU-VShE, 2004. Vyp. 7 (14). 52 s. [in Russian] Savytska, 2014 – Savytsk I.M. Formuvannia natsionalnoi identychnosti cherez pryzmu istorychnoi pamiati [Problems of formation national identity through the prism of historical Memory in modern society] // Naukovyi visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu bioresursiv i pryrodokorystuvannia Ukrainy, 2014, Vyp. 203, ch. 1. S. 14-20. [in Ukrainian] Smit, 1994 – Smit E. Natsionalna identychnist [National identity] / per. z anhl. P. Tarashchuk. K.: Osnovy, 1994. 196 s. [in Ukrainian] Smit, 2013 – Smit E. Natsii i natsionalizm u hlobalnu epokhu [Nations and nationalism in the global era]. K.: Nika-Tsentr, 2013. 278 s. [in Ukrainian] Smolyna, 2015 – Smolyna N.S. Sovremennыe operatsyy-transformatsyy s kollektyvnoi pamiatiu: sotsyalnыe ramky deistvytelnosty [Modern transformation operations with collective memory: the social framework of reality] // Dni nauky filosofskoho fakultetu – 2014: Mizhn. nauk. konf. (15-16 kvit. 2014 r., Kyiv): [materialy dopovidei ta vystupiv] / redkol.: A.Ye. Konverskyi [ta in.]. K.: Vydavnycho-polihrafichnyi tsentr «Kyivskyi universytet», 2014. Ch. 5. S. 120. [in Russian] Smoliar, 2009 – Smoliar A. Pam’iat ta polityka [Memory and Politics] [per. z polsk] // Ukraina Moderna. Vyp. 4 (15): Pam’iat yak pole zmahan / Hol. red. Ya. Hrytsak K.: Krytyka, 2009. S. 78–94. [in Ukrainian] Stasevska, 2018 – Stasevska O.A. Eksplikatsiia aksiolohichnoho aspektu kontseptu «istorychna pam’iat» [Explication of the axiological aspect of the concept«historical memory»] // Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu «Iurdychna akademiia Ukrainy imeni Yaroslava Mudroho». 2018. Vyp. 1 (36). S. 123–135. [in Ukrainian] Stepyko, 2011 – Stepyko M.T. Ukrainska identychnist: fenomen i zasady formuvannia [Ukrainian identity: phenomenon and principles of formation]. K.: NISD, 2011. 336 s. [in Ukrainian] Tarasova, 2017 – Tarasova N.Yu. Komemoratyvni zasady natsionalnoi identyfikatsi [Commemorative grounds for national identification] // Aktualni problemy filosofii ta sotsiolohii. 2017. № 20. S. 140–143. [in Ukrainian] Ukraina, 2007 – Ukraina v 2006 rotsi: vnutrishnie i zovnishnie stanovyshche ta perspektyvy rozvytku: ekspertna dopovid [Ukraine in 2006 : internal and external situation and development prospects: expert report.] / red. V.I. Tyshchenko. K. : Slavutych-Delfin, 2007. 256 s. 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En el presente trabajo, se analiza la posición de la Sala de lo Constitucional en su calidad de tribunal último –y superior– en la jurisdicción constitucional. El análisis se realiza sobre el aparente conflicto jurisdiccional suscitado entre dicha Sala y el pleno de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, en relación al proceso de amparo n.° 288-2008. Este conflicto se origina a partir de la interpretación que cada una de esas instancia realizó en torno al momento en que debe considerarse que los magistrados propietarios de la mencionada Sala, además de ser jueces, son también autoridad demandada en un proceso de amparo, lo que impediría que estos puedan juzgar en dicho proceso cuando la parte demandada fuese el pleno de la Corte. Mientras los magistrados propietarios de la Sala interpretaron que serían parte si hubiesen participado en el acto administrativo que provocó el proceso de amparo, los magistrados del pleno, por su parte, estimaron que lo son por el simple hecho del cargo que ostentan, es decir, a partir de su nombramiento como magistrados, sin considerar sus condiciones personales. Así, el conflicto provocó una serie de resoluciones provenientes del pleno de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, las cuales, aunque incapaces de detener el correcto desenvolvimiento de la jurisdicción constitucional, han sido lo suficientemente provocadoras para analizar tanto su criterio jurídico como el diseño constitucional y legal de la Sala de lo Constitucional, garante último de nuestra Norma Suprema, dado el riesgo latente de que la Corte Suprema de Justicia se asiente como su tribunal superior. ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 66, No. 724, 2011: 93-133.

As described in the IETS Manual (Stringfellow and Seidel, 1995), and endorsed by the OIE, trypsin can be used (for specific pathogens and livestock) to effectively remove certain infectious agents from in vivo-derived embryos for international transport. Because of the multimillion-dollar AI industry for livestock, the OIE has encouraged more research in developing similar decontamination techniques for semen as an added safeguard to animal quarantine for the prevention of disease transmission. Most or all of the earlier studies on embryos used a porcine pancreatic-derived trypsin. Because of more stringent guidelines from international regulatory agencies on the use of animal products, several serine protease recombinants are now available. Previous experiments comparing the porcine pancreatic extract with a recombinant bovine sequence trypsin developed in corn resulted in no statistical difference in cleavage or morula/blastocyst rates. (Mattson et al. 2008 Theriogenology 69, 724–727). An additional in vivo study treating bovine sperm with a yeast-derived human-sequence trypsin resulted in significantly more transferable-quality embryos after the AI of superovulated cows as compared with sperm not treated with trypsin (Blevins et al. 2008 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 20, 84). The goal of this experiment was to examine the in vitro development of bovine embryos produced from sperm treated with a recombinant trypsin found in a commercially available density gradient centrifugation (DGC) product (Bovipure, Nidacon, Sweden) compared with DGC without trypsin. Oocyte aspiration, maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture were performed using standard methods in 5 replications (n = 2220 oocytes). Semen was collected and pooled from 2 Bos taurus bulls and frozen in an egg-yolk cryodiluent (Biladyl, Minitube). The semen was processed using Bovipure DGC composed of 2 mL of 40% colloid of silane-coated silica particles containing either a yeast-derived human sequence recombinant trypsin containing no animal by-products (n = 1126 oocytes) or the same colloid without trypsin as the control group (n = 1094 oocytes). Both 40% concentrations were layered over 2 mL of an 80% concentration of the same colloid without any additives. The density gradients were centrifuged at 300g for 20 min, after which time the pellets were washed in 5 mL of prewarmed TL Hepes solution (Cambrex) and centrifuged at 500g for 10 min. The resulting sperm pellets were then resuspended in a volume calculated to provide 1 × 106 sperm mL–1, to be used for in vitro inseminations. Results were compared using a 2-tailed unpaired t-test. Cleavage rates for the trypsin-treated sperm (n = 969, 35.8%) and the control (n = 950, 44.3%) groups were not statistically different (P = 0.20). Although more embryos reached the morula to blastocyst stages in the control group (n = 421, 61.0%) than in the trypsinized group (n = 347, 54.7%), these differences also were not statistically significant (P = 0.85). In conclusion, trypsinized Bovipure DGC of sperm before insemination showed no detrimental effects on IVF-derived bovine embryo development.

Melanoma incidence has increased over the last few decades. How the prognosis of a previously diagnosed melanoma may be affected by a woman’s subsequent pregnancy has been debated in the literature since the 1950s, and the outcomes are essential to women who are melanoma survivors in their childbearing years. The main objective of this systematic review is to improve the understanding of whether the course of melanoma in a woman may be altered by a subsequent pregnancy and to help clinicians’ diagnosis. Eligible studies for the systematic review were clinical trials, observational cohort studies and case-control studies that compared prognosis outcomes for non-pregnant patients with melanoma, or pregnant before melanoma diagnosis, versus pregnant patients after a diagnosis of melanoma. The search strategy yielded 1101 articles, of which 4 met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. All the studies were retrospective non-randomised cohorts with patients with melanomas diagnosed before pregnancy. According to our findings, a subsequent pregnancy was not a significant influence on the outcome of a previous melanoma. However, given the small number of identified studies and the heterogeneous data included, it is recommended to approach these patients with caution, and counselling should be given by known prognostic factors. We also reviewed the medical records of 84 patients of childbearing age (35.8 ± 6.3 years, range 21–45 years) who were diagnosed with cutaneous invasive melanoma in our hospital between 2008 and 2018 (N = 724). Of these, 11 (13.1%) had a pregnancy after melanoma diagnosis (age at pregnancy: 35.6 ± 6.3 years). No statistical differences in outcome were detected.

e16160 Background: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) is associated with high mortality rates. The objectives of this study are to examine survival rates among patients using targeted therapies (Sunitinib, Sorafenib) for MRCC and the association of time to treatment change with survival. Methods: Administrative claims data from a large, US managed care plan were used to identify commercially insured and Medicare patients with newly diagnosed MRCC from 01/01/03–12/31/07 and continuous enrollment for 12 months prior to and at least 90 days after MRCC diagnosis. Survival from earliest evidence of targeted therapy (TT) was assessed through 9/16/2008. Treatment change was defined as stopping TT, switching TT or the addition of other treatments for MRCC. Results: 253 patients were identified with newly diagnosed MRCC (average age: 60.5 years; 71.5% male) who also received TT. Mean (median) survival time from initiation of therapy was 533 (507) days. A majority of those on TT (n = 205, 81.0%) experienced treatment change within 6 months after initiating the therapy; two-thirds within 30 days of therapy initiation. Unadjusted survival rates increased significantly with longer time to change in treatment (p=0.0075), with a mean survival time of 437 days for those with treatment change within 30 days and 724 days among those with treatment change 5–6 months post therapy initiation. Conclusions: Early treatment changes are associated with shorter survival times. High rates of early treatment changes indicate inadequacies in currently available targeted therapies for MRCC patients. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

The concept of plants and microbes utilization for remediation measure of pollutant contaminated soil is the newest development in term of petroleum waste management technique. The research objective was to obtain wild grass types and hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria which are capable to synergize in decreasing petroleum concentration within petroleum contaminated soil. This research was conducted by using randomized completely block design. This research was conducted by using randomized completely block design. The first factor treatments were consisted of without plant, Tridax procumbens grass and Lepironia mucronata grass. The second factor treatments were consisted of without bacterium, single bacterium of Alcaligenes faecalis, single bacterium of Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and mixed bacteria of Alcaligenes faecalis with P. alcaligenes. The results showed that mixed bacteria (A. faecalis and P. alcaligenes) were capable to increase the crown and roots dry weights of these two grasses, bacteria population, percentage of TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon) decrease as well as TPH decrease and better pH value than that of single bacterium. The highest TPH decrease with magnitude of 70.1% was obtained on treatment of L. mucronata grass in combination with mixed bacteria.[How to Cite: Gofar N. 2013.Synergism of Wild Grass and Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria in Petroleum Biodegradation. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 161-168. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.161][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.161]REFERENCESBello YM. 2007. Biodegradation of Lagoma crude oil using pig dung. Afr J Biotechnol 6: 2821-2825.Gerhardt KE, XD Huang, BR Glick and BM Greenberg. 2009. Phytoremediation and rhizoremediation of organic soil contaminants: Potential and challenges. Plant Sci 176: 20-30.Glick BR. 2010. Using soil bacteria to facilitate phytoremediation. Biotechnol Adv 28: 367-374. Gofar N. 2011. Characterization of petroleum hydrocarbon decomposing fungi isolated from mangrove rhizosphere. J Trop Soils 16(1): 39-45. doi: 10.5400/jts.2011.16.1.39Gofar N. 2012. Aplikasi isolat bakteri hidrokarbonoklastik asal rhizosfer mangrove pada tanah tercemar minyak bumi. J Lahan Suboptimal 1: 123-129 (in Indonesian). Hong WF, IJ Farmayan, CY Dortch, SK Chiang and JL Schnoor. 2001. Environ Sci Technol 35: 1231.Khashayar T and T Mahsa. 2010. Biodegradation potential of petroleum hydrocarbons by bacterial diversity in soil. Morld App Sci J 8: 750-755.Lal B and S Khanna. 1996. Degradation of Crude Oil by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Alcaligenes odorans, J Appl Bacteriol 81: 355- 362.Mackova M, D Dowling and T Macek. 2006. Phytoremediation and rhizoremediation: Theoretical background. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands. 300 p. Malik ZA and S Ahmed. 2012. Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by oil field isolated bacterial consortium. Afr J Biotechnol 11: 650-658.Mendez MO and RM Maier. 2008. Phytostabilization of mine tailings in arid and semiarid environment an emerging remediation technology. Environ Health Prospect 116: 278-283.Milic JS, VP Beskoski, MV Ilic, SM Ali, GDJ Cvijovic and MM Vrvic. 2009. Bioremediation of soil heavily contaminated with crude oil and its products: composition of the microbial consortium. J Serb Chem Soc 74: 455-460.Mukre AM, AA Hamid, A Hamzah and WM Yusoff. 2008. Development of three bacteria consortium for the bioremediation of crude petroleum-oil in contaminated water. J Biol Sci 8: 73-79.Ndimele PE. 2010. A review on the phytioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon. Pakistan J Biol Sci 12: 715-722.Newman LA and CM Reynolds. 2004. Phytoremediation of organic compounds. Curr Opin Biotechnol 15: 225-230.Onwuka F, N Nwachoko, and E Anosike. 2012. Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and some cations (Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) in a crude oil polluted soil and possible phytoremediation by Cynodon dactylon L (Bermuda grass). J Environ Earth Sci 2: 12-17.Pezeshki SR, MW Hester, Q Lin and JA Nyman. 2000. The effect of oil spill and clean-up on dominant US Gulf Coast Marsh Macrophytes: a review. Environ Pollution 108: 129-139.Pikoli MR, P Aditiawati and DI Astuti. 2000. Isolasi bertahap dan identifikasi isolat bakteri termofilik pendegradasi minyak bumi dari sumur bangko. Laporan Penelitian pada Jurusan Biologi, ITB, Bandung (unpublished, in Indonesian).Pilon-Smits E and JL Freeman. 2006. Environmental cleanup using plants: biotechnological advances and ecological considerations. Front Ecol Environ 4: 203-10. Rahman KSM, JT Rahman, P Lakshmanaperumalsamy, and IM Banat. 2002. Towards efficient crude oil degradation by a mixed bacterial consortium. Bioresource Technol 85: 257-261.Rossiana N. 2004. Oily Sludge Bioremediation with Zeolite and Microorganism and It’s Test with Albizia Plant (Paraserianthes falcataria) L (Nielsen). Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Biology Padjadjaran University, Bandung (unpublished).Rossiana, N. 2005. Penurunan Kandungan Logam Berat dan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria L (Nielsen) Bermikoriza dalam Media Limbah Lumpur Minyak Hasil Ekstraksi. Laboratorium Mikrobiologi dan Biologi Lingkungan Jurusan Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung (in Indonesian).Sathishkumar M, B Arthur Raj, B Sang-Ho, and Y Sei-Eok. 2008. Biodegradation of crude oil by individual bacterial strains and a mixed bacterial consortium isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated areas clean. Ind J Biotechnol 36: 92-96.Shirdam R, AD Zand, GN Bidhendi and N Mehrdadi. 2008. Phytoremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils with emphasis on effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on the growth of plant species. Phytoprotection 89: 21-29.Singer AC, DE Crowley and IP Thompson. 2003. Secondary plant metabolites in phytoremediation and biotransformation. Trends Biotechnol 21: 123-130.Singh A and OP Ward. 2004. Applied Bioremediation and Phytoremediation. Springler, Berlin, 281p.Surtikanti H and W Surakusumah. 2004. Peranan Tanaman dalam Proses Bioremediasi Oli Bekas dalam Tanah Tercemar. Ekol Biodivers Trop 2: 48-52 (in Indonesian).Wenzel WW. 2009. Rhizosphere processes and management in plant-assisted bioremediation (phytoremediation) of soil. Plant Soil 321: 385-408.Widjajanti H, I Anas, N Gofar and MR Ridho. 2010. Screening of petroleum hydrocarbons degrading bacteria as a bioremediating agents from mangrove areas. Proceeding of International Seminar, workshop on integrated lowland development and management, pp. C7 1-9.Widjajanti H. 2012. 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In this paper, heavy metal oxide glasses co-doped with erbium and holmium ions have been synthesized. Glass composition, based on the bismuth and germanium oxides, has been selected in terms of high thermal stability (delta T = 125 °C), high refractive index (n = 2.19) and low maximum phonon energy (hvmax = 724 cm-1). Up-conversion luminescence spectra under the 980 nm laser diode excitation have been observed as a result of radiative transitions within the quantum energy level structures of Er3+ and Ho3+ ions. Optimization of rare earth ions content has been conducted, the highest emission intensity in the visible wavelength range has been observed in glass co-doped with molar concentration 0.5 Er2O3 / 0.5 Ho2O3. Full Text: PDF ReferencesF. Zhang, Z. Bi, A. Huang, Z. Xiao, "Visible luminescence properties of Er3+?Pr3+ codoped fluorotellurite glasses", Opt. Materials 41, 112 (2014). CrossRef S. Li, S. Ye, T. Liu, H. Wang, D. Wang, "Enhanced up-conversion emissions in ZnO-LiYbO2:RE3+ (RE = Er or Ho) hybrid phosphors through surface modification", J. All. Comp. 658, 85 (2016). CrossRef J. Fu, X. Zhang, Z. Chao, Z. Li, J. Liao, D. Hou, H. Wen, X. Lu, X. Xie, "Enhanced upconversion luminescence of NaYF4:Yb, Er microprisms via La3+ doping", Opt. Laser Tech. 88, 280 (2017). CrossRef Y. Tian, R. Xu, L. Hu, J. Zhang, "2.7 ?m fluorescence radiative dynamics and energy transfer between Er3+ and Tm3+ ions in fluoride glass under 800 nm and 980 nm excitation", J. Quant. Spec. Rad. Tra. 113, 87 (2012). CrossRef M. Zhang, A. Yang, Y. Peng, B. Zhang, H. Ren, W. Guo, Y. Yang, C. Zhai, Y. Wang, Z. Yang, D. Tang, "Dy3+-doped Ga?Sb?S chalcogenide glasses for mid-infrared lasers", Mat. Res. Bul. 70, 55 (2015). CrossRef G. Yang, T. Li, "Broadband 1.53 ?m emission in Er3+-doped Ga-Bi-Pb-Ge heavy metal oxide glasses", J. Rare Earths 26, 924 (2008). CrossRef Y. Guo, Y. Tian, L. Zhang, L. Hu, J. Zhang, "Erbium doped heavy metal oxide glasses for mid-infrared laser materials", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 377, 119 (2013). CrossRef Z. Hou, Z. Xue, F. Li, M. Wang, X. Hu, S. Wang, "Luminescence and up-conversion mechanism of Er3+/Ho3+ co-doped oxyfluoride tellurite glasses and glass?ceramics", J. All. Comp. 577, 523 (2013). CrossRef X. Li, Q. Nie, S. Dai, T. Xu, L. Lu, X. Zhang, "Energy transfer and frequency upconversion in Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped bismuth-germanate glasses", J. All. Comp. 454, 510 (2008). CrossRef S.S. Rojas, J.E. De Souza, M.R.B. Andreeta, A.C. Hernandes, "Influence of ceria addition on thermal properties and local structure of bismuth germanate glasses", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 356, 2942 (2010). CrossRef M.S. Ebrahim, Irina, Mid-infrared coherent sources and applications, Springer (2008). CrossRef T. Ragin, J. Zmojda, M. Kochanowicz, P. Miluski, P. Jelen, M. Sitarz, D. Dorosz, "Enhanced mid-infrared 2.7 ?m luminescence in low hydroxide bismuth-germanate glass and optical fiber co-doped with Er3 +/Yb3 + ions", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 457, 169 (2017). CrossRef K. Biswas, A.D. Sontakke, R. Sen, K. Annapurna, "Enhanced 2 ?m broad-band emission and NIR to visible frequency up-conversion from Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped Bi2O3?GeO2?ZnO glasses", Spectr. Acta. Part A, Mol. Biomol. Spectr. 112, 301-308 (2013). CrossRef R.S. Romaniuk, D. Dorosz, J. Żmojda, M. Kochanowicz, W. Mazerski, "Upconversion luminescence in tellurite glass codoped with Yb3+/Ho3+ ions", Proc. of SPIE 8903, 890307 (2013). CrossRef

Los accidentes de tránsito en el Perú suceden todos los días. Debido a ello, el seguro contra accidentes de tránsito (SOAT) juega un rol primordial en la protección de las personas. Este seguro, a diferencia de los seguros voluntarios, busca resguardar los derechos a la vida e integridad. Es por ello que la norma es clara cuando indica que cubre a todas las víctimas que se ven involucradas en un accidente de tránsito. La celeridad e inmediatez que lo caracterizan beneficia a las víctimas de los accidentes; ya que estas no tienen que recurrir al Poder Judicial, institución que no les garantiza que en algún momento recibirán algún tipo de indemnización. No solo eso, sino que aún teniendo una sentencia favorable, esto no significa que los obligados cumplirán con lo ordenado. Este artículo busca demostrar que la única interpretación posible del cuarto párrafo del artículo 17 del Decreto Supremo N°024-2002-MTC es aquella según la cual la aseguradora presente en un accidente que involucra a dos vehículos, uno con SOAT y otro sin SOAT, es la obligada a indemnizar a todas las víctimas; y que luego podrá repetir contra los responsables solidarios que la norma precisa. Esto como consecuencia de su finalidad social y su idoneidad para resolver este tipo de controversias.

La loi du 23 juin 2006, entrée en vigueur le 1er janvier 2007, poursuit trois objectifs principaux, de simplification, de sécurisation du règlement des successions et de protection des héritiers. Elle comprend deux volets le premier sur les successions et le second sur les libéralités. Cette loi est une nécessaire adaptation aux nouvelles évolutions démographiques et sociologiques (allongement de la durée de la vie, augmentation du nombre des familles recomposées et présence d'enfants non communs) et permet d'augmenter la liberté de partage du disposant, notamment dans la transmission des entreprises, un véritable problème en france. Cette loi, objet de plusieurs décennies de réflexion, fournit de nombreux outils modernes, mais présente toutefois des lacunes, soit que le législateur ne semble pas être allé jusqu'au bout de sa réforme et que les outils sont incomplets, soit que ces derniers sont déjà concurrencés par d'autres outils existants. Ces lacunes devront être complétées pour que la loi du 23 juin 2006 reste, pour longtemps, une loi toujours moderne et bien adaptée aux transformations rapides de notre société
The law of June 23rd, 2006, which entered into force on January 1st, 2007 has three main objectives, simplifying and securing inheritance agreement and protection of heirs. It consists of two components: successions and liberalities.This law is a necessary adaptation to the new demographic and sociological changes (increased life expectancy, increasing numbers of reconstituted families and step-children), increasing the freedom to share, which is, especially in the transmission of companies, a real issue in France.This law, the subject of several decades of thinking, provided many modern tools, but it does have some gaps, either because the legislator has not gone far enough with the reform and the tools are incomplete, or that they are already in competition with other existing tools. These deficiencies must be completed so that the law of June 23rd, 2006 remains for a long time, a law still modern and adapted to rapid changes in our society

Au commencement, il y a le constat, en ce début de XXIe siècle, de l'influence de la sphère économique sur la refonte de la matière successorale. Certes, cela n'est pas officiel. Dans le cadre de l'élaboration de la loi n° 2006-728 du 23 juin 2006 réformant le droit des successions et des libéralités, le législateur préfère mettre en exergue des objectifs généraux ; il est question de « simplifier », d’« accélérer » et de « sécuriser » les règlements successoraux. Si tout cela semble bien transparent de prime abord, en réalité, derrière cette « profession de foi un peu courte », se cachent des objectifs de nature économique qui traversent l'ensemble de la réforme. On peut immédiatement en citer un à titre d’exemple : celui de la survie de l’entreprise au décès de son exploitant. Cet objectif transparaît sans difficulté ; il suppose de faciliter la transmission de l’unité économique, […], mais également d'assurer la continuité de la gestion de celle-ci, […].[…] Plus avant, la dialectique suivie par le législateur du XXIe siècle n'est pas seulement celle d'une adaptation des normes juridiques aux réalités économiques contemporaines ; elle est aussi celle d'une promotion de ces normes comme instruments de compétitivité de l'économie nationale. La légistique est désormais conçue comme un vecteur dopant de la conjoncture. […] Multiplier les échanges, relancer la croissance, mettre en valeur le patrimoine économique français : ce sont là certaines des nouvelles valeurs du droit des successions, au sens de la loi du 23 juin 2006. Pour autant, cette influence de la sphère économique est-elle complètement nouvelle ? Ne sommes-nous pas en présence de l'aboutissement, ou du prolongement, d'un phénomène ancien ? On peut en effet songer que les codificateurs étaient déjà soucieux d'adapter notre ancien droit français à l'avènement de la proto-industrie, ainsi qu’au développement d'une économie d'échanges ; dans le même sens, on doit bien constater que la loi n° 71-523 du 3 juillet 1971 ne réalise, pour l'essentiel, qu’une adaptation des règles liquidatives aux fluctuations monétaires de l'après-guerre. Sans entrer plus avant dans les détails, on perçoit immédiatement en quoi ces interrogations nous portent vers la présente étude : une analyse comparative des métasources « économiques » et « non économiques », sur le thème de l'influence de la sphère économique sur le droit des successions dans son élaboration depuis 1804
To start with, we can notice that at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the economic sphere is already clearly influencing the inheritance rules modification process. Admittedly, this is not an official statement. Writing the law n ° 2006-728 of June 23, 2006 which aims to reform the inheritances and liberalities regulations, the legislator prefers to highlight general objectives. This is a question of "simplifying", "speeding up" and "securing" the inheritance law. If all of this may seem very transparent at first glance, in reality, behind this "a little short profession of faith", there are some hidden economic objectives that cross the whole reform. The simplest example to cite is the survival of a company at the death of its manager. This objective is easily visible; it helps to facilitate the transmission of the economic unit, [...], but also to ensure its management continuity [...]. [...] Further, the dialectics followed by the legislator of the twenty-first century are not only for adaptation of legal norms to contemporary economic realities, but also for promoting these standards as instruments to increase the national economy's competitiveness. Legislation is now conceived as a driving force for the economic situation. [...] Multiplying trade, relaunching growth, enhancing French economic patrimony: these are some of the new values of inheritance regulations, as defined by the law of 23 June 2006. However, is this influence of the economic sphere entirely new or not ? Perhaps, we are dealing with culmination or prolongation of an old phenomenon ? We may indeed think that the legislators have already been concerned with adapting our old French law to the advent of proto-industry, as well as to the development of the trading economy ; in the same sense, it should be noted that, for the most part, the law n° 71-523 of July 3d, 1971 has done nothing more than making an adjustment of the liquidation rules to the monetary fluctuations of the post-war period. Without going further into the details, we can immediately notice how these questions lead us to the present study : a comparative analysis of "economic" and "non-economic" metasources, on the subject of influence of the economic sphere on the inheritance rights in its development since 1804

Hayes and Williams’ Family Law, now in its sixth edition, provides critical and case-focused discussion of the key legislation and debates affecting adults and children. The volume takes a critical approach to the subject and includes ‘talking points’ and focused ‘discussion questions’ throughout each chapter which highlight areas of debate or controversy. The introductory chapter within this edition provides a discussion of the law’s understanding of ‘family’ and the extent to which this has changed over time, a detailed overview of the meaning of private and family life within Article 8 of the ECHR, and a discussion of the Family Justice Review and subsequent developments. Part 1 of this edition, supplemented by the ‘Latest Developments’ section, outlines the most up-to-date statistics on the incidence of marriage, civil partnerships and divorce, discusses recent case law on the validity of marriage such as Hayatleh v Mofdy [2017] EWCA Civ 70 and K v K (Nullity: Bigamous Marriage) [2016] EWHC 3380 (Fam), and highlights the recent Supreme Court decision (In the Matter of an Application by Denise Brewster for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland) [2017] 1 WLR 519) on the pension rights of unmarried cohabitants. It also considers the litigation concerning the prohibition of opposite-sex civil partnership registration from the judgment of the Court of Appeal in Steinfeld and Keidan v Secretary of State for Education [2017] EWCA Civ 81 to the important decision of the Supreme Court in R (on the application of Steinfeld and Keidan) (Application) v Secretary of State for International Development (in substitution for the Home Secretary and the Education Secretary) [2018] UKSC 32. This edition also provides an in-depth discussion of the recent Supreme Court decision in Owens v Owens [2018] UKSC 41 regarding the grounds for divorce and includes discussion of Thakkar v Thakkar [2016] EWHC 2488 (Fam) on the divorce procedure. Further, this edition also considers the flurry of cases in the area of financial provision on divorce such as Waggott v Waggott [2018] EWCA Civ 722; TAB v FC (Short Marriage: Needs: Stockpiling) [2016] EWHC 3285; FF v KF [2017] EWHC 1903 (Fam); BD v FD (Financial Remedies: Needs) [2016] EWHC 594 (Fam); Juffali v Juffali [2016] EWHC 1684 (Fam); AAZ v BBZ [2016] EWHC 3234 (Fam); Scatliffe v Scatliffe [2016] UKPC 36; WM v HM [2017] EWFC 25; Hart v Hart [2017] EWCA Civ 1306; Sharp v Sharp [2017] EWCA Civ 408; Work v Gray [2017] EWCA Civ 270, and Birch v Birch [2017] UKSC 53. It also considers the recent decision of the Supreme Court in Mills v Mills [2018] UKSC 38 concerning post-divorce maintenance obligations between former partners, and the Privy Council decision in Marr v Collie [2017] UKPC 17 relating to the joint name purchase by a cohabiting couple of investment property.Part 2 focuses on child law, examining the law on parenthood and parental responsibility, including the parental child support obligation. This edition includes discussion of new case law on provision of child maintenance by way of global financial orders (AB v CD (Jurisdiction: Global Maintenance Orders)[2017] EWHC 3164), new case law and legislative/policy developments on section 54 of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 (parental orders transferring legal parenthood in surrogacy arrangements), and new cases on removing and restricting parental responsibility (Re A and B (Children: Restrictions on Parental Responsibility: Radicalisation and Extremism) [2016] EWFC 40 and Re B and C (Change of Names: Parental Responsibility: Evidence) [2017] EWHC 3250 (Fam)). Orders regulating the exercise of parental responsibility are also examined, and this edition updates the discussion with an account of the new Practice Direction 12J (on contact and domestic abuse), and controversial case law addressing the tension between the paramountcy of the child’s welfare and the protected interests of a parent in the context of a transgender father’s application for contact with his children (Re M (Children) [2017] EWCA Civ 2164). Part 2 also examines the issue of international child abduction, including in this edition the Supreme Court’s latest decision, on the issue of repudiatory retention (Re C (Children) [2018] UKSC 8). In the public law, this edition discusses the Supreme Court’s clarification of the nature and scope of local authority accommodation under section 20 of the Children Act 1989 (Williams v London Borough of Hackney [2018] UKSC 37). In the law of adoption, several new cases involving children who have been relinquished by parents for adoption are examined (Re JL & AO (Babies Relinquished for Adoption),[2016] EWHC 440 (Fam) and see also Re M and N (Twins: Relinquished Babies: Parentage) [2017] EWFC 31, Re TJ (Relinquished Baby: Sibling Contact) [2017] EWFC 6, and Re RA (Baby Relinquished for Adoption: Final Hearing)) [2016] EWFC 47).

A classic example of C-H functionalization is the familiar NBS bromination of a benzylic site. Recent updates of this approach allow for direct alkoxylation (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7824) and net amination (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 1863). For the amination of simple aliphatic H’s, Holger F. Bettinger of Ruhr-Universität Bochum developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 4744) the boryl azide 2. The insertion with 1 proceeded to give a statistical mixture of the nitrene insertion products 3 and 4. The tethered C-H functionalization devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7247) by Phil S. Baran of Scripps-La Jolla is selective, as in the conversion to 5 to 6, but appears to be limited to tertiary and benzylic C-H sites. Michael P. Doyle of the University of Maryland established (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 4317) an elegant protocol for the oxidation of an alkyne such as 7 to the ynone 8. Note that the oxidation did not move the alkyne. Marta Catellani of the Università di Parma reported (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2008, 350, 565) the intriguing Pd-catalyzed conversion of 9 to 10. Under mild conditions, it might likely be possible to hydrolyze the vinyl ether to reveal the phenol 11. Another way of looking at this overall transformation would be to consider the ether 10 to be a protected form of the aldehyde 12. C-H activation can also lead to C-C bond formation. Irena S. Akhrem of the Nesmeyanov Institute, Moscow, described (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 1399) a hydride-abstraction protocol for three-component coupling of a hydrocarbon 13 , an amine 14 , and CO, leading to the homologated amide 15. Hua Fu of Tsinghua University, Beijing, showed (J. Org. Chem. 2008 , 73, 3961) that oxidation of an amine 16 led to an intermediate that could be coupled with an alkyne 17 to give the propargylic amine 18. Products 15 and 18 are the result of sp2 and sp coupling, respectively. C-H functionalization leading to sp3 -sp3 coupling is less common. Jin-Quan Yu of Scripps/La Jolla found (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7190) that activation of the N-methoxy amide 19 in the presence of the alkyl boronic acid 20 gave smooth coupling, to 21.

Several noteworthy new developments in the protection and deprotection of alcohols have been reported. Andrea Biffis of the Università di Padova has developed (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2007, 349, 2485) a Rh catalyst that effected silylation of alcohols such as 1 to the TES ether 2 at just 0.01% loading. Joshua Rokach of the Florida Institute of Technology has observed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 5289) that the reverse reaction, Rh-catalyzed desilylation of 3, was highly selective for the less congested site, even removing the usually less reactive TBS ether of 3 and leaving the more hindered TES ether. Hirokazu Tsukamoto of Tohoku University has devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 8438) an improved procedure for the deprotection of allyl ethers such as 5. Filtration of the reaction mixture through polymer- bound diethanolamine removed > 95% of the Pd from the product. Patrick Pale of the Université Louis Pasteur has established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 8895) improved con- ditions for preparing diphenylmethyl ethers such as 10. The protecting group was removed with the Pd catalyst and ethanol. Amines can be activated for alkylation by N-formylation. Subsequent deformylation of the alkylated formamide 11 has been a challenge. Longqin Hu of Rutgers University has developed (Tetrahedron Lett . 2007, 48, 4585) microwave conditions that work well. Carbamates are stable, but esters are not. Protection of amides can also be important. Michael J. Zacuto of Merck Process in Rahway, NJ has optimized (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 6298) the Rh-catalyzed deallylation of 13 to give 14. Carbonyl protection and deprotection is also important. Yoshihisa Kobayashi of the University of California, San Diego has devised (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 3913) the isonitrile 15. Usually, the product 16 after Ugi condensation would be very difficult to hydrolyze. In the case of 16, mild acid effected cyclization to the acyl indole 17, which was easy to hydrolyze. In a different approach, Francesco Naso of the Università di Bari has shown (Chem. Commun. 2007, 3756) that acid chlorides such as 18 condensed with 19 to give the furan 20. Such furans are easily oxidized, liberating the starting acid.

The authors of this study utilized the discriminant function analysis using extreme student groups (top and bottom quartiles) defined by students’ internet technology scores to develop a model that best predicts group membership of the low and high internet technology levels among college students. The sample for the study was drawn from a Midwestern doctoral university and consisted of a random sample of senior year undergraduate students (n = 537). The instrument for the study used items from a 2000 College Student Survey (HERI, 2000). The response format for most instrument subscale items used in this study was of the Likert-type. Results of the discriminant analysis showed that students’ classification into low or high internet technology groups based on the institutional, behavioral, and personality variables can accurately be done. The lowest total percent correctly classified was at 72% while the highest total percent correctly classified was 74%. The variables that made significant differences included: student faculty interaction, student support services, quality of instruction and college experience, interpersonal relations and leadership, and student extra effort in learning.

Objective: To identify the epidemiological characteristics of patients with prostate cancer and evaluate the treatment with Eligard® monthly, quarterly and semiannually according to efficacy and tolerance in HCM from January 2007 to July 2018. Methodology: Epidemiological, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional and quantitative research through the review of medical records . The population 932 patients with prostate neoplasia, treated at Cristiano Varella Foundation - HCM, MG state, Brazil, adult men (≥18 years old), with indication for Eligard® in monthly (7.5 mg) (n=115), quarterly (22.5 mg) (n=637) and semiannual (45 mg) (n=180) dosage. Results: Median age was 72 years (65-78). Median time since diagnosis was 8.5 months, with 598 (64.2%) of patients with a diagnosis of 12 months or less, and 158 (17%) with time since diagnosis of more than 4 years. The majority (63.4%) had low education, were married (69.9%) and non-white (66.41% black + brown). Regarding occupation, 541 (58.05%) are retired 148 (15.88%) and rural workers. Much of the information collected in the medical records about housing was not available 464 (49.8%), but 318 (34.12%) of the patients own their own homes. As for transportation, most 877 (94.1%) have the vehicles of the municipal health departments as their main means of transportation, which corroborates the information of low per capita income, low education, that is, low socioeconomic structure. All patients being treated at HCM with prostate cancer (100%) have support from the municipal health secretariats, the Basic Health Units, and also from the hospital itself. Regarding the nutritional status of patients, 754 (80.9%) have good nutrition (eutrophic), only 84 (9.02) were malnourished and 49 (5.22%) were obese. As for prevention (PSA exams), 444 subjects (42.4%) reported having had such an exam. Slightly more than 30% had a family history of cancer, and the same proportion for smokers and drinkers. Conclusions: Epidemiological characteristics (average age 75 years, non-white, married, with low education, retired, rural workers, depend on the support of the Health Departments of their municipalities, low per capita income, most have their own homes, are treated by SUS, do not smoke, do not drink, no family history); and clinical (most with stages II and III, treated with radiotherapy, comorbidities cardiovascular diseases, and adverse events considered the treatment itself). The results obtained allowed us to verify the efficacy of the hormone (Eligard® ), a LHRH agonist used in the treatment of patients with this neoplasm, in all stages. The tolerability of the patients regarding this medication was also verified, with very satisfactory results in approximately 99% of all patients.

Several methods have been reported for the stereocontrolled preparation of pyrrolidine and piperidine derivatives. Alison J. Frontier of the University of Rochester has observed (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 4939) that hydrogenation of acyl pyrroles such as 1 gave good control not just around the ring, but also on the sidechain. Chi-Ming Che of the University of Hong Kong has devised ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 5828) a catalyst that converted amides such as 3 into the cyclized product 4, also with high diastereocontrol. Jean Ollivier of the Université de Paris-Sud, following the Sato procedure, has applied (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 8765) the Kulinkovich reaction to allylated amino acid esters such as 5 , to give, after Fe-mediated fragmentation, the enantiomerically-pure piperidone 7 . Richard C. Hartley of the University of Glasgow has reported (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 10287) what are, remarkably, the first examples of the aza-Petasis-Ferrier reaction, converting an ester such as 9, by carbonyl methylenation followed by Mannich cyclization, into the piperidone 10. Procedures for catalytic enantioselective C-N ring construction have also been developed. Armando Córdova of Stockholm University has shown (Tetrahedron Lett . 2007, 48, 8695) that condensation of 11 with 12 led to 14, which on reduction and hydrolysis delivered the 3-aryl proline 15. In an even simpler case, Santos Fustero of the Universidad de Valencia found (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 5283) that the aldehyde 16 could cyclize to 17 with high ee. In a different approach (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 14811), William E. Greenberg and Chi-Huey Wong of Scripps/La Jolla harnessed the power of an enzyme to mediate the addition of 19 to 18, leading to the pyrrolidine 21 . Daniel P. Furkert of the University of Bath has applied (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 3769) the powerful Itsuno-Corey reduction to the piperidone 22, leading, after SN2’ displacement, to the alkene 23. To construct larger rings, Barry M. Trost of Stanford University has employed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6123) his powerful Pd catalyst to effect opening of the racemic aziridine 24, leading, after metathesis, to the amine 27.

There continue to be new developments in transition metal- and lanthanide-mediated construction of carbocycles. Although a great deal has been published on the asymmetric cyclopropanation of styrene, relatively little had been reported for other classes of alkenes. Tae-Jeong Kim of Kyungpook National University has devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 8014) a Ru catalyst for the cyclopropanation of simple α-olefins such as 1. X. Peter Zhang of the University of South Florida has developed (J. Am.Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12074) a Co catalyst for the cyclopropanation of alkenes such as 5 having electron-withdrawing groups. Alexandre Alexakis of the Université de Genève has reported(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7462) simple monophosphine ligands that enabled enantioselective conjugate addition to prochiral enones, even difficult substrates such as 8. Seunghoon Shin of Hanyang University has found (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 3539) an Au catalyst that effected the diastereoselective cyclization of 10 to the cyclohexene 11, and Radomir N. Saicic of the University of Belgrade has carried out (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 5063), via transient enamine formation, the diastereoselective cyclization of 12 to the cyclohexane 13. Alois Fürstner of the Max-Planck- Institut, Mülheim has devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 14836) a Rh catalyst that cyclized the aldehyde 14 to the cycloheptenone 15. Some of the most exciting investigations reported in recent months have been directed toward the direct diastereo- and enantioselective preparation of polycarbocyclic products. Rai-Shung Liu of National Tsing-Hua University has extended (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 567) the intramolecular Pauson-Khand cyclization to the epoxy enyne 16, leading to the 5-5 product 17. Michel R. Gagné of the University of North Carolina has devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 11880) a Pt catalyst that smoothly cyclized the polyene 18 to the 6-6 product 19. Yoshihiro Sato of Hokkaido University and Miwako Mori of the Health Science University of Hokkaido have described (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 7730) a Ru catalyst for the cyclization of 20 to the 5-6-5 product 21. Each of these processes proceeded with high diastereocontrol.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has affirmed breastfeeding as the preferred method of infant feeding; however, there has been little systematic examination of how pediatricians’ recommendations, affiliated hospitals’ policies, counseling practices, and attitudes toward breastfeeding have shifted over the past 2 decades. These trends were examined from 1995 to 2014. METHODS Data are from the Periodic Survey (PS) of Fellows, a nationally representative survey of AAP members. PS #30 (1995; response rate = 72%; N = 832), PS #57 (2004; response rate = 55%; N = 675), and PS #89 (2014; response rate = 51%; N = 620) collected demographics, patient and practice characteristics, and detailed responses on pediatricians’ recommendations, affiliated hospitals’ policies, counseling practices, and attitudes toward breastfeeding. By using bivariate statistics and logistic regression models, the analysis investigated changes over time with predicted values (PVs). RESULTS From 1995 to 2014, more pediatricians reported their affiliated hospitals applied for “baby-friendly” designation (PV = 12% in 1995, PV = 56% in 2014; P < .05), and more reported that they recommend exclusive breastfeeding (65% to 76% [P < .05]). However, fewer respondents indicated that mothers can be successful breastfeeding (PV = 70% in 1995, PV = 57% in 2014; P < .05) and that the benefits outweigh the difficulties (PV = 70% in 1995, PV = 50% in 2014; P < .05). Younger pediatricians were less confident than older pediatricians in managing breastfeeding problems (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Pediatricians’ recommendations and practices became more closely aligned with AAP policy from 1995 to 2014; however, their attitudes about the likelihood of breastfeeding success have worsened. These 2 divergent trends indicate that even as breastfeeding rates continue to rise, continued efforts to enhance pediatricians’ training and attitudes about breastfeeding are necessary.

Alkenes are usually reduced by catalytic hydrogenation. Diimide reduction is a mild and neutral alternative. Keith R. Buszek, now at the University of Missouri, Kansas City, has shown (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 3125) that the reduction can conveniently be carried out on resin-bound alkenes, using 2-NBSH (o-nitrobenzenesulfonylhydrazide) with Et3 N for convenient room temperature diimide generation. Ozone can be difficult to dispense accurately on small scale. Masahito Ochiai of the University of Tokushima has uncovered (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 2772) an alternative, using acid-promoted Ph-I=O. Isolated alkenes also work well. MCPBA is the reagent most commonly used for alkene epoxidation. Payne oxidation (H2O2 /CH3CN) is a convenient and inexpensive alternative. In the course of a study of the enantioselective enzymatic hydrolysis of 6, Takeshi Sugai of Keio University has described (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 979) a practical procedure for multigram Payne epoxidation of 5. Several procedures have been put forward for functionalizing terminal alkenes, exemplified by 7. Stefan Grimme and Armido Studer of the Universität Münster have developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 4498) a free radical alkene amination, represented by the conversion of 7 to 9. Tehshik P. Yoon of the University of Wisconsin has found (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 1866) that Cu catalyzes the addition of oxaziridines such as 10 to alkenes, to make 11. Shinji Nakamura of the University of Tokyo and Masanobu Uchiyama of the University of Tokyo and RIKEN have established (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 28) that the anion from Cu promoted addition of the silyl zinc reagent to alkenes is long-lived enough to be trapped by electrophiles, including H+ to give 12. Hideki Yorimitsu and Koichiro Oshima of Kyoto University have developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 6094) a complementary transformation, Ni-catalyzed addition of 13 to give 14. The conversion of 7 to 15 reported (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 53) by Li-Biao Han of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, is likely also a free-radical process.

Marinilla´s cultural landscape and spacial characterization (Colombia). Catalina Montoya Arenas¹, Lina María Escobar Ocampo¹, Claudia Maria Venegas Velez¹ ¹Facultad de Arquitectura, UPB. Circular 1 N°70-01 Medellin, Colombia. E-mail: catalina.montoyaarenas@upb.edu.co, lina.escobar@upb.edu.co, claudia.ve7@gmail.com Keywords (3-5): Cultural landscape, social management, heritage, spacial transformations, tourism Conference topics and scale: Stages in territorial configuration The historic center of Marinilla, National Monument since 1959, is located sixty minutes from Medellin at San Nicolas Valley. It has exceptional landscape conditions, highly productive lands, and a large percentage of the water reserve that supplies the region and the country, giving the territory an economic center character since the colony. These physical values make part of collective imagination as a recreation area and an opportunity for development in the 1960s, according to the construction of large national infrastructure works. At the same time, it was object of armed conflict in the 1980s and 1990s, and more recently, directly related to the spatial dynamics of the region: unplanned urban expansion, changes in land use and vegetation cover, with effects on the cultural landscape. In a post-conflict situation, the economic strategies of different actors trust on tourism as a social-spatial management strategy to improve the territory. However, the identity of rurality shows spatial imbalances without recognizing elements of historical construction whose legacies must be revealed to ensure equitable development. To do this, we propose an approach from the cultural landscape in a revision of the historical, symbolic and relational transformation through five systems (anthropic, productive, political, symbolic and spatial), analyzing competitiveness, tourism, landscape and social management, in different scales and during three historical moments. References (100 words) Busquets, J., and Cortina, A. (2009). Gestión del paisaje: Manual de protección, gestión y ordenación del paisaje. Ariel, Barcelona. Sierra, P. A. (2003). Periferias y nueva ciudad: el problema del paisaje en los procesos de dispersión urbana. Universidad de Sevilla. Barrera, S. (2014). Consideraciones teóricas para el análisis del paisaje. La Metodología de Los eventos relacionales. Perspectivas sobre el paisaje. Varón, D. C. Z. (2015). El derecho al paisaje en Colombia.: Consideraciones para la definición de su contenido, alcance y límites. U. Externado de Colombia. Olmo, R. M. (2008). El paisaje, patrimonio y recurso para el desarrollo territorial sostenible. Conocimiento y acción pública. Arbor, 184(729).

Packaging Technology, Inc., a subsidiary of the French nuclear consortium Areva, has been tasked with manufacturing six RH-72B (72B) casks for the Department of Energy’s Carlsbad Operations Office. The 72B transportation cask will be used to transport remote-handled (RH) transuranic wastes to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) located in New Mexico. Certification of each 72B cask includes a gamma scan of the cask lead shielded wall to verify that no significant voids form within the lead subsequent to the lead pour. Voids in the lead would be revealed as spikes in the gamma scan measurements. The radioactive isotope Iridium-192 was used as the source for the gamma scan measurements. To determine the maximum and minimum expected values for the cask gamma scan, a test fixture was required to be developed with flat plate shields that matched the maximum and minimum thicknesses of the steel-lead-steel cask wall. Design of the test fixture was a non-trivial exercise due to the influence of backscatter radiation, which if unshielded resulted in unreasonably high test fixture radiation doses. To properly shield the backscatter radiation, a collimator is required around the source. The measured dose rates using the test fixture is highly sensitive to the diameter of the collimator penetration, as a collimator penetration diameter that is too narrow results in artificially low dose rate measurements when compared to the cask measurements. To assist in the design of the collimator, the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) gamma transport code was employed. Using MCNP computer simulations, it was determined that a collimator diameter of 6 inches was sufficient to properly mimic the cask configuration.

The elastic-plastic finite element analysis (FEA) is performed in this paper to simulate the complicated plastic deformation of wrinklbends during bending and operation. The effects of element types, mesh sensitivity, and material input data of a stress-strain curve on the FEA results are discussed in details. To characterize the work hardening and Bauschinger effect on cyclic plastic deformation, three plastic hardening models: isotropic, kinematic and combined isotropic/kinematic hardening models are used and compared in the FEA simulation. Based on these investigations, a reliable nonlinear FEA model is developed, and then detailed FEA calculations are conducted for a wide range of wrinkle sizes under the cyclic pressure of 72% to 10% of SMYS (specified minimum yield stress) of X42 pipeline steel. Using the numerical results and an energy-based fatigue damage parameter, fatigue damage is quantified and a criterion is formulated as an H/L-N curve for wrinklebends. In the criterion, the wrinkle aspect ratio H/L is a key parameter that is directly related to the fatigue life. The results show that the proposed criterion and the H/L-N curve are simple and can be effectively used to evaluate integrity and estimate service life for wrinklebends.

This paper introduces five metrics for measuring the frequencies of dative predicatives in Russian.А dative predicative is a word or multiword expression licensing the dative-predicative-structure, where the semantic subject of the non-agreeing non-verbal predicate is marked by the dative case. I measure the frequencies of the predicatives in the contact position <-1;1> with the same-clause dative subject pronouns in 1Sg (m-metrics) and 3Sg (e-metrics). The m-metrics is applied for retrieving a list of dative predicatives from a corpus. I argue that for each large text collection there is a minimal m-value confirming that an item belongs to the core of the dative-predicative structure. The m/e score makes up the third metrics that shows whether an element is oriented towards the use in the 1 st person or not. Basing on the m-metrics, I retrieved 3 lists of predicatives in the subcorpus of 2000–2021 texts included in the Russian National Corpus. The A list includes 87 items with m  10, the B list includes 44 items with m  50, the C list includes 24 items with m  100. 72-79% of items in each list have an m/e value  1,25. A linguistic interpretation of this result is that for each list of dative predicatives it is true that the majority of its elements are autoreferential expressions oriented towards the use in the 1st person present indicative tense in the direct speech. The fourth metrics shows the total number of occurrences of a word or multiword expression in the corpus (N). I argue that the N score must be measured before POS tagging, and lemmatization. The fifth and the last metrics is the m/N score. The RNC data suggest an inverse correlation between the score of an item in the context specific for dative-predicative structures (m) and its overall frequency in the corpus (N). This effect is explained by the regular homonymy of high frequent predicatives with high frequent adverbials and parenthetical expressions.

A Molecular Dynamics technique is proposed to simulate the motion of water nano-droplets on brushlike nanopillar and wavelike nanorough surfaces. Firstly, a brushlike nanopillar structure is obtained by deposition of a hexagonal packing of alkyl linear chains CnH2n+1 (n = 1–18) on a (0001) type flat surface, consisted of hexagonal packed carbon atoms. Distance between the grafted alkyl chains is selected in the 0.5–1.4 nm range, and the distance between the carbon atoms of the base surface is set to 0.1421nm. Next, the (0001) type flat surface is folded in order to obtain a wavelike nano-roughness. Water cluster is consisted of 729–2197 molecules, and after 25ps it reaches a diameter of 3–5 nm, which corresponds to a liquid phase of 1g/cm3 density, at an equilibrium temperature of 293K. Lennard-Jones potential is used to describe all the interactions into the considered system. By the appropriate input of the Lennard-Jones parameters one controls the hydrophilic level of the base surface. Influences of the intermolecular distance and the length of the grafted alkyls, as well as the influences of the nano-wavelength and the hydrophilic level of the base surface on the contact angle are illustrated. Such results are useful for the appropriate design of ultrahydrophobic nano-surfaces, and for the optimal design of nanoporous materials, able to produce surface dissipation of the mechanical energy.

Mais de 40 anos se passaram desde o início da epidemia de AIDS. Os avanços mundiais no campo das terapias antirretrovirais reforçam a necessidade do monitoramento da resistência aos antirretrovirais, que, quando não controlada, favorece o surgimento de cepas resistentes que comprometem o sucesso da terapia. Atualmente são mais de 37 milhões de pessoas convivendo com HIV no mundo, e pouco mais de 10 milhões em tratamento. No Brasil, até 2020 foram detectados mais de 1 milhão de casos de AIDS e cerca de 400.000 pessoas em tratamento pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). A taxa de falha virológica em pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS (PVHA) em primeira linha de tratamento no Brasil varia entre 20 e 30%, em razão da má adesão e da resistência virológica, favorecendo o surgimento de cepas resistentes aos ITR e IP, que são alvos da terapia antirretroviral (TARV). Desde 2009 estudos realizados em diferentes macrorregiões do país detectaram prevalências de 5 a 15% da resistência transmitida, segundo área geográfica. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) recomenda a regularidade nesse tipo de monitoramento, por isso o objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência da resistência transmitida do HIV-1 aos antirretrovirais (TDR) em PVHA virgens de tratamento no Brasil. Um total de 1.495 amostras foram recrutadas nos 72 laboratórios de carga viral do Mato Grosso do Sul, demonstrando até o momento que a resistência aos NNRTI ainda é a majoritária entre as amostras (K103N n=11, 31%) e outras mutações secundárias. Na protease, somente foi encontrada uma amostra com a mutação I50L relacionada à resistência ao Atazanavir (3,22%). Já as TAMs relacionadas a NRTI somente foram encontradas em amostras com o genótipo (M41L, T215D, K219R, 3,22%). Sendo assim, com esses resultados constata-se que o monitoramento da resistência é uma necessidade no acompanhamento dos pacientes conforme a recomendação da OMS.

Introdução: O Ministério da Saúde oferece métodos contraceptivos reversíveis e irreversíveis no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), entre eles o DIU TCu-380A, método de longa ação e alta eficácia. A Resolução COFEN n. 358/2009 e a ação do Conselho Regional de Enfermagem de Alagoas (COREN-AL), em 2019, ampliam o acesso à inserção de DIU a partir da capacitação de enfermeiros. Objetivo: Descrever o impacto da inserção de DIU por enfermeiros no Brasil entre 2020 e 2023. Métodos: Trata de um estudo ecológico, descritivo e transversal. A coleta de dados foi realizada no SIA/SUS baseada em dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), em 25 de junho de 2023, referente ao período de janeiro de 2020 a abril de 2023, visto que a variável “inserção de DIU” foi incorporada no DATASUS a partir de janeiro de 2020. Os dados foram armazenados em planilha Excel 2010, e análises exploratórias foram realizadas para a obtenção de frequência simples. Resultados: Foram inseridos 175.121 DIUs no Brasil, sendo 15.495 (8,84%) por enfermeiros. Identificou-se aumento progressivo na quantidade de inserções por ano: 4,12% em 2020, 8,97% em 2021, 9,87% em 2022 e 8,01% de janeiro a abril de 2023. Houve ampliação ao acesso a esse método. Métodos: A região Norte passou de 72 inserções em 2020 para 507 em 2022; a região Nordeste, de 86 para 2.538; a região Sudeste, de 213 para 3.738; e a região Centro-Oeste, de 0 para 160. Apenas na região Sudeste houve mais inserções no ano de 2021. Em Alagoas foram realizadas 2.021 inserções no período pesquisado, correspondendo a 13,04% das inserções realizadas por enfermeiros. Em 2019, o COREN-AL realizou capacitações em todo o estado para a inserção de DIU. Esse movimento contribuiu na visibilidade do procedimento pelos enfermeiros, fortalecendo a consulta clínica, a prescrição e a inserção do DIU. Conclusão: O acesso ao DIU tem assegurando às mulheres um planejamento reprodutivo seguro e eficiente, com a realização do procedimento pelo enfermeiro no SUS.

Adult-use cannabis retail storefronts first opened in Massachusetts in November 2018. Forty months later, there are 366 cannabis retailers across the Commonwealth, but it remains unclear which areas have adequate access to safe, regulated (“legal”) cannabis products, and which areas are underserved. In this study, we use open census and retailer data and self-report surveys from Massachusetts residents to estimate access to legal cannabis across Massachusetts. We used populations from the 2020 census and the Cannabis Control Commission’s Licensing data to approximate the cannabis retailer density per 100,000 people in each of Massachusetts’ fourteen counties. Counties were collapsed by Region to provide trend estimates by general geographic location. Cannabis retailer density were highest in Berkshire, Franklin, and Hampshire Counties (Western), and lowest in Norfolk (Southeast), with less than one retailer (0.7) per 100,000 people, followed by Barnstable (Southeast) and Suffolk (Northeast) counties. Massachusetts resident data from the International Cannabis Policy Study (ICPS) for 2019 (N = 2,476) and 2020 (N = 2,207) were used to determine whether the subjective experiences and purchasing behaviors of residents support the results of our objective measure. Binomial regressions were run at the Region-level to lower the risk of Type I error. Participants were first asked why they bought from an illegal rather than legal source, and comparisons were made between Regions based on the amount of individuals answering “Legal sources were too far away.” The Southeast region served as reference group, as it had the lowest retail density and was believed to have more people reporting dispensaries were too far away. Results show that only residents of the Central region [RR .52, CI(.28, .91), p = .031] were less likely to report that legal sources were too far away than Southeast residents. All other regions did not reach significance. We asked participants where they were purchasing their cannabis products and compared the number of residents of each Region that reported purchasing from a “licensed recreational store.” We included Western as the reference group for this model as it was the Region with the highest retail density and was likely home to many residents buying from stores. Residents of Western Massachusetts were significantly more likely to purchase their products from legal stores than residents of the Central [.72, CI(.6, .87), p <.001], Northeast [.74, CI(.64, .86), p<.001], or Southeast [.81, CI(.7,.94), p=.005] Massachusetts. It has been six years since Massachusetts legalized cannabis, yet notable inequities still exist in residents’ access to legal, nonmedical, adult-use cannabis products. Western Massachusetts was the best-served region for cannabis consumers by our estimates, where Southeast Massachusetts remained largely underserved through 2020. These inequities may have implications for cannabis law enforcement in the state, as illicit sources of cannabis could flourish in the absence of easily accessible legal dispensaries. Future work should consider the scope of the illicit market(s) and whether individuals in underserved areas are at higher risk of committing cannabis-related offenses either at the state (distribution) or federal level (trafficking cannabis across state lines).

Invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were first observed in situ at Apostle Islands National Lakeshore (APIS) in 2015. This report builds on 2018 SCUBA surveys and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) veliger sampling to: 1) determine whether shoals on APIS borders act as sentinel sites to corroborate veliger drift hypotheses about invasion pathways, 2) evaluate ongoing hand-removal of zebra mussels from easily identified structures, and 3) continue efforts to assess native unionid mussel populations, particularly where zebra mussels are also present. Standard catch per unit effort survey methods by SCUBA teams were used to determine the distribution and relative abundance of zebra or quagga mussels (dreissenids) and native mussels (unionids). Zebra mussels were present at densities between 3 and 42 n/diver/hr (number of mussels per diver per hour), while native unionids were present at densities between 5 and 72 n/diver/hr. Shoal surveys (Eagle Island shoal, Sand Island shoal, York Island shoal, Bear Island shoal, Oak Island shoal, and Gull Island shoal) showed zebra mussels were more abundant on the west side of APIS and absent on the easternmost shoal (Gull Island), corroborating veliger work by the EPA that suggested drift from the Twin Ports of Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin, is one pathway of invasion. Our results support the use of shallow shoals along the periphery of the park as sentinel sites gauging zebra mussel immigration and population dynamics. Zebra mussel densities in the central islands showed no obvious spatial pattern, and this survey cannot determine whether currents or human transport (or both) are invasion vectors. Given the mussels’ continued presence at heavily used mooring areas and docks where there are no zebra mussels on nearby natural features (e.g., Rocky Island dock, Stockton Island mooring areas), our findings are consistent with multiple invasion pathways (drift from the Twin Ports and anthropogenic sources at mooring areas). SCUBA search and removal of zebra mussels from docks was confirmed to be an effective method for significantly lowering the risk of zebra mussels reproducing and dispersing from these locations. We caution that this work is being done on what look like initial invasions at low densities. Repeated removal of zebra mussels by divers reduced numbers to zero at some sites after one year (South Twin docks, Stockton Island NPS docks, and the Ottawa wreck) or decreased numbers by an order of magnitude (Rocky Island docks). Dreissenid densities were more persistent on the Sevona wreck and longer-term work is required to evaluate removal versus recruitment (local and/or veliger drift). Given the size of the wreck, we have tracked detailed survey maps to guide future efforts. Zebra mussels were again observed attached to native mussels near Stockton Island and South Twin Island. Their continued presence on sensitive native species is of concern. Native unionid mussels were more widely distributed in the park than previously known, with new beds found near Oak and Basswood Islands. The work reported here will form the basis for continued efforts to determine the optimal frequency of zebra mussel removal for effective control, as well as evaluate impacts on native species.