Journal articles on the topic '2007 h-996'

We report on thermal analysis and a continuous wave (CW) laser operation at (1.998µm) of end pumped Tm: YAP cylindrical laser rod. The Tm: YAP laser rod is pumped at a wavelength of 1.064 µm emitting from Nd: YAG laser source. A 3W incident pump power is used to generate a maximum laser output of 700 mW, representing 18% slope efficiency. The power of thermally induced lens in Tm:YAP laser rod is numerically analyzed and validated experimentally. The focal lengths of the thermally induced lens are directly measured using Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. We have detected blue up-conversion fluorescence emission before laser operation at 1.998 µm. The obtained experimental results were in good agreement with the numerical calculations. Full Text: PDF ReferencesI. F. Elder, J. Payne, "Diode-pumped, room-temperature Tm:YAP laser", Applied Optics 36 (33), 8606 (1997) CrossRef Y. Li, B. Yao, Y. Wang, Y. Ju, G. Zhao, Y. Zong, J. Xu, "High efficient diode-pumped Tm:YAP laser at room temperature", Chinese Opt. Lett. 5 (5), 286 (2007). DirectLink H. Ni, S. C. Rand, "Avalanche upconversion in Tm:YALO3", Opt. Lett. 16 (8), 1424 (1991). CrossRef Z. G. Wang, C. W. Song, Y. F. Li, Y. L. Ju, Y. Z. Wang, "CW and pulsed operation of a diode-end-pumped Tm:GdVO4 laser at room temperature", Laser Phys. Lett. 6 (2), 105 (2009). CrossRef Baoquan Yao, Yi Tian, Wei Wang, Gang Li, Yuezhu Wang, "Analysis and compensation of thermal lens effects in Tm:YAP lasers", Chinese Opt. Lett. 8 (10), 996 (2010). CrossRef F. Cornacchia, D. Parisi, C. Bernardini, M. Toncelli, "Efficient, diode-pumped Tm3+:BaY2F8 vibronic laser", Opt. Expr. 12 (9), 1982 (2004). CrossRef Xiaojin Cheng, Mi Fan, Jiandong Cao, Jianhua Shang, "Research on the thermal effect and laser resonator of diode-pumped thin-slab Tm:YAP lasers", Optik 176, 32 (2019). CrossRef W. Koechner, Solid-state Laser Engineering, Springer, (2013). DirectLink https://www.crytur.cz DirectLink http://www.laserlabcomponents.com/ DirectLink R. M. El-Agmy, N.AlHosiny, "2.31 [micro sign]m laser under up-conversion pumping at 1.064 [micro sign]m in Tm3+:ZBLAN fibre lasers", Elect. Lett. 46 (13), 936 (2010). CrossRef R. M. El-Agmy, N. M. Al-Hosiny, "870 mW blue laser emission at 480 nm in a large core thulium doped ZBLAN fiber laser", Laser Phys. 20 (4), 838 (2010). CrossRef R. M. El-Agmy, N. M. Al-Hosiny, "Power scaling of end-pumped Nd:YLF lasers, modeling and experiments", Optik 140, 584 (2017). CrossRef R. M. El-Agmy, N. Al-Hosiny, "Thermal analysis and experimental study of end-pumped Nd: YLF laser at 1053 nm", Photonic sensors 7 (4), 329 (2017). CrossRef S. C. Tidwell, J. F. Seamans, M. S. Bowers, A. K. Cousins, "Scaling CW diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG lasers to high average powers", IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 997 (1992). CrossRef P. J. Hardman, W. A. Clarkson, G. J. Friel, M. Pollnau, D. C. Hanna, "Energy-transfer upconversion and thermal lensing in high-power end-pumped Nd:YLF laser crystals", IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 35, 647 (1999). CrossRef

This study presents the effects of the geometry of the notches on the fatigue life, crack initiation, and growth in mixed mode and first mode of the fracture. For this purpose, some samples were tested with U-shaped notches with different radii and depths and various orientations with respect to the loading directions under fatigue loads. Using the fatigue crack growth rates, the Paris law coefficients were obtained for the used material in different conditions. It was shown that these coefficients are independent of the geometry of the samples. Fatigue crack growth behaviors in the mixed mode tests were also in good agreement with the result of the numerical simulations. Predictions of the maximum tangential stress criterion and numerical simulation for the position of the crack initiation on the notch root were compared with the tested observations, which showed good agreement. The fatigue life of the test samples was compared with the analytical results provided by the Manson-Coffin law. It was shown that a 25% decrease in notch depth increases the fatigue life by 3 times, also, an increase of 0.5 mm in the notch radius increases the fatigue life by 40%. Finally, the fracture surface of the samples was checked using an optical microscope. This study showed that the fracture surfaces have one or two lateral shear lips and plane stress conditions were established. REFERENCES [1] X.-L. Zheng, Modelling fatigue crack initiation life, Int. J. Fatigue, 15 (1993) 461-466, https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-1123(93)90257-Q. [2] M. De Freitas, L. Reis, B. Li, Evaluation of small crack growth models for notched specimen under axial/torsional fatigue loading, Facta universitatis-series: Mechanics, Automatic Control and Robotics, 3 (2003) 657-669, [3] H. Zhang, A. Fatemi, Short fatigue crack growth from a blunt notch in plate specimens, Int. J. Fract., 170 (2011) 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-011-9597-7. [4] Z. Zhang, Q. Sun, C. Li, Y. Qiao, D. Zhang, A New Three-Parameter Model for Predicting Fatigue Crack Initiation Life, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 20 (2011) 169-176, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-010-9667-4. [5] A. Carpinteri, M. Paggi, The effect of crack size and specimen size on the relation between the Paris and Wöhler curves, Meccanica, 49 (2014) 765-773, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-014-9908-y. [6] R. Branco, J. Costa, F. Antunes, Fatigue behaviour and life prediction of lateral notched round bars under bending–torsion loading, Eng. Fract. Mech., 119 (2014) 66-84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.02.009. [7] F. Gomez, G. Guinea, M. Elices, Failure criteria for linear elastic materials with U-notches, Int. J. Fract., 141 (2006) 99-113, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-006-0066-7. [8] M. Benedetti, M. Beghini, L. Bertini, V. Fontanari, Experimental investigation on the propagation of fatigue cracks emanating from sharp notches, Meccanica, 43 (2008) 201-210, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-008-9129-3. [9] A. Akhavan Safar, A. Vrdi, M. Zorofi, Numerical and analytical investigation of the fatigue life of the notched sample and its comparison with the experimental results, in: 16th Annual Conference on Mechanical Engineering, Kerman, Iran, 2008. [10] Y. Hu, Z. Hu, S. Cao, Theoretical study on Manson-Coffin equation for physically short cracks and lifetime prediction, Sci. China Technol. Sci., 55 (2012) 34-42, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-011-4581-z. [11] Y. Li, H. Wang, D. Gong, The interrelation of the parameters in the Paris equation of fatigue crack growth, Eng. Fract. Mech., 96 (2012) 500-509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2012.08.016. [12] F. Gómez, M. Elices, F. Berto, P. Lazzarin, A generalised notch stress intensity factor for U-notched components loaded under mixed mode, Eng. Fract. 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Pook, The fatigue crack direction and threshold behaviour of mild steel under mixed mode I and III loading, Int. J. Fatigue, 7 (1985) 21-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-1123(85)90004-0. [19] M. Louah, G. Pluvinage, A. Bia, Mixed mode fatigue crack growth using the Brasilian disc, Virginia Univ, Fatigue 87, 2 (1987), [20] H. Nayeb-Hashemi, S. Hwang, P. Poles, Crack closure phenomena in modes I and II interactions, Fatigue'87., 2 (1987) 979-996, [21] T. Hyde, A. Chambers, A compact mixed-mode (cmm) fracture specimen, J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 23 (1988) 61-66, https://doi.org/10.1243/03093247V232061. [22] M. Brown, Analysis and design methods in multiaxial fatigue, in: Advances In Fatigue Science and Technology, Springer, 1989, pp. 387-401. [23] C. Wang, S. Wang, Modified Generalized Maximum Tangential Stress Criterion for Simulation of Crack Propagation and Its Application in Discontinuous Deformation Analysis, Eng. Fract. 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Tian, A modified Coffin-Manson model for ultra-low cycle fatigue fracture of structural steels considering the effect of stress triaxiality, Eng. Fract. Mech., 237 (2020) 107223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.107223. [29] Y. Zhang, L. Gao, C. Wang, A Prediction Model for Low Cycle Fatigue Crack Initiation under Axial Loading in: 13th International Conference on Fracture 2013. [30] D.F. Socie, Fatigue-life prediction using local stress-strain concepts, Exp. Mech., 17 (1977) 50-56, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02326426. [31] M. Benedetti, C. Menapace, V. Fontanari, C. Santus, On the variability in static and cyclic mechanical properties of extruded 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 44 (2021) 2975-2989, https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13530. [32] K. Tahmasbi, F. Alharthi, G. Webster, M. Haghshenas, Dynamic frequency-dependent fatigue damage in metals: A state-of-the-art review, Forces Mech., 10 (2023) 100167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmec.2023.100167. 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During a period of 2 years (2000 and 2001) 996 Shigella flexneri strains from sporadic cases in Israel were sent to the National Shigella Reference Centre (NSRC) by hospital and outpatient clinics. The most common serotypes were 2a, 6 and 1b, accounting for 88·4% of all isolates. They were investigated according to the monthly distribution of the strains, and the age and sex of the patients. The severity of the disease was assessed by a hospital/outpatient distribution (H/Od) of the isolates, based on the location of the sending laboratory. The most affected age groups were 0–11 months and 1–4 years, and the prevalent serotype was 2a, while serotype 6 was dominant in the 5–14 years age group. More cases were registered during the hot season, and there were some serotype-related variations. Overall, 62·1% of the samples were from male patients. Serotype 1b was dominant in the male/female ratio, although it was third in general prevalence. According to the H/Od serotype 2a was more common in hospitalized males and serotype 6 in outpatients, both male and female. These variations, as well as changes in serotype prevalence in the past, underscore the importance of serotype monitoring as part of the public health strategies for reducing the burden of Shigella flexneri infections.

ABSTRACT Among respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from children, resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) increases on an annual basis. Pediatric patients who do not respond to conventional therapy for respiratory tract infections someday may be treated with fluoroquinolones. In this study, MICs of β-lactams, azithromycin, SXT, and levofloxacin were determined and interpreted by using NCCLS guidelines for isolates of S. pneumoniae (2,834 from children and 10,966 from adults), Haemophilus influenzae (629 from children and 2,281 from adults), and Moraxella catarrhalis (389 from children and 1,357 from adults) collected during the 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 respiratory illness seasons in the United States as part of the ongoing TRUST surveillance studies. Rates of resistance to penicillin, azithromycin, and SXT were ≥7.5% higher among patients ≤4 years old than among patients 5 to 10, 11 to 17, and ≥18 years old in both the 2000-2001 and the 2001-2002 respiratory illness seasons. Levofloxacin resistance was detected in 2 of 2,834 isolates (0.07%) from patients <18 years old. Levofloxacin MICs of 0.25 to 1 μg/ml accounted for 99.6, 99.5, 99.3, 99.7, 98.4, and 98.0% of isolates from patients <2, 2 to 4, 5 to 10, 11 to 17, 18 to 64, and >64 years old. Multidrug resistance was twice as common among patients ≤4 years old (25.3%) as among patients 5 to 10 years old (13.7%), 11 to 17 years old (11.9%), 18 to 64 years old (12.1%), and >64 years old (12.4%). The most common multidrug resistance phenotype in S. pneumoniae isolates for all age groups was resistance to penicillin, azithromycin, and SXT (70.3 to 76.6%). For H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis isolates from patients <2, 2 to 4, 5 to 10, 11 to 17, 18 to 64, and >64 years old, levofloxacin MICs at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited were 0.015 and 0.03 to 0.06 μg/ml, respectively, in the 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 respiratory illness seasons. In the 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 respiratory illness season surveillance studies in the United States, 99.9% of pediatric isolates of S. pneumoniae were susceptible to levofloxacin. If fluoroquinolones become a treatment option for pediatric patients, careful monitoring of fluoroquinolone susceptibilities will be increasingly important in future surveillance studies.

The achievement of family well - being is an aspiration of all families including families of migrant workers, to achieve the well - being of one of the ways that the families of migrant workers with the departure of the wife work as domestic servants in various countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze social capital, economic coping, sress symptom’s husband and family subjektive well - being of women migrant workers. This research use cross sectional studies. The location was chosen purposively in Tanggeung Village, Pagermaneuh Village, Margaluyu Village, Karangtengah Village, Tanggeung District and Pasirdalam Village Kadupandak District, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Seventy five families were selected purposively among the families of women migrant workers. The finding indicates that social capital is in the moderate category, the coping economy is in the moderate category, the sress symptom’s husband is in the low category and the family well-being is in the low category. Finding in this study family subjective well-being is influenced by income per capita, sress symptom’s husband and economic coping. Keywords: economic coping, family subjective well-being, social capital, stress symptom Abstrak Kesejahteraan keluarga merupakan sesuatu yang ingin dicapai seluruh keluarga, termasuk keluarga Tenaga Kerja Wanita (TKW), untuk mencapai kesejahteraan tersebut salah satu cara yang dilakukan oleh keluarga TKW adalah mengirim istri sebagai pembantu rumah tangga di berbagai negara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis modal sosial, coping ekonomi, gejala stres suami, dan kesejahteraan subjektif keluarga TKW. Penelitian ini menggunakan cross sectional studies. Lokasi dipilih dengan metode purposive di Provinsi Jawa Barat, Kabupaten Cianjur, Kecamatan Tanggeung, Desa Pagermaneuh, Desa Marguluyu, Desa Karangtengah, Desa Tanggeung, Kecamatan Kadupandak, Desa Pasirdalam. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 75 keluarga TKW dengan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menemukan modal sosial berada pada kategori sedang, coping ekonomi berada pada kategori sedang, gelaja stres suami berada pada kategori rendah, dan kesejahteraan subjektif berada pada kategori rendah. Penelitian ini juga menemukan kesejahteraan keluarga berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan perkapita, gelaja stres suami, dan coping ekonomi. Kata kunci : coping ekonomi, gejala stres, kesejahteraan subjektif, modal sosial. References [BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2016. Data provinsi termiskin 2016. Berita Resmi Statistik [internet]. 4 Januari 2016. [diunduh 2016 September 7]; Tersedia pada: http://www.bps.go.id. [BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik Jawa Barat. 2016. 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ABSTRACT A nationwide multicenter susceptibility surveillance study (Susceptibility to the Antimicrobials Used in the Community in España [SAUCE] project), SAUCE-4, including 2,559 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2,287 Streptococcus pyogenes, and 2,736 Haemophilus influenzae isolates was carried out from May 2006 to June 2007 in 34 Spanish hospitals. Then, the results from SAUCE-4 were compared to those from all three previous SAUCE studies carried out in 1996-1997, 1998-1999, and 2001-2002 to assess the temporal trends in resistance and the phenotypes of resistance over the 11-year period. In SAUCE-4, on the basis of the CLSI breakpoints, penicillin (parenteral, nonmeningitis breakpoint) and cefotaxime were the antimicrobials that were the most active against S. pneumoniae (99.8% and 99.6%, respectively). Only 0.9% of isolates had a penicillin MIC of ≥2 μg/ml. In S. pyogenes, nonsusceptibility to erythromycin was observed in 19.4% of isolates. Among the H. influenzae isolates, a β-lactamase-positive prevalence of 15.7% was found. A statistically significant temporal decreasing trend over the 11-year period was observed for nonsusceptibility (from 60.0% to 22.9%) and resistance (from 36.5% to 0.9%) to penicillin and for the proportion of erythromycin-resistant isolates of S. pneumoniae of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) phenotype (from 98.4% to 81.3%). A similar trend was observed for the prevalence of ampicillin resistance (from 37.6% to 16.1%), β-lactamase production (from 25.7% to 15.7%), and β-lactamase-negative ampicillin resistance (BLNAR) in H. influenzae (from 13.5% to 0.7%). Among erythromycin-resistant isolates of S. pyogenes, a significant increasing trend in the prevalence of MLSB was observed (from 7.0% to 35.5%). SAUCE-4 confirms a generalized decline in the resistance of the main respiratory pathogens to the antimicrobials as well as a shift in their resistance phenotypes.

Motor learning occurs not only through direct first-hand experience but also through observation (Mattar AA, Gribble PL. Neuron 46: 153–160, 2005). When observing the actions of others, we activate many of the same brain regions involved in performing those actions ourselves (Malfait N, Valyear KF, Culham JC, Anton JL, Brown LE, Gribble PL. J Cogn Neurosci 22: 1493–1503, 2010). Links between neural systems for vision and action have been reported in neurophysiological (Strafella AP, Paus T. Neuroreport 11: 2289–2292, 2000; Watkins KE, Strafella AP, Paus T. Neuropsychologia 41: 989–994, 2003), brain imaging (Buccino G, Binkofski F, Fink GR, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Seitz RJ, Zilles K, Rizzolatti G, Freund HJ. Eur J Neurosci 13: 400–404, 2001; Iacoboni M, Woods RP, Brass M, Bekkering H, Mazziotta JC, Rizzolatti G. Science 286: 2526–2528, 1999), and eye tracking (Flanagan JR, Johansson RS. Nature 424: 769–771, 2003) studies. Here we used a force field learning paradigm coupled with resting-state fMRI to investigate the brain areas involved in motor learning by observing. We examined changes in resting-state functional connectivity (FC) after an observational learning task and found a network consisting of V5/MT, cerebellum, and primary motor and somatosensory cortices in which changes in FC were correlated with the amount of motor learning achieved through observation, as assessed behaviorally after resting-state fMRI scans. The observed FC changes in this network are not due to visual attention to motion or observation of movement errors but rather are specifically linked to motor learning. These results support the idea that brain networks linking action observation and motor control also facilitate motor learning.

Исследование внутривидовой изменчивости трех функциональных признаков листьев: площади – LA, сухой массы – LDW и удельной площади – SLA показало их взаимообусловленность и зависимость значений признаков от благопритяности условий местообитания и антропогенной нагрузки. Анализ полученных данных исследования показал, что универсальные информационные показатели LA и LDW являются низкими в неблагоприятных и низкопродуктивных местообитаниях и более высокими при изобилии ресурсов в более продуктивных условиях существования. Полученные значения SLA видов растений, произрастающих в сообществах интенсивно эксплуатируемых пастбищ, часто имеют более высокие значения. Возможно, адаптация в условиях постоянного изъятия биомассы на сенокосах и пастбищах идет в первую очередь через сокращение массы листьев при сохранении листовой поверхности. В сообществах мезофитных лугов в условиях заповедного режима, характеризующихся высокой продуктивностью, показатели функциональных признаков всех исследованных видов выше по сравнению с менее продуктивными лугами, существующими в условиях дефицита увлажнения. Пастбищные нагрузки, оказывающие отрицательное воздействие на луговые пастбищные травостои, вызывают не только сокращение запасов общей биомассы лугового сообщества, но и изменение индивидуальных функциональных признаков видов растений, их образующих. Библиографические ссылки 1. Воронов А.Г. Геоботаника. М.: Высшая школа, 1973. 384 с.2. Ackerly D., Knight C., Weiss S., Barton K., Starmer K. Leaf size, specific leaf area and microhabitat distribution of chaparral woody plants: contrasting patterns in species level and community level analyses // Oecologia. 2002. Vol. 130, №3. P. 449‒457. doi: 10.1007/s004420100805.3. Bolnick D.I., Svanbäck R., Fordyce J.A., Yang L.H., Davis J.M., Hulsey C.D., Forister M.L. 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Bamboos are ecologically and economically valuable plants. Young shoots of almost all species are edible, either raw or cooked, and are major components of Asian cuisine while culms are used for furniture or handicrafts as well as fuel wood. Symptoms indicative of phytoplasma disease were observed on Sasa fortunei (van Houtte) Fiori during a survey in Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China during 2007. Symptoms included internode shortening, a mosaic pattern on leaves of diminished size, stunted growth, and death of entire plants. Total nucleic acids were extracted from leaf veins of 10 diseased plants and 6 symptomless plants with a modified cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) method (1). Phytoplasma infection of plants was demonstrated by a nested PCR assay employing primer pair R16mF2/R16mR1 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 (2), which generated a 16S rDNA product of approximately 1.2 kb from all symptomatic plants only. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis by digestion of nested PCR products with restriction enzymes AluI and MseI indicated that S. fortunei plants contained group 16SrI (aster yellows), subgroup B phytoplasmas. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of phytoplasma 16S rDNA from S. fortunei (GenBank Accession No. FJ501958) revealed this strain to be very similar (99.7 and 99.6%, respectively) to phytoplasmas previously associated with Henon bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra) witches'-broom (GenBank Accession No. AB242433) (4) and sasa (S. borealis) witches'-broom (GenBank Accession No. AB293421) in Korea but less so (98.6%) to bamboo (Phyllostachys spp.) witches'-broom (GenBank Accession No. AY635145) disease in China (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’-related strain infecting S. fortunei in China. References: (1) E. Angelini et al. Vitis 40:79, 2001. (2) D. E. Gundersen and I.-M. Lee. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 35:144, 1996. (3) C. Hong et al. Plant Prot. 31:39, 2005. (4) H. Jung et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 72:261, 2006.

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This paper presents the results of research on the vibration of the Hyundai Universe bus using an air suspension system and mechanical suspension system when it is run at different speeds on random road surface profiles according to ISO 8608:2016. The research results show that the used air suspension system ensures smooth movement and dynamic safety according to TCVN 6964:2008 (ISO 2631:2003) and VDI 2057:2017 standards. The maximum vehicle speeds on different road classes varied from 105km/h to 65km/h. A vehicle with an air suspension system provided a smaller root mean square of vibration acceleration RMS(Z) than a vehicle with a mechanical suspension system. The root means square of the wheel load RMS(Fz) of a vehicle with an air suspension system is about 99.6% of that of a vehicle with a mechanical suspension system.

The relationship of tropical cyclone (TC) future intensity change to current intensity and current axisymmetricity deduced from hourly Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) data was investigated. Axisymmetricity is a metric that correlates positively with the magnitude of the axisymmetric component of the rainfall rate and negatively with the magnitude of the asymmetric component. The samples used were all of the TCs that existed in the western North Pacific basin during the years 2000–15. The results showed that, during the development stage, the intensification rate at the current time, and 6 and 12 h after the current time was strongly related to both the current intensity and axisymmetricity. On average, the higher the axisymmetricity, the larger the intensity change in the next 24 h for TCs with a current central pressure (maximum sustained wind) between 945 and 995 hPa (85 and 40 kt). The mean value of the axisymmetricity for TCs experiencing rapid intensification (RI) was much higher than that for non-RI TCs for current intensities of 960–990 hPa. The new observational evidence for the intensification process presented here is consistent with the findings of previous theoretical studies emphasizing the role of the axisymmetric component of diabatic heating.

Practitioners in many domains–e.g., clinical psychologists, college instructors, researchers–collect written responses from clients. A well-developed method that has been applied to texts from sources like these is the computer application Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). LIWC uses the words in texts as cues to a person’s thought processes, emotional states, intentions, and motivations. In the present study, we adopt analytic principles from LIWC and develop and test an alternative method of text analysis using naïve Bayes methods. We further show how output from the naïve Bayes analysis can be used for mark up of student work in order to provide immediate, constructive feedback to students and instructors. References Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research 3, 993-1022. Boot, P., Zijlstra, H., & Geenen, R. (2017). The Dutch translation of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) 2007 dictionary. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics, 6(1), 65-76. Chung, C. K., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2008). Revealing dimensions of thinking in open-ended self-descriptions: An automated meaning extraction method for natural language. Journal of research in personality, 42(1), 96-132. Hsieh, H-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005).Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 277-1288. Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press. Landauer, T. K., Foltz, P. W., & Laham, D. (1998). An introduction to latent semantic ana­lysis. Discourse processes, 25(2-3), 259-284. Lund, K., & Burgess, C. (1996). Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28(2), 203-208. Massó, G., Lambert, P., Penagos, C. R., & Saurí, R. (2013, December). Generating New LIWC Dictionaries by Triangulation. In Asia Information Retrieval Symposium (pp. 263-271). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Newman, M., Groom, C.J., Handelman, L.D., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2008). Gender differences in language use: An analysis of 14,000 text samples. Discourse Processes, 45(3), 211-236. Pennebaker, J.W., Boyd, R.L., Jordan, K., & Blackburn, K. (2015). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC 2015. Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin. Tausczik, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of language and social psychology, 29(1), 24-54. Van Wissen, L., & Boot, P. (2017, September). An Electronic Translation of the LIWC Dictionary into Dutch. In: Electronic lexicography in the 21st century: Proceedings of eLex 2017 Conference. (pp. 703-715). Lexical Computing.

ABSTRACT Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) is a single-stranded-DNA-containing, nonpathogenic human parvovirus that is currently in use as a vector for human gene therapy. However, the transduction efficiency of AAV vectors in different cell and tissue types varies widely. In addition to the lack of expression of the viral receptor and coreceptors and the rate-limiting viral second-strand DNA synthesis, which have been identified as obstacles to AAV-mediated transduction, we have recently demonstrated that impaired intracellular trafficking of AAV inhibits high-efficiency transduction of the murine fibroblast cell line, NIH 3T3 (J. Hansen, K. Qing, H. J. Kwon, C. Mah, and A. Srivastava, J. Virol. 74:992–996, 2000). In this report, we document that escape of AAV from the endocytic pathway in NIH 3T3 cells is not limited but processing within endosomes is impaired compared with that observed in the highly permissive human cell line 293. While virions were found in both early and late endosomes or lysosomes of infected 293 cells, they were localized predominantly to the early endosomes in NIH 3T3 cells. Moreover, treatment of cells with bafilomycin A1 (Baf), an inhibitor of the vacuolar H+-ATPase and therefore of endosomal-lysosomal acidification, decreased the transduction of 293 cells with a concomitant decrease in nuclear trafficking of AAV but had no effect on NIH 3T3 cells. However, after exposure of NIH 3T3 cells to hydroxyurea (HU), a compound known to increase AAV-mediated transduction in general, virions were detected in late endosomes and lysosomes, and these cells became sensitive to Baf-mediated inhibition of transduction. Thus, HU treatment overcomes defective endocytic processing of AAV in murine fibroblasts. These studies provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of intracellular trafficking of AAV in different cell types, which has implications in the optimal use of AAV as vectors in human gene therapy.

Antimicrobial resistance is an issue of increasing global concern. Several investigators have suggested that antibiotic use in food-producing animals is a major contributor to the increasing incidence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms causing illness in humans (F. J. Angulo, K. R. Johnson, R. V. Tauxe, and M. L. Cohen, Microb. Drug Res. 6:77–83, 2000; P. D. Fey, T. J. Safranek, M. E. Rupp, E. F. Dunne, R. Efrain, P. C. Iwen, P. A. Bradford, F. J. Angulo, and S. H. Hinrichs, N. Engl. J. Med. 342:1242–1249, 2000; S. A. McEwen and P. J. Fedorka-Cray, Commun. Infect. Dis. 34(Suppl. 3):S93–S106, 2002; D. L. Smith, A. D. Harris, J. A. Johnson, E. K. Silbergeld, and J. G. Morris, Jr., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:6434–6439, 2002; D. G. White, S. Zhao, R. Sudler, S. Ayers, S. Friedman, S. Chen, P. F. McDermott, D. D. Wagner, and J. Meng, N. Engl. J. Med. 345:1147–1154, 2001; W. Witte, Science 279:996, 1998). In this paper, we discuss this and other assumptions relevant to a quantitative risk assessment model for salmonellosis in humans. We also discuss other important aspects of modeling food safety and food-associated antimicrobial resistance risk to humans. We suggest that the role of food-producing animals in the origin and transmission of antimicrobial resistance and “foodborne” pathogens has been overestimated and overemphasized in the scientific literature; consequently, nonfoodborne transmission, including pet-associated human cases, has been underemphasized. Much evidence exists for the potential contribution to infectious disease that may be of human or pet origin (that may contact humans through food but not be of a food origin). Risk analyses that do not acknowledge the potential for these sources of cross-contamination will understate the contribution that origin has in the realm of foodborne and food-associated diseases (e.g., Salmonella) and the resulting uncertainty levels in the food system, thus leading to biased inferences. We emphasize the importance of evaluating both the foodborne and nonfoodborne transmission risk for salmonellosis and outline the basics of an analytical modeling approach in food safety with examples to illustrate strengths and limitations in the modeling. Examples illustrate, on a simplistic level, how varying assumptions and other inputs can influence the output of food-associated quantitative risk models.

The aim of this paper was to identify which psycholinguistic variables are better predictors of performance for healthy participants in a picture naming task and in a picture categorization task. A correlation analysis and a Path analysis were carried out. The correlation analysis showed that naming accuracy and naming latency are significant and positively correlated with lexical frequency and conceptual familiarity variables, whereas they are negatively correlated with H index. Reaction times in the categorization task were negatively correlated with lexical frequency and conceptual familiarity variables and positively correlated with visual complexity variable. The Path analysis showed that subjective lexical frequency and H index are the better predictors for picture naming task. In picture categorization task, for reaction times, the better predictor variables were subjective lexical frequency, conceptual familiarity and visual complexity. 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We disclose the use of a suitable pair of phase-only masks for generating sinusoidal phase gratings, or sinusoidal phase zone plates, with tunable optical path delays. We show that these gratings can have either 1-D structure or a 2-D radial structure. Full Text: PDF ReferencesB. Berge and J. Peseux, "Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: An application of electrowetting", Eur. Phys. J. E 3, 159-163 (2000). CrossRef H. W. Ren, Y. H. Fan, S. Gauza, and S. T. Wu, "Tunable-focus flat liquid crystal spherical lens", Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4789-4791 (2004). CrossRef T. Martinez, D. V. Wick, D. M. Payne, J. T. Baker, and S. R. Restaino, "Non-mechanical zoom system", Proc. SPIE 5234, 375-378 (2004). CrossRef D. Y. Zhang, N. Justis, and Y. H. Lo, "Fluidic adaptive zoom lens with high zoom ratio and widely tunable field of view", Opt. Commun. 249, 175-182 (2005). CrossRef B. H. W. Hendriks, S. Kuiper, M. A. J. Van As, C. A. Renders and T. W. Tukker, "Electrowetting-Based Variable-Focus Lens for Miniature Systems", Opt. Rev. 12, 255-259 (2005). CrossRef M. Duocastella and C. B. Arnold, "Enhanced depth of field laser processing using an ultra-high-speed axial scanner", Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 06113-1--06113-3 (2013). CrossRef Jorge Ojeda-Casta-eda, José Enrique A. Landgrave and Cristina M. Gómez-Sarabia, "Conjugate phase plate use in analysis of the frequency response of imaging systems designed for extended depth of field", Appl. Opt. 47, E99 (2008). CrossRef A.W. Lohmann, British Patent 998, 191 (May 29, 1964).A.W. Lohmann, Republic Française 1, 398, 351 (June 10, 1964).A.W. Lohmann, Italy Patent 727, 848 (June 19, 1964).A.W Lohmann, "A New Class of Varifocal Lenses", Appl. Opt. 9, 1669 (1970). CrossRef L.W. Alvarez, U.S. patent 3,305,294 (21 February 1967).L.W. Alvarez , W. E. Humphrey, U.S. patent 3,507,565 (21 April, 1970).L.W. Alvarez, J. Am. Optometric Assoc. 49, 24 (1978).S. Bernet and M. Ritsch-Marte, U.S. patent application 20100134869 A1 (June 3, 2010).Jorge Ojeda-Castaneda, S. Ledesma, and C. M. Gómez-Sarabia, "Tunable apodizers and tunable focalizers using helical pairs", Phot. Lett. Poland 5, 20 (2013). CrossRef J. Ojeda-Casta-eda, C. M. Gómez-Sarabia, and S. Ledesma, "Novel free-form optical pairs for tunable focalizers", J. Opt. 43, 85 (2014). CrossRef J. Ojeda-Castaneda, A. L. Barragán-Chávez, and C. M. Gómez-Sarabia, "Aberration generators in tandem", Phot. Lett. Poland 7, 8 (2015). CrossRef Adolf W. Lohmann and Donald A. Silva, "An interferometer based on the Talbot effect", Optics Comm. 2, 413 (1971). CrossRef S. Yokozeki and T. Suzuki, "Shearing Interferometer Using the Grating as the Beam Splitter", Appl. Opt. 10, 1575 (1971). CrossRef Jason Geng, "Structured-light 3D surface imaging: a tutorial", Adv. Opt. Phot. 3, 128 (2011). CrossRef Jorge Ibarra and J. Ojeda-Casta-eda, "Talbot interferometry: a new geometry", Opt. Commun. 96, 294 (1993). CrossRef J. Ojeda-Castaneda, C.M. Gómez-Sarabia, S. Ledesma, "Novel zoom systems using a vortex pair", Asian J. Phys. 23, 415 (2014). DirectLink J. Ojeda-Castaneda, C.M. Gómez-Sarabia, S. Ledesma, Asian J. Phys. 23, 535 (2014). DirectLink J. Ojeda-Casta-eda and Cristina M. Gómez-Sarabia, "Nonconventional optical systems using varifocal lenses", Phot. Lett. Poland 7, 14 (2015). CrossRef

AbstractTo determine the most relevant pathogens for CAP in Germany, patients with radiologically confirmed pulmonary infiltrates and at least one clinical sign of lung infection were prospectively recruited within the CAPNETZ cohort from 2004 until 2016. In 990 out of 4.672 patients (21%) receiving complete diagnostics the most prominent change of pathogens was a decrease of S. pneumoniae (58% in 2004 to 37.5% in 2016; p ≤ 0.001, ρ = − 0.148) and an increase of H. influenzae (12.2% to 20.8%; p = 0.001, ρ = 0.104).

Abstract. Land clearing for crops, plantations and grazing results in anthropogenic burning of tropical forests and peatlands in Indonesia, where images of fire-generated aerosol plumes have been captured by the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) since 2001. Here we analyze the size, shape, optical properties, and age of distinct fire-generated plumes in Borneo from 2001–2009. The local MISR overpass at 10:30 a.m. misses the afternoon peak of Borneo fire emissions, and may preferentially sample longer plumes from persistent fires burning overnight. Typically the smoke flows with the prevailing southeasterly surface winds at 3–4 m s−1, and forms ovoid plumes whose mean length, height, and cross-plume width are 41 km, 708 m, and 27% of the plume length, respectively. 50% of these plumes have length between 24 and 50 km, height between 523 and 993 m and width between 18% and 30% of plume length. Length and cross-plume width are lognormally distributed, while height follows a normal distribution. Borneo smoke plume heights are similar to previously reported plume heights, yet Borneo plumes are on average nearly three times longer than previously studied plumes. This could be due to sampling or to more persistent fires and greater fuel loads in peatlands than in other tropical forests. Plume area (median 169 km2, with 25th and 75th percentiles at 99 km2 and 304 km2, respectively) varies exponentially with length, though for most plumes a linear relation provides a good approximation. The MISR-estimated plume optical properties involve greater uncertainties than the geometric properties, and show patterns consistent with smoke aging. Optical depth increases by 15–25% in the down-plume direction, consistent with hygroscopic growth and nucleation overwhelming the effects of particle dispersion. Both particle single-scattering albedo and top-of-atmosphere reflectance peak about halfway down-plume, at values about 3% and 10% greater than at the origin, respectively. The initially oblong plumes become brighter and more circular with time, increasingly resembling smoke clouds. Wind speed does not explain a significant fraction of the variation in plume geometry. We provide a parameterization of plume shape that can help atmospheric models estimate the effects of plumes on weather, climate, and air quality. Plume age, the age of smoke furthest down-plume, is lognormally distributed with a median of 2.8 h (25th and 75th percentiles at 1.3 h and 4.0 h), different from the median ages reported in other studies. Intercomparison of our results with previous studies shows that the shape, height, optical depth, and lifetime characteristics reported for tropical biomass burning plumes on three continents are dissimilar and distinct from the same characteristics of non-tropical wildfire plumes.

Two completely different glass-host matrices containing lead, i.e. borate and germanate glasses doped with erbium were studied. Replacement of glass-former B2O3 by GeO2 in amorphous host was evidenced by optical methods. The luminescence decay from the 4I13/2 upper laser state of Er3+ ions is relatively short, whereas up-converted emission signal is reduced definitely in borate glass containing lead due to its high B-O stretching vibrations. The results indicate that germanate glasses containing lead are promising for near-infrared luminescence and up-conversion applications. Full Text: PDF ReferencesR. Balda, A. Oleaga, J. Fernandez, J.M. Fdez-Navarro, "Spectroscopy and frequency upconversion of Er3+ ions in lead niobium germanate glasses", Opt. Mater. 24, 83 (2003). CrossRef H. Yamauchi, Y. Ohishi, "Spectroscopic properties of Er3+-doped PbO?Ga2O3?GeO2 glass for optical amplifiers", Opt. Mater. 27, 679 (2005). CrossRef W.A. Pisarski, Ł. Grobelny, J. Pisarska, R. Lisiecki, W. Ryba-Romanowski, "Spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ and Er3+ ions in heavy metal glasses", J. Alloys Compd. 509, 8088 (2011). CrossRef M.B. Saisudha, J. Ramakrishna, "Effect of host glass on the optical absorption properties of Nd3+, Sm3+, and Dy3+ in lead borate glasses", Phys. Rev. B 53, 6186 (1996). CrossRef C.K. Jayasankar, V. Venkatramu, S. Surendra Babu, P. Babu, "Luminescence properties of Dy3+ ions in a variety of borate and fluoroborate glasses containing lithium, zinc, and lead", J. Alloys Compd. 374, 22 (2004). CrossRef W.A. Pisarski et al. "Luminescence spectroscopy of rare earth-doped oxychloride lead borate glasses", J. Lumin. 131, 649 (2011). CrossRef M. Kochanowicz, W. Mazerski, J. Żmojda, K. Czajkowski, D. Dorosz, "Green upconversion emission in tellurite optical fibre codoped with Yb3+/Er3+", Phot. Lett. Poland 5, 35 (2013). CrossRef J. Dorosz, "Novel constructions of optical fibers doped with rare ? earth ions", Ceramics 86 (2005). CrossRef J. Żmojda, D. Dorosz, M. Kochanowicz, J. Dorosz, "Spectroscopic properties of Yb3+/Er3+ - doped antimony-phosphate glasses for fiber amplifiers", Phot. Lett. Poland 2, 76 (2010). CrossRef J. Dorosz, R. S. Romaniuk, "Development of Optical Fiber Technology in Poland", INTL J. Electron. Telecom. 57, 191 (2011). CrossRef Q.Y. Zhang et al. "Effects of PbF2 doping on structure and spectroscopic properties of Ga2O3?GeO2?Bi2O3?PbO glasses doped with rare earths", J. Appl. Phys. 99, 033510 (2006) CrossRef W.A. Pisarski, G. Dominiak-Dzik, W. Ryba-Romanowski, J. Pisarska, "Role of PbO substitution by PbF2 on structural behavior and luminescence of rare earth-doped lead borate glass", J. Alloys Compd. 451, 220 (2008). CrossRef M. Sołtys, J. Pisarska, L. Żur, T. Goryczka, W.A. Pisarski, "Influence of M2O3 (M = Al, Ga) glass modifiers on structure, thermal and spectroscopic properties of rare earth ions in lead phosphate based systems", Proc. SPIE 9228, 92280A (2014). CrossRef J. Janek, J. Pisarska, W.A. Pisarski, "Rare earth doped lead-free germanate glasses for modern photonics", Phot. Lett. Poland 6, 71 (2014). CrossRef W.A. Pisarski et al. "Infrared-to-visible conversion luminescence of Er3+ ions in lead borate transparent glass-ceramics", Opt. Mater. 31, 1781 (2009). CrossRef J. Pisarska, L. Żur, W.A. Pisarski, "Optical spectroscopy of Dy3+ ions in heavy metal lead-based glasses and glass?ceramics", J. Mol. Struct. 993, 160 (2011). CrossRef L. Żur, M. Sołtys, J. Pisarska, W.A. Pisarski, "Absorption and luminescence properties of terbium ions in heavy metal glasses", J. Alloys Compd. 578, 512 (2013). CrossRef W.A. Pisarski, L. Żur, M. Kowal, J. Pisarska, "Enhancement and quenching photoluminescence effects for rare earth ? Doped lead bismuth gallate glasses", J. Alloys Compd. 651, 565 (2015). CrossRef M. Shojiya, Y. Kawamoto, K. Kadono, "Judd?Ofelt parameters and multiphonon relaxation of Ho3+ ions in ZnCl2-based glass", J. Appl. Phys. 89, 4944 (2001). CrossRef

Hydrology and meteorological data from relatively undisturbed watersheds aid in identifying effects on ecosystem services, tracking hydroclimatic trends, and reducing model uncertainties. Sustainable forest, water, and infrastructure management depends on assessing the impacts of extreme events and land use change on flooding, droughts, and biogeochemical processes. For example, global climate models predict more frequent high-intensity storms and longer dry periods for the southeastern USA. We summarized 17 years (2005–2021) of hydrometeorological data recorded in the 52 km2, third-order Turkey Creek watershed at the Santee Experimental Forest (SEF), Southeastern Coastal Plain, USA. This is a non-tidal headwater system of the Charleston Harbor estuary. The study period included a wide range of weather conditions; annual precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) ranged from 994 mm and 1212 mm in 2007 to 2243 mm and 1063 in 2015, respectively. The annual runoff coefficient (ROC) varied from 0.09 in 2007 (with water table (WT) as deep as 2.4 m below surface) to 0.52 in 2015 (with frequently ponded WT conditions), with an average of 0.22. Although the average P (1470 mm) was 11% higher than the historic 1964–1976 average (1320 mm), no significant (α= 0.05) trend was found in the annual P (p = 0.11), ROC (p = 0.17) or runoff (p = 0.27). Runoff occurred on 76.4% of all days in the study period, exceeding 20 mm/day for 1.25% of all days, mostly due to intense storms in the summer and lower ET demand in the winter. No-flow conditions were common during most of the summer growing season. WT recharge occurred during water-surplus conditions, and storm-event base flow contributed 23–47% of the total runoff as estimated using a hydrograph separation method. Storm-event peak discharge in the Turkey Creek was dominated by shallow subsurface runoff and was correlated with 48 h precipitation totals. Estimated precipitation intensity–duration–frequency and flood frequency relationships were found to be larger than those found by NOAA for the 1893–2002 period (for durations ≥ 3 h), and by USGS regional frequencies (for ≥10-year return intervals), respectively, for the same location. We recommend an integrated analysis of these data together with available water quality data to (1) assess the impacts of rising tides on the hydroperiod and biogeochemical processes in riparian forests of the estuary headwaters, (2) validate rainfall–runoff models including watershed scale models to assess land use and climate change on hydrology and water quality, and (3) inform watershed restoration goals, strategies, and infrastructure design in coastal watersheds.

The complexity of Indonesia's diversity and cultural patterns have undergone a major evolution, especially with multicultural education in several parts of Indonesia. Multicultural education is an echo of the government in maintaining peace between ethnicities, races, and religions in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of Google Scholar articles about the evolution of multicultural education trends in Indonesia by searching for 2000-2022 through the productivity of scientific articles, productive authors, thematic mapping, the emergence of shared keywords, and the collaboration of authors. This analysis uses Vos viewer software. This study managed to collect 994 articles, and 32,497 citations, with an author/paper ratio of 1.81. Multicultural research in Indonesia came to the fore in 2002 and continues to increase sharply in 2020, 2021, and 2022. The first-ranked researcher for the past 22 years is Wekke with 11 articles published, while the highest h-index is C Mahfud in 2013 with an h-index of 1475, he wrote a multicultural educational book. Multicultural education resulted in 4012 links, with several titles and abstracts related to it. The originality in this study as far as is known has never been done, especially how the evolution of multicultural education in Indonesia by utilizing artificial intelligence technology.

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A has been reported to be important for the establishment of replication by adaptive mutations or localization, although its role in viral replication remains unclear. It was previously reported that NS5A interacts with NS5B via two regions of NS5A in the isolate JK-1 and modulates the activity of NS5B RdRp (Y. Shirota et al., J. Biol. Chem., 277:11149-11155, 2002), but the biological significance of this interaction has not been determined. In this study, we addressed the effect of this interaction on HCV RNA replication with an HCV replicon system derived from the isolate M1LE (H. Kishine et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 293:993-999, 2002). We constructed three internal deletion mutants, M1LE/5Adel-1 and M1LE/5Adel-2, each encoding NS5A which cannot bind NS5B, and M1LE/5Adel-3, encoding NS5A that can bind NS5B. After transfection into Huh-7 cells, M1LE/5Adel-3 was replication competent, but both M1LE/5Adel-1 and M1LE/5Adel-2 were not. Next we prepared 20 alanine-substituted clustered mutants within both NS5B-binding regions and examined the effect of these mutants on HCV RNA replication. Only 5 of the 20 mutants were replication competent. Subsequently, we introduced a point mutation, S225P, a deletion of S229, or S232I into NS5A and prepared cured Huh-7 cells that were cured of RNA replication by alpha interferon. Finally, with these point mutations and cured cells, we established a highly improved replicon system. In this system, only the same five mutants were replication competent. These results strongly suggest that the interaction between NS5A and NS5B is critical for HCV RNA replication in the HCV replicon system.

It has been widely recognized that Chinese and Japanese languages are exceptionally difficult to learn. One of the reasons is their logographic characters (i.e. hanzi in Chinese, kanji in Japanese) that are extremely different from alphabet-based orthography (Tong & Yip, 2015; Xu & Padilla, 2013). Accordingly, there have been research investigating how L2 learners of Chinese and Japanese deal with the difficulty by exploring learners’ strategy (Gamage, 2003; Shen, 2005). However, learning strategies for a certain aspect of characters (i.e. shape, sound) have not been investigated as much as learning strategies in general (but see Shen, 2005). In addition, there are limited longitudinal research exploring how learners change their strategies. Therefore, the researchers investigate strategies that L2 learners of American university students are using most frequently for Chinese and Japanese character learning. The study had 66 L2 learners taking either Chinese or Japanese course at an American university. They took a questionnaire at the beginning and at the end of a semester. It was found that reading, context, decomposition, rote-writing, and listening were the most frequently used strategies. Moreover, the results indicated that strategies vary depending on which aspect of characters they learn. Furthermore, learners did not change their learning strategies over three months to a notable extent. References Chikamatsu, N. (1996). The effects of L1 orthography on L2 word recognition: A study ofAmerican and Chinese learners of Japanese. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18,403–432. Everson, M. E. (1998). Word recognition among learners of Chinese as a foreign language:Investigating the relationship between naming and knowing. The Modern LanguageJournal, 82, 194–204. Everson, M. E. (2011). Best practices in teaching logographic and non-Roman writingsystems to L2 learners. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 249–274. Haththotuwa Gamage, G. (2003). Perceptions of kanji learning strategies: Do they differamong Chinese character and alphabetic background learners? Hayes, E. B. (1988). Encoding strategies used by native and non‐native readers ofChinese Mandarin. The Modern Language Journal, 72, 188–195. Ke, C. (1998). Effects of language background on the learning of Chinese charactersamong foreign language students. Foreign Language Annals, 31, 91–102. Liskin-Gasparro, J. (1982). ETS Oral Proficiency Testing Manual. Educational TestingService, Princeton, NJ. McGinnis, S. (1999). Student goals and approaches. Mapping the course of the Chineselanguage field, 151–188. Mori, Y., Sato, K., & Shimizu, H. (2007). Japanese language students' perceptions on kanjilearning and their relationship to novel kanji word learning ability. LanguageLearning, 57, 57–85. Packard, J. L. (1990). Effects of time lag in the introduction of characters into the Chineselanguage curriculum. The Modern Language Journal, 74, 167–175. Rose, H. (2013). L2 learners' attitudes toward, and use of, mnemonic strategies whenlearning Japanese kanji. The Modern Language Journal, 97, 981–992. Shen, H. H. (2005). An investigation of Chinese-character learning strategies among nonnative speakers of Chinese. System, 33, 49–68. Tong, X., & Yip, J. H. Y. (2015). Cracking the Chinese character: radical sensitivity inlearners of Chinese as a foreign language and its relationship to Chinese wordreading. Reading and Writing, 28, 159–181. Yuki, M. (2009). Kanji Learning Strategies: From the Viewpoint of Learners with Nonkanji Background. 関西外国語大学留学生別科日本語教育論集, 19, 143–150. Xu, Y., Chang, L. Y., & Perfetti, C. A. (2014). The Effect of Radical‐Based Grouping inCharacter Learning in Chinese as a Foreign Language. The Modern Language Journal, 98,773–793. Xu, X., & Padilla, A. M. (2013). Using meaningful interpretation and chunking to enhancememory: The case of Chinese character learning. Foreign Language Annals, 46, 402–422.

Der Artikel stellt einen Bestand von Musikalien vor, der im Zusammenhang mit der Vorbereitung der ersten Bach-Gesamtausgabe zusammengetragen wurde und als Depositum des Verlags Breitkopf & Härtel im Sächsischen Staatsarchiv Leipzig verwahrt wird. Es handelt sich um ein umfangreiches Konvolut von Handschriften vom frühen 18. bis ins erste Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts, von denen einigen Werken J. S. Bachs hauptsächlich Instrumentalmusik der Bach-Söhne Wilhelm Friedemann, Carl Philipp Emanuel und Johann Christian das Interesse weckt. Diese bleiben im Artikel jedoch unberücksichtigt, der sich ganz auf die Kompositionen J. S. Bachs konzentriert, Datierungen versucht, Schreiber bestimmt und Provenienzen klärt. Eine vollständige Auflistung der Werke gibt der Anhang des Artikels wieder. Erwähnte Artikel: Karl Tittel: Welche unter J. S. Bachs Namen geführten Orgelwerke sind Johann Tobias bzw. Johann Ludwig Krebs zuzuschreiben? Ein Versuch zur Lösung von Autorschaftsproblemen. BJ 1966, S. 102-137 Wolfgang Wiemer: Ein Bach-Doppelfund: Verschollene Gerber-Abschrift (BWV 914 und 996) und unbekannte Choralsammlung Christian Friedrich Penzels. BJ 1973, S.29-73 Ernest May: Eine neue Quelle für J. S. Bachs einzeln überlieferte Orgelchoräle. BJ 1974, S. 98-103 Yoshitake Kobayashi: Neuerkenntnisse zu einigen Bach-Quellen an Hand schriftkundlicher Untersuchungen. BJ 1978, S. 43-60 William H. Scheide: Eindeutigkeit und Mehrdeutigkeit in Picanders Kantatenjahrgangs-Vorbemerkung und im Werkverzeichnis des Nekrologs auf Johann Sebastian Bach. BJ 1983, S. 109-113 Hans-Joachim Schulze: Studenten als Bachs Helfer bei der Leipziger Kirchenmusik. BJ 1984, S. 45-52 Klaus Hofmann: Bachs Doppelchor "Nun ist das Heil und die Kraft" (BWV 50). Neue Überlegungen zur Werkgeschichte: BJ 1994, S. 59-74 Klaus Hofmann: Die Motette "Lobet den Herrn, alle Heiden" (BWV 230). Alte und neue Probleme. BJ 2000, S. 35-50 Joshua Rifkin: Siegesjubel und Satzfehler. Zum Problem von "Nun ist das Heil und die Kraft" (BWV 50). BJ 2000, S. 67-86 William H. Scheide: Nochmals BWV 50 "Nun ist das Heil und die Kraft". BJ 2001, S. 117-130 Michael Maul: Johann Adolph Scheibes Bach-Kritik. Hintergründe und Schauplätze einer musikalischen Kontroverse. BJ 2010, S. 153-198

ABSTRACT Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas in the troposphere controlling ozone concentration in the stratosphere through nitric oxide production. In order to quantify bacteria capable of N2O reduction, we developed a SYBR green quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the nosZ gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the nitrous oxide reductase. Two independent sets of nosZ primers flanking the nosZ fragment previously used in diversity studies were designed and tested (K. Kloos, A. Mergel, C. Rösch, and H. Bothe, Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28:991-998, 2001). The utility of these real-time PCR assays was demonstrated by quantifying the nosZ gene present in six different soils. Detection limits were between 101 and 102 target molecules per reaction for all assays. Sequence analysis of 128 cloned quantitative PCR products confirmed the specificity of the designed primers. The abundance of nosZ genes ranged from 105 to 107 target copies g−1 of dry soil, whereas genes for 16S rRNA were found at 108 to 109 target copies g−1 of dry soil. The abundance of narG and nirK genes was within the upper and lower limits of the 16S rRNA and nosZ gene copy numbers. The two sets of nosZ primers gave similar gene copy numbers for all tested soils. The maximum abundance of nosZ and nirK relative to 16S rRNA was 5 to 6%, confirming the low proportion of denitrifiers to total bacteria in soils.

Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. Next to the main focus on SLR and its effects on resilience, the paper reviews main SLR associated impacts: Floods and inundation, salinization, shoreline change, and effects on mangroves and wetlands. The hazards of SLR related floods increase fastest in urban areas. This is related with both the increasing surface major cities are expected to occupy during the decades to come and the increasing coastal population. In particular Asia and its megacities in the southern part of the continent are increasingly at risk. The discussion points to complexity, inter-disciplinarity, and the related uncertainty, as core characteristics. An integrated combination of mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures is currently considered as the most indicated way to resist SLR today and in the near future.References Aerts J.C.J.H., Hassan A., Savenije H.H.G., Khan M.F., 2000. Using GIS tools and rapid assessment techniques for determining salt intrusion: Stream a river basin management instrument. 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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento em biossegurança dos formandos dos cursos de graduação da área da saúde na Universidade do Contestado. Os dados foram coletados em outubro/novembro de 2005 e janeiro de 2006, utilizando-se, como instrumento, um questionário contendo 15 perguntas. Os voluntários foram abordados em sala de aula, nos primeiros 15 minutos da aula e convidados a participar da pesquisa. Dos 177 formandos candidatos a serem entrevistados, 114 (64,4%) responderam o questionário.As idades máxima e mínima encontradas foram 45 e 19 anos, respectivamente, sendo a média de idade 27,0 ± 7,1 anos. O teste Kruskal-Wallis revelou diferença significativa (p<0,05) emrelação às notas médias finais dos formandos sobre o conhecimento em biossegurança nos cursos investigados, sendo o curso de Enfermagem o que apresentou maior nota média final (6,29). Acredita-se que tal resultado tenha decorrido principalmente do maior número de horas práticas existente no curso, 990 h/a, ou seja, um curso com maior número de disciplinas envolvendo o tema biossegurança necessariamente não é aquele que prepara melhor o aluno, mas sim o curso que possui maior carga horária em disciplinas com aulas práticas.

Oxygen-regulated gene expression in the bovine embryo contrasts markedly with that observed in the mouse. Under low (2%) post-compaction oxygen conditions moderate changes in gene expression are observed in the bovine blastocyst (Harvey et al. 2004 Biol. Reprod. 71, in press), compared with 3–4 fold increases in the mouse (Kind et al. 2004 Mol. Reprod. Dev., in press). Specifically, GLUT-1 (Harvey et al. 2004), myotrophin, and anaphase-promoting complex 1 (Harvey et al., unpublished) mRNAs are increased in bovine blastocysts following 2% oxygen culture, compared with those cultured under 20% oxygen. These oxygen-mediated differences in gene expression in the bovine are most likely regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)2 transcription factor activity, as we have previously observed that HIF1α protein is not detectable in bovine embryos whereas HIF2α is readily detectable (Harvey et al. 2004). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of post-compaction oxygen concentration on the expression of typically HIF1-regulated and potential HIF2-regulated (suggested from a mouse knockout study; Scortegagna et al. 2003 Nat. Genet. 35, 371) genes in bovine blastocysts. In vitro-produced bovine embryos were generated using standard protocols. Compact morulae were randomly allocated to treatments under 2%, 7%, or 20% oxygen for 72 h from Day 5. Blastocyst RNA was isolated using TriReagent (Molecular Research Center, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA) and samples were reverse-transcribed using Superscript II (Invitrogen, Melbourne, Australia). Amplification and analysis of cDNA was achieved by real-time PCR using specific primers and Sybr green PCR master mix (Applied BioSystems, Melbourne, Australia). Statistically significant differences in gene expression were analyzed by ANOVA, P < 0.05. Examination of expression of genes known to be regulated by HIF1 in somatic cells (reviewed by Semenza 2002 Biochem. Pharm. 64, 993) revealed no oxygen-mediated alteration in expression of aldose reductase, cyclooxygenase 2, or inducible nitric oxide synthase. However, the expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) displayed a 4-fold increase under 2% oxygen, compared with 7% and 20% oxygen (P < 0.001). Expression of glutathione peroxidase, and CuZn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase (putative HIF2-regulated genes) was not influenced by oxygen concentration post-compaction. This study suggests that typical HIF1-regulated genes are not influenced by alterations in the external oxygen environment in the bovine embryo. These results complement previous observations that HIF1α protein is not detectable in blastocyst-stage bovine embryos, and suggest that LDHA may be an HIF2 target gene in the bovine embryo. As embryo development is influenced by oxygen concentration, levels of LDHA at the blastocyst stage may be used as a marker of oxygen responsiveness.

ABSTRACT We sequenced and analyzed the full-length genomes of four coronaviruses (CoVs), each from a distinct wild-ruminant species in Ohio: sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), a waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), a sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), and a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The fecal samples from the sambar deer, the waterbuck, and the white-tailed deer were collected during winter dysentery outbreaks and sporadic diarrhea cases in 1993 and 1994 (H. Tsunemitsu, Z. R. el-Kanawati, D. R. Smith, H. H. Reed, and L. J. Saif, J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:3264-3269, 1995). A fecal sample from a sable antelope was collected in 2003 from an Ohio wild-animal habitat during the same outbreak when a bovine-like CoV from a giraffe (GiCoV) was isolated (M. Hasoksuz, K. Alekseev, A. Vlasova, X. Zhang, D. Spiro, R. Halpin, S. Wang, E. Ghedin, and L. J. Saif, J. Virol. 81:4981-4990, 2007). For two of the CoVs (sambar deer and waterbuck), complete genomes from both the cell culture-adapted and gnotobiotic-calf-passaged strains were also sequenced and analyzed. Phylogenetically, wild-ruminant CoVs belong to group 2a CoVs, with the closest relatedness to recent bovine CoV (BCoV) strains. High nucleotide identities (99.4 to 99.6%) among the wild-ruminant strains and recent BCoV strains (BCoV-LUN and BCoV-ENT, isolated in 1998) further confirm the close relatedness. Comparative genetic analysis of CoVs of captive wild ruminants with BCoV strains suggests that no specific genomic markers are present that allow discrimination between the bovine strains and bovine-like CoVs from captive wild ruminants; furthermore, no specific genetic markers were identified that defined cell cultured or calf-passaged strains or the host origin of strains. The results of this study confirm prior reports of biologic and antigenic similarities between bovine and wild-ruminant CoVs and suggest that cattle may be reservoirs for CoVs that infect captive wild ruminants or vice versa and that these CoVs may represent host range variants of an ancestral CoV.

Australian lucerne yellows (ALuY), a phytoplasma-associated disease, is a major problem in Australia that causes the pasture seed industry millions of dollars in losses annually (3). Samples were collected from lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) plants exhibiting symptoms indicative of ALuY (4) in a seed lucerne paddock (cv CW 5558) at Griffith, southwestern New South Wales (NSW), Australia, in November 2005 and again in January 2006. Samples were kept at 4°C and processed within 36 h of collection. Total DNA was extracted from approximately 0.3 g of leaf midribs and petioles of each plant sample and used as template in a nested PCR assay with phytoplasma universal primer pairs P1/P7 and fU5/m23sr. PCR products resulting from the first amplification were diluted (1:30) with sterile distilled water (SDW) before reamplification with fU5/m23sr. DNA of Australian tomato big bud (TBB) phytoplasma and SDW were used as positive and negative assay controls, respectively. Ten of fifteen plant samples collected in November tested positive for phytoplasma DNA. Restriction digestion profiles of nested PCR amplicons with HpaII endonuclease were the same for all symptomatic plants but differed from the control. Phytoplasma identity was determined by sequencing two nested PCR products that yielded identical sequences. One was deposited in the GenBank database (Accession No. DQ786394). BLAST analysis of the latter sequence revealed a >99.6% similarity with “Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense” (L76865) and related strains papaya dieback (Y10095), phormium yellow leaf (U43570), strawberry green petal (AJ243044), and strawberry lethal yellows (AJ243045). Direct PCR with primers FP 5′-GCATGTCGCGGTGAATAC-3′ and RY 5′-TGAGCTATAGGCCCTTAATC-3′ designed to specifically amplify DNA of “Ca. P. australiense” detected the phytoplasma in 8 of 40 samples collected in January. Whether this phytoplasma is the etiological agent solely responsible for ALuY is currently under investigation. “Ca. P. asteris” and stolbur group (16SrXII) phytoplasmas have been reported in lucerne in the United States (2) and Italy (1), respectively. Within the stolbur group 16SrXII, “Ca. P. australiense” and stolbur phytoplasma are regarded as separate species and both are distinct from “Ca. P. asteris”, a group 16SrI strain. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a “Ca. P. australiense” related strain in lucerne. References: (1) C. Marzachi et al. J. Plant Pathol. 82:201, 2000. (2) R. D. Peters et al. Plant Dis. 83:488, 1999. (3) L. J. Pilkington et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 28:253, 1999. (4) L. J. Pilkington et al. First report of a phytoplasma associated with ‘Australian lucerne yellows’ disease. New Disease Report. Online publication at http://www.bspp.org.uk/ndr/jan2002/2001-46.asp .

Исследованы структурные особенности нанокомпозитов, полученных при лазерном облучении водно-белковых сред с одностенными углеродными нанотрубками (ОУНТ), электродуговым (ОУНТI) и газофазным методами (ОУНТII). С помощью спектроскопии комбинационного рассеяния нанокомпозитов определен нековалентный характер взаимодействия нанотрубок с молекулами белков. Белковая составляющая в нанокомпозитах подверглась необратимой денатурации и может выступать в качестве связующего биосовместимого материала, который является источником аминокислот для биологических тканей при имплантации нанокомпозитов в организм. Образцы, изготовленные из ОУНТI, с меньшим диаметром и длиной имели наиболее однородную структуру. При увеличении концентрации от 0.01 до 0.1 % происходило увеличение среднего размерамикропор от 45 до 85 мкм и пористости образца в общем с 46 до 58 %. При этом доля открытых пор для двух типов концентраций ОУНТI составила 2 % от общего объема композита. В нанокомпозитах на основе ОУНТI показано наличие мезопор. Увеличение концентрации нанотрубок привело к уменьшению удельных значений поверхности и объема пор образца. Исследованные нанокомпозиты могут использоваться в качестве тканеинженерных матриц для восстановления объемных дефектов биологических тканей REFERENCES Eletskii A. V. Carbon nanotubes. Usp., 1997, v. 40(9), pp. 899–924. https://dji.org/10.1070/PU1997v040n09ABEH000282 Tuchin A. V., Tyapkina V. A., Bityutskaya L. A., Bormontov E. N. Functionalization of capped ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotube (5, 5). Condensed matter and interphases, 2016, v. 18(4), pp. 568–577. URL: http://www.kcmf.vsu.ru/resources/t_18_4_2016_015.pdf (in Russ.) Dolgikh I., Tyapkina V. A., Kovaleva T. A., Bityutskaya L. A. 3D Topological changes in enzyme glucoamylase when immobilized on ulrta0short carbon naotubes. Condensed matter and interphases, 2016, v. 18(4), pp. 505–512. URL: http://www.kcmf.vsu.ru/resources/t_18_4_2016_007.pdf (in Russ.) 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284 Background: Wild toad venom has been used for over 1,000 years as a traditional Chinese medicine; H, the extract of dried toad skin glands, is a potent cardiac glycoside without significant toxicity. H has demonstrated preliminary evidence of antitumor activity in phase I clinical trial evaluation (Cancer 2009, 115:5309-18). Methods: We conducted a randomized, single-blind, phase II clinical trial of G + H versus G + placebo in patients with LAPC or MPC. Plasma bufalin levels were performed in H-treated subjects. 80 evaluable subjects accrued from October 2007 to May 2010 and were treated with G 1,000mg/m2 (iv on days 1, 8, 15, q 28d) plus either H (20 mL/m2 iv daily for 21 days followed by 7 days off, q 28d) or placebo. Demographic data is demonstrated in the table below. Results: Grade 3/4 adverse events, objective radiographic response rates (ORR), time to progression (TTP), quality of life (QOL), and overall survival (OS) were similar in the two groups (Table). There was not a statistically significant difference in the average plasma bufalin levels in patients with a radiographic partial response (PR) or stable disease versus those with progressive disease (PD) (0.098 ± 0.093 ng/mL vs. 0.071 ± 0.048 ng/mL, p=0.679). Conclusions: H when added to G was well tolerated but did not improve OS, TTP, QOL, or ORR. Further investigation of a more potent oral formulation of H is planned. H provided by Shenzhen 999 Traditional Chinese Medicine & Development Co., Ltd. Supported by NIH U19CA121503-01. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Recent enormous development of 3D printing techniques gave the possibility of precise manufacturing of designed optical structures. This paper presents designing, manufacturing and the results obtained for chocolate Fresnel lens. Chocolate, similarly to wax, can be melted and used in the 3D printed form to create a terahertz (THz) optical element. Parameters of the chocolate lens are compared with the one made of wax. In simple applications both materials can be used as a cost-effective alternative for conventional optical materials used for THz range of radiation. Both lenses have been designed and compared for 140 GHz. Full Text: PDF ReferencesM. Naftaly, R.E. Miles, and P.J. Greenslade, "THz transmission in polymer materials — a data library", Joint 32nd International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and the 15th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics, 819-820 (2007). CrossRef S. Firoozabadi, F. Beltran-Mejia, A. Soltani, D. Jahn, S.F. Busch, J.C. Balzer, and M. Koch, "THz transmission blazed grating made out of paper tissue", 42nd International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), 1-2 (2017). CrossRef D. Headland, W. Withayachumnankul, M. Webb, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, A. Luiten, and D. Abbott, "Analysis of 3D-printed metal for rapid-prototyped reflective terahertz optics", Optics express 24(15), 17384-17396 (2016). CrossRef S.F. Busch, M. Weidenbach, M. Fey, F. Schäfer, T. Probst, and M. Koch, "Optical Properties of 3D Printable Plastics in the THz Regime and their Application for 3D Printed THz Optics", Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves 35(12), 993-997 (2014). CrossRef C. Jördens, and M. Koch, "Detection of foreign bodies in chocolate with pulsed terahertz spectroscopy", Optical Engineering 47(3), 037003 (2008). CrossRef A.D. Squires, E. Constable, and R.A. Lewis, "3D Printed Terahertz Diffraction Gratings And Lenses", Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves 36(1), 72-80 (2015). CrossRef W. D. Furlan, V. Ferrando, J. A. Monsoriu, P. Zagrajek, E. Czerwińska, and M. Szustakowski, "3D printed diffractive terahertz lenses", Optics letters 41(8), 1748-1751 (2016). CrossRef X. Wei, C. Liu, L. Niu, Z. Zhang, K. Wang, Z. Yang, and J. Liu, "Generation of arbitrary order Bessel beams via 3D printed axicons at the terahertz frequency range", Applied optics 54(36), 10641-10649 (2015). CrossRef S. Banerji, and B. Sensale-Rodriguez, "3D-printed diffractive terahertz optical elements through computational design", Micro-and Nanotechnology Sensors, Systems, and Applications XI 10982, 109822X, International Society for Optics and Photonics (2019). CrossRef M. Surma, I. Ducin, P. Zagrajek, and A. Siemion, "Sub-Terahertz Computer Generated Hologram with Two Image Planes", Applied Sciences 9(4), 659 (2019). CrossRef A. Siemion, P. Komorowski, M. Surma, I. Ducin, P. Sobotka, M. Walczakowski, and E. Czerwińska, "Terahertz diffractive structures for compact in-reflection inspection setup", Optics Express 28(1), 715-723 (2020). CrossRef E.R. Brown, J.E. Bjarnason, A.M. Fedor, and T.M. Korter, "On the strong and narrow absorption signature in lactose at 0.53THz", Applied Physics Letters 90(6), 061908 (2007). CrossRef M. Bernier, F. Garet, and J. L. Coutaz, "Determining the Complex Refractive Index of Materials in the Far-Infrared from Terahertz Time-Domain Data", Terahertz Spectroscopy-Cutting Edge Technology, Intech-Open Science (2017). CrossRef E.Hecht, Optics 5th global ed.(Boston, Pearson Education 2017). DirectLink

Aim. To study the contribution of behavioral and social risk factors to the development of metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) according to a prospective study in the Russian population.Material and methods. From the HAPPIE project, 3197 people aged 45-69 years with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 were selected, who had all the necessary parameters for obesity phenotype determination. The prospective analysis included the first (2003-2005) and third screenings (2015-2017). A subsample was formed (n=1275; 276 men — 22%, 999 women — 78%). The mean follow-up period was 12,4 years. IDF criteria (2005) were taken for analysis.Results. Men with a metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) phenotype most often have a secondary and higher education, while women with MHO — vocational and secondary education. In women, secondary education was most often noted. Among persons with obesity, both men and women are more often not single, while having MUO as follows: 56,8% and 34,2%, respectively. Men and women have a low-intensity activity, regardless of the obesity phenotype. The prevalence of smoking in the present time does not differ in the MHO and MUO groups. Metabolically healthy women consume more alcohol than those with MUO. In men with sedentary lifestyle and fasting hyperglycemia, the risk of MUO over a 12-year follow-up period was significantly higher. In women, the risk of conversion from MHO to MUO is increased when blood pressure (BP) is ≥130/85 mmHg.Conclusion. In the Russian population, the risk of MUO in men increases with a level of physical activity <3 h/week and a blood glucose level ≥6,1 mmol/l; in women, only BP ≥130/85 mm Hg contributes to the development of MUO.

Abstract Abstract 1381 Poster Board I-403 FL is the most common indolent lymphoma in the US but its incidence in African Americans (AA) and Hispanics (H) is lower than White (W) pts limiting our understanding of its natural history in those populations. In addition, AA and H pts are underrepresented in clinical trials raising questions as to whether current treatment paradigms in FL apply to these groups. The NLCS is a prospective, longitudinal multi-center, observational study that enrolled consecutive newly diagnosed FL pts from March 2004 through March 2007 and collected data on disease characteristics, demographics, treatment patterns, and outcome. In 2007, we were the first to report the impact of race on disease characteristics and treatment selection in 2,519 FL patients (Nabhan et al, ASH 2007, Abstract #367). Herein, we report a follow-up confirming our previous observations and detailing physician-reported response rates along with early results for progression-free survival (PFS). As of 5/15/2009, 94 AA, 126 H, and 2478 W were enrolled. AA and H pts accounted for 3.4% and 4.6% of pts, respectively. To our knowledge, this represents the largest prospective cohort of AA and H pts with FL. Data collected included information on grade, stage, B symptoms, FLIPI, treatment choice, and response assessments as measured by the treating physician. Chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used as appropriate to assess the relationships between race, disease characteristics, and outcome. More AA (26%) and H (22%) presented at <45 years of age compared to W (9%) (p<0.0001). While there was no statistical difference among the three races in disease grade, stage, or B symptoms, 49% of AA pts had poor-risk FLIPI compared to 34% of W pts (p=0.037). This difference was mainly due to lower hemoglobin values, higher LDH, and higher stage. No statistical difference was noted in FLIPI scores between W and H pts. Similar percentage of patients were observed as an initial strategy among the 3 races (18%) while all others received some form of an intervention. The use of anthracycline-based regimens for initial treatment was more frequent in W pts compared to AA (65% vs 47%, p=0.008). The difference in anthracycline use persisted in poor-risk FLIPI pts. W pts with grade 1 or 2 FL were also more likely to receive anthracyclines than their AA counterparts (56% vs 38%, p=0.042). Too few grade 3 FL pts were available to draw meaningful conclusion for this subset. No major differences were noted between H and W pts in anthracycline use. Despite differences in treatment, pts had similar response rates across racial categories. With a median follow-up of 37 months, 61% (n=1504) W, 57% (n=54) AA, and 63% (n=79) H had a complete or partial response to whatever treatment they received. For pts who received rituximab monotherapy, 61% (n=216) of W, 58% (n=7) of AA, and 36% (n=4) of H responded. For pts who received rituximab with chemotherapy, 78% (n=998) of W, 82% (n=41) of AA, and 80% (n=63) of H responded. The response to anthracycline-based regimens was comparable across the three groups. Longer PFS was observed in H compared to W and AA [median not reached vs 57 months for W (p=0.05) and 54 months for AA (p=0.02); p-values were obatained form Cox model controlling for FLIPI, histologic grade, and extranodal sites]. Comparing PFS for W, H, and AA treated with an anthracycline were consistent with the overall PFS results. However, the PFS advantage for H pts was not evident in chemo-treated individuals not receiving an anthracycline. AA and W pts did not differ in PFS. The NLCS provides the largest prospective registry information on AA and H pts with FL. While the AA FL pts were younger and more likely to have higher risk FLIPI, they were less likely to receive anthracyclines than W pts. However, responses were similar among W, AA, and H pts regardless of treatment received. A longer PFS was observed in H pts compared to others but this was not observed in those who did not receive anthracyclines. Longer follow-up is required to determine whether differences in treatment and PFS impact overall survival. Disclosures: Nabhan: genentech: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Taylor: genentech: Employment. Hirata: genentech: Employment. Lin: genentech: Employment. Flowers: genentech: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau.

Houttuynia cordata is a perennial herbaceous plant (family Saururaceae) that is native to southern China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia where it grows well in moist to wet soils. It is commonly used as a Chinese herbal medicine and as a vegetable. In North America and Europe it is also used as an ornamental. From September 2007 to November 2009, symptoms of leaf spot were found on H. cordata leaves in Dangyang County, Hubei, China, with the crop area affected estimated to be over 600 ha per year. Rhizome yield was reduced by 20% on average, with up to 70% yield losses in some fields during the autumn growing season. Lesions were initially small, brown, and oval or circular that developed into dark spots and sometimes formed target spots with white centers. These spots enlarged and overlapped, extending until the leaves withered entirely usually within 2 months. A fungus was consistently recovered from symptomatic leaf samples collected in October 2008 or 2009 with an average 90% isolation rate from ~60 leaf pieces that were surface sterilized with 0.1% mercuric chloride solution. Three isolates, HCDY-2, HCDY-3, and HCDY-4, were used to further evaluate characteristics of the pathogen. On potato dextrose agar, all cultures initially developed white colonies and the centers turned gray or brown after 4 days of incubation. Conidiophores were single or fasciculate, straight or knee curved, gray-brown with regular septa, and 42 to 61 × 4 to 5 μm. Conidia were obclavate or ovate, brown, and 26 to 38 × 12 to 20 μm with three to five transverse and one to three longitudinal or oblique septa. The tops of some conidia developed into secondary conidiophores, which were cylindrical, beige, and 5 to 17 × 3 to 5 μm. The pathogen was identified as Alternaria alternata based on descriptions in Simmons (3). Genomic DNA of HCDY-2 was extracted, and the rDNA-internal transcribed spacer sequence showed 99.6% identity to A. alternata (GenBank No. AY513941). Pathogenicity tests were performed with the three isolates by spraying conidial suspensions (1 × 106 conidia/ml) containing 0.1% Tween 20 onto upper and lower surfaces of leaves of 40-day-old 15-cm high plants. There were 20 leaves from five replicate plants for each isolate. Control plants were treated with sterilized water containing 0.1% Tween 20 only. All plants were incubated with a 16-h photoperiod at 25°C and 90% relative humidity in an artificial climate chamber. Five days after inoculation, typical brown spots were observed on all inoculated leaves but no symptoms were seen on water-treated control plants. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reisolation of A. alternata from diseased leaves. The pathogenicity tests were carried out twice. A survey of the literature revealed only a few fungal diseases associated with H. cordata (1,2,4), including Phyllosticta houttuyniae, Pseudocercospora houttuyniae, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium rolfsii. Although A. alternata is a cosmopolitan plant pathogen, it has not been reported on any species in the four genera in Saururaceae (Anemopsis, Gymnotheca, Houttuynia, and Saururus) (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata infecting H. cordata worldwide. References: (1) Y. L. Guo and W. X. Zhao. Acta Mycol. Sin. 8:118, 1989. (2) K. Sawada. Spec. Publ. Taiwan Univ. 8:138, 1959. (3) E. G. Simmons. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2007. (4) Y. Wu et al. J. Changjiang Vegetables (In Chinese) 2:19, 2007.

AbstractEpstein-Barr virus (EBV)–associated tumors developing in immunocompetent individuals present a challenge to immunotherapy, since they lack expression of immunodominant viral antigens. However, the tumors consistently express viral proteins including LMP2, which are immunologically “weak” but may nonetheless be targets for immune T cells. We previously showed that a majority of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) reactivated using EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cells lines (LCLs) contained minor populations of LMP2-specific T cells and homed to tumor sites. However, they did not produce remissions in patients with bulky disease. We have now used gene transfer into antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to augment the expression and immunogenicity of LMP2. These modified APCs increased the frequency of LMP2-specific CTLs by up to 100-fold compared with unmodified LCL-APCs. The LMP2-specific population expanded and persisted in vivo without adverse effects. Nine of 10 patients treated in remission of high-risk disease remain in remission, and 5 of 6 patients with active relapsed disease had a tumor response, which was complete in 4 and sustained for more than 9 months. It is therefore possible to generate immune responses to weak tumor antigens by ex vivo genetic modification of APCs and the CTLs so produced can have substantial antitumor activity. This study is registered at http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials (protocol IDs: BCM-H-9936, NCT00062868, NCT00070226).

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of kemuning leaves (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) extract supplementation of the drinking water on performance and physical quality of egg. Twenty-four weeks old of malon hybrid quails which amounts to 240 birds were allocated in a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and two replications. The treatments were namely P0 = control (without kemuning leaves extrct), and added kemuning leaves extract into drinking water (4 consecutive days per weeks) with dose of 3% (P1), 5% (P2) and 7% (P3). The commercial diet used in this study contained 20.01 % of crude protein. The results showed that supplementation of 3% and 7% of kemuning leaves extract into drinking water had no significant difference on performance and physical quality of egg. It was concluded that the dose of 5% kemuning leaf extract addition into total drinking water tends to produce the highest egg production (85%). Key words: Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack, performance malon quail, egg physical quality DAFTAR PUSTAKA Andari, A, Anisa EN, Wulandari RF & Suci DM. 2018. Efek suplementasi jamu rempah pada puyuh (Coturnix coturnix japonica) terhadap performa dan kadar kolesterol telur. Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan 16 (2): 34-41 Adfa, M.2007. Isolasi senyawa flavonoid aktif berkhasiat sitotoksik dari daun kemuning (Murraya paniculata L.Jack). Jurnal Gradien 3(2): 262-266 Halimah, H, Suci, DM &Wijayanti I.2019. Studi potensi penggunaan daun mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) sebagi bahan antibakteri Escherichia coli dan Salmonella typhimurium. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 24 (1): 56-64 Hanusova E, Hrnčár C, Hanus A, & Oravcová M. 2016. Egg traits in Japanese quail. Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica 19 (Special Issue) : 62-67 Hilmi,M, Sumiati & Astuti DA. 2015. Egg production and physical quality in Coturnix-coturnix Japonica fed diet containing piperine as phytogenic feed additive. Media Peternakan 38 (3): 150-155 Hrnčár C, Hanusová E, Hanus A & Bujko J. 2014. Effect of genotype on egg quality characteristic of Japanese quail (Coturnix Japonica). Slovak Journal of Animal Science 47(1): 6-11. Iskender H, Yenice G, Dokumacioglu E, Kaynar O, Hayirli A, & Kaya A. 2016. The effect of dietary flavonoid supplementation on the antioxidant status of laying hens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science. 18 (4): 663-668 Nowaczewski S, Kontecka H, Rosiñski A, & Koronowsk SBP. 2010. Egg quality of Japanese quail depends on layer age and storage time. Folia biologica (Kraków) 58(3-4): 201-207 Nugroho, AE, Riyanto S, Sukari MA, Maeyama K. 2010. Efek senyawa flavonoid dari kemuning (Murraya paniculata [L.] Jack terhadap pelepasan histamin dari kultur sel mast. Majalah Obat Tradisional 15 (1): 34-40 Parubak A S, 2013. Senyawa flavonoid yang bersifat antibakteri dari Akway (Drimys becariana Gibbs). Chemistry Progress 6 (1): 34-37 Prajonggo TS, DjatmikoW & Soemarno. 1983. Pengaruh Sauropus androgynus L. Merr terhadap gambaran hisotologi kelenjar susu mencit betina yang menyusui. Prosiding Kongres Nasional XI FSI. Jakarta (ID): Hlm 735-739. Saerang LP, Josephine, Yuwanta T & Nasroedin. 2000. Pengaruh minyak nabati dan lemak hewani dalam ransum puyuh petelur terhadap performa daya tetas, kadar kolesterol dan plasma darah. Buletin Peternakan 22(2):96-101 Setyaningrum S & Siregar DJS. 2015. Efektivitas minuman herbal terhadap pertumbuhan puyuh. Surya Agritama. 4:1:109-117 Siregar B. 2008. Pengaruh penambahan tepung daun singkong (Manihot utilisima crantz) dalam pakan terhadap performans produksi telur puyuh (Cortunix-cortunix japonica) petelur. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 11(1):28-33. Song KT, Choi SH, & Oh HR. 2000. A comparison og egg quality of pheasant, chukar, quail, and guinea fowl. Asian Australasian Journal Animal Science 13 (70): 986-990 Stojčić MD, Milošević N, Perić L, Jajić I, & Tolimir N. 2012. Egg Quality of Japanese quail in Serbia. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 28(3): 425-431 Subekti, S. 2007. Senyawa fitosterol dalam daun katuk (Sauropus androgynous L. Merr) dan pengaruhnya pada fungsi reproduksi puyuh. [disertasi]. Sekolah Pascasarjana: Institut Pertanian Bogor Sultana F, Islam MS & Howlider MAR. 2007. Effect of dietary Calcium sources and levels on egg production and egg shell quality of Japanese quail. International Journal of Poultry Science 6 (2): 131-136 Zainuddin D & Wibawan IWT. 2007. Biosekuriti dan Manajemen Penanganan Penyakit Ayam Lokal. Dwiyanto K, Prijono ST, editor. Bogor (ID): Pusat Penelitian Biologi LIPI. Zita L, Ledvinka Z & Klesalova L. 2013. The effect of the age of Japanese quails on certain egg quality traits and their relationships. Veterinarski Archive 83 (2) : 223-232. Yilmaz, A, Tepeli C & Çağlayan T. 2011. External and internal quality characteristics in Japanese quails of different plumage color lines. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 9 (2): 375-379 Yuhernita & Juniarti. 2011. Analisis senyawa metabolit sekunder dari ekstrak methanol daun Surian yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Makara Sains 15(1): 48-52

The knowledge of the science of human body parts for early childhood is very important so that children have the ability to recognize and support the cleanliness and health of members of the body, as well as so that they recognize their identity. In addition, introducing environmentally friendly material for early childhood teachers to enrich learning media. This study aims to improve student learning outcomes in science using environmentally friendly media. The topic raised in this search was about recognizing body parts and their benefits and treatments. This type of research is action research. Respondents involved 19 early childhood students. The results showed that there was an increase in subjects' understanding of swallowing extremities and treatment 60% in the pre-cycle phase, 80% in the first cycle and 93% in the second cycle. The findings show that the use of happy body media has a positive effect on limb recognition. 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ABSTRACT3α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/carbonyl reductase (3α-HSD/CR) fromComamonas testosteroniis a key enzyme in steroid degradation in soil and water. 3α-HSD/CR gene (hsdA) expression can be induced by steroids like testosterone and progesterone. Previously, we have shown that the induction ofhsdAexpression by steroids is a derepression where steroidal inducers bind to two repressors, RepA and RepB, thereby preventing the blocking ofhsdAtranscription and translation, respectively (G. Xiong and E. Maser, J. Biol. Chem.276:9961-9970, 2001; G. Xiong, H. J. Martin, and E. Maser, J. Biol. Chem.278:47400–47407, 2003). In the present study, a new LysR-type transcriptional factor, HsdR, for 3α-HSD/CR expression inC. testosteronihas been identified. ThehsdRgene is located 2.58 kb downstream fromhsdAon theC. testosteroniATCC 11996 chromosome with an orientation opposite that ofhsdA. ThehsdRgene was cloned and recombinant HsdR protein was produced, as was anti-HsdR polyclonal antibodies. While heterologous transformation systems revealed that HsdR activates the expression of thehsdAgene, electrophoresis mobility shift assays showed that HsdR specifically binds to thehsdApromoter region. Interestingly, the activity of HsdR is dependent on decreased repression by RepA. Furthermore,in vitrobinding assays indicated that HsdR can come into contact with RNA polymerase. As expected, anhsdRknockout mutant expressed low levels of 3α-HSD/CR compared to that of wild-typeC. testosteroniafter testosterone induction. In conclusion, HsdR is a positive transcription factor for thehsdAgene and promotes the induction of 3α-HSD/CR expression inC. testosteroni.

A study was conducted to investigate the suitable organic components of eco-friendly nature in tree type of mulberry cultivation. The S-146 tree plantation, planted during 2002 were utilized for the study. Cultural operations like pruning, digging, weeding, etc. were adopted as per the recommended packages. Different combinations of input were applied and one control was also kept where no input was applied. The experiment was repeated thrice in both seasons (spring and autumn) and leaf yield was collected by randomly selecting 3 plants from each replication. It was found that in T2 treatment (application of Sericulture waste @ 10 t/ha/yr) + green manuring with Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeate) seeds inoculated with Rhizobium bacteria + FYM (10t/ha/yr) + vermicompost (05 t/ha/yr) + rock phosphate (50 kg/ha/yr) + liquid Biophos and Biopotash (500ml each/ha after mixing in 200 litre water) recorded maximum leaf yield (9.93 t/h/yr) as against 6.37 t/h/yr in control (without input). The leaf produced by application of different organics in T2 treatment was found improved total soluble protein (15.85%) and fibre (11.68%) as against 14.29 and 10.24 in control respectively. The cocoon quality also improved in treatment T2, by recording more silk ratio (SR%) 19.89, filament length (1025 m) and non-breakable filament length (1025 m) as against 18.33%, 995 m and 856 m respectively in control (T6 where no NPK was applied). This package is eco-friendly in which low external inputs involved and local resources are effectively recycled.

We provide another description of the Gross–Stark units over the rational field ℚ (studied in [B. Gross, p-Adic L-series at s = 0, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo28(3) (1981) 979–994]) which is essentially a Gauss sum, using a p-adic multiplicative integral of the p-adic Kubota–Leopoldt distribution, and give a simplified proof of the Ferrero–Greenberg theorem (see [B. Ferrero and R. Greenberg, On the behavior of p-adic L-functions at s = 0, Invent. Math.50(1) (1978/79) 91–102]) for p-adic Hurwitz zeta functions. This is a precise analog for ℚ of Darmon–Dasgupta's work on elliptic units for real quadratic fields (see [H. Darmon and S. Dasgupta, Elliptic units for real quadratic fields, Ann. of Math. (2)163(1) (2006) 301–346]).

Изучена динамика углерода микробной биомассы различных подтипов серой лесной почвы в условиях длительного воздействия нефти. На ранних стадиях после загрязнения во всех подтипах почв происходило резкое увеличение микробной биомассы (Смик). Максимальный уровень Смик и наивысшая скорость снижения концентрации нефтепродуктов в почве обнаруживались на 365 сутки инкубации. Выявлены особенности изменения содержания микробного углерода в разных подтипах почв. Как правило, внесение высоких исходных доз нефти (15‒20%) способствовало максимальному накоплению микробной биомассы и более длительному поддержанию ее высокого уровня в почве. После пятилетней инкубации опытных образцов содержание Смик в серой лесной почве было на уровне контроля, тогда как в светло-серой лесной и темно-серой лесной оно было ниже показателей чистых почв. Значения коэффициентов микробного дыхания свидетельствуют о преодолении на 3‒4 год инкубации негативного воздействия нефтепродуктов и восстановлении нормального функционирования всех исследованных типов почв. Список литературы Ананьева Н.Д., Благодатская Е.В., Орлинский Д.Б., Мякшина Т.Н. Методические аспекты определения скорости субстрат-индуцированного дыхания почвенных микроорганизмов // Почвоведение. №11. С. 72‒77. Ананьева Н.Д., Благодатская Е.В., Демкина Т.С. Влияние высушивания-увлажнения и замораживания-оттаивания на устойчивость микробных сообществ почвы // Почвоведение. 1997. №9. С. 1132‒1137. Ананьева Н.Д., Хакимов Ф.И., Деева Н.Ф., Сусьян Е.А. Влияние полихлорированных бифенилов на микробную биомассу и дыхание серой лесной почвы // Почвоведение. 2005. №7. С. 871‒876. Ананьева Н.Д., Полянская Л.М., Сусьян Е.А., Васенкина И.В., Вирт С., Звягинцев Д.Г. 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Orange rust of sugarcane caused by Puccinia kuehnii was detected in Florida in 2007 (1). It was hypothesized that the pathogen originated from Africa because brown rust of sugarcane (synonym common rust) was introduced to the Western Hemisphere from Africa (3). Requests for rust-infected sugarcane samples were made to several western and central African countries to investigate if orange rust of sugarcane was present but as yet undetected. Orange rust had not previously been reported from western or central Africa. At Zuénoula, Ivory Coast in July 2009, symptoms of sugarcane rust were observed on cvs. SP 71-6180 and Co 997 and appeared distinct to those of brown rust of sugarcane. A year later (May 2010), rust-infected specimens of SP 71-6180 and Co 997 from the same location and also from Borotou in Ivory Coast were sent to the USDA-ARS Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory in Beltsville, MD for identification. Also in May 2010, sugarcane rust was observed at Mbandjock and Nkoteng in Cameroon on cvs. D 88172, FR 87482, and RB 72-454 and on breeding clones RCmr 08/319 and RCmr 08/1121. All specimens had orange uredinial lesions that ranged from 0.6 to 6.5 mm × 200 to 300 μm and were ellipsoidal to elongate. Urediniospores were consistent with P. kuehnii E.J. Butler observed on specimens from Florida (1). DNA isolated from all samples was successfully amplified with P. kuehnii specific primers targeting ITS1 of rDNA (2). The nuclear large subunit region of rDNA of the rust specimens from Ivory Coast (BPI 881015–881017, GenBank Accession No. HQ666888) and Cameroon (BPI 881010–881014, GenBank Accession Nos. HQ666889–HQ666891) were sequenced. DNA sequences for all were identical to sequences of P. kuehnii and distinct from known sequences of P. melanocephala available in GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of orange rust of sugarcane in western and central Africa. There is evidence that brown rust of sugarcane was introduced to the Western Hemisphere from this region of Africa (3) making it also the likely source of introduction of orange rust. Further experimentation is required to confirm this hypothesis. References: (1) J. C. Comstock et al. Plant Dis. 92:175, 2008. (2) N. C. Glynn et al. Plant Pathol. 59:703. 2010. (3) H. L. Purdy et al. Plant Dis. 69:689, 1985.

ABSTRACT We and others have shown that infection of dendritic cells with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) leads to severe functional impairment of these antigen-presenting cells (D. M. Andrews, C. E. Andoniou, F. Granucci, P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli, and M. A. Degli-Esposti, Nat. Immunol. 2:1077-1084, 2001; S. Mathys, T. Schroeder, J. Ellwart, U. H. Koszinowski, M. Messerle, and U. Just, J. Infect. Dis. 187:988-999, 2003). Phenotypically, reduced surface expression of costimulatory molecules and major histocompatibility complex molecules was detected. In order to identify the molecular basis for the observed effects, we generated MCMV mutants with large deletions of nonessential genes. The study was facilitated by the finding that a monocyte-macrophage cell line displayed similar phenotypic alterations after MCMV infection. By analyzing the expression of cell surface molecules on infected cells, we identified a mutant virus which is no longer able to downmodulate the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86. Additional mutants with smaller deletions allowed us to pin down the responsible gene to a certain genomic region. RNA analysis led to the identification of the spliced gene m147.5, encoding a protein with 145 amino acids. Experiments with an m147.5 mutant revealed that the protein affects CD86 expression only, suggesting that additional MCMV genes are responsible for downmodulation of the other surface molecules. Identification of viral gene products interfering with functionally important proteins of antigen-presenting cells will provide the basis to dissect the complex interaction of CMV with these important cells and to evaluate the biological importance of these viral genes in vivo.

Since the late 1970s, chestnut (Castanea spp.) has been one of the most commonly cultivated nuts for human consumption in Korea. In 1998, as much as 100,000 t of chestnut seeds were produced from 79,000 ha of plantations for export (2). Most cultivated chestnuts are hybrids of Castanea crenata and C. mollissima that have resulted in 27 cultivars commonly grown in Korea. In 2004, dead trees of two cultivars (Tsukuba and Ginyose) from different locations were found with black ooze emanating from reddish, sunken tissues on the trunks. When the bark was peeled off, a distinct necrotic region was observed on the basal trunk with the discoloration extending up and girdling the trunk. In November 2006, a Phytophthora species was isolated from the necrotic areas with a CARP selective medium (4). Eleven isolates were obtained from three locations: Hadong, Hapcheon, and Youngqwang. The isolates produced numerous homothallic oogonia (34.0 to 46.2 × 21.9 to 26.7 μm) with warty protuberances on the surface. Antheridia were amphigynous with long, funnel-shaped stalks at the base of the oogonia. The formation of papillate, ovoid to obpyriform sporangia (17.0 to 38.9 × 14.6 to 29.2 μm) was induced by cold treatment in filtered (through 25-μm particle retention) creek water or deionized water. Chlamydospores were not observed. Comparison of the rDNA ITS sequence using ITS1/4 (3) showed 99.6% similarity to P. katsurae (GenBank Accession No. AF266771) with three base pair differences. All eleven isolates showed identical ITS sequences. Pathogenicity studies were conducted on excised three 15-cm-long × 5-cm-diameter logs from each of three chestnut cultivars (Moriwase, Parkmi 2, and Ibuki). Bark (5 mm in diameter) was taken with a cork borer on each log followed by inoculation with a 5-mm agar disk of two isolates, PH.K01 and PH.K07. The logs were placed in a moist chamber for 7 days. Noninoculated controls consisted of log sections from each cultivar treated with agar disks. The pathogencity test was repeated three times. The entire log of cv. Parkmi 2 became necrotic, whereas the other two cultivars developed only small lesions (P < 0.0001). The noninoculated control logs of each cultivar did not develop lesions and no pathogen was reisolated from them. This suggests that cultivars differ in susceptibility. P. katsurae (synonym = P. castaneae) was first described from Japan in 1931. P. cambivora, P. cinnamomi, and P. katsurae are commonly responsible for ink disease on chestnut species in Europe, the United States, and Asia (1). The impact of P. katsurae on chestnut production in Korea is currently unknown. References: (1) A. Boutard et al. The West. Chestnut. 3:6, 2001. (2) S. H. Lee et al. J. Korean For. Soc. 95:61, 2006. (3) E. Oh et al. Forest Pathol. 36:388, 2006. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols. Academic Press Inc., New York, 1990.