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Academic literature on the topic '200202 Evaluation of health outcomes'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "200202 Evaluation of health outcomes"

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Kersten, R. F. M. R., J. Fikkers, N. Wolterbeek, F. C. Öner, and S. M. van Gaalen. "Are the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire and Oswestry Disability Index interchangeable in patients after lumbar spinal fusion?" Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 34, no. 4 (July 13, 2021): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-200206.

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BACKGROUND: Low back pain is a common health problem for which there are several treatment options. For optimizing clinical decision making, evaluation of treatments and research purposes it is important that health care professionals are able to evaluate the functional status of patients. Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) are widely accepted and recommended. The Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) are the two mainly used condition-specific patient reported outcomes. Concerns regarding the content and structural validity and also the different scoring systems of these outcome measures makes comparison of treatment results difficult. OBJECTIVE: Aim of this study was to determine if the RMDQ and ODI could be used exchangeable by assessing the correlation and comparing different measurement properties between the questionnaires. METHODS: Clinical data from patients who participated in a multicenter RCT with 2 year follow-up after lumbar spinal fusion were used. Outcome measures were the RMDQ, ODI, Short Form 36 – Health Survey (SF-36), leg pain and back pain measured on a 0–100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, Spearman correlation coefficients, multiple regression analysis and Bland-Altman plots were calculated. RESULTS: three hundred and seventy-six completed questionnaires filled out by 87 patients were used. The ODI and RMDQ had both a good level of internal consistency. There was a very strong correlation between the RMDQ and the ODI (r= 0.87; p< 0.001), and between the VAS and both the ODI and RMDQ. However, the Bland-Altman plot indicated bad agreement between the ODI and RMDQ. CONCLUSIONS: The RMDQ and ODI cannot be used interchangeably, nor is there a possibility of converting the score from one questionnaire to the other. However, leg pain and back pain seemed to be predictors for both the ODI and the RMDQ.
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Bitzer, Eva, and Hans Dörning. "Health Outcomes and Evaluation." Public Health Forum 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pubhef-1997-1389.

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Bitzer, Eva, Jürgen Wasem, Thomas Kohlmann, and Marie-Luise Dierks. "Health Outcomes und Evaluation in Public Health." Public Health Forum 8, no. 3 (November 1, 2000): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pubhef-2000-1722.

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Stamuli, E. "Health outcomes in economic evaluation: who should value health?" British Medical Bulletin 97, no. 1 (January 31, 2011): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldr001.

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5

Aoki, Noriaki, Kim Dunn, Kathy A. Johnson-Throop, and James P. Turley. "Outcomes and Methods in Telemedicine Evaluation." Telemedicine Journal and e-Health 9, no. 4 (December 2003): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/153056203772744734.

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Allen, Christine W. "Outcomes-Based Evaluation in a Community Health Library." Journal of Hospital Librarianship 4, no. 3 (September 22, 2004): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j186v04n03_06.

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Oldridge, Neil B. "Outcomes Measurement: Health State Preferences and Economic Evaluation." Assistive Technology 8, no. 2 (December 31, 1996): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10400435.1996.10132279.

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Drude, Kenneth P., and Marlene M. Maheu. "Telemental/Telebehavioral Health Competencies, Evaluation, and Outcomes Column." Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science 3, no. 2 (February 7, 2018): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41347-018-0043-9.

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Severens, Johan L., and Richard J. Milne. "Discounting Health Outcomes in Economic Evaluation: The Ongoing Debate." Value in Health 7, no. 4 (July 2004): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2004.74002.x.

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Whitehead, S. J., and S. Ali. "Health outcomes in economic evaluation: the QALY and utilities." British Medical Bulletin 96, no. 1 (October 29, 2010): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldq033.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "200202 Evaluation of health outcomes"

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Bezerra, Roberto C. R. "Evaluation of the Epidemiologic Impact of a National Primary Health Care Policy on Infant Health Outcomes in Brazil, from 1999 to 2002." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194486.

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Programa de Saude da Familia-PSF was initially proposed as a novel model of primary health care in Brazil in 1994 as it was implemented in several Brazilian municipalities. This national policy embraces different dimensions of primary care, but has a primary reliance on maternal and child health, especially on the survival of infants, given the unfavorable Brazilian child health scenario. This study has proposed that an improvement on infant health is expected to occur through three major mechanisms: overcoming of socio-cultural and geographical barriers of access to maternal and child health services; integrality of care; and community empowerment. An ecological longitudinal study design was utilized to assess the impact of the policy implementation on municipal indicators of infant health of 1201 municipalities, from 1999 to 2002. A group of municipalities that first implemented PSF in 1999 and were covered continuously from 1999 from 2002 were compared to a group of municipalities that didn't implement this policy within the same time period. This study has found that PSF has had an overall positive impact on infant health. Overall, it might be concluded that PSF implementation has brought an important short-term improvement on municipal indicators of infant health from 1999 to 2002, especially on the infant mortality rate. Such beneficial impact tended to be stronger in socially disadvantaged municipalities, commonly with unfavorable health care scenario. Thus, the expansion of primary health care capacity and overcoming of major gaps within the access to MCH services might explain such beneficial impact of PSF implementation in Brazilian municipalities.
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Knutson, Sharon Ann 1963. "Critical paths: An evaluation of patient outcomes." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291565.

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Managed care has been proposed as a system for decreasing the cost and improving the quality of care to hospitalized patients. Critical paths, which time and sequence nursing and medical interventions, are an integral part of managed care. The purpose of this study was to describe the relationships between use of the critical paths and selected patient outcomes: length of hospital stay, mobility, pain medication regimen, and bowel regimen. A retrospective record review of hospital care for adults, having total hip replacements (n = 30), and total knee replacements (n = 30) suggested that the critical paths were used more intensively with patients having knee replacements. Although significant relationships between the intensity of use of the critical paths and patient outcomes were not found in this study, some of the findings were in the predicted direction.
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Moucheraud, Corrina. "Evaluation of Strategies and Outcomes in Maternal and Child Health." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:16121157.

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Maternal and child mortality, particularly during the neonatal period, are among the most challenging global health issues of this era. This burden disproportionately affects the poorest populations, across and within countries. And although many of these deaths would be avertable, improvements in most countries have been slow. This dissertation explores three main research questions: (1) what is the effect of maternal health on infant outcomes?; (2) what survival gains could be attained through improved interventions, across the continuum of care?; and (3) how do health system characteristics affect the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of such interventions? The first paper uses decision modeling to evaluate how increased use of family planning and of improved intrapartum care could reduce maternal deaths in Nepal—as well as the cost-effectiveness of doing so, and of accompanying interventions to achieve these targets. The second paper estimates the potential impact of administering interventions from the Safe Childbirth Checklist at health facilities in India, and how “real world” implementation might see different results due to health system characteristics. Lastly, the third paper examines child survival outcomes following a maternal death in Ethiopia, using a long-term household-level longitudinal dataset. Together, these papers aim to provide new insights on approaches to reducing the high level of mortality among women and children.
Global Health and Population
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4

Jadambaa, Amarzaya. "Bullying in Australia: Prevalence, health outcomes, cost outcomes, and economic evaluation of bullying prevention." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/206147/1/Amarzaya_Jadambaa_Thesis.pdf.

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Bullying among children and adolescents is a major public health problem. The negative consequences of bullying are not limited to health problems, nor to experiences in childhood and adolescence, and can persist into adulthood. This research found that one in seven Australian children experienced bullying victimisation; bullying victimisation contributes a significant proportion of the burden of disease; a substantial annual cost to Australian society results from bullying; and further investment in bullying prevention is an efficient use of scarce healthcare resources. This thesis makes an important contribution to the field of bullying and the vital role of bullying intervention programmes.
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Judkins, Daniel Glen 1950. "Head injury outcomes evaluation of a bicycle helmet law for children." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278664.

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Background. Bicycle helmets are 85% effective in protecting against head injury. The City of Tucson enacted an ordinance requiring children to wear a helmet. This quasi-experimental, population-based study evaluates this law's effectiveness. Hypotheses. Primary hypothesis: There will be a significant decrease in head injury occurrence in children after the helmet law. Secondary hypothesis H₂: There will be a significant decrease in head injury severity. Secondary hypothesis H₃: There will be a significant decrease in fatality due to head injury. Data collection. Trauma center trauma registry data, the hospital discharge data from other Tucson hospitals, and the medical examiner's case files. Data analysis. Chi square analysis of the proportion of head injury to all bike injuries, pre and post, revealed a significant drop in head injuries, confirming the primary hypothesis. Other analyses revealed a reduction in injury, but not to significant levels. Conclusion. The helmet law is effective.
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Cunningham, Susan Jane. "Outcomes of orthognathic treatment." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325911.

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Simatupang, Rentanida Renata. "Evaluation of Decentralization Outcomes in Indonesia: Analysis of Health and Education Sectors." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/58.

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This study examines the performance of decentralized health and education service delivery in Indonesia. Results show that education outcomes improved with decentralization, and that local governments are responding to local needs for education services. Decentralization also brings improvement to health services, as mortality rates and life expectancy are significantly improved with decentralization. However, results indicate that decentralization does not improve availability of health services, as only small percentage of municipalities in Indonesia have access to health facilities. The empirical study on the performance of proliferated municipalities provides similar conclusions to those obtained in the examination of general decentralization performance. Proliferated municipalities experience improvement in education outcomes but not so for health outcomes; these results are consistent with the previous examination. Therefore, from the result of this study, there is no evidence to reject proliferation as it does not hurt health and education service delivery outcomes.
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Ren, Cizao. "Evaluation of interactive effects between temperature and air pollution on health outcomes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16384/1/Cizao_Ren_Thesis.pdf.

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A large number of studies have shown that both temperature and air pollution (eg, particulate matter and ozone) are associated with health outcomes. So far, it has received limited attention whether air pollution and temperature interact to affect health outcomes. A few studies have examined interactive effects between temperature and air pollution, but produced conflicting results. This thesis aimed to examine whether air pollution (including ozone and particulate matter) and temperature interacted to affect health outcomes in Brisbane, Australia and 95 large US communities. In order to examine the consistency across different cities and different countries, we used two datasets to examine interactive effects of temperature and air pollution. One dataset was collected in Brisbane City, Australia, during 1996-2000. The dataset included air pollution (PM10, ozone and nitrogen dioxide), weather conditions (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) and different health outcomes. Another dataset was collected from the 95 large US communities, which included air pollution (ozone was used in the thesis), weather conditions (maximum temperature and dew point temperature) and mortality (all non-external cause mortality and cardiorespiratory mortality). Firstly, we used three parallel time-series models to examine whether maximum temperature modified PM10 effects on cardiovascular hospital admissions (CHA), respiratory hospital admissions (RHA), cardiovascular emergency visits (CEV), respiratory emergency visits (REV), cardiovascular mortality (CM) and non-external cause mortality (NECM), at lags of 0-2 days in Brisbane. We used a Poisson generalized additive model (GAM) to fit a bivariate model to explore joint response surfaces of both maximum temperature and particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10) on individual health outcomes at each lag. Results show that temperature and PM10 interacted to affect different health outcomes at various lags. Then, we separately fitted non-stratification and stratification GAM models to quantify the interactive effects. In the non-stratification model, we examined the interactive effects by including a pointwise product for both temperature and the pollutant. In the stratification model, we categorized temperature into two levels using different cut-offs and then included an interactive term for both pollutant and temperature. Results show that maximum temperature significantly and positively modified the associations of PM10 with RHA, CEV, REV, CM and NECM at various lags, but not for CHA. Then, we used the above Poisson regression models to examine whether PM10 modified the associations of minimum temperature with CHA, RHA, CEV, REV, CM and NECM at lags of 0-2 days. In this part, we categorized PM10 into two levels using the mean as cut-off to fit the stratification model. The results show that PM10 significantly modified the effects of temperature on CHA, RHA, CM and NECM at various lags. The enhanced adverse temperature effects were found at higher levels of PM10, but there was no clear evidence for synergistic effects on CEV and REV at various lags. Three parallel models produced similar results, which strengthened the validity of these findings. Thirdly, we examined whether there were the interactive effects between maximum temperature and ozone on NECM in individual communities between April and October, 1987-2000, using the data of 60 eastern US communities from the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS). We divided these communities into two regions (northeast and southeast) according to the NMMAPS study. We first used the bivariate model to examine the joint effects between temperature and ozone on NECM in each community, and then fit a stratification model in each community by categorizing temperature into three levels. After that, we used Bayesian meta-analysis to estimate overall effects across regions and temperature levels from the stratification model. The bivariate model shows that temperature obviously modified ozone effects in most of the northeast communities, but the trend was not obviously in the southeast region. Bayesian meta-analysis shows that in the northeast region, a 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 2.2% (95% posterior interval [PI]: 1.2%, 3.1 %), 3.1% (95% PI: 2.2%, 3.8 %) and 6.2 % (95% PI: 4.8%, 7.6 %) increase in mortality for low, moderate and high temperature levels, respectively, while in the southeast region, a 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 1.1% (95% PI: -1.1%, 3.2 %), 1.5% (95% PI: 0.2%, 2.8%) and 1.3% (95% PI: -0.3%, 3.0 %) increase in mortality. In addition, we examined whether temperature modified ozone effects on cardiovascular mortality in 95 large US communities between May and October, 1987-2000 using the same models as the above. We divided the communities into 7 regions according to the NMMAPS study (Northeast, Industrial Midwest, Upper Midwest, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest and Southern California). The bivariate model shows that temperature modified ozone effects in most of the communities in the northern regions (Northeast, Industrial Midwest, Upper Midwest, Northwest), but such modification was not obvious in the southern regions (Southeast, Southwest and Southern California). Bayesian meta-analysis shows that temperature significantly modified ozone effects in the Northeast, Industrial Midwest and Northwest regions, but not significant in Upper Midwest, Southeast, Southwest and Southern California. Nationally, temperature marginally positively modified ozone effects on cardiovascular mortality. A 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 0.4% (95% posterior interval [PI]: -0.2, 0.9 %), 0.3% (95% PI: -0.3%, 1.0%) and 1.6% (95% PI: 4.8%, 7.6%) increase in mortality for low, moderate and high temperature levels, respectively. The difference of overall effects between high and low temperature levels was 1.3% (95% PI: - 0.4%, 2.9%) in the 95 communities. Finally, we examined whether ozone modified the association between maximum temperature and cardiovascular mortality in 60 large eastern US communities during the warmer days, 1987-2000. The communities were divided into the northeast and southeast regions. We restricted the analyses to the warmer days when temperature was equal to or higher than the median in each community throughout the study period. We fitted a bivariate model to explore the joint effects between temperature and ozone on cardiovascular mortality in individual communities and results show that in general, ozone positively modified the association between temperature and mortality in the northeast region, but such modification was not obvious in the southeast region. Because temperature effects on mortality might partly intermediate by ozone, we divided the dataset into four equal subsets using quartiles as cut-offs. Then, we fitted a parametric model to examine the associations between temperature and mortality across different levels of ozone using the subsets. Results show that the higher the ozone concentrations, the stronger the temperature-mortality associations in the northeast region. However, such a trend was not obvious in the southeast region. Overall, this study found strong evidence that temperature and air pollution interacted to affect health outcomes. PM10 and temperature interacted to affect different health outcomes at various lags in Brisbane, Australia. Temperature and ozone also interacted to affect NECM and CM in US communities and such modification varied considerably across different regions. The symmetric modification between temperature and air pollution was observed in the study. This implies that it is considerably important to evaluate the interactive effect while estimating temperature or air pollution effects and further investigate reasons behind the regional variability.
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9

Ren, Cizao. "Evaluation of interactive effects between temperature and air pollution on health outcomes." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16384/.

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A large number of studies have shown that both temperature and air pollution (eg, particulate matter and ozone) are associated with health outcomes. So far, it has received limited attention whether air pollution and temperature interact to affect health outcomes. A few studies have examined interactive effects between temperature and air pollution, but produced conflicting results. This thesis aimed to examine whether air pollution (including ozone and particulate matter) and temperature interacted to affect health outcomes in Brisbane, Australia and 95 large US communities. In order to examine the consistency across different cities and different countries, we used two datasets to examine interactive effects of temperature and air pollution. One dataset was collected in Brisbane City, Australia, during 1996-2000. The dataset included air pollution (PM10, ozone and nitrogen dioxide), weather conditions (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) and different health outcomes. Another dataset was collected from the 95 large US communities, which included air pollution (ozone was used in the thesis), weather conditions (maximum temperature and dew point temperature) and mortality (all non-external cause mortality and cardiorespiratory mortality). Firstly, we used three parallel time-series models to examine whether maximum temperature modified PM10 effects on cardiovascular hospital admissions (CHA), respiratory hospital admissions (RHA), cardiovascular emergency visits (CEV), respiratory emergency visits (REV), cardiovascular mortality (CM) and non-external cause mortality (NECM), at lags of 0-2 days in Brisbane. We used a Poisson generalized additive model (GAM) to fit a bivariate model to explore joint response surfaces of both maximum temperature and particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10) on individual health outcomes at each lag. Results show that temperature and PM10 interacted to affect different health outcomes at various lags. Then, we separately fitted non-stratification and stratification GAM models to quantify the interactive effects. In the non-stratification model, we examined the interactive effects by including a pointwise product for both temperature and the pollutant. In the stratification model, we categorized temperature into two levels using different cut-offs and then included an interactive term for both pollutant and temperature. Results show that maximum temperature significantly and positively modified the associations of PM10 with RHA, CEV, REV, CM and NECM at various lags, but not for CHA. Then, we used the above Poisson regression models to examine whether PM10 modified the associations of minimum temperature with CHA, RHA, CEV, REV, CM and NECM at lags of 0-2 days. In this part, we categorized PM10 into two levels using the mean as cut-off to fit the stratification model. The results show that PM10 significantly modified the effects of temperature on CHA, RHA, CM and NECM at various lags. The enhanced adverse temperature effects were found at higher levels of PM10, but there was no clear evidence for synergistic effects on CEV and REV at various lags. Three parallel models produced similar results, which strengthened the validity of these findings. Thirdly, we examined whether there were the interactive effects between maximum temperature and ozone on NECM in individual communities between April and October, 1987-2000, using the data of 60 eastern US communities from the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS). We divided these communities into two regions (northeast and southeast) according to the NMMAPS study. We first used the bivariate model to examine the joint effects between temperature and ozone on NECM in each community, and then fit a stratification model in each community by categorizing temperature into three levels. After that, we used Bayesian meta-analysis to estimate overall effects across regions and temperature levels from the stratification model. The bivariate model shows that temperature obviously modified ozone effects in most of the northeast communities, but the trend was not obviously in the southeast region. Bayesian meta-analysis shows that in the northeast region, a 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 2.2% (95% posterior interval [PI]: 1.2%, 3.1 %), 3.1% (95% PI: 2.2%, 3.8 %) and 6.2 % (95% PI: 4.8%, 7.6 %) increase in mortality for low, moderate and high temperature levels, respectively, while in the southeast region, a 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 1.1% (95% PI: -1.1%, 3.2 %), 1.5% (95% PI: 0.2%, 2.8%) and 1.3% (95% PI: -0.3%, 3.0 %) increase in mortality. In addition, we examined whether temperature modified ozone effects on cardiovascular mortality in 95 large US communities between May and October, 1987-2000 using the same models as the above. We divided the communities into 7 regions according to the NMMAPS study (Northeast, Industrial Midwest, Upper Midwest, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest and Southern California). The bivariate model shows that temperature modified ozone effects in most of the communities in the northern regions (Northeast, Industrial Midwest, Upper Midwest, Northwest), but such modification was not obvious in the southern regions (Southeast, Southwest and Southern California). Bayesian meta-analysis shows that temperature significantly modified ozone effects in the Northeast, Industrial Midwest and Northwest regions, but not significant in Upper Midwest, Southeast, Southwest and Southern California. Nationally, temperature marginally positively modified ozone effects on cardiovascular mortality. A 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 0.4% (95% posterior interval [PI]: -0.2, 0.9 %), 0.3% (95% PI: -0.3%, 1.0%) and 1.6% (95% PI: 4.8%, 7.6%) increase in mortality for low, moderate and high temperature levels, respectively. The difference of overall effects between high and low temperature levels was 1.3% (95% PI: - 0.4%, 2.9%) in the 95 communities. Finally, we examined whether ozone modified the association between maximum temperature and cardiovascular mortality in 60 large eastern US communities during the warmer days, 1987-2000. The communities were divided into the northeast and southeast regions. We restricted the analyses to the warmer days when temperature was equal to or higher than the median in each community throughout the study period. We fitted a bivariate model to explore the joint effects between temperature and ozone on cardiovascular mortality in individual communities and results show that in general, ozone positively modified the association between temperature and mortality in the northeast region, but such modification was not obvious in the southeast region. Because temperature effects on mortality might partly intermediate by ozone, we divided the dataset into four equal subsets using quartiles as cut-offs. Then, we fitted a parametric model to examine the associations between temperature and mortality across different levels of ozone using the subsets. Results show that the higher the ozone concentrations, the stronger the temperature-mortality associations in the northeast region. However, such a trend was not obvious in the southeast region. Overall, this study found strong evidence that temperature and air pollution interacted to affect health outcomes. PM10 and temperature interacted to affect different health outcomes at various lags in Brisbane, Australia. Temperature and ozone also interacted to affect NECM and CM in US communities and such modification varied considerably across different regions. The symmetric modification between temperature and air pollution was observed in the study. This implies that it is considerably important to evaluate the interactive effect while estimating temperature or air pollution effects and further investigate reasons behind the regional variability.
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10

Siripol, Samantha. "Health service delivery and health outcomes of at-risk populations." Master's thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/154723.

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As required by the Master of Philosophy (Applied Epidemiology) program I completed a field placement in the Strategic Investment, Data and Evaluation Section in the Indigenous Health Division, Australian Government Department of Health. Following the introduction chapter (chapter 1), this thesis contains three projects, which aimed to: 1) explore the performance of health organisations providing social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (chapter 2); 2) analyse the relationships between health organisations’ cultural safety policies and the uptake of Medicare Benefits Scheme (MBS) health assessments among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients (chapter 3); and 3) describe and the characteristics of inpatients who acquired vanA vancomycin-resistant enterococci and compare the characteristics of inpatients with vanA versus vanB sterile site infections at the John Hunter and Calvary Mater Newcastle hospitals in Newcastle, New South Wales (chapter 4). My first project was a national survey of SEWB service delivery in 2014-15 using a quantitative questionnaire, administrative data and qualitative case studies. Service delivery strengths included accessibility, capability, continuity, appropriateness, responsiveness and sustainability. Fifteen opportunities to strengthen SEWB service delivery were identified, including in the areas of: client access, perceptions and experiences of service delivery; strengthening the SEWB workforce; and facilities required to support service delivery. These opportunities represent potential approaches that could improve the SEWB of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. For my second project, I used logistic regression to model univariate relationships between seven cultural safety policies and low or high uptake of MBS health assessments in 2014-16 using existing administrative and service performance data. Data from 174 health organisations showed no associations between cultural safety policies and health assessment uptake, however this is likely due to study and data limitations. In my third project, I conducted two case series analyses. The first described numbers and proportions of 168 vanA and vanAB acquisitions in 2013-2015. It also examined potential contributing environmental exposures and other risk factors that might lead to infection or colonisation. The second case series used Wilcoxon rank-sum, Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests to compare morbidity and mortality outcomes between vanA and vanB for 42 inpatients with laboratory-confirmed sterile site infections in 2015. No specific environmental exposures or risk factors that likely contributed to acquisition, and no difference in morbidity and mortality outcomes between genotypes, were identified. This may suggest that vanA is endemic to the hospital environment, highlighting the importance of standard, enhanced and tailored infection prevention and control precautions. To meet the teaching requirements, I presented to my peers on logic models and confounding. Additional to the program requirements, I completed an internship in the Ebola Community Engagement Team at the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Chapters 5 and 6, respectively, reflect on these experiences. I highly value the opportunities and the skills, experience and knowledge in epidemiology, public health research and practice I developed in the program. I applied my knowledge of logic models, skills in data analysis and interpretation, and knowledge of the importance of understanding and accommodating culture and belief systems when addressing public health issues in my paid employment in my field placement.
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Books on the topic "200202 Evaluation of health outcomes"

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F, Long Andrew, Brettle Alison, and UK Clearing House for Information on Health Outcomes., eds. Measuring the health care outcomes of adult asthmatics. Leeds: UK Clearing House for Information on Health Outcomes, Nuffield Institute for Health, 1996.

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Healthcare outcomes management: Strategies for planning and evaluation. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2006.

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L, Stewart Anita, and Ware John E, eds. Measuring functioning and well-being: The medical outcomes study approach. Durham: Duke University Press, 1992.

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Walters, Stephen J. Quality of Life Outcomes in Clinical Trials and Health-Care Evaluation. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470840481.

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Working Group on Homeless Health Outcomes (1996 Rockville, Md.). The Working Group on Homeless Health Outcomes: Meeting proceedings. Rockville, Md: The Bureau, 1996.

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Hailey, David. Nursing skill mix and health care outcomes. Edmonton: Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research, 2001.

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Commission, Massachusetts Rate Setting, ed. Health care quality and the importance of outcomes measurement. [Boston, Mass. (2 Boyson St., Boston 02116): Massachusetts Rate Setting Commission, 1993.

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Patient-reported outcomes: Measurement, implementation and interpretation. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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Evaluation fundamentals: Insights into the outcomes, effectiveness, and quality of health programs. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 2005.

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Improving outcomes in public health practice: Strategy and methods. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "200202 Evaluation of health outcomes"

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Razzouk, Denise. "Outcomes Measurement for Economic Evaluation." In Mental Health Economics, 35–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55266-8_3.

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Cappelleri, Joseph C., and Andrew G. Bushmakin. "Measurement of Patient-Reported Outcomes of Health Services." In Health Services Evaluation, 537–57. New York, NY: Springer US, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8715-3_34.

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Noyes, Katia, Fergal J. Fleming, James C. Iannuzzi, and John R. T. Monson. "Health Services Information: Data-Driven Improvements in Surgical Quality: Structure, Process, and Outcomes." In Health Services Evaluation, 141–70. New York, NY: Springer US, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8715-3_8.

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Chiappelli, Francesco. "Evaluation in Patient-Centered Outcomes Research." In Fundamentals of Evidence-Based Health Care and Translational Science, 311–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41857-0_11.

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Mazmanian, Paul E., Moshe Feldman, Taylor E. Berens, Angela P. Wetzel, and David A. Davis. "Evaluating Outcomes in Continuing Education and Training." In International Best Practices for Evaluation in the Health Professions, 199–227. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781846198557-10.

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Rogers, Heather L., Vítor Raposo, Maja Vajagic, and Bojana Knezevic. "Person-Centred Care Implementation: Design and Evaluation Considerations." In Intelligent Systems for Sustainable Person-Centered Healthcare, 35–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79353-1_3.

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AbstractThe Gothenburg model of Person-Centred Care (PCC) is an evidence-based intervention shown to improve care and health outcomes while maintaining cost. Other health systems could benefit from its sustainable implementation. The WE-CARE implementation framework, adapted by COSTCares, provides a base set of enablers and outcomes recommended for the design and evaluation of PCC. The methodology is extended using implementation science to systematically address contextual factors at different levels. Evidence-based frameworks, such as the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), for example, and hybrid effectiveness-implementation study designs can be used. Additional enablers to consider when designing and evaluating PCC implementation strategies are discussed. The outcomes of quality of care and cost can be addressed using a Value for Money (VfM) framework. Various VfM methods and analysis models can be incorporated into PCC implementation research design in order to influence policy makers and health system decision makers towards the sustainable uptake of PCC.
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Nissanholtz-Gannot, Rachel, and Nitza Davidovitch. "Evaluation of Teaching and Learning Outcomes in Health Systems Management Studies, the Case of Israel: Ideal Versus Actual." In Handbook of Comparative Studies on Community Colleges and Global Counterparts, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38909-7_48-1.

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Nissanholtz-Gannot, Rachel, and Nitza Davidovitch. "Evaluation of Teaching and Learning Outcomes in Health Systems Management Studies, the Case of Israel: Ideal Versus Actual." In Handbook of Comparative Studies on Community Colleges and Global Counterparts, 381–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50911-2_48.

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Schwartz, Sheree, Nikita Viswasam, and Phelister Abdalla. "Integrated Interventions to Address Sex Workers’ Needs and Realities: Academic and Community Insights on Incorporating Structural, Behavioural, and Biomedical Approaches." In Sex Work, Health, and Human Rights, 231–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64171-9_13.

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AbstractSex workers experience multi-factorial threats to their physical and mental health. Stigma, human rights violations and occupational exposures to violence, STIs, HIV, and unintended pregnancy create complex health inequities that may not be effectively addressed through programmes or services that focus on a single disease or issue. Meeting cisgender female, male, and transgender sex workers’ unmet needs and realities effectively requires more nuanced, multi-faceted public health approaches. Using a community-informed perspective, this chapter reviews layered multi-component and multi-level interventions that address a combination of structural, behavioural, and biomedical approaches. This chapter addresses (1) what are integrated interventions and why they are important; (2) what types of integrated interventions have been tested and what evidence is available on how integrated interventions have affected health outcomes; (3) what challenges and considerations are important when evaluating integrated interventions. Key findings include the dominance of biomedical and behavioural research among sex workers, which have produced mixed results at achieving impact. There is a need for further incorporation and evaluation of structural intervention components, particularly those identified as highest priority among sex workers, as well as the need for more opportunities for leadership from the sex work community in setting and implementing the research agenda.
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Renzi, Pietro, and Alberto Franci. "EGIPSS model for the evaluation of performance in healthcare." In Proceedings e report, 167–72. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-461-8.32.

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The need to improve performance in the Italian healthcare sector and thereby optimise the availability and delivery of related services has long been recognised. The associated reforms and developmental programmes have meant that the focus of health services has moved from a means-based approach to a results-based approach; which was an essential step to enabling real performance improvements according to the new public management paradigm. What is essential is a means of measuring and evaluating changes in healthcare sector performance which will support policy-makers to provide transparency and accountability, in accordance with the Tallinn Charter. This is particularly relevant in the healthcare sector, where outcomes are critical. This paper examines the concept of performance and performance assessment in the healthcare sector; acknowledging the inherent difficulties caused by the complexity of the systems and the multiplicity of performance-related definitions involved. This latter point is illustrated by the fact that many international organisations, such as the WHO and the OECD, have used varying models to assess and compare the performance of health systems in different countries. The authors have compared and evaluated a wide range of models and have determined the merits of the EGIPSS (Évaluation Globale et Intégrée de la Performance des Systèmes de Santé) integrative model. This is based on Parson's theory of social action which specifies four functions necessary for an organisation to survive. EGIPSS takes into consideration the conceptual contributions of different organisations, and covers a comparatively large number of performance measurements. A detailed illustration of the methodology is presented, together with some healthcare-related results for the Republic of San Marino and parts of the Marche Region in Italy.
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Conference papers on the topic "200202 Evaluation of health outcomes"

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Woodside, Joseph M. "Health Intelligence Model for Evaluation of Social Media Outcomes." In 2012 Ninth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itng.2012.140.

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Jianyu Lu, Huanli Ruan, Ying Zhang, Sui Zhu, Yueneng Chen, and Tongda Sun. "Construction and implementation outcomes evaluation of community health management information system." In 2011 International Symposium on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itime.2011.6132062.

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Bahig, Houda, Sweet Ng, Courtney III, Theresa Nguyen, Gary Gunn, David Rosenthal, Steven Frank, et al. "A Prospective Evaluation of Health-Related Patient-Reported Outcomes after Skull Base Reirradiation." In 29th Annual Meeting North American Skull Base Society. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1679632.

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Eryyani, Martina, and Acep Kusdiwelirawan. "Evaluation of 2013 Curriculum Implementation of Physics Subjects Learning Outcomes." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Education, Humanities, Health and Agriculture, ICEHHA 2021, 3-4 June 2021, Ruteng, Flores, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.3-6-2021.2310778.

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Amresh, Ashish, Rahul Salla, Madhumita Sinha, and Rebecca Birr. "Design, implementation and evaluation of a game-based intervention targeting Latino children for improving obesity outcomes." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health (SeGAH). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/segah.2016.7586280.

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Østergaard, SL, and RM Lyngby. "34 Evaluation of dispatch outcomes and staffing of the copenhagen mobile health and social care unit." In Emergency Medical Services Congress 2019. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-ems.34.

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Donin, Gleb, and Ales Tichopad. "Corticosteroids in the Early Treatment of Covid-19: Feasibility Study of the Use of Czech Administrative Data in an Real-World Outcomes Evaluation." In 2022 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ehb55594.2022.9991360.

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Peacock, PJ, ST Zengeya, L. Cochrane, and M. Sleath. "G234(P) Neonatal Outcomes Following Delivery in Water: Evaluation Of Safety in a District General Hospital." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the Annual Conference, 24–26 May 2017, ICC, Birmingham. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313087.229.

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Alarcon-Payer, C., JE Martínez-de la Plata, S. Cano Domínguez, ME Clavero Sánchez, R. Ríos Tamayo, M. Jurado Chacón, and A. Jiménez Morales. "4CPS-103 Evaluation of health outcomes of daratumumab in monotherapy in adult patients with relapsed refractory multiple myeloma." In 24th EAHP Congress, 27th–29th March 2019, Barcelona, Spain. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2019-eahpconf.252.

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Sarvasiddhi, S., E. Von Boxel, S. Menon, B. Shine, and T. Makaya. "G558(P) Review of neonatal cortisol evaluation between 2012–2018 in a single centre: trends, outcomes and associations." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference–Online, 25 September 2020–13 November 2020. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-rcpch.476.

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Reports on the topic "200202 Evaluation of health outcomes"

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Momany, Elizabeth, Peter Damiano, Dan M. Shane, Phuong Nguyen-Hoang, Suzanne Bentler, and Jason Wachsmuth. Evaluation of Iowa Medicaid’s Integrated Health Home Program Outcomes and Costs of Care, SFY 2013-SFY 2015. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Public Policy Center, February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/p2h1-hd45.

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Treadwell, Jonathan R., James T. Reston, Benjamin Rouse, Joann Fontanarosa, Neha Patel, and Nikhil K. Mull. Automated-Entry Patient-Generated Health Data for Chronic Conditions: The Evidence on Health Outcomes. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb38.

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Background. Automated-entry consumer devices that collect and transmit patient-generated health data (PGHD) are being evaluated as potential tools to aid in the management of chronic diseases. The need exists to evaluate the evidence regarding consumer PGHD technologies, particularly for devices that have not gone through Food and Drug Administration evaluation. Purpose. To summarize the research related to automated-entry consumer health technologies that provide PGHD for the prevention or management of 11 chronic diseases. Methods. The project scope was determined through discussions with Key Informants. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (via EMBASE.com), In-Process MEDLINE and PubMed unique content (via PubMed.gov), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for systematic reviews or controlled trials. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov for ongoing studies. We assessed risk of bias and extracted data on health outcomes, surrogate outcomes, usability, sustainability, cost-effectiveness outcomes (quantifying the tradeoffs between health effects and cost), process outcomes, and other characteristics related to PGHD technologies. For isolated effects on health outcomes, we classified the results in one of four categories: (1) likely no effect, (2) unclear, (3) possible positive effect, or (4) likely positive effect. When we categorized the data as “unclear” based solely on health outcomes, we then examined and classified surrogate outcomes for that particular clinical condition. Findings. We identified 114 unique studies that met inclusion criteria. The largest number of studies addressed patients with hypertension (51 studies) and obesity (43 studies). Eighty-four trials used a single PGHD device, 23 used 2 PGHD devices, and the other 7 used 3 or more PGHD devices. Pedometers, blood pressure (BP) monitors, and scales were commonly used in the same studies. Overall, we found a “possible positive effect” of PGHD interventions on health outcomes for coronary artery disease, heart failure, and asthma. For obesity, we rated the health outcomes as unclear, and the surrogate outcomes (body mass index/weight) as likely no effect. For hypertension, we rated the health outcomes as unclear, and the surrogate outcomes (systolic BP/diastolic BP) as possible positive effect. For cardiac arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities we rated the health outcomes as unclear and the surrogate outcome (time to arrhythmia detection) as likely positive effect. The findings were “unclear” regarding PGHD interventions for diabetes prevention, sleep apnea, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most studies did not report harms related to PGHD interventions; the relatively few harms reported were minor and transient, with event rates usually comparable to harms in the control groups. Few studies reported cost-effectiveness analyses, and only for PGHD interventions for hypertension, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; the findings were variable across different chronic conditions and devices. Patient adherence to PGHD interventions was highly variable across studies, but patient acceptance/satisfaction and usability was generally fair to good. However, device engineers independently evaluated consumer wearable and handheld BP monitors and considered the user experience to be poor, while their assessment of smartphone-based electrocardiogram monitors found the user experience to be good. Student volunteers involved in device usability testing of the Weight Watchers Online app found it well-designed and relatively easy to use. Implications. Multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have evaluated some PGHD technologies (e.g., pedometers, scales, BP monitors), particularly for obesity and hypertension, but health outcomes were generally underreported. We found evidence suggesting a possible positive effect of PGHD interventions on health outcomes for four chronic conditions. Lack of reporting of health outcomes and insufficient statistical power to assess these outcomes were the main reasons for “unclear” ratings. The majority of studies on PGHD technologies still focus on non-health-related outcomes. Future RCTs should focus on measurement of health outcomes. Furthermore, future RCTs should be designed to isolate the effect of the PGHD intervention from other components in a multicomponent intervention.
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Wiecha, Jean L., and Mary K. Muth. Agreements Between Public Health Organizations and Food and Beverage Companies: Approaches to Improving Evaluation. RTI Press, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.op.0067.2101.

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Efforts in the United States and abroad to address the chronic disease epidemic have led to the emergence of voluntary industry agreements as a substitute for regulatory approaches to improve the healthfulness of foods and beverages. Because of the lack of access to data and limited budgets, evaluations of these agreements have often been limited to process evaluation with less focus on outcomes and impact. Increasing scientific scope and rigor in evaluating voluntary food and beverage industry agreements would improve potential public health benefits and understanding of the effects of these agreements. We describe how evaluators can provide formative, process, and outcome assessment and discuss challenges and opportunities for impact assessment. We explain how logic models, industry profiles, quasi-experimental designs, mixed-methods approaches, and third-party data can improve the effectiveness of agreement design and evaluation. These methods could result in more comprehensive and rigorous evaluation of voluntary industry agreements, thus providing data to bolster the public health impacts of future agreements. However, improved access to data and larger evaluation budgets will be needed to support improvements in evaluation.
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Crincoli, Tim, Ella Beveridge, Taylor Griffith, and Howard White. Development impact evaluations in Pakistan: A country evaluation map. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/cswp2.

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This map presents the impact evaluations contained in the 3ie Evidence Hub for Pakistan in a framework with interventions adapted from the Pakistan 2025 strategy and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as outcomes. The most well-represented area is human capital interventions and outcomes, most notably health, but also including many studies for education (including cash transfers). Other well-represented areas are gender and, to a lesser extent, microfinance. All these are areas in which a country-level synthesis may be of interest. Beyond this, the map mostly shows gaps—areas where there are no impact evaluations despite there being many interventions in these areas that are amenable to rigorous impact evaluation, such as rural roads and water management.
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Futch Ehrlich, Valerie A. Leadership Development as a Lever for Social Change: An Evaluation Framework and Impact Storytelling Approach. Center for Creative Leadeship, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35613/ccl.2022.2050.

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Founded with the mission to “advance the understanding, practice, and development of leadership for the benefit of society worldwide”, the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL) has served both the social and commercial sectors for over 50 years. Many of our programs across corporate, government, philanthropic, and social (e.g., NGOS, nonprofits, K12 institutions, higher education institutions, and population health organizations) sectors have the goal of improving outcomes for individual leaders and groups, and extending those outcomes to create impact at the organizational, community, or societal level. Our clients often aspire for large and transformational impact. They are interested in telling stories of impact – both immediate and sustained – that trace the power of their investment and its ability to result in improved outcomes for individuals, organizations, and communities. However, it’s often difficult or impossible to represent such impact without intentional planning and measurement. Using the idea of levers as a metaphor, we present a pathway for how leadership development across contexts can lead to larger scale impact, with examples from some of our current efforts to demonstrate this impact. We also provide a typology of stories that can be useful for communicating complex impact pathways. The typology provides metaphors for understanding the variety of layers of impact that contribute to societal change. Our work in support of this framework is continuously evolving, as we are learning, improving our measures, and identifying opportunities for increased evaluation efforts.
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Dougherty, Leanne, Lynn Abu Turk, Nrupa Jani, and Chaibou Dadi. Evaluation of RISE II integrated social and behavior change activities in Niger: Baseline report. Population Council, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2022.1026.

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Breakthrough RESEARCH is conducting a mixed-methods study that includes quantitative methods to assess differential changes over time in key health outcomes associated with Resilience in the Sahel Enhanced (RISE) II's integrated social and behavioral change (SBC) strategy and qualitative methods to explain how and why gender-related changes occurred or were associated with these changes. This technical report presents descriptive baseline findings for the quantitative portion of the evaluation. This information will support RISE II's Resilience Food Security Activity partners to understand how to tailor planned SBC approaches to address barriers to adopting targeted health behaviors.
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Robinson, Andy. Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.027.

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The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.
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Robinson, Andy. Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.025.

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The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.
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Silva, Martha, Nrupa Jani, Adetunji Adetayo, and Mayokun Adediran. Qualitative evaluation of Breakthrough ACTION/Nigeria’s community capacity strengthening approach to sustaining integrated social and behavior change programming: Phase I. Population Council, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2022.1024.

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To ensure the maintenance and sustainability of social and behavior change (SBC), Breakthrough ACTION/Nigeria is implementing a phased, performance-based community capacity strengthening (CCS) approach that focuses on engaging existing community leaders and structures—namely ward development committees—to increase community self-efficacy, coordinate and support the health ecosystem in general, and to ensure sustained community-level activities supporting behavior change and positive social norms for improved health outcomes. Using a qualitative approach, Breakthrough RESEARCH assessed early successes, challenges, and opportunities for Breakthrough ACTION/Nigeria’s CCS Phase 1 approach in selected wards of the Bauchi and Sokoto states in Nigeria.
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Erulkar, Annabel, and Erica Chong. Evaluation of a savings and micro-credit program for vulnerable young women in Nairobi. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1010.

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Tap and Reposition Youth (TRY) was a four-year initiative undertaken by the Population Council and K-Rep Development Agency to reduce adolescents’ vulnerabilities to adverse social and reproductive health outcomes by improving livelihoods options. The project targeted out-of-school adolescent girls and young women aged 16–22 residing in low-income and slum areas of Nairobi. TRY used a modified group-based micro-finance model to extend integrated savings, credit, business support, and mentoring to out-of-school adolescents and young women. A longitudinal study of participants was conducted with a matched comparison group identified through cross-sectional community-based studies, undertaken at baseline and endline to enable an assessment of changes associated with the project. This report states that 326 participants and their controls were interviewed at baseline and 222 pairs were interviewed at endline. The results suggest that rigorous micro-finance models may be appropriate for a subset of girls, especially those who are older and less vulnerable. The impact on noneconomic indicators is less clear. Additional experimentation and adaptation is required to develop livelihoods models that acknowledge and respond to the particular situation of adolescent girls.
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