Academic literature on the topic '200306 Midwifery'

Includes bibliographical references.
The midwifery model of care is a safe, effective, inexpensive, holistic, woman and baby centered-approach to maternal and infant health. It is widely used in developing and developed world contexts and has proven to have birth outcomes that are comparable to hospital-based, obstetric models. In many settings however, application of the independent midwifery model of care has become increasingly difficult to maintain. Tensions surrounding perceived skills and competencies of midwives, the increasing acceptance of hospital-based, obstetric models of childbirth, controversy over necessity and use of medical interventions, rising insurance premiums, and competition over clients in private sector scenarios are all factors contributing to both low availability and utilization in many countries, including South Africa. In order to consider the role of this model in maternity services in South Africa and to potentially make this model available on a wider scale, it is necessary to understand the demographics of current utilization of existing independent midwifery services, as well their as birth outcomes. This retrospective cohort study documents the total number of deliveries attended by independent midwives, the socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics of women using independent midwives and the birth outcomes and delivery types in the greater Cape Town region among the 16 independent midwives who have practiced during the six and a half year period of January 2003 - end of June 2009. It identifies factors associated with normal vaginal deliveries, instrumental deliveries and caesarean sections, as well as documents the socio-demographic and professional characteristics of the 16 independent midwives. Ethical approval for this research was granted by the University of Cape Town. Anonymous client data was collected from midwifery practices' Maternity Registers and transferred onto a data abstraction sheet. Midwife data was collected via an interviewer-administered questionnaire. All data was entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using Stata. The findings of this study will be used to inform maternal and infant health care policy, as well as provide statistics for independent midwives' quality assurance and auditing of services.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The research aims to understand the historical importance of the role of midwives in the Amazon. To analyze this knowledge / folk do that is the art of midwifery, past knowledge through oral tradition, observation and transmitted from generation to generation. And realize through reports / interviews as midwives learned their craft, identify the main difficulties in trying to ease labor pains, show the risks and complications that the mother and child are exposed at the time of delivery, examine working conditions midwives in the care home birth and the role of the health system in the service of a midwife. Giving voice to these women to be in communities and in urban areas the opportunity to tell their social work to trim child, assisting mothers in antepartum and postpartum care in the protection period, food, prayers and use of herbs as well as assistance to health. With the emergence of medicalization of childbirth, the craft of midwifery has become a formal and professionalized activity, according to the medical discourse to hold the office the midwife need to qualify.
A pesquisa tem por objetivo compreender a importância histórica do papel das parteiras no Amazonas. Analisar esse saber popular que é a arte de partejar, conhecimento passado através da oralidade, observação e transmitido de geração a geração. E perceber através dos relatos/entrevistas como as parteiras aprenderam seu oficio, identificar as principais dificuldades na tentativa de amenizar as dores do parto, mostrar os riscos e complicações que a mãe e o filho estão expostos na hora do parto, analisar as condições do trabalho das parteiras na assistência ao parto domiciliar e o papel do Sistema de Saúde ao serviço da parteira. Dando voz a essas mulheres, que estão nas comunidades e na área urbana, a oportunidade de narrar seu trabalho social de aparar criança, auxiliar as parturientes no pré-parto e pósparto, os cuidados no período de resguardo, alimentação, rezas e utilização das ervas, assim como assistência a saúde da população. Com o surgimento da medicalização do parto, o ofício da parteira passou a ser uma atividade formal e profissionalizada, de acordo com o discurso médico para exercer o ofício a parteira precisar se qualificar.

This Professional Doctorate in Midwifery explores the development of maternity services in New Zealand subsequent to legislative changes in 1990 enabling midwives to provide the same services as doctors and access the same funding for the provision of care for childbearing women. The papers in this portfolio describe and analyse challenges faced by New Zealand midwives in achieving their full potential as autonomous health professionals and the strategies they developed to survive within a healthcare environment that despite changes, remained medicalised. Throughout this portfolio, a theoretical framework based on complexity theory provides a lens for critique of the varying challenges to midwifery development and strategies to progress the profession. The seven papers that make up this portfolio were developed and written over a five-year period from 1999 to 2003. During this time I was involved in various activities supporting midwifery in New Zealand, including the establishment of a postgraduate midwifery programme and participation in the refocusing of both the New Zealand College of Midwives and the Midwifery and Maternity Provider Organisation. These activities took me to various parts of the country, enabling me to maintain contact with midwives from a variety of settings. The first paper sets the scene for the portfolio by exploring the socio-political context of contemporary midwifery in New Zealand. The second paper tracks the emergence of a theoretical framework out of Complexity theory and presents a set of principles, which guide the critique of midwifery services and professional development, explored in the subsequent papers. Part Three documents the development of a contextual scanning tool, used to analyse the organisation of maternity care by midwives in rural settings. Part Four presents the findings of the scan and strategies for consolidating the role of midwives as key providers of maternity services in rural localities. Part Five documents the development of a programme for optimising midwifery leadership within the health sector, while Part Six explores the risks and opportunities for midwives with the development of clinical governance strategies by District Health Boards. Part seven focuses on strategies to increase the potential for midwives to consolidate, maintain and further develop community-based maternity services throughout the country. This portfolio provides an organisational analysis of contemporary maternity services in New Zealand and presents a multifaceted approach to securing midwifery as a key health profession and midwives as the main provider of maternity services to women in this country. The findings of this collection of works, identified midwifery in New Zealand as precariously positioned within a rapidly changing health service environment. While appearing most vulnerable, midwifery within the rural and primary settings appeared to offer the most potential for innovative development in order to secure the place of midwives as the prime providers of health care for women in childbirth.

This study is a longitudinal descriptive study conducted in eight villages of Banten province, Indonesia. The research describes the nutritional status of two groups of pregnant village women and investigates the implementation and impact of an intervention to improve nutrition in pregnancy. The intervention aimed to improve the effectiveness of village midwives and cadres by improving the nutrition of pregnant women, particularly iron deficiency, through the use of a community development approach. The thesis identifies the importance of good nutrition during pregnancy and some of the factors, which influence it in the context of this study. It examines the health promotion programs for improving iron intake and nutrition in developing countries and specifically examines the programs that are used in Indonesia. A small decrease in the rate of anaemia appears to have occurred due to these programs, but the anaemia rate remains high. There has been little systematic examination of the cultural and social factors that may influence nutrition in pregnant women in Indonesia and few studies, which have measured the nutritional status of pregnant women. The goals of the study are to: * Describe the social and cultural factors that influence nutrition, under nutrition and iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy and to measure the nutritional status of rural women in Banten Province, Indonesia. * Improve the knowledge and skills of village midwives and cadres in using community development and effective communication to improve iron supplementation and nutrition. The conceptual framework for the study was derived from principles of health promotion, in particular the 'Proceed and Proceed' model (Green & Kreuter 1991). The study took place in eight villages in Banten province, Indonesia. Four of the villages received a community development intervention and four villages were used for comparison. The study was undertaken in three stages: Stage 1 - Baseline Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection; Stage 2 - Intervention; and Stage 3 - Follow Up Evaluation. The intervention was guided by the results of Stage 1 and consisted of a two-day workshop aimed to improve their knowledge, communication skills of the midwives and cadres and their ability to use a community development approach to improving nutrition in the villages. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the research at Stage 1 and Stage 3. Ethnographic methods of interview, observation, field notes and survey were used to collect information about the cultural and social factors that influence nutrition and nutritional practices during pregnancy. The knowledge and practices of midwives and cadres were also explored. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Forty pregnant women (20 from the intervention villages and 20 from the comparison villages) participated in the qualitative component of the research before the intervention (Stage 1). The follow up evaluation occurred 12 months later, and a different group of 35 pregnant women (20 from the intervention villages and 15 from the comparison villages) participated in the qualitative component of the research at Stage 3. The same eight midwives and 16 cadres participated in the qualitative research at Stage 1 and Stage 3. Quantitative data collected at Stage 1 and Stage 3 included socio demographic data, obstetric information and nutritional data (haemoglobin level, body mass index, and the weight gain of pregnant women). Data was collected from 210 women before the intervention and 189 women after the intervention. Some changes in the practices of midwives and cadres were apparent after the intervention with midwives building better rapport, communicating more effectively and providing more information and support to pregnant women. Cadres also talked more about nutrition in community meetings. Changes in the behaviour and approach of village midwives and cadres' in relation to nutrition education resulted in improved nutritional behaviour of pregnant women to some extent, but poverty and culture restricted the ability of pregnant women to access better food. The intervention did not effect the overall nutritional status of the pregnant women. Because of time and logistical constraints, the intervention was not able to influence the community's health in the medium term in the intervention villages. The results of this study showed that the comparison villages sometimes had better results than the intervention villages. A possible explanation is that the systematic evaluation of nutritional status may have increased the awareness and practice of the better-educated and more knowledgeable midwives who were located in the comparison villages. The comparison midwives had a better basic education in midwifery when compared to the intervention midwives. It appeared these better-educated workers responded positively to the research even without exposure to the intervention. The study showed that the position of the pregnant woman is low within the hierarchy of both the health care system and the power structures of the broader community. Husbands, mother-in-law, village midwives, cadres and village leaders all have more power to determine what pregnant women can and cannot eat and drink than women do themselves. However, some women tried to access better food after the intervention by subverting culture and the authority of husbands and mother-in-law and eating nutritious food in secret.

In September 2014, 93 delegates participated in the third Home Birth Summit at the “discreet, quintessentially Northwest hideaway” Cedarbrook Lodge outside of Seattle, Washington. Nurse-midwives, direct-entry midwives, obstetricians, general practitioners, nurses, activists, philosophers, historians, epidemiologists, activists, a documentary filmmaker, and representatives from ACNM, MANA, and ACOG wrangled with the current policies, regulation, evidence, and ethics of home birth in the United States. This epilogue explores the impact of the Home Birth Summit on current debates on childbirth and midwifery. What is missing in 21st-century reports of the current status of midwifery, birthplace options, and birth outcomes is an awareness of the earlier collaborative efforts between some doctors, midwives, and consumers. Despite competition, criticism, and crises, attempts to improve the birthing experience started well before the year 2000. Many individuals and organizations confronted legislative, professional, and educational hurdles, determined to make birth both safe and meaningful for everyone involved.

The purpose of this chapter is to address decision making in the field of children’s and young people’s nursing practice in relation to the field-specific competencies outlined by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) in the Standards for Pre-Registration Nursing Education (NMC 2010). In order to explore these competencies further, we will consider examples from practice, and links will be made between the various examples from practice and the competencies in order to demonstrate their importance. To allow an in-depth exploration of the examples from practice, we will use Johns’ (1994) model of reflection. ‘Reflection’ is described as a means by which nurses can closely examine their theoretical knowledge along with their nursing practice (Johns 2000). The process of reflection has been found to have great benefits for nurses, because it allows them the opportunity to change and develop practice in order to carry out improved care practices (O’Regan and Fawcett 2006). In this chapter, the evidence of decision making has been interlinked with critical evidence-based reflective practice, and demonstrates its integration and development in the role of the newly qualified nurse. The chapter will begin by discussing examples derived from practice, and key aspects from these examples will be taken and related to the NMC Standards (NMC 2010). The chapter will then go on to discuss key elements required to make decisions in clinical practice. The evidence base for many of the decisions taken in the case study is interwoven throughout the narrative, thus enabling you see how they link together in nursing practice. Centred on a newly qualified staff nurse on the neonatal unit, the single case study around which this chapter is structured considers the care of a sick neonate whose parents were adolescents. This example was chosen because it illustrates many aspects of caring decisions that have to be made for patients from birth through adolescence, because the parents themselves were still in the later stages of childhood. The case study itself appears as dialogue, and the Standards and competencies referred to are those generic and field-specific competencies that a student pursuing a children’s nursing field-of-practice pathway is required to achieve, found under the heading ‘Competencies for entry to the register: Children’s nursing’ in the NMC Standards (NMC 2010).

This chapter addresses the essential nursing responsibility to ensure that adequate nutritional care is offered to all patients, whether in hospital or community-based settings. To provide appropriate nutritional care to patients or clients, nurses must have a good knowledge and understanding of the principles of human nutrition, and be able to deliver nutritional support that is informed by current clinical guidelines and up-to-date evidence, as well as to evaluate that care. Healthcare organizations have a duty to ensure that patients and clients receive high-quality nutritional care. The Council of Europe (2003) has published guidelines on food and nutritional care in hospitals, and a recent Europe-wide campaign has been launched to improve nutritional care in all types of care facility (Ljungqvist et al., 2010). A European strategy to address obesity has also been launched (Commission of the European Communities, 2007). In England, the Care Quality Commission (CQC, 2010), which regulates care settings, has set national standards concerning nutrition. The provision of high-quality nutritional care involves a range of services and requires a multidisciplinary team approach. As a nurse, your role within the multidisciplinary team is fundamental in ensuring the delivery of appropriate nutritional care. In the UK, this is clearly identified by the incorporation of ‘Nutrition and Fluid Management’ within the Essential Skills Clusters for pre-registration nursing education (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010). Human nutrition is the study of nutrients and their effect on health, and the processes by which individuals obtain nutrients and use them for growth, metabolism, and repair. The term ‘human nutrition’ therefore incorporates many aspects of behaviour and physiology. The way in which the body obtains, ingests, digests, absorbs, and metabolizes nutrients is described in core anatomy and physiology textbooks (for example, Marieb and Hoehn, 2010), and it is important that a good knowledge and understanding of these processes is gained before considering the nursing management of nutritional care. This chapter considers the principles of human nutrition that underpin the nursing management of nutritional care and focuses on the key nursing interventions that you should be able to provide with confidence. The amount and type of nutrients that a person obtains influences his or her ‘nutritional status’.

Postnatal depression (PND) in Japan, despite a traditional support system for perinatal women and cultural differences, is no less common than in western countries. Our previous two studies, which began in the 1990s, found that PND was experienced by about 15% of Japanese women. First, 98 Japanese women living in England (Yoshida et al. 1997) and then 88 Japanese women living in Japan (Yamashita et al. 2000) were recruited into two prospective studies of PND from late pregnancy to 3 postnatal months. Using the same research protocol and diagnostic method, (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Research Diagnostic Criteria), the incidence of PND was 12% and 17% respectively. We have a traditional support system for perinatal women called Satogaeri Bunben. Satogaeri means returning to their home towns where their families of origin live and Bunben means delivery. Pregnant women return to their home towns several weeks prior to their delivery and remain there, with their babies, after delivery for a couple of months. It seems to be a very supportive system. However, Satogaeri Bunben itself did not lower the incidence of PND in either of the groups mentioned above. A disadvantage of Satogaeri Bunben is that a woman cannot be monitored by the same midwife or obstetrician and her husband has to work and live separately until their reunion in their marital home (Yoshida et al. 2001). Most mothers with PND are unlikely to access psychiatric care, even though their depressive symptoms are serious (Mclntosh 1993). Therefore neonatal home visits by health visitors were seen as a potentially useful opportunity for detecting mothers with PND. Luckily, a home visit system by community health visitors has been well organized throughout Japan since the late 1940’s. In the past, the focus was on reducing infant death and promoting infant growth and development. In our city, the neonatal home visit service is provided for mother–baby dyads where (a) a baby’s birth weight is less than 2500 g, (b) first-born babies with a birth weight of less than 2800 g, (c) babies with perinatal or pediatric physical health problems.

ABSTRACT Background: Preceptorship is a time-limited, education-focused model for teaching and learning within a clinical environment that uses a clinical staff as role models. Its primary goal is to assist new staff and students in adapting to their roles, develop clinical skills and socialize the novice to a department or institution. This difference has caused various opinions from related parties. This study aimed to determine the implementation of a tutorial system from different levels of student education to the entire midwifery health care system. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selection; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The search included PubMed, Wiley, Google Scholar, dan Sciendirect. The inclusion criteria were English-language and full-text articles published between 2000 and 2019. The data were selected by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: Ten articles from total of 803 articles found. It was divided into two categories: Elements in the preceptorship model and application of preceptorship. Preceptorship can help preceptors to improve teaching effectiveness and create an effective learning environment so that preceptors can perform clinical skills to improve the quality of education. The problem that arises in preceptorship in many student reports is the difficulty students experience in finding their clinical practice area. Professional organizations provide several solutions to the issues that occur in a preceptorship, one of which is paying attention to student attendance and facilitating students to give input and ideas. Conclusion: The application of the principles in the practice of midwifery clinics varies because the guideline instruments are not standardized. Keywords: Perspectives, Preceporship, Students, Midwifery Correspondence: Ana Dyah Aliza, Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Jalan Ringroad Barat No.63, Mlangi, Nogotirto, Gamping Sleman, Yogyakarta, Email: anadyahaliza@gmail.com Mobile: 085600072744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.43

Evidence from a number of studies globally has shown a reduction in maternal and perinatal mortality when women have a skilled attendant present at birth. In Kenya, a skilled attendant assists at only 42 percent of births. In Central Province, over 70 percent deliver with a skilled attendant compared to 28 percent in Western Province. Results from one district in Western Province where midwives were given the necessary equipment and support to assist women during birth at home, showed a significant increase in home births attended by skilled health workers between 2001 and 2003 and a similar decrease in utilization of traditional birth attendants. As noted in this brief, this an indication that skilled attendance in the community is possible and a good alternative for women who are unable to reach a health facility. Building on these results, a Community Midwifery Model was developed that focuses on empowering midwives living in the community to assist women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period in their homes, manage minor complications, and facilitate referral when necessary and transfer to the hospital.