Academic literature on the topic '2002 i-701'

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was discovered as a novel pathogen in the 2002–2003 SARS epidemic. The emergence and disappearance of this pathogen have brought questions regarding its source and evolution. Within the genome sequences of 281 SARS-CoVs, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and SARS-related CoVs (SARSr-CoVs), a ~430 bp genomic region (from 27 701 bp to 28 131 bp in AY390556.1) with regular variations was investigated. This ~430 bp region overlaps with the ORF8 gene and is prone to deletions and nucleotide substitutions. Its complexity suggested the need for a new genotyping method for coronaviruses related to SARS-similar coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, SARSr-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2). Bat SARSr-CoV presented 3 genotypes, of which type 0 is only seen in bat SARSr-CoV, type I is present in SARS in the early phase, and type II is found in all SARS-CoV-2. This genotyping also shows potential usage in distinguishing the SARS-similar coronaviruses from different hosts and geographic areas. This genomic region has important implications for predicting the epidemic trend and studying the evolution of coronavirus.

Air Product, 2014, Cellulosic Biofuels (Pembakaran/Gasifikasi Lignin Hidrolisis). Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. http://www.airpro-ducts.co.id/industries/Energy/Bioenergy/Cellulosic-Biofuels/product-list/ com-bustiongasification-of-hydrolyis-lignin-cellulosic-biofuels.aspx?itemId =8F39-9214FA4A462FA14588FE4F 86D3C2, Diakses tanggal 27 Oktober 2014Alejandro R., L. Serranoa, A. Morala, A. Pereza dan L. Jimeneza, 2007, Bioresource Tehnology, 98 (3): 554-559.Andaka Ganjar, 2011, Hidrolisis Ampas Tebu Menjadi Furfural Dengan Katalisator Asam Sulfat, Jurnal Teknologi, Volume 4 Nomor 2, Desember 2011, 180-188Anindyawati, Trisanti, 2009, Prospek Enzim dan Limbah Lignoselulosa Untuk Produksi Bioetanol, Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi-LIPI, CibinongAnnisa, Gina, 2012, Hidrodeoksigenasi Bio-Oil menggunakan katalis CoMo/C untuk Optimalisasi Produksi Alkana dan Alkohol, Skripsi Universitas Indonesia, Depok.Artati, K., Enny, E., Novia Margareta, H. Widhie Vissia, 2010, Konstanta Kecepatan Reaksi Sebagai Suhu Hidrolisa Selulosa Dari Ampas tebu dengan Katalisator Asam Sulfat. Ekuilibrum Volume 9 Nomor 1 Januari 2010 Hal. 1-4. ISSN 1412-9124Darnako, 1992, Potensi Pemanfataan Limbah Lignoselulosa Kelapa Sawit Melalui Bioonversi, Berita Penelitian Perkebunan, 2 (2) : 85 – 87.Dea, I. A., 2009, Kajian Awal Biokonversi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) Menjadi Etanol Melalui Sakarifikasi dan fermentasi Alkoholik, Institut Teknologi Bandung, BandungDinas Perkebunan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, 2013, Komoditi Kelapa Sawit, SamarindaFadiarwaty Diyah dan Susanto Herri, 2005, Penghematan Konsumsi Katalis Dalam Proses Hidrolisis Tandan kosong kelapa sawit Untuk Produksi Furfural, Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia Volume 4 Nomor 3 Desember 2005 hal. 279 – 286Hambali, E., S. Mujdalipah, A. H. Tambunan, A. W. Pattiwiri dan Roy H. 2007, Teknologi Bioenergi, Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.Hidajati, Nurul, 2006, Pengolahan Tongkol Jagung Sebagai Bahan Pembuatan Furfural, Jurnal Ilmu Dasar Volume 8 No. 1, Universitas Negeri Surabaya. SurabayaIriani, P. I., 2009, Kajian Awal Biokonversi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) Menjadi Etanol Melalui Skarifikasi dan Fermentasi Alkoholik, Diakses dari http://www.sith.itob.ac.id pada tanggal 16 April 2012.Juwita Rinna, Syarif Rizki Lailan, Tuhuloala Abubakar, 2012, Pengaruh dan Konsentrasi Asam Terhadap Sintesis furfural Dari Sekam Padi. Konversi, Volume 1 Nomor 1, Oktober 2012. Hal. 34 -38.Ketaren, S., 2005, Minyak dan Lemak Pangan., Universitas Indonesia Press, JakartaKirk, R. E., dan Othmer, D., 1995, Furan Derivatives : Supplement Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons. New YorkLewis, J. Richard., 2001, Condensed Chemical Dictionary Fourteenth Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York.Nist Standard Reference Data, 2011, 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl- Material Measturement Laboratory. The U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. AmericaOthmer dan Kirk, 1969, Furfural and other furan compounds,”encyclopedia of chemical Technology2nd. Ed., Vol.10Padil, Yelmida A., dan Masfika Candra, 2011, Optimasi Hidrolisis Tandan kosong kelapa sawit Dengan Ekstrak Abu Tks Menggunakan Rancangan Percobaan Response Surface Methode. Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi 10 (1), Maret 2011: 42-46.Peby, Agrian 2010, Biomass to liquid: Proses Konversi tandan kosong sawit kelapa sawit menjadi biooil dengan metode pirolisis, Skripsi, Universitas Indonesia, DepokPurwito dan Firmanti, 2005, Pemanfaatan Limbah Sawit dan Asbuton Untuk Bahan Pencegah Seranggan Rayap Tanah: Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, BandungRohana Aulina Nova, Mardiah Elida dan Afrizal, 2013, Produksi Selulase Dari Aspergillus Niger Dan Kemampuannya Menghidrolisis Ampas Tebu, Jurnal Kimia Unand (ISSN No. 2303-3401), Volume 2 Nomor 2, Mei 2013Roliadi, H dan Fatriasari, W., 2011, Kemungkinan Pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Papan Serat Berkerapatan Sedang, Universitas Sriwijaya, PalembangSampepana, Eldha, Yustini Eka Paluphy, Renaldi Adhytia, Amiroh, 2013, Optimalisasi Proses Hidrolisis Furfural dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit, Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Samarinda, SamarindaSugiarta, Karmila Dian, 2009, Prarancangan Pabrik Furfural Dari Sekam Padi Dengan Proses Quaker Oats Kapasitas 1.550 Ton Per Tahun, Jurusan Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, SurakartaSuharto, 2006, Pemanfaatan Limbah Tandan Kosong Sawit untuk Produksi Commercial Grade Furfural, Laporan Akhir Kumulatif – Program Penelitian dan Pengembangan IPTEK, LIPISunarko, 2007, Petunjuk Praktis Budi Daya dan Pengolahan Kelapa Sawit, Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.Sun, Y. dan Cheng, J., 2002, Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review, Bioresource Technology, 83(1), 1-11Suryadi, H., T., Katsuragi, N., Yoshida, S. Suzuki, dan Y. Tani., 2000, Polyol production by culture of methanol utilizing yeast. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 89 (3): -Taherzadeh, M. J., dan Karimi, K., 2007, Enzyme-based hydrolysis processes for ethanol from lignocellulosic materials: A review, BioResources, 2(4), 707-738Wahyuni, Susilowati Ari, Setyaningsih Ratna, 2004, Optimasi Produksi Xilitol Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Hidrolisat Hemiselulosa Bagase Oleh Candida Tropicalis. Biofarmasi 2 (1): 29-34, Pebruari 2004, ISSN: 1693-2242Wijanarko Anondho, Witono Anton Johanes, Wiguna Satria Made, 2006, Tinjauan Komprehensif Perancangan Awal Pabrik Furfural Berbasis Ampas Tebu Di Indonesia, Journal Of The Indonesian Oil And Gas Community. Published By “Komunitas Migas Indonesia”, ISSN: 1829-9466Wijaya Mohammad, Noor Erliza, Irawadi Tedja Tun Dan Pari Gustan, 2008, Perubahan Suhu Pirolisis Terhadap Struktur Kimia Asap Cair Dari Serbuk Gergaji Kayu Pinus, Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Hasil Hutan 1(2): 73-77 (2008)Wilson, W.C., 1941,"Furan", Org. Synth, Coll. Vol. 1: 274

Absztrakt A korai stádiumú (stage I–II) emlőrákok miatt végzett emlőmegtartó műtétek utáni lokális recidíváknak (LR) számos hajlamosító tényezőjét említi a szakirodalom, de egyes faktorok jelentősége nem egyértelmű. Ilyen az intraductalis komponens (IC) jelenléte, melyet a szerzők egy része az LR prediktív faktorának tekint, mások nem, vagy csak egyéb tényezőkkel való együttes jelenlétekor találtak összefüggést az LR-rel. A szerzők vizsgálatukban arra a kérdésre keresték a választ, hogy beteganyagukban az IC különböző mértékű jelenléte mennyiben befolyásolja az LR mértékét különböző tumorméretek és szövettani anaplasiafokok mellett. 1996 és 2002 között 701 betegnél végeztek emlőmegtartó műtétet korai stádiumú emlőrák miatt. Az IC szempontjából a daganatokat 3 csoportba osztották: IC-negatív, ha intraductalis komponens nem volt kimutatható, MIC (IC < 25%), ha az intraductalis komponens az össztumormennyiség 25%-ánál kisebb volt, és EIC (IC > 25%), ha 25%-nál nagyobb mértékben volt jelen. 65 hónapos átlagos követési idő alatt 13,5%-ban észleltek LR-t. IC nélküli daganat esetében 8,7%-ban (recidívaráta: 0,017, 95% CI: 0,012–0,023) jelentkezett helyi kiújulás, ugyanezek az értékek MIC és EIC esetében 16,8%-ra (recidívaráta: 0,032, 95% CI: 0,021–0,047), illetve 25,6%-ra (recidívaráta: 0,046, 95% CI: 0,033–0,064) emelkedtek (p = 0,0001). T1 tumorméret esetében a fenti értékek 6,4%, 11% és 24,3%-nak, T2 esetében 11,5%, 22,9% és 27%-nak adódtak (p < 0,005). Ha az EIC G3 differenciáltsági fokkal társult, úgy T1 tumorméret esetén az IC nélküli 6,9%-ról 31%-ra (p = 0,008), T2 esetén 15,7%-ról 33,3%-ra nőtt az LR előfordulási gyakorisága (p = 0,02). Az eredményekből a szerzők azt állapítják meg, hogy az intraductalis komponens jelenléte önmagában is az LR felléptének nagyobb veszélyét jelenti, mely kockázat jelentősen növekszik, amennyiben az EIC G3 szövettani grade-del társul. A kiemelt kockázatú betegek egyénre szabott adjuváns kezelésének megtervezésekor ezt a tényt feltétlenül tekintetbe kell venni. Ezen betegcsoport utánkövetésére fokozott figyelmet kell fordítani.

Los Bronces has two ROM dump leach operations called Leach I and Leach II. Leach I was commissioned in 1998 and currently produces 12,700 ton per year. The copper mineralization in these dumps is largely sulfides, namely 60% chalcocite/covellite, 30% chalcopyrite and the balance is oxides. The Leach II plant, commissioned in early 2002, was built to treat around 700 million ton of marginal ore having 0.45% total copper. The copper mineralogy of this material is estimated to be 70% chalcopyrite, 20% chalcocite/covellite and the balance oxides. Current copper production is 33,700 ton per year. Early in 2004 it was decided to conduct a complete column test work program, aimed at reducing power, acid and lime consumption at the Leach II plant. The results of this work, partially reported at IBS 2005, have been successfully applied to the commercial operation since the end of 2005. As a consequence, the projected reduction in operating costs for 2006 of US$ 5.5 million was accomplished. The main results of the column test work program, the modifications implemented together with the results obtained at the operation, including a molecular characterization of the microbial population, are discussed in this paper.

Генуэзская крепость Чембало (1345–1475 гг.), размещалась на горе Кастрон и имела сложную городскую и фортификационную планиграфию. В западной части города к 80–90-м гг. XIV в. сформировался латинский квартал, над которым возвышался замок св. Николая. В систему застройки латинского квартала входила церковь («храм №1»), которую исследователи (1999–2003 гг.) априорно стали именовать «храмом св. Николая». Однако западный мыс горы Кастрон носит имя св. Георгия. Это может служить основанием для предположения, что данный храм был посвящён св. Георгию – патрону города Генуи. Экспедицией Эрмитажа изучено четыре церковных постройки XIV–XV вв. (храмы №№ 2–5). Всем храмам присущи общие черты и функции. Их конструкции сложены из бута на известковом растворе. В кладках углов, дверных и оконных проёмов использованы сполии, выполненные из нуммулитового известняка. В храме № 5 в качестве строительного материала применены не только архитектурные детали, но фрагменты надгробий и посвятительных надписей из армянского храма XIV–XVII в. Ни на одном из храмов XIV–XV вв. не выявлены следы перекрытия с применением византийской кровельной черепицы – керамид и калиптеров. Черепичное покрытие («татарка») использовано только в конце XVIII в. при восстановлении храмов № 1 и № 5. Православные храмы (№ 2–5) возводились с использованием византийского фута (0,318 м). Церковные комплексы использовались на протяжении полутора-двух столетий в качестве квартальных городских часовен. В среднем на некрополях при каждой из церквей выявлено не менее 75 погребённых. Только в одном храме (№ 1) удалось in situ выявить следы полихромной стенной росписи. ЛИТЕРАТУРААдаксина С.Б. Монастырский комплекс X–XVI вв. на г.Аю-Даг. СПб.: ГЭ, 2002. 116 с.Адаксина С.Б. Работы Южно-Крымской археологической экспедиции // Археологические экспедиции в Крыму. 1995 год /отв. ред. В.Л. Мыц. Симферополь: Сонат, 2005. С. 11−15.Адаксина С.Б., Кирилко В.П., Мыц В.Л. Отчёт об археологических исследованиях средневековой крепости Чембало в 2004 году / Материалы Южно-Крымской археологической экспедиции. Вып. IV. СПб. Симферополь: ГЭ, 2005.190 с.Адаксина С.Б., Кирилко В.П., Мыц В.Л. Отчёт об археологических исследованиях средневековой крепости Чембало (г. Балаклава) в 2005 году / Материалы Южно-Крымской археологической экспедиции. Вып. V. СПб.; Симферополь: ГЭ, 2006. 223 с.Адаксина С.Б., Мыц В.Л. Отчет об археологических исследованиях средневековой крепости Чембало (г.Балаклава) в 2006 году / Материалы Южно-Крымской археологической экспедиции. Вып. VI. СПб.; Симферополь: ГЭ, 2007. 277 с.Адаксина С.Б., Мыц В.Л. Отчёт об археологических исследованиях средневековой крепости Чембало (г. Балаклава) в 2007 г. // Материалы Южно-Крымской археологической экспедиции. Вып. VII. СПб. Симферополь: ГЭ, 2008. 215 с.Адаксина С.Б., Мыц В.Л. Отчёт об археологических исследованиях средневековой крепости Чембало (г. Балаклава) в 2014 г. // Материалы Южно-Крымской археологической экспедиции. Вып. XII. СПб.; Севстополь: ГЭ, 2015. 204 с.Адаксина С.Б., Мыц В.Л. Золотоордынские компоненты в культуре генуэзского города Чембало (Балаклавы) в XIV−XV вв. // Археология Евразийских степей. 2018. №4. С. 206−210.Алексеенко Н.А., Дьячков С.В. Отчет о раскопках «консульской церкви» на территории крепости Чембало в 1999 году // НА НЗХТ. Д. №3432.Алексеенко Н.А., Гинькут Н.В., Дьячков С.В. Отчет о раскопках «консульской церкви» на территории крепости Чембало в 2000 // НА НЗХТ. Д. №3496.Алексеенко Н.А., Гинькут Н.В., Дьячков С.В. Отчет о раскопках «консульской церкви» на территории крепости Чембало в 2001 году // НА НЗХТ. Д. №3513.Алексеенко Н.А., Гинькут Н.В., Дьячков С.В. Отчет о раскопках «консульской церкви» на территории крепости Чембало в 2002 году // НА НЗХТ. Д. №3588.Алексеенко Н.А., Гинькут Н.В., Дьячков С.В. 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Abstract Background Diagnosis and prognosis of patients with established MDS/CMML is currently based on WHO criteria and the IPSS prognostic Index. High variation of survival in subgroups warrants the search for additional criteria. A comparison of CFU-C cultures with WHO criteria and IPSS score has not yet been done in a large patient group. Patients and methods We analyzed in a single center retrospective cohort study 93 untreated consecutive patients (55 male/ 38 female; median age: 66 years; range: 13 – 88 years) admitted between July 1992 and June 2002 and diagnosed as MDS/CMML (RA/RARS(4), MDS-U (2), RCMD (26), RAEB I/II (44) and CMML I/II (17). All patients had an unequivocal diagnosis of MDS or CMML according to WHO criteria. Simultaneous examinations of blood, bone marrow (cytology and biopsy), BM-cytogenetics and BM-and PB cultures for CFU-GM and BFU-E were done. Culture results were scored blindly and classified either as “Low risk CFU-C“ including normal growth (N=2), no colony growth (N=6) or reduced growth of normal colonies (N=19) or as „High risk CFU-C’s“ including excess normal growth in PB termed “MPS pattern” (N=5), discrete leukemic cluster growth (N=22), abundant leukemic cluster growth (N=14) or the „CMML pattern“ defined as giant“ pseudonormal“ CFU-GM and strongly reduced BFU-E (N=23). Culture score was compared with the WHO diagnosis and with the IPSS score in all 93 patients and survival was assesed in 82 patients treated with conventional therapy (12 allografted patients were excluded) after minimal observation time of 3 years in July 2005. Results Comparison of WHO diagnosis with culture score Low risk CFU-C score High risk CFU-C score RA/RARS/RCMD/MDS-U 15 16 RAEBI/II 12 30 CMML-I/II 0 17 The typical CMML pattern was observed in 13 of 17 patients with CMML (Specificity 94%). Comparison of IPSS Score with culture score low risk CFU-C score low risk CFU-C score High risk CFU-C score High risk CFU-C score IPSS Score alive/dead mean survival(d) alive/dead mean survival(d) Low and Int-1 4/4 2022+/−543 8/39 965+/−143 Int-2 and High 1/1 1024+/−701 1/26 565+/−92 Mean survival time for patients with a low/intermediate-1 IPSS score was less than half if they had a high risk CFU-score (p<0.01, ANOVA t-test). For patients with an intermediate-2/high IPSS score the prognostic information gained with the cultures was similar, but low patient number did not permit statistical analysis. Conclusions Hematopoietic precursor cultures yield additional information in patients with MDS / CMML. For diagnosis, CMML has a typical growth pattern, that may help distinction of clonal from reactive monocytosis. For prognosis, the culture pattern adds information to the IPPS score, leukemic growth being strongly predictive of short survival.

El presente trabajo busca conocer el avance de la deforestación en México, a partir del análisis del cambio de uso de suelo y vegetación entre la Serie I, 1976, y la Serie IV, 2007, del INEGI. Se incorporan los resultados obtenidos en el Inventario Nacional Forestal del 2000 para hacer un corte por sub-periodos (1976-2000 y 2000-2007). Además, se realiza un análisis al nivel de polígono sobre la dinámica de las superficies forestales con vegetación secundaria, con la finalidad de establecer si se trata de un proceso de recuperación o de alteración forestal. Los resultados encontrados demuestran que las tasas de cambio han disminuido en el periodo 2000-2007, pero que la superficie forestal disminuye anualmente en alrededor de 500 000 ha. Para el periodo 1976-2007, se encontró una pérdida anual de 534 707 ha. Los datos oficiales de deforestación muestran una subvaluación a partir de 2006, ya que se descuenta 100% de la superficie ocupada por vegetación secundaria, cuando en la realidad el proceso de recuperación es de entre 10% y 13% de dicha superficie. Con el dato ajustado del proceso de recuperación se recalcularon las cifras oficiales publicadas a partir de 2006, mostrando consistencia en relación con la estabilización de la superficie anual deforestada. El destino principal de la superficie deforestada sigue siendo la agricultura de temporal.

Renal epoxygenase metabolites are involved in blood flow regulation and long-term blood pressure control. One feature of renal and cardiovascular diseases is the inability of the kidney to properly increase epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) levels. Others (Busse R, Edwards G, Félétou M, Fleming I, Vanhoutte PM, and Weston AH. Trends Phamacol Sci 23: 374–380, 2002; Campbell WB, Gebremedhin D, Pratt PF, and Harder DR. Circ Res 78: 415–423, 1996; Capdevila JH and Falck JR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 285: 571–576, 2001; Roman RJ. Physiol Rev 82: 131–185, 2002; Zeldin DC. J Biol Chem 276: 36059–36062, 2001) and we (Imig JD, Falck JR, Wei S, and Capdevila JH. J Vasc Res 38: 247–255, 2001; Imig JD, Zhao X, Capdevila JH, Morisseau C, and Hammock BD. Hypertension 39: 690–694, 2002; Zhao X, Pollock DM, Inscho EW, Zeldin DC, and Imig JD. Hypertension 41: 709–714, 2003; Zhao X, Pollock DM, Zeldin DC, and Imig JD. Hypertension 42: 775–780, 2003) have provided compelling evidence that cytochrome P-450-derived EETs have antihypertensive properties and are endothelially derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs) in the kidney. EETs also possess anti-inflammatory actions that could protect the kidney vasculature from injury during renal and cardiovascular diseases. A tactic that has been used to increase EET levels has been inhibition of the soluble epoxide hydrolase enzyme. Epoxide hydrolase inhibitors have been demonstrated to be antihypertensive and renal protective. Thus the renal and cardiovascular protective actions of increasing epoxygenase levels could be translated to therapies for preventing end-organ damage.

INTRODUZIONE: Il presente progetto di ricerca nasce all’interno di un Dottorato Eureka, sviluppato grazie al contributo della Regione Marche, dell’Università di Macerata e dell’azienda Jobmetoo by Jobdisabili srl, agenzia per il lavoro esclusivamente focalizzata sui lavoratori con disabilità o appartenenti alle categorie protette. Se trovare lavoro è già difficile per molti, per chi ha una disabilità diventa un percorso pieno di ostacoli. Nonostante, infatti, la legge 68/99 abbia una visione tra le più avanzate in Europa, l’Italia è stata ripresa dalla Corte Europea per non rispettare i propri doveri relativamente al collocamento mirato delle persone con disabilità. Tra chi ha una disabilità, la disoccupazione è fra il 50% e il 70% in Europa, con punte dell’80% in Italia. L’attuale strategia europea sulla disabilità 2010-2020 pone come obiettivi fondamentali la lotta alla discriminazione, le pari opportunità e l’inclusione attiva. Per la realizzazione di tali obiettivi assume un’importanza centrale l’orientamento permanente: esso si esercita in forme e modalità diverse a seconda dei bisogni, dei contesti e delle situazioni. La centralità di tutti gli interventi orientativi è il riconoscimento della capacità di autodeterminazione dell’essere umano, che va supportato nel trovare la massima possibilità di manifestarsi e realizzarsi. Ciò vale ancora di più per le persone con disabilità, in quanto risultano fondamentali tutte quelle azioni che consentono loro di raggiungere una consapevolezza delle proprie capacità/abilità accanto al riconoscimento delle caratteristiche della propria disabilità. L’orientamento assume così un valore permanente nella vita di ogni persona, garantendone lo sviluppo e il sostegno nei processi di scelta e di decisione con l’obiettivo di promuovere l’occupazione attiva, la crescita economica e l’inclusione sociale. Oggi giorno il frame work di riferimento concettuale nel campo della disabilità è l’International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), il quale ha portato a un vero e proprio rovesciamento del termine disabilità dal negativo al positivo: non si parla più di impedimenti, disabilità, handicap, ma di funzioni, strutture e attività. In quest’ottica, la disabilità non appare più come mera conseguenza delle condizioni fisiche dell’individuo, ma scaturisce dalla relazione fra l’individuo e le condizioni del mondo esterno. In termini di progetto di vita la sfida della persona con disabilità è quella di poter essere messa nelle condizioni di sperimentarsi come attore della propria esistenza, con il diritto di poter decidere e, quindi, di agire di conseguenza in funzione del proprio benessere e della qualità della propria vita, un una logica di autodeterminazione. OBIETTIVO: Sulla base del background e delle teorie di riferimento analizzate e delle necessità aziendali è stata elaborata la seguente domanda di ricerca: è possibile aumentare la consapevolezza negli/nelle studenti/esse e laureati/e con disabilità che si approcciano al mondo del lavoro, rispetto alle proprie abilità, competenze, risorse, oltre che alle limitazioni imposte dalla propria disabilità? L’obiettivo è quello di sostenere i processi di auto-riflessione sulla propria identità e di valorizzare il ruolo attivo della persona stessa nella sua autodeterminazione, con la finalità ultima di aumentare e migliorare il match tra le persone con disabilità e le imprese. L’auto-riflessione permetterà di facilitare il successivo contatto dialogico con esperti di orientamento e costituirà una competenza che il soggetto porterà comunque come valore aggiunto nel mondo del lavoro. METODI E ATTIVITÀ: Il paradigma teorico-metodologico adottato è un approccio costruttivista: peculiarità di questo metodo è che ciascuna componente della ricerca può essere riconsiderata o modificata nel corso della sua conduzione o come conseguenza di cambiamenti introdotti in qualche altra componente e pertanto il processo è caratterizzato da circolarità; la metodologia e gli strumenti non sono dunque assoggettati alla ricerca ma sono al servizio degli obiettivi di questa. Il primo passo del progetto di ricerca è stato quello di ricostruzione dello stato dell’arte, raccogliendo dati, attraverso la ricerca bibliografica e sitografica su: l’orientamento, la normativa vigente in tema di disabilità, i dati di occupazione/disoccupazione delle persone con disabilità e gli strumenti di accompagnamento al lavoro. A fronte di dati mancanti sul territorio italiano relativi alla carriera e ai fabbisogni lavorativi degli/delle studenti/esse e laureati/e con disabilità, nella prima fase del progetto di ricerca è stata avviata una raccolta dati su scala nazionale, relativa al monitoraggio di carriera degli studenti/laureati con disabilità e all’individuazione dei bisogni connessi al mondo del lavoro. Per la raccolta dati è stato sviluppato un questionario ed è stata richiesta la collaborazione a tutte le Università italiane. Sulla base dei dati ricavati dal questionario, della letteratura e delle indagini esistenti sulle professioni, nella fase successiva della ricerca si è proceduto alla strutturazione di un percorso di auto-orientamento, volto ad aumentare la consapevolezza nelle persone con disabilità delle proprie abilità e risorse, accanto a quella dei propri limiti. In particolare, il punto di partenza per la costruzione del percorso è stata l’Indagine Istat- Isfol sulle professioni (2012) e la teoria delle Intelligenze Multiple di H. Gardner (1983). Si è arrivati così alla strutturazione del percorso di auto-orientamento, composto da una serie di questionari attraverso i quali il candidato è chiamato ad auto-valutare le proprie conoscenze, le competenze, le condizioni di lavoro che gli richiedono più o meno sforzo e le intelligenze che lo caratterizzano, aggiungendo a questi anche una parte più narrativa dove il soggetto è invitato a raccontare i propri punti di forza, debolezza e le proprie aspirazioni in ambito professionale. Per sperimentare il percorso di auto-orientamento creato, nell’ultima fase della ricerca è stato predisposto uno studio pilota per la raccolta di alcuni primi dati qualitativi con target differenti, studenti/esse universitari/e e insegnanti di scuola superiore impegnati nel tema del sostegno e dell’orientamento, e utilizzando diversi strumenti (autopresentazioni, test multidimensionale autostima, focus group). CONCLUSIONI: I dati ottenuti dallo studio pilota, seppur non generalizzabili, in quanto provenienti da un campione esiguo, hanno evidenziato come il percorso di auto-orientamento attivi una riflessione sulla visione di sé nei diversi contesti e un cambiamento, in positivo o in negativo, nell’autostima e nella valutazione di sé in diverse aree, ad esempio nell’area delle relazioni interpersonali, del vissuto corporeo, dell’emotività ecc. Tali dati ci hanno permesso soprattutto di evidenziare punti di forza e debolezza del percorso creato e di apportare modifiche per una maggiore comprensione e adattabilità del prodotto stesso. Il valore del percorso orientativo è connesso al ruolo attivo di auto-valutatore giocato dal candidato con disabilità, affiancando a questa prima fase di autovalutazione un successivo confronto dialogico con un esperto, tale da permettere un ancoraggio alla realtà esterna, al contesto in cui il soggetto si trova a vivere. In questo senso, l’orientamento assume il valore di un processo continuo e articolato, che ha come scopo principale quello di sostenere la consapevolezza di sé e delle proprie potenzialità, agendo all’interno dell’area dello sviluppo prossimale della persona verso la realizzazione della propria identità personale, sociale e professionale.

Il volume, che raccoglie gli atti del convegno internazionale tenutosi a Firenze nella primavera del 2005, riprende una tematica, quella delle rivolte urbane e rurali del XIV secolo, che aveva conosciuto un certo oblio negli ultimi tempi rispetto alla straordinaria fortuna di cui aveva goduto soprattutto negli anni '60 e '70 del secolo scorso, sulla spinta delle vicende tormentate di quei decenni. I sedici saggi che lo compongono, opera di specialisti di cinque diversi paesi europei, sviluppano tre diverse forme di analisi all'interno di un taglio cronologico che fa riferimento a un Trecento largo, che va dagli ultimi decenni del XIII secolo sino ai primi del XV, secondo una cronologia consolidata e condivisa.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

De 7 a 12 de setembro de 2018, realizou-se no Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território da Universidade de Lisboa/IGOT-ULisboa o I Congresso Nós Propomos: Geografia, Educação e Cidadania. Como o título do Congresso rapidamente evidencia, o Congresso decorreu e refletiu a investigação desenvolvida no Projeto Nós Propomos! Cidadania e Inovação na Educação Geográfica, surgido no IGOT-ULisboa, em 2011, e entretanto difundido por outros países. Na realidade, o Projeto Nós Propomos!, para além da sua difusão em Portugal, está hoje presente no Brasil (desde 2014, adquirindo hoje uma assinalável expansão), Espanha (2016), Moçambique (2017), Colômbia (2018), Perú (2018) e México (2018). O Congresso impôs-se, de alguma forma, pela necessidade de partilhar experiências, muito ricas e diversas, desenvolvidas nestes países, e de consolidar a rede daqueles que constroem o Projeto nas suas universidades, escolas e cidades. Nesse sentido, o Congresso surgiu para acolher e potenciar a produção científica em torno do Projeto e uma rede de trabalho construída ao ritmo de sucessivas e localizadas adesões ao Projeto. O Projeto Nós Propomos! é o projeto educativo com origem em Portugal e que mais rapidamente se internacionalizou. No Rio de Janeiro, no Colégio Pedro II, em 2020, teremos o II Congresso. Contudo, o Congresso, ele abriu-se à produção em Geografia e em Educação, ultrapassando o âmbito do Projeto Nós Propomos! Mas há um denominador comum que o leitor encontra neste livro, inspirada no Projeto: a preocupação pela cidadania e, em particular, pela cidadania territorial, entendida como o compromisso de cada um de nós na construção de territórios mais justos e sustentáveis, desse logo à escala local. A produção em Geografia, seja de Geografia Física ou de Geografia Humana, para assumirmos os dois grandes ramos tradicionais, ou a produção em Educação, têm sempre como preocupação comum a promoção de atitudes de cidadania, entre os alunos ou a população, mais em geral. O Projeto Nós Propomos!, ponto de partida do Congresso, desafia os alunos a identificarem problemas da comunidade que sejam relevantes para alunos ou formandos, a realizarem pesquisa documental e trabalho de campo sobre o problema identificado (seja a construção de abrigo para uma paragem de autocarro, a reabilitação de um prédio em ruinas no centro da cidade e que pode ter utilizações sociais variadas, a construção de um museu virtual das produções locais ou uma aplicação para o telemóvel, que informe dos eventos locais), a apresentarem propostas de solução e, finalmente, a partilharem as suas propostas com a comunidade, na perspetiva da sua implementação e discussão. Como refere, no Prefácio, o Sr. Secretário de Estado da Educação, os conteúdos da Geografia são mobilizados para uma intervenção cívica consciente. No Projeto, adota-se uma metodologia simples, passível de ser implementada na generalidade das escolas, e flexível, no respeito pelas circunstâncias concretas de cada escola, de cada comunidade, de cada país. Numa disciplina herdeira tanto de um paradigma universalista, através dos racionalistas do final do século XVIII, como de um paradigma nacionalista, no século XIX, a escala local surge desvalorizada na educação geográfica. A grande rutura do Projeto Nós Propomos! reside, precisamente, em colocar a escala local no centro da disciplina de Geografia e de se assumir, de forma inequívoca, o compromisso da escola na construção de uma comunidade mais harmónica e sustentável. Não é mais aceitável que se aborde (e ainda bem) o mundo, o país e se desvalorize a comunidade que habitamos e que constitui o nosso primeiro espaço de cidadania, ainda que em necessário diálogo com as restantes escalas. Como refere o Sr. Secretário de Estado da Educação no seu Prefácio a este livro, “Nós somos cidadãos do mundo, mas somos os nossos territórios, somos os nossos lugares, somos as relações que se estabelecem localmente”. O carater construtivista do Projeto (através da valorização dos interesses dos alunos), o caráter local do território de estudo e de intervenção, a realização do trabalho de campo, com apelo à auscultação das populações sobre as soluções para os problemas identificados, e a partilha das propostas são as traves-mestras da identidade do Projeto, a que se acrescenta a incorporação da própria designação do Projeto (Nós Propomos!), frequentemente adaptada às línguas dos vários países participantes. O Projeto Nós Propomos! coloca os alunos no centro do processo educativo e este I Congresso Iberoamericano refletiu esta mesma realidade: contou com a participação de cerca de 70 alunos, de Portugal, Espanha (em maior número) e Brasil, num esforço frequentemente hercúleo dos seus docentes, que em muitas comunicações deram testemunho direto das suas experiências. Esta presença e participação de alunos, enquadrados pelos seus pais, constituiu, sem dúvida, uma marca distintiva deste Congresso. Em várias comunicações eles são co-autores, destes que são os seus primeiros textos publicados – e a eles dirigimos uma saudação especial. O livro integra três domínios. O primeiro sobre, o Projeto Nós Propomos!, compreende dois eixos, o primeiro sobre “Experiências Escolares”, com 17 textos; o segundo Eixo, sobre “Perspetivas e Reflexões Teóricas e Metodológicas”, possui 33 capítulos. O domínio seguinte, sobre “Experiências educativas alternativas”, compreende textos não diretamente relacionados com o Projeto Nós Propomos!, mas que vão igualmente ao encontro da procura de propostas inovadoras do ponto de vista pedagógico-didático, compreendendo 17 textos. O Domínio C, sore “Educação e Multidisciplinaridade”, igualmente com 17 capítulos, compreende experiências relacionadas ou não com o Projeto Nós Propomos!, em que a contribuição de várias áreas disciplinares é marcante. A publicação em ebook responde a dois objetivos: a escassez de recursos financeiros para uma publicação em papel de 1000 páginas páginas e, naturalmente, ao esforço de ter a maior divulgação possível na comunidade científica. Para a produção deste livro, muito contribuíram a Comissão Científica do Congresso, presidida pelo Professor Souto González, presidente do Conselho Diretivo do GEOFORUM e professor da Universidade de Valência, e a Comissão Editorial, presidida pelo professor da Universidade de Passo Fundo, Claudionei Lucimar Gengnagel, que desenvolveu um trabalho aturado. Um agradecimento também ao ZOE/Centro de Estudos Geográficos e ao IGOT-ULisboa, editores desta publicação. O penúltimo agradecimento vai para todos os autores que contribuíram para esta obra. O derradeiro agradecimento vai para o leitor, que dá significado à mesma. Estão aqui identificadas e analisadas muitas e diversas práticas de cidadania – ao leitor fica agora a disponibilidade de uma leitura atenta, sempre crítica e, seguramente, proveitosa.

AbstractThe first 21 years of my life were spent in Barcelona (all of them under General Franco’s regime, since I was born in 1939). The following 14 years I spent in Oxford, Stanford, in Andalusia and again in Oxford (St. Antony’s College) until 1973. In between, long stays in Cuba, Peru and Brazil and some periods in Paris, with the publishing house of Ruedo ibérico. At 35 years of age and feeling rather defeated by the lack of “transitional justice” in Spain after Franco’s death, I came back to Barcelona, with a chair in the new Universitat Autònoma (UAB) in Economics and Economic History, which I held until I was 70 years of age. I continued my travels in the sabbatical years, to Oxford in 1984–1985, Stanford again in 1988–1989, to Ecuador (the Flacso in Quito) in 1995–1995, to Yale University in 1999–2000 and in the meantime also often to India after my first visit in 1988. My interests and my books followed this trajectory, first some books on agrarian history and land conflicts in Andalusia, Cuba and Peru between 1968 and 1977, then between 1984 and 2022 many books on ecological economics and political ecology.

AbstractLivestock sector is the backbone of Indian agriculture and plays a crucial role in the development of the rural economy. More than one-fifth (23%) of agricultural households with area less than 0.01 hectare reported livestock as their principal source of income (GoI Government of India (2014) Key indicators of situation of agricultural). Livestock is one of the fastest-growing sectors of Indian agriculture. While the share of overall agriculture and allied sectors in Gross Value Added (GVA) declined from 18.2% in 2014–15 to 17.8% in 2019–20, the share of livestock sector in GVA increased from 4.4% to 5.1% in the same period (GoI Government of India (2021) The economic survey (2020–21). Ministry of Finance. Government of India). Livestock sector accounts for 31% of the gross value of output in agriculture and allied sector (GVOA). Within livestock, milk is the biggest component with 20% share in GVOA. In fact, milk is the largest agriculture commodity in terms of value of output worth INR 772,705 crores in 2018–19 which was more than the value of cereals, pulses, oilseeds and sugarcane combined worth INR 623,462 crores (MoSPI. (2021). National Accounts Statistics 2020. Central Statistical Organization. Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation.). Around 70 million of rural households are engaged in milk production, most of them are landless, marginal, and small farmers (NCAER. (2020). Analyzing Socio-Economic Impact of National Dairy Plan—I. National Council for Applied Economic Research. February 2020.). As a source of livelihood for million of poor households, dairying also supplements their dietary sources of protein and nutrition thus playing a critical role in the country’s food security needs.

AbstractBuilding on the two rounds of exposure studies with human milk coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the mid-1980s and 1990s on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), five expanded studies on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were performed between 2000 and 2019. After the adoption of the Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Convention) in 2001, WHO and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) collaborated in joint studies starting in 2004. The collaboration aimed at provision of POPs data for human milk as a core matrix under the Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) to assess the effectiveness of the Convention as required under Article 16. Over time, the number of analytes in the studies expanded from the initial 12 POPs targeted by the Convention for elimination or reduction to the 30 POPs covered under the Stockholm Convention and two other POPs proposed for listing as of 2019. Many of these chemicals have numerous congeners, homologous groups, isomeric forms, and transformation products, which significantly extends the number of recommended analytes.In the studies between 2000 and 2019, 82 countries from all five United Nations regions participated, of which 50 countries participated in more than one study. For the human milk samples of the 2016–2019 period, results are available for the full set of 32 POPs of interest for the Convention until 2019: (i) the 26 POPs listed by the start of the study in 2016; (ii) decabromodiphenyl ether [BDE-209] and short-chain chlorinated paraffins [SCCP] as listed in 2017; (3) dicofol and perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA] as listed in 2019; (4) medium-chain chlorinated paraffins [MCCP] and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid [PFHxS] as proposed for listing. This is a unique characteristic among the core matrices under the GMP.Four key messages can be derived: These studies are an efficient and effective tool with global coverage as key contributor to the GMP. After collection of a large number of individual samples (usually 50) fulfilling protocol criteria, pooled samples are prepared using equal aliquots of individual samples (physical averaging) and are considered to be representative for a country, subregion or subpopulation at the time of the sampling. The analysis of pooled representative human milk samples by dedicated Reference Laboratories meeting rigorous quality criteria contributes to reliability and comparability and reduces uncertainty of the analytical results. Additionally, this concept is very cost-effective. These studies can be used for regional differentiation based on concentrations of individual POPs between and within the five UN Regional Groups (African Group, Asia-Pacific Group, Eastern European Group, Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries; Western European and Others Group). For some POPs, a wide range of concentrations with up to three orders of magnitude between lower and upper concentrations was found, even for countries in the same UN region. Some countries had levels within the usual range for most POPs, but high concentrations for certain POPs. Findings of concentrations in the upper third of the frequency distribution may motivate targeted follow-up studies rather than if the observed level of a POP is found in the lower third of frequency distribution. However, the concentration of a POP has also to be seen in context of the sampling period and the history and pattern of use of the POPs in each country. Therefore, results are not intended for ranking of individual countries but rather to distinguish broader patterns. These studies can provide an assessment of time trends, as possible sources of variation were minimized by the survey concepts building on two factors (sampling design; analysis of the pooled samples by dedicated Reference Laboratories). The estimation of time trends based on comparison of median or mean concentrations in UN Regional Groups over the five surveys in five equal four-year periods between 2000 and 2019 provides a first orientation. However, the variation of the number of countries participating in a UN Regional Group in a certain period can influence the median or mean concentrations. Thus, it is more prudent to only use results of countries with repeated participation in these studies for drawing conclusions on temporal trends. The reduction rates in countries should be seen in context with the concentration range: A differentiation of high levels and those in the range of the background contamination is meaningful. If high levels are found, sources might be detected which could be eliminated. This can lead to significant decrease rates over the following years. However, if low background levels are reported, no specific sources can be detected. Other factors for exposure, e.g. the contamination of feed and food by air via long-range transport and subsequent bioaccumulation, cannot be influenced locally. However, only very few time points from most individual countries for most POPs of interest are available, which prevents the derivation of statistically significant temporal trends in these cases. Yet, the existing data can indicate decreasing or increasing tendencies in POP concentrations in these countries. Furthermore, pooling of data in regions allows to derive statistically significant time trends in the UN Regional Groups and globally. Global overall time trends using the data from countries with repeated participation were calculated by the Theil–Sen method. Regarding the median levels of the five UN Regional Groups, a decrease per 10 years by 58% was found for DDT, by 84% for beta-HCH, by 57% for HCB, by 32% for PBDE, by 48% for PFOS, by 70% for PCB, and by 48% for PCDD and PCDF (expressed as toxic equivalents). In contrast, the concentrations of chlorinated paraffins (CP) as “emerging POPs” showed increasing tendencies in some UN Regional Groups. On a global level, a statistically significant increase of total CP (total CP content including SCCP [listed in the Convention in 2017] and MCCP [proposed to be listed]) concentrations in human milk of 30% over 10 years was found. The studies can provide the basis for discussion of the relative importance (“ranking”) of the quantitative occurrence of POPs. This, however, requires a differentiation between two subgroups of lipophilic substances ([i] dioxin-like compounds, to be determined in the pg/g [=ng/kg] range, and [ii] non-dioxin-like chlorinated and brominated POPs, to be determined in the ng/g [=μg/kg] range; both groups reported on lipid base) and the more polar perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS); reported on product base [as pg/g fresh weight] or on volume base [ng/L]. For this purpose, results for the complete set of the 32 POPs of interest for the 2016–2019 period were considered. By far, the highest concentrations of lipophilic substances were found for DDT (expressed as “DDT complex”: sum of all detected analytes, calculated as DDT; maximum: 7100 ng/g lipid; median: 125 ng/g lipid) and for chlorinated paraffins (total CP content; maximum: 700 total CP/g lipid; median: 116 ng total CP/g lipid). PCB was next in the ranking and had on average an order of magnitude lower concentrations than the average of the total CP concentrations. The high CP concentrations were caused predominantly by MCCP. If the pooled samples from mothers without any known major contamination source nearby showed a high level of CP, some individual samples (e.g. from local population close to emission sources, as a result of exposure to consumer products or from the domestic environment) might even have significantly higher levels. The lactational intake of SCCP and MCCP of the breastfed infant in the microgram scale resulting from the mothers’ dietary and environmental background exposure should therefore motivate targeted follow-up studies and further measures to reduce exposure (including in the case of MCCP, regulatory efforts, e.g. restriction in products). Further, due to observed levels, targeted research should look at the balance among potential adverse effects against positive health aspects for the breastfed infants for three groups of POPs (dioxin-like compounds; non-dioxin-like chlorinated and brominated POPs; PFAS) regarding potentially needed updates of the WHO guidance. As an overall conclusion, the seven rounds of WHO/UNEP human milk exposure studies are the largest global survey on human tissues with a harmonized protocol spanning over the longest time period and carried out in a uniform format. Thus, these rounds are an effective tool to obtain reliable and comparable data sets on this core matrix and a key contributor to the GMP. A comprehensive set of global data covering all POPs targeted by the Stockholm Convention, in all UN Regional Groups, and timelines covering a span of up to three decades allows to evaluate data from various perspectives. A widened three-dimensional view is necessary to discuss results and can be performed using the three pillars for assessments of the comprehensive data set, namely: analytes of interest; regional aspects; time trends. This can identify possible problems for future targeted studies and interventions at the country, regional, or global level. Long-term trends give an indication of the effectiveness of measures to eliminate or reduce specific POPs. The consideration of countries with repeated participation in these studies provides the best possible database for the evaluation of temporal trends. The continuation of these exposure studies is important for securing sufficient data for reliable time trend assessments in the future. Therefore, it is highly recommended to continue this monitoring effort, particularly for POPs that are of public health concern.

The rapid pace of adoption of Web-enabled mobile handsets in worldwide markets has become an increasingly important issue for information systems professionals. A recent survey indicates that the number of global mobile Internet adopters is expected to reach nearly 600 million by 2008 (Ipsos-Insight, 2004; Probe Group, 2004), while the number of Internet-connected mobile phones will exceed the number of Internet-connected PCs by 2005 (The Economist, 2001). Such drastic convergence of the Internet and the mobile handset has been led by Asian and Scandinavian countries, where penetration has been especially meteoric. For example, roughly 70 million people in Japan, or 55% of the population, have signed up for mobile Internet access, in comparison to 12% in the United States (Faiola, 2004; Greenspan, 2003). Consequently, mobile phones or Keitai have been converted into devices for surfing the Internet, and by 2004 monthly mobile spending per consumer exceeded 35 euro. Much of this success can be traced back to 1999, when NTT DoCoMo introduced the “i-mode” service. i-mode is a mobile service offering continuous Internet access based on packet-switching technology (Barnes & Huff, 2003). Through an i-mode handset, users can access a main micro-browser, which offers such typical services as e-mail, data search, instant messaging, Internet, and “i-menu.” The “i-menu” acts as a mobile portal that leads to approximately 4,100 official and 50,000 unofficial sites (NTT DoCoMo 2003). Many such mobile portal sites can thus be considered as a pull-type advertising platform, where consumers can satisfy diverse information needs. Several researchers have attempted to conceptualize the success of i-mode in comparison to WAP (Baldi & Thaung 2002) and in the light of the technology acceptance model (TAM) (Barnes & Huff 2003). Okazaki (2004) examined factors influencing consumer adoption of the i-mode pull-type advertising platform. However, there is a dearth of empirical research in this area, and especially in developing a model that captures the specific dimensions of mobile Internet adoption. In this respect, this study aims to propose a measurement scale of consumer perceptions of mobile portal sites. The present study adopts, as its principal framework, the attitudinal model suggested by Dabholkar (1994). This includes “ease of use,” “fun,” and “performance” as important determinants of attitude. These are often referred to as “ease of use,” “usefulness,” and “enjoyment” in, for example, the TAM proposed by Davis (1986; Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1989, 1992). The relevant literature suggests that dimensions similar to “ease of use” and “fun” are important antecedents of new technology adoption. For example, Shih (2004) and Szymanski and Hise (2000) found “perceived ease of use” and “convenient,” respectively, as important antecedents of online behavior. Likewise, Moon and Kim (2001) found “perceived playfulness” to be a factor influencing WWW usage behavior, similar to the “fun” dimension. However, unlike earlier studies of m-commerce adoption, this study drops the third dimension of the TAM, “usefulness,” in favor of “performance,” because the former is appropriate only for tangible products, but not relevant for technology-based services (Dabholkar & Bagozzi, 2002). In contrast, “performance” represents a dimension that encompasses the reliabilit y and accuracy of the technology-based service, as perceived by the consumer (Dabholkar, 1994). These three dimensions capture customer perceptions, which would initiate the attitude-intention- behavior causal chain (Davis, 1986).

Abstract See also [M]: 9350, 9362, 9364 See also [G]: 3042; [H]: 4089; [I]: 5993, 6004; [L]: 8840, 8851, 8853; [M]: 9656 9339. Anon. ‘Major accessions to repositories relating to Irish history, 2000’, Irish Historical Studies, 32:128 (2001), 579-80. 9340. Anon. ‘Major accessions to repositories relating to Irish history, 2001’, Irish Historical Studies, 33:129 (2002), 110-14. 9341. Almqvist, Bo. ‘C.W. von Sydow agus Eire: Scolaire Sualannach agus an Leann Ceilteach’, Bealoideas, 70 (2002), 3-50. 9342. Andrews, Roddie. Requiem for a village: a history of the village of Monkstown. Newtownabbey: Hollybank, 1998. 171p. 9343. Bradley, Jim. ‘Strabane in the wider world-famous people from the area’, A129, 267-85.

I had the pleasure of meeting Channi Kumar as a junior psychiatry trainee at the Maudsley Hospital, when I elected to work in his clinical service as part of my rotation. It is therefore for me an honour to contribute to a book that celebrates his legacy. While working with him, I had the opportunity to seeing him in both the clinical and the academic settings. I came to know Channi as a gentle and charismatic clinician with patients, and an inspiring scientist. Channi was fascinated by the predictability of postpartum psychosis, which he used to discuss extensively with his patients, and he led seminal work on the biology of this disorder. I have been stimulated by this work and motivated to advance what remains a largely unexplored area of psychiatry. This chapter will discuss evidence on how biological factors relevant to the pathophysiology of psychoses and the perinatal period could interact in explaining the vulnerability and onset of postpartum psychosis. The role of genetic factors is extensively covered in Chapter 18, and will therefore not be discussed here. Psychiatric disorders contribute to 12% of all maternal deaths (UK Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths; RCPG 2002), and puerperal (or postpartum) psychosis is the most severe psychiatric disorder associated with childbirth, with an estimated suicide rate of 2 per 1,000 sufferers (Oates 2003), and an incidence of 1–2/1,000 deliveries (Munk-Olsen et al. 2006). Although the last few decades have seen a fall in mortality and morbidity from childbirth, this has not been paralleled by a fall in the incidence of postpartum psychosis, which has remained remarkably stable at 0.5–1.0 per 1,000 deliveries (Munk-Olsen et al. 2006). Postpartum psychosis can have dramatic clinical and social consequences: child separation from the mother; lack of emotional bonding between mother and child; impaired child cognitive, physical, and psychological development; and, in some cases, suicide, infanticide, or both. This devastating impact is remarkable, especially considering that postpartum psychosis is highly predictable: in fact, between 30 and 50% of women with a history of bipolar affective disorder, or of schizoaffective disorder, will suffer postpartum psychosis after giving birth (Jones and Cradock 2001); and up to 50–70% of women with a previous history of postpartum psychosis (Jones and Craddock 2001).

<i>Abstract</i>.—A feasibility study was begun in 2005 to obtain annual escapement information for sockeye salmon <i>Oncorhynchus nerka </i>over a minimum 3 years, using fish wheels and mark–recapture techniques already employed for Chinook salmon <i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha </i>since 2001. Failed trials using both traditional spaghetti tags and injected PIT tags led to development of a new type of dorsal tag which which encapsulates a 134.2 KHz PIT tag in the marker of a 70 mm dual-anchor T-Bar tag. This tag was first employed in 2007 to estimate the inriver abundance of Chinook and sockeye salmon returning to the Copper river. For the first sample event, up to three live-capture fish wheels were operated at Baird Canyon for a total of 4,495 h from 18 May to 6 August. During this period, 4,456 adult Chinook salmon and 11,027 adult sockeye salmon were marked. For the second sample event, up to two fish wheels were operated at Canyon Creek near the lower end of Wood Canyon for 3,717 h from 28 May to 19 August. A total of 4,192 Chinook salmon and 56,5511 sockeye salmon were examined for marks. Of these, 459 Chinook salmon and 521 sockeye salmon were recaptures. Using a temporally stratified Darroch estimator, abundance of Chinok salmon measuring 500 mm FL or greater than migrated upstream of Baird Canyon from 18 May to 6 August was 46,349 (SE = 3,283). Using a similar estimator, estimated abundance of sockeye salmon that migrated upstream of Baird Canyon from 18 May to 6 August was 1,290,591 (SE = 92,590). This was the first ever defensible escapement estimate derived for sockeye salmon on the Copper River, and the fifth straight year for Chinook salmon with similar data quality to previous years using traditional spaghetti tags.

Abstract Say this of JVC: the plot changes annually. It may look the same on paper, may list toward the same artists, suffer the same limitations, and capitulate to the same distractions, but George Wein’s flagship festival manages to take different turns each summer. If I am especially conscious of past vagaries, triumphs, subplots, and themes, contrived or otherwise, it is because midway through this edition, I realized that I had been reporting on the behemoth variously known as Newport–New York, Kool, and JVC for 30 years, and perused a few of my old reviews. Two seem most relevant: In 1991, the cast focused on under-40s and over-60s, leaving the boomers out in the cold, not for the last time; in 2000, every event paid its respects to the past. The current edition reversed both trends. Identifying bona fide boomer jazz heroes requires some precision. I refer to those who came into their own when we first started to listen, as opposed to those who, though slightly older or even younger, were already established parts of our inheritance. Dewey Redman, who turned 70 in May but had no national reputation until 1967, makes the cut; Phil Woods, who turns 70 in November but was a star long before 1960, does not. Boomer heroes (notably Redman, Wayne Shorter, Keith Jarrett, Jack DeJohnette, Chick Corea, Wayne Shorter, Michael Brecker, and did I mention Wayne Shorter?) accounted for most of the expectations and red orchestrations for strings by Johnny Mandel (stately) and Claus Ogerman (predictable), and Krall was often compelling, not least in her piano solos. Gladys Knight arrived half an hour late, but once she got going all was forgiven; except for an unnecessary guest saxophonist, her 90minute set—which included a vaudeville routine with her sole remaining Pip—was show business heaven. Yes, she could probably sing jazz, but her old material is so good she doesn’t need to.

Autorka prezentuje sylwetkę uczonej, historyka sztuki, filozofa, pedagoga, prof. dr hab. Halinę Taborską (1933–2021). Uczona jest cenionym na świecie pionierem wśród badaczy współczesnej sztuki publicznej. Doktorat napisała pod kierunkiem prof. Władysława Tatarkiewicza i obroniła go w 1963 r. W tym samym roku uzyskała dyplom angielski: Diploma in English Literature and Social Studies, University of Cambridge. Była wieloletnim profesorem PUNO, a w latach 2002–2007 pełniła funkcję kierownika Zakładu Współczesnej Kultury Brytyjskiej Polskiego Uniwersytetu na Obczyźnie (PUNO) w Londynie. Od 2007 r. była dyrektorem Instytutu Kultury Europejskiej PUNO, w latach 2008–2011 pełniła funkcję prorektor PUNO, a od lipca 2011 r. do 2017 r. pełniła funkcję rektora PUNO. W 1959 r. wyjechała na stałe do Wielkiej Brytanii, gdzie nawiązała kontakt z estetykami brytyjskimi. W roku 1960 współzakładała stowarzyszenie The British Society of Aesthetics, które edytowało własny periodyk „The British Journal of Aesthetics”. Brała udział w seminariach, konferencjach, kongresach, współpracowała z naukowymi pismami anglosaskimi oraz z polskimi: „Studiami Estetycznymi”, „Przeglądem Humanistycznym”. Na przełomie lat 60. i 70. XX w. wspomagała prace nad wydaniem w języku angielskim trzech tomów Historii estetyki prof. Władysława Tatarkiewicza (wydane w latach 1970–1974; współwydawcami byli PWN i międzynarodowy edytor Mouton).

The second stage of Indian nuclear programme envisages the deployment of fast reactors on a large scale for the effective use of India’s limited uranium reserves. The Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam is a loop type, sodium cooled fast reactor, meant as a test bed for the fuels and structural materials for the Indian fast reactor programme. The reactor was made critical with a unique high plutonium MK-I carbide fuel (70% PuC+30%UC). Being a unique untested fuel of its kind, it was decided to test it as a driver fuel, with conservative limits on Linear Heat Rating and burn-up, based on out-of-pile studies. FBTR went critical in Oct 1985 with a small core of 23 MK-I fuel subassemblies. The Linear Heat Rating and burn-up limits for the fuel were conservatively set at 250 W/cm & 25 GWd/t respectively. Based on out-of-pile simulation in 1994, it was possible to raise the LHR to 320 W/cm. It was decided that when the fuel reaches the target burn-up of 25 GWd/t, the MK-I core would be progressively replaced with a larger core of MK-II carbide fuel (55% PuC+45%UC). Induction of MK-II subassemblies was started in 1996. However, based on the Post-Irradiation Examination (PIE) of the MK-I fuel at 25, 50 & 100 GWd/t, it became possible to enhance the burn-up of the MK-I fuel to 155 GWd/t. More than 900 fuel pins of MK-I composition have reached 155 GWd/t without even a single failure and have been discharged. One subassembly (61 pins) was taken to 165 GWd/t on trial basis, without any clad failure. The core has been progressively enlarged, adding MK-I subassemblies to compensate for the burn-up loss of reactivity and replacement of discharged subassemblies. The induction of MK-II fuel was stopped in 2003. One test subassembly simulating the composition of the MOX fuel (29% PuO2) to be used in the 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor was loaded in 2003. It is undergoing irradiation at 450 W/cm, and has successfully seen a burn-up of 92.5 GWd/t. In 2006, it was proposed to test high Pu MOX fuel (44% PuO2), in order to validate the fabrication and fuel cycle processes developed for the power reactor MOX fuel. Eight MOX subassemblies were loaded in FBTR core in 2007. The current core has 27 MK-I, 13 MK-II, eight high Pu MOX and one power reactor MOX fuel subassemblies. The reactor power has been progressively increased from 10.5 MWt to 18.6 MWt, due to the progressive enlargement of the core. This paper presents the evolution of the core based on the progressive enhancement of the burn-up limit of the unique high Pu carbide fuel.

Abstract Human’s motion and its mechanisms had become interesting in the last years, where the medecine’s field search for rehabilitation methods for handicapped persons. Other fields, like sport sciences, professional or military world, search to distinguish profiles and ways to train them with specific purposes. Besides, recent findings in neuroscience try to describe these mechanisms from an organic point of view. Until now, different researchs had given a model about control motor that describes how the union between the senses’s information allows adaptable movements. One of this sense is the proprioception, the sense which has a quite big factor in the orientation and position of the body, its members and joints. For this reason, research for new strategies to explore proprioception and improve the theories of human motion could be done by three different vias. At first, the sense is analysed in a case-study where three groups of persons are compared in a controlled enviroment with three experimental tasks. The subjects belong to each group by the kind of sport they do: sedentary, normal sportsmen (e.g. athletics, swimming) and martial sportmen (e.g. karate, judo). They are compared thinking about the following hypothesis: “Martial Sportmen have a better proprioception than of the other groups’s subjects: It could be due to the type of exercises they do in their sports as empirically, a contact sportsman shows significantly superior motor skills to the members of the other two groups. The second via are records from encephalogram (EEG) while the experimental tasks are doing. These records are analised a posteriori with a set of processing algorithms to extract characteristics about brain’s activity of the proprioception and motion control. Finally , the study tries to integrate graphic tools to make easy to understand final scientific results which allow us to explore the brain activity of the subjects through easy interfaces (e.g. space-time events, activity intensity, connectivity, specific neural netwoks or anormal activity). In the future, this application could be a complement to assist doctors, researchers, sports center specialists and anyone who must improve the health and movements of handicapped persons. Keywords: proprioception, EEG, assesment, rehabilitation.References: Röijezon, U., Clark, N.C., Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 1: Basic science and principles of assessment and clinical interventions. ManualTher.10.1016/j.math.2015.01.008. Röijezon, U., Clark, N.C., Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 2: Clinical assessment and intervention. Manual Ther.10.1016/j.math.2015.01.009. 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Neural efficency of experts’ brain during judgement of actions: A high -resolution EEG study in elite and amateur karate athletes. Behav. Brain. Res. 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.034. Jain, S., Gourab, K., Schindler-Ivens, S., Schmit, B.D. (2012). EEG during peddling: Evidence for cortical control of locomotor tasks. Clin. Neurophysiol.10.1016/j.clinph.2012.08.021. Behmer Jr., L.P., Fournier, L.R. (2013). Working memory modulates neural efficiency over motor components during a novel action planning task: An EEG study. Behav. Brain. Res. 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.031.

In May of 2003, the 3,150 TPD Pinellas County Resource Recovery Facility (PCRRF), the largest waste-to-energy plant in the United States, reached its 20-year milestone. The PCRRF is located in St. Petersburg, Florida, on a 705 acre (1.1 square mile) site owned by Pinellas County and known as “Bridgeway Acres”. The PCRRF has been owned by Pinellas County, operated by Wheelabrator Pinellas, Inc. (WPI) and monitored by HDR Engineering, Inc. since its inception. In addition to the PCRRF, the County operates both Class I and Class III landfills on the site.

In this study, the in situ protein denaturation in Dunning AT-1 rat prostate cells was studied using FTIR and DSC. The denaturation information from FTIR showed a shift from α helix (amide-I band at 1655cm−1) to β sheet (amide I band at 1620 cm−1). The relative beta sheet area change between 20 °C and 70 °C was used to dynamically scale the thermal denaturation process during heating at 2 °C/min. DSC scans (at scanning rates of 2°C/min and 5°C/min) of the heat flow due to protein denaturation were recorded from 20 °C to 70 °C. The range over which protein denaturation occurs (from 45 °C to 70 °C) was consistent in both studies. By calorimetric experiments with DSC, the enthalpy change during protein denaturation was found to be 27.3±4.0J/g J/g and 25.9±0.5J/g, respectively. In addition, the activation energy and frequency factor were measured by kinetic experiments with both DSC and FTIR. A first order irreversible Arrhenius model was fit to the kinetic data using a flexible tolerance method. The activation energy (E) and frequency factor (A) between 20–70 °C was found to be 107.8kJ/mole and 3.4·1014 l/s for the FTIR study and 120.9kJ/mole and 3.6·1016 l/s for DSC analysis at a scanning rate of 2°C/min, respectively. At a scanning rate of 5°C/min, the DSC results gave an activation energy of 144.5kJ/mole and a frequency factor of 4.1·1020 l/s.

Nu har det redan gått två år sen vi sjösatte referensområdet ’Ljusdal’. Vi ser att årets observationer förstärker bilden vad vi såg året innan i området, samt vissa observationer liknar vad vi ser i andra studieområden, medan andra skiljer sig åt. Studieområdet i Ljusdal är speciellt i två avseenden som berör älgar direkt och därmed skiljer sig åt från andra studieområden: brandfältet och en hög täthet av brunbjörn. Som förväntat ser vi skillnader mellan olika älgindivider och resultaten liknar vad vi sett i andra delar av landet - en del älgar har helt skilda sommar- och vinterområden, andra har områden som överlappar delvis, och ett fåtal verkar ha i stort sett helt överlappande områden. Av de 39 älgar vi kunde följa under mars 2021-2022, var drygt hälften stationära där några älgar har förflyttat sig bara en kort sträcka mellan sitt vinter- och sommarområde. Den andra halvan hade klart avskilda säsongsområden där merparten höll sig inom 20-25 km radie till sitt vinterområde. Men vi kunde också följa några riktiga långvandrare! Tjugofem av de 39 GPS-märkta älgarna kunde vi lokalisera i brandfältet under året. Hur länge älgarna uppehöll sig inom brandområdet varierade mellan individerna. Stationära älgkor återfanns fler dagar inom området jämfört med vandringskorna. Älgarna nyttjade brandfältet framförallt under vegetationsperioden (maj-okt/nov) där några rörde sig inom brandområdet medan många älgar främst rörde sig i ytterkanterna. Alla kor, förutom F1874, F1887 och F1924, kalvade och vid hälften av kalvningarna föddes tvillingkalvar. Medelkalvningsdagen var 18:e maj. Sommaröverlevnaden av de årskalvar som föddes under kalvningssäsongen 2021 var mellan 17 och 26% fram till jaktstarten och låg därmed högre än året innan då överlevnad låg mellan 13-17 %. Sommeröverlevnaden är betydligt lägre jämfört med områden utan större rovdjur. I studieområdet i Ljusdal utsätts årskalvar för predation framförallt av björn. För en tredjedel av kalvarna som försvann under sommaren kunde vi verifiera björnpredation genom fynd i fält och för ytterligare en tredje del misstänker vi predation. Vid vinterkoll efter jakten var överlevnaden 12%. Insamlingen av prover under jakten resulterade i ca 70 käkar och 20 kompletta reproduktionsorgan från hondjuren. Medelåldern hos de bedömda fällda hondjuren var 8.4 år och hos tjurar 4.4 år, och de respektive slaktvikterna låg på ca 188.0 och 201.0 kg. Slaktvikten för kalv låg i snitt på 71.5 kg. Fetthalten i benmärgen var i medel 81% för kor, 70% för tjurar och 74% för kalvar. En viktig orsak till att försökspopulationen i Ljusdal fungerar så bra är det nära samarbetet med alla intresserade. Intresset är mycket stort, många olika användare är inne på hemsidan www.slu.se/alg-forskning. Författarna ansvarar ensamma för innehållet i rapporten.

8+fjordar-området är topografiskt väldigt varierande. Vattenutbytet är långsamt och tillförseln av näringsämnen stor. Största delen av näringsämnen stannar kvar i fjordarna. Mest i Havstens- och Hakefjordar där 40-50 % av den lokala näringstillförseln stannar kvar. Utsläppen från jordbruk och skogsbruk är stora i 8+fjordar-området. T.ex. står dessa för 62 % av kvävetillförseln och 69 % av fosfortillförseln till Byfjorden. Men utsläpp från punktkällor direkt till havet är också betydande (21 % av kvävetillförseln och 19 % av fosfortillförseln till Byfjorden). Man har genom en mängd olika tilltag de senaste decennierna försökt sänka utsläppen av kväve och fosfor och även om koncentrationerna av kväve och fosfor fortsatt är höga har halterna av främst kväve sjunkit i 8+fjordar-området. De stora utsläppen av näringsämnen ökar växtplanktonproduktionen och när denna sjunker till botten och bryts ner av bakterier orsakar det syrebrist och höga koncentrationer av giftigt svavelväte i de djupare delarna av fjordarna. I de grundare delarna av fjordsystemet finns grunda vikar med ålgräsängar, blåmusselbankar och klippkuster med tångskogar. Dessa biotoper har förändrats under de senaste decennierna med en ökande påväxt av fintrådiga alger. Den pelagiska miljön (de fria vattenmassorna) är främst påverkad av avrinning av sötvatten från älvar och åar och av inflöde av salthaltigt vatten från Skagerrak genom Marstrandsfjorden och norrut i fjordsystemet. Närsaltkoncentrationen är hög i hela vattenpelaren vilket ses speciellt för nitrat. Detta ger förhöjda klorofyllkoncentrationer även om dessa alltså har minskat betydligt under de senaste decennierna. 8+fjordar-området har länge haft höga koncentrationer av giftiga dinoflagellater, men de senaste decennierna har giftalgsblomningarna minskat betydligt. De flesta områden uppnår nu minst god ekologisk status avseende vinterkoncentrationer av totalt kväve med undantag för By-, Havstens-, Askerö- och Älgöfjordar. Status för växtplankton klassas som hög i nästan hela området. År 2006 kom den amerikanska kammaneten Mnemiopsis leidyi till svenska västkusten. Den är en effektiv predator på djurplankton och kan vissa år minska djurplanktonbiomassan avsevärt under hösten. Detta kan ha allvarliga konsekvenser för överlevnad av fisk och fisklarver som livnär sig på djurplankton. De allra flesta fiskarter livnär sig på djurplankton i larvstadiet. Den bentiska miljön innefattar livsmiljön från de djupa mjukbottnarna till tångskogarnas och ålgräsängarnas topp. 8+fjordar-områdets bentiska miljö kännetecknas av klippstränder med hårdbottnar beväxta med bland annat snärjtång, blåstång, sågtång, sockertång och fintrådiga alger, där blåmusslor och andra evertebrater lever och de djupare delarna täcks av fastsittande bentiska evertebrater som till exempel havsanemoner och havsnejlikor. De djupare sedimentbottnarna hyser grävande evertebrater som livnär sig på den biomassa som sjunker ner från pelagialen. Här dominerar havsborstmasken Scalibregma inflatum, slätbukig Sammanfattning trådormstjärna och pepparmussla. Vatten från Skagerrak strömmar in i 8+fjordarområdet söderifrån och de södra bassängerna inklusive Hake- och Askeröfjordar är normalt syresatta under hela året även i sina djupaste delar, medan de djupa delarna av de nordligare Kalvö-, Borgile-, Koljö- och Byfjordar samt även Havstensfjorden ofta präglas av långvarig syrebrist. I dessa områden försvinner bottenfaunan ofta helt eller befinner sig i någon fas av återkolonisering efter vattenutbyten. Den bentiska miljön hade bättre ekologisk status under 1980- och 90-talet än under det tidiga 2000-talet. De flesta åren därefter visar måttlig status i Hake-, Halse- och Havstensfjordar. I de grunda vikarna har mängden fintrådiga alger ökat betydligt sedan slutet på 1990-talet. Dessa alger bildar påväxt på ålgräs och tång och täta mattor av ruttnande alger på botten vilket försvagar ålgräs och tång och orsaker lokal syrebrist i ängarna. Dessa alger har ökat i biomassa delvis på grund av avsaknaden av betande evertebrater (t.ex. märlkräftor) som i sin tur har minskat i antal eftersom mesopredatorer som t.ex. strandkrabba och läppfiskar har ökat när deras predatorer, som t.ex. torsk, har fiskats bort. Utbredningen av ålgräs i 8+fjordar-området har minskat ganska dramatiskt de senaste decennier, speciellt kring Kungälv och Uddevalla där 80–85% av arean har försvunnit. Status för ålgräs och tång är otillfredsställande eller måttlig i nästan hela 8+fjordar-området. Fiskbestånden i 8+fjordar-området har varit överfiskade under lång tid och liksom i Västerhavets övriga kuststområden är förekomsten av större bottenlevande fisk, främst torskfiskar, mycket reducerad i 8+fjordar-området. Det fanns ett betydande fiske av torsk, näbbgädda, rödspotta, sill och skarpsill i området på 1960- talet men 2004–2008 hade de flesta fisken kollapsat med undantag av fisket på sill och skarpsill som fortfarande fiskas även on mängden landad sill har minskat betydligt från 2014 till 2021. Av alla fångster av sill och skarpsill fiskades i genomsnitt 14 % av sillen och 87 % av skarpsillen med lysfiske. SLU:s undersökningar visar dessvärre inte på någon återhämtning av fiskbestånden under de senaste 20 åren, trots att det riktade fisket efter flera av dessa arter stoppats och det införts ett fiskefritt område i Havstensfjorden. Genetiska studier visar dock att det fortfarande finns ett lokalt lekande bestånd av torsk i området och det har observerats bättre rekryteringar 2016 och 2019. Sportfisket efter havsöring är betydande, men störst är fisket efter makrill både med spö och med dörj. Det finns ingen officiell statistik på landningar men i Fiskeriverkets rapport från 1999 angavs att fritidsfiskets sammanlagda fångster översteg yrkesfiskets för lax och havsöring och vissa arter av plattfisk. Det finns en del vattenbruk i 8+fjordar-området. Företaget Scanfjord är störst, med blåmusselodlingar i yttre Stigfjorden, Havstensfjorden och Koljöfjorden. En rad andra aktörer har odlingar främst i norra delen av 8+fjordar-området och företaget Marine Taste odlar sjöpungar nära Stenungsund. Sjöfåglar är viktiga länkar mellan näringsvävar i havet och på land och de kan vara bra indikatorer på förändringar i de marina ekosystemen. Efter mitten av 1990- talet har ejderpopulationen minskat till hälften och arten är numera (2020) rödlistad som ”starkt hotad” (EN) i både Sverige och Europa. Strandskatan har minskat med omkring 40 % i Sverige de senaste 30 åren och är sedan 2020 rödlistad som "nära hotad" (NT). Troliga faktorer för dessa två arters minskning är minskad mängd och/eller kvalitet, inklusive vitaminbrist, på bytesdjur, ökad utbredning av syrefria bottnar, klimatförändringar, predation och sjukdom. Stora förändringar har också ägt rum hos många måsfågelbestånd de senaste 20–30 åren. Fisktärna och silltrut (på västkusten) har klarat sig bra, medan övriga måsfåglar minskat så kraftigt att de blivit rödlistade. Bestånden av grågås, kanadagås och vitkindad gås har ökat kraftigt de senaste 30 åren. Tillgången på höst- och vintergröna grödor har ökat genom ändrat jordbruk och varmare och snöfattigare vintrar vilket har gynnat gässen. Storskarven var tidigare utdöd i Sverige men under 1980- och 1990-talet spred sig skarven längs den svenska kusten och i 8+fjordar-området etablerades de första kolonier i början av 2000-talet. Det finns ingen regelbunden inventering av storskarv i Sverige men år 2021 räknades 1300 bon i 7 kolonier från Nordre Älvs mynning i söder till Havstensfjord i norr, absoluta majoriteten väster om OrustTjörn. I 8+fjordar-området är storskarvens vanligaste byten smörbult och plattfisk, men även andelen torskfisk och sötvattensfisk är betydande. Knubbsäl, gråsäl och tumlare förekommer i 8+fjordar-området. Knubbsäl och tumlare är de överlägset vanligaste marina däggdjuren medan antalet gråsälar är betydligt färre. Efter att jakten förbjöds och sälarna skyddades, samtidigt som mängden miljögifter minskade, började sälpopulationen längs västkusten återhämta sig under 1980-talet. Knubbsälpopulationen har ökat sedan dess även om virussjukdom (Phocine Distemper Virus, PDV) reducerade antalet betydligt år 1988 och 2002. Under 2010-talets senare hälft uppskattades antalet knubbsälar i Västerhavet till över 20 000 djur. I 8+fjordar-området vistas de flesta sälar på utsidan Orust och Tjörn med mycket färre sälar i själva 8+fjordar-området. Prover insamlade 2015-2016 visade att knubbsälens födoval är helt dominerat av plattfisk (viktandel >70 %) följt av sill, rötsimpa och vitling. Miljögifter finns i stora koncentrationer i vissa delar av 8+fjordar-området, främst i Byfjorden där föroreningar från hamnen länge har varit stora och kring Stenungsund där utsläpp från den kemiska industrin dominerar. Men inom 8+fjordar-området finns även ett stort antal mindre båtvarv och marinor som genom åren har bidragit till giftiga utsläpp främst från båtbottenfärg. I Byfjorden har bottensedimenten höga eller mycket höga koncentrationer av olja, polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH) och PCB. Där är koncentrationerna av TBT, som tidigare användes i båtbottenfärg, och dess två nerbrytningsprodukter DBT och MBT mycket höga. Flera metaller så som zink, kadmium, koppar och nickel finns också i höga koncentrationer. Kvicksilver- och PBDE-halten i blåmusslor överskrider Vattendirektivets gränsvärde för fisk. Dessa föroreningar finns också i Havstensfjorden och Halsefjorden men i lägre koncentrationer. Kring Stenungsund är bottensedimentens halter av hexaklorbensen (HCB) höga eller mycket höga men det avspeglas dock inte i förhöjda HCB-halter i blåmusslor från samma område. Halterna av DBT och MBT är också höga här, medan halterna av TBT inte är förhöjda. Kopparhalten i sediment från Stenungsundsområdet är förhöjda och på en lokal är de långt över Vattendirektivets gränsvärde. Även koncentrationen av PBDE i blåmussla överstiger vattendirektivets gränsvärde. Blåstång från en lokal vid nordvästra Stenungsön har höga eller mycket höga koncentrationer av kadmium, arsenik och koppar. I syrefria bottnar förekommer ingen omblandning av sedimentet av infauna såsom havsborstmaskar vilket gör att lagrade ämnen inte i så hög utsträckning frigörs till vattnet och miljögifter koncentreras som mest i dessa områden. Nedbrytningshastigheten av organiska miljögifter är också betydligt långsammare i en syrefattig miljö än i en syrerik och det kan ta många decennier att bryta ned gifterna. Om syrefria bottnar innehållande miljögifter åter syresätts och omblandningen sätts igång, är det därför risk för kontaminering av kringliggande vatten. Mikroplast som härstammar från den lokala plastindustrin finns i större mängder i bottensedimenten kring Stenungsund. En studie visade att minst 3 miljoner och i värsta fall 36 miljoner polyetylenpellets större än 2 mm, motsvarande 73–730 kg, släpps ut via Stenunge å årligen. När mindre fraktioner ner till 300 µm inkluderades i mätningarna var det totala partikelantalet hundrafaldigt högre. Dessa partiklar har direkt effekt på djur och växter i fjorden. Elfiskeundersökningar visade att 62 % av öring fångade i Stenunge å hade plastpartiklar i magen. Flera invasiva arter har etablerat sig i 8+fjordar-området de senaste decennierna. Den amerikanska kammaneten Mnemiopsis leidyi finns i stora mängder sensommar och höst under de flesta år. Under år med dessa maneter kan de äta upp största delen av djurplanktonbiomassan vilket skapar problem för fisklarver som livnär sig på detta plankton. Stillahavsostronet eller det japanska jätteostronet har observerats på stränder i hela 8+fjordar-området. Dessa ostron kan tränga undan blåmussla när det bildas stora ostronbankar och de europeiska ostronen kan smittas av nya typer av parasiter. Ostronens skal är också vassa och kan orsaka skador på människor som går på bottnen i grunda områden. Mellan 20 och 40 % av 8+fjordar-områdets kustlinje är bebyggd inom 100 meters avstånd till vattenlinjen. I Kungälv och på Tjörn och Orust har bebyggd kustlinje fördubblats på bara 10 år trots förbud mot uppförande av nya byggnader närmre än 100 meter från strandlinjen enligt strandskyddslagstiftningen. 20–25 % av kusten i dessa kommuner är nu bebyggd. Friluftslivet till sjöss har också ökat kraftigt under senare år. Intervjuundersökningar visar att det under 2004 uppskattningsvis fanns totalt 26 600 båtar på svenska västkusten men att antalet har fyrdubblats fram till 2010. Denna ökning av mänsklig närvaro stör på många olika sätt. Pirar eller bryggor kan störa djurs naturliga migrationsrutter längs kusten, speciellt i topografiskt komplexa områden som 8+fjordar-området och större strukturer som t.ex. brofästen eller bortsprängningar och utgrävningar kan ändra vattengenomströmningen. I 8+fjordar-området kan det ha extra stor effekt eftersom vattenutbytet är naturligt långsamt. Fåglar störs kraftigt av snabbgående båtar. Många fåglar undviker ofta platser med mycket trafik under ruggningen och på rastoch övervintringslokaler kan störningar från båtar leda till att de oftare tar till flykt med energiförluster som följd. Marint skräp är ett särskilt stort problem i Bohuslän där stora mängder makroskräp driver i land på grund av havsströmmarna (Jutska strömmen). Detta är faktiskt ett av Europas mest nedskräpade marina områden. 96 % av det marina skräpet längs stränderna i Bohuslän utgörs av plastartiklar, och det vanligaste är snören och linor som till allra största del kommer från fisket. Effekter av skräp på det marina djurlivet är väldokumenterade, t ex insnärjning av marina djur och intag av skräpföremål av fåglar, fiskar och evertebrater. Förlorade tinor, garn och ryssjor utgör också en betydande del av skräpet. Efter intervjuundersökningar uppskattades antalet förlorade hummertinor till 3900 per år på västkusten bara från fritidsfisket. Förlorade fiskredskap fiskar vidare och studier har visat att så mycket som 163 800 humrar och krabbtaskor fångas per år på västkusten i detta spökfiske. Klimatförändringarna leder till att haven runt Sverige blir allt varmare, att kustnära vatten utsötas när nederbörden ändras och att haven försuras när ökade mängder koldioxid tas upp i havet. Varmare vatten tar upp mer plats så havsnivån stiger med stigande temperatur och detta förvärras när polernas fastlandsisar smälter. I 8+fjordar-området ökar ytvattentemperaturen fyra gångar så snabbt som den globala medeluppvärmningen och enligt SMHI har temperaturen ökat med 3,5 °C sedan 1960. Salthalt och skiktning förändras i kustnära miljöer när nederbörden varierar. I svenska kustnära marina miljöer har saliniteten minskat under perioden från 1992, då mätningarna började, fram till ca 2010, men under de senare åren har den ökat så mycket att den nu är tillbaka på samma nivå som 1990. En tredjedel av den koldioxid som släpps ut absorberas av världens hav där den bildar kolsyra. Under industrialiseringen har det globala medel-pH minskat från cirka 8,11 till 8,06, en minskning som motsvarar en ökning i surhet med 30 %. Det finns ingen marin övervakning av pH i 8+fjordar-området men data från danska fjordar visar en försurning som är dubbel så snabb som globala medelvärdet. Av alla belastningar relaterade till klimatförändringarna är det temperaturökningen som har störst effekt på djur och växter i havet. Först och främst förflyttas utbredningsområden för djur och växter mot norr. Torsken i Skagerrak/Kattegatt föredrar temperaturer som är låga jämfört med de medeltemperaturer de upplever i området i dag och den temperaturökningen vi ser i 8+fjordar-området minskar därför torskens lekmöjlighet i området. Ålgräs påverkas också av ökande temperaturer och studier visar att en 5 °C ökning minskar ålgräsets skottäthet. Havsförsurning påverkar främst bottnens kalcifierande arter som kräftdjur, blötdjur och tagghudingar. Till exempel har det visat sig att sjöborrelarvers utveckling försämras av även mycket små minskningar i pH och bottensamhällen påverkas så att både artrikedom och antal individer minskar under försurning.

Denna rapport presenterar en studie av Voernese samebys erfarenheter av de konsekvenser som gruvan i Stihkeområdet fört med sig, en gruva som drevs av Boliden Mineral AB mellan år 1976–1988. Det finns i dag ett stort kunskapsglapp angående vilka de faktiska konsekvenserna är av gruvindustri på renskötsel och annan samisk markanvändning. Detta är så vitt vi vet första gången som forskningen empiriskt belyser konsekvenserna av gruvindustrin och försöken till efterbehandling av gruvområdet utifrån en samebys egna erfarenheter och kunskap. Studien genomfördes 2019–2020 i ett samarbete mellan samebyn, Svenska Samernas Riksförbund och SEI. Datainsamlingen har bestått av arbetsmöten, intervjuer, workshops, dokumentanalys och kartering med stöd av RenGIS och forskning om störningszoner. Fokus i denna rapport är på just Voernese samebys erfarenheter, gruvans konsekvenser för andra samebyar eller icke-renskötande samer i området har därför inte inkluderats. Resultaten visar den omfattande påverkan som gruvan haft på samebyn, dels under driftperioden men i högsta grad också efteråt. Eftersom samebyn bedriver samrenskötsel i Stihkeområdet med Vilhelmina Södra sameby, på vars mark gruvverksamheten bedrevs, har samebyn påverkats både av direkta markförluster och betesskador från gruvområdet liksom andra störningarna under drifttiden. I nutid handlar de största konsekvenserna om påverkan från vägen som drogs i tidigare väglöst land och störningarna på renen från besöksnäringen. Detta har försvårat för renen att finna betesro, inneburit omfattande merarbete och ökade kostnader för samebyn vid samling och flytt, samt medfört stress och oro för samebyns medlemmar liksom även förlust av traditionell kunskap. Renskötseln försvåras även av kvarlämnade borrör och järnskrot från SGU:s provborrningar. Studien visar också hur samebyn exkluderades från beslutsfattandet när Bolidens gruva etablerades på 1970-talet och nu återigen har marginaliserats i samband med tillståndsprövningen för Vilhelmina Minerals planer för återupptagning av brytningen. Dessa forskningsresultat är viktiga för att korrigera en vanlig missuppfattning i den politiska och offentliga debatten kring gruvindustrin: att gruvindustri och renskötsel skulle kunna samexistera utan någon större påverkan på renskötseln. De bidrar också till en ökad förståelse för den omfattande påverkan som ett gruvprojekt, samt dess följdeffekter, kan ha på en grannsameby trots det att själva gruvområdet ligger utanför samebygränsen. I ett vidare perspektiv bidrar studien med ytterligare ett empiriskt baserat exempel på hur gruvbolag och stat marginaliserar samisk kunskap och missbrukar samebyars deltagande i miljöbedömningar. Dessa problem härrör främst från det faktum att svensk lagstiftning inte ger tillräckligt skydd för samiska rättigheter. Det hänger även ihop med statens tvetydiga roll i hanteringen av de intressekonflikter som uppstår när man både har en skyldighet att skydda samiska rättigheter och ska tillgodose olika samhälls- och företagsekonomiska intressen i utvinningen av mineraler. Denna brist på ansvarstagande, som samebyn upplever från statens sida, visar med all tydlighet att den koloniala exploateringen av naturresurserna i Sápmi inte är ett historiskt fenomen utan något som i högsta grad fortgår än i dag. Som ett exempel har inga ansträngningar gjorts för att se över om den begränsade ekonomiska ersättningen som staten genomförde under 1960–70 talet verkligen motsvarar de faktiska skador som samebyn fått uthärda. På kortare sikt skulle många förbättringar troligen kunna åstadkommas genom enskilda insatser för att adressera de problem som samebyn har i Stihkeområdet. Exempelvis skulle kommun och länsstyrelse kunna ingripa för att hantera de problem som besöksnäringen och friluftslivet orsakar och regeringen skulle kunna ge SGU i uppdrag att återställa tidigare prospekteringsverksamhet i Stihkeområdet. Vad denna studie främst belyser är dock behovet av en mer genomgripande strategi från statens sida för att komma till rätta med konsekvenserna av Bolidens gruvprojekt och dess följdeffekter. Utifrån senaste årens rättsutveckling torde det numera finnas goda möjligheter för staten att se över sitt ansvar för de skador som framkommit i Stihkeområdet.

The Boothia Peninsula - Somerset Island region of north-central Nunavut is a frontier region (70-74°N, 94°W) long considered as part of Rae craton. Recent field mapping and acquisition of isotopic (U-Pb, Sm-Nd) data as part of the GEM-2 Boothia-Somerset project allowed this region's exposed Precambrian bedrock to be better characterized with respect to petrology and litho-geochemistry, and to be more extensively and more precisely time-calibrated. The discovery of unique, possibly exotic, basement characterized by a ca. 2.55-2.51 Ga TTG suite overlain by ca. 2.5 Ga metasedimentary rocks, cut by 2.49- 2.48 Ga plutons, are all atypical components of the Archean Rae crust. This new knowledge and the hint of similar 'Boothia terrane' crust south of Boothia Peninsula (Ryan et al., 2009), east of the Queen Maud block (Davis et al., 2014) in central Nunavut, and in northernmost Saskatchewan (Cloutier et al., 2021), raised the possibility this terrane may extend &amp;gt;1600 km across north-central Canada. During the foundational year of GEM-GeoNorth, the extent of Boothia terrane crust was explored through legacy samples collected during the 2012 GEM Frontiers' transect across mainland Nunavut. As part of this new study, field descriptions, photographic records and legacy samples were examined, and new U-Pb zircon geochronology was acquired. The new data and knowledge were used to: i) identify new components of Boothia terrane on the mainland southwest of Boothia Peninsula; ii) further distinguish this crust from that of Rae affinity; and iii) better constrain the depositional age of Sherman Group metasedimentary rocks.

Denna rapport presenterar en studie av Vilhelmina Södra samebys erfarenheter av de konsekvenser som gruvan på Stihken fört med sig, en gruva som drevs av Boliden Mineral AB 1976–1988. Det finns i dag ett stort kunskapsglapp angående vilka de faktiska konsekvenserna är av gruvindustri på samisk markanvändning, inklusive renskötseln. Detta är så vitt vi vet första gången som forskningen empiriskt belyser konsekvenserna av gruvindustrin, och de faktiska utfallen av försöken till efterbehandling, utifrån en samebys egna erfarenheter och kunskap. Studien genomfördes 2019–2020 i ett samarbete mellan samebyn, Svenska Samernas Riksförbund och Stockholm Environment Institute. Datainsamlingen har bestått av arbetsmöten, intervjuer, workshops, dokumentanalys och kartering med stöd av RenGIS och forskning om störningszoner. Fokus i denna rapport ligger på just Vilhelmina Södra samebys erfarenheter och gruvans konsekvenser för andra samebyar eller icke-renskötande samer i området har därför inte inkluderats. Resultaten visar den omfattande påverkan som gruvan haft på samebyn, dels under driftperioden men i högsta grad också efteråt. Under drifttiden förorsakade gruvan stora direkta och indirekta markförluster, med störningar från brytningen och trafiken, damning på betet, blockering av det naturliga flyttstråket och förlust av stora delar av samebyns renar in i Norge eller in på grannbyarnas mark på svensk sida. I nutid handlar de största konsekvenserna om en omfattande störning från besöksnäringen på grund av vägen som drogs i tidigare väglöst land. Detta föranleder i sin tur stort betesbortfall; försämrad djurhälsa och kondition för renen; förhöjd arbetsbelastning, fysiska påfrestningar, och arbetsmiljörisker för renskötarna; ökade kostnader för renskötselaktiviteter; samt förlust av samiska kulturminnen, ökad psykisk påfrestning, försämrade möjligheter för samebyns unga att satsa på renskötseln, och förlust av traditionell kunskap. Dessa forskningsresultat är viktiga för att korrigera vanligt förekommande missuppfattningar i den politiska och offentliga debatten kring gruvindustrin: nämligen att gruvindustrin och renskötseln kan samexistera utan någon större påverkan på renskötseln. De visar också tydligt vem som har bäst kunskap att bedöma riskerna vid en gruvetablering: samebyn identifierade redan på 1960-talet, och det ganska så exakt, de risker som denna studie nu kunnat visa blivit verklighet medan försöken från statens representanter var långt mindre precisa. Exempelvis antog statens experter en total störningszon på 500 meter runt gruvområdet och 100 meter på bägge sidor om vägen. Detta står i stark kontrast till de störningszoner som samebyn faktiskt har upplevt, nämligen upp mot 10 kilometer för gruvan och 1,5 kilometer för vägen. Problemen härrör främst från det faktum att svensk lagstiftning inte ger tillräckligt skydd för samiska rättigheter. De hänger även ihop med statens tvetydiga roll i hanteringen av de intressekonflikter som uppstår när man både har en skyldighet att skydda samiska rättigheter och ska tillgodose olika samhälls- och företagsekonomiska intressen i utvinningen av mineraler. Denna brist på ansvarstagande, som samebyn upplever från statens sida, visar med all tydlighet att den koloniala exploateringen av naturresurserna i Sápmi inte är ett historiskt fenomen utan något som i allra högsta grad fortgår än i dag. Som ett exempel har inga ansträngningar som helst gjorts för att se över huruvida den begränsade ekonomiska ersättningen som staten genomförde under 1960–70 talet verkligen motsvarar de faktiska skador som samebyn fått uthärda. Det finns flera sätt att åtgärda problemen i området vid Stihken. Exempelvis skulle regeringen kunna ge SGU i uppdrag att återställa området från tidigare prospekteringsverksamhet och kommun och länsstyrelse skulle i sin tur kunna ingripa för att hantera besöksnäringen och friluftslivet. Vad denna studie främst belyser är dock behovet av en genomgripande strategi från statens sida för att komma till rätta med konsekvenserna av Bolidens gruvprojekt och dess följdeffekter. Utifrån senaste årens rättsutveckling torde det numera finnas goda möjligheter för staten att se över sitt ansvar för de skador som framkommit på området vid Stihken.

Det är utmanande att producera tillräckliga volymer spannmål som uppfyller kvalitetskriterierna för barnmatsråvara, främst på grund av strikta gränsvärden för tungmetaller och mykotoxiner. Med bättre underlag i form av digitala kartor och väderbaserade riskmodeller, som tillgängliggörs i ändamålsenliga beslutssystem, kan man arbeta mer effektivt med sourcing (råvaruförsörjning), spårbarhet och kvalitetssäkring. Det ger möjlighet att öka kapaciteten att producera svensk spannmålsråvara med barnmatskvalitet, både för inhemsk konsumtion och export, och samtidigt ställa hållbarhetskrav på odlingen. Med förbättrade modeller i digitala beslutsstöd för växtodlare kan man lättare optimera resurseffektiviteten, vilket bidrar till förverkligandet av nationella och internationella miljö- och klimatmål. T.ex. kan satellitbaserade kartunderlag användas för att med högre rumslig upplösning anpassa gödselgivor till lokala behov (s.k. precisionsodling). I projektet Baby Grain Passport har vi arbetat med följande frågor i fyra arbetspaket: 1) Till vilka områden bör man styra barnmatsodlingen för att säkerställa att kadmiumhalten i grödan är så låg som möjligt? 2) Hur kan man kartera – och ta hänsyn till – varierande skördenivåer inom fält när man anpassar gödselgivor? 3) Hur kan man undvika mykotoxiner som kan bildas vid odling och lagring? 4) Hur kan man ta kombinera statiska och dynamiska beslutsunderlag för effektivare sourcing och logistik av spannmål med specialkvalitet? Markinformation från miljöövervakning och mätkampanjer som Mark- och grödoinventeringen samt Jordbruksverkets åkermarksprovtagning, utgör en värdefull grund för att kunna kartlägga och undvika risk för höga kadmiumhalter i spannmålspartier. Genom att kombinera punktobservationer med högupplöst bakgrundsinformation enligt principer för digital markkartering togs detaljerade riskkartor för höga kadmiumhalter i matjord fram. I samverkan med SLUs miljöövervakning har sedan metoden generaliserats till ett ramverk för digital åkermarkskartering (Åkermarksdatakuben, ÅMDK), som kan användas för att förhållandevis snabbt ta fram nya eller uppdaterade kartprodukter även över flera andra tungmetaller – i projektet gjordes en test med kartläggning av nickelhalter i mark och i havre. I kartläggningsarbetet blev det tydligt att vissa geografiska områden är särskilt lämpade för produktion av spannmål till barnmat. Risken för att påträffa kadmiumhalter (och nickelhalter) över gränsen för barnmat i havre och vete är liten i t.ex. stora delar av Västsverige (Halland, Västra Götaland och Värmland). Resultat från kadmiumkarteringen i marken finns tillgänglig här: https://bit.ly/sannolika_kadmiumhalter.. Precisionsstyrning av växtnäring tillämpas idag ganska brett men det finns utrymme till ytterligare förbättring, t.ex. genom att hänsyn tas till varierande skördepotential inom fält. För att kunna göra det behövs effektiva metoder att generera underlag i form av detaljerade skördekartor. Fritt tillgängliga satellitdata kan nyttjas för förenklad skördekartering, utan krav på egen utrustning. När det gäller satellitbaserad skördekartering är det lämpligt att arbeta på en något grövre upplösning än den ursprungliga upplösningen hos satellitbilderna, t.ex. 40 m eller ett antal homogena zoner inom fält. Modellerna blir mer tillförlitliga om de bygger på ett vegetationsindex som är känsligt får grödans vattenstatus (NDWI) och om man använder satellitdata från ett relativt sent utvecklingsstadium (nära mjölkmognad), alternativt tidsserier av data från uppkomst fram till detta stadium. Prognossystem och mätprogram för mykotoxinerna DON och T2+HT2 är nödvändiga för att under pågående säsong informera inköpsprocessen samt för fortsatt kunskapsuppbyggnad kring biologi och utbredning av de fusariumsvampar som bildar toxinerna. För att säkert komma under det nya gränsvärde för T2+HT2, som från och med 2024 gäller för skalad havre till barnmat, bör man ha halter <40 ppb i oskalad havre (vilket är vad som mäts vid spannmålsmottagning). I de provtagningar och kartläggningar som gjorts kan vi se att förekomsten av höga halter av DON och T2+HT2 varierar geografiskt och mellan år. Högre halter av T2+HT2-toxinerna (vilka är mindre väl undersökta och mer toxiska än DON) är kopplade till varmare och torrare väder under juli samt förekomst av T2+HT2 i närområdet föregående år. När det gäller DON bör halten ligga under 200 ppb i obearbetad spannmål för att man med säkerhet ska komma under gränsvärdet för barnmat i bearbetade produkter. Baserat på data från 80 fältförsök i havre utvecklades fler väderbaserade prognosmodeller för att bedöma om den halten kommer att överskridas. Den prognosmodell som fungerade bäst gav 70 % korrekta klassificeringar, vilket bedöms tillräckligt bra för att vara användbart som riskindikator. Det är viktigt att övervaka lagrad spannmål för att tidigt upptäcka, avvikelser och risk för mykotoxin-bildning. Experiment i små testsilor visade att när koldioxidhalterna steg över 500 ppm, kunde man observera en tydlig tillväxt av mögelsvampar i lagrad vete. Koldioxidövervakning kan därför vara lovande som metod för tidig detektion av lagermögeltillväxt med risk för toxinbildning. Inköp av spannmål med särskilda kvalitetskrav är en kritisk process som i grova drag innebär att man utifrån ställda krav hittar de volymer som är bäst lämpade. Lantmännen utvecklar nu sina interna strategier och system för inköp och logistik av spannmål med specialkvaliteter. Genom att nyttja bl.a. framtagna riskkartor och riskmodeller från projektet som underlag, kan man få en säkrare urvalsbas och bli effektivare. I processen kan man samtidigt ställa krav på att råvaran är hållbart odlad. Det är denna levande infrastuktur av data, metoder och rutiner som utgör Baby Grain Passport.

Hanne Darboven’s (1941-2009) Opus 17a is a composition for solo double bass that is rarely performed due to the physical and mental challenges involved in its performance. It is one of four opuses from the composers monumental 1008 page Wünschkonzert (1984), and was composed during her period of making “mathematical music” based on mathematical systems where numbers were assigned to certain notes and translated to musical scores. It can be described as large-scale minimalism and it is highly repetitive, but even though the same notes and intervals keep repeating, the patterns slightly change throughout the piece. This is an attempt to unfold the many challenges of both interpreting, preparing and performing this 70 minute long solo piece for double bass consisting of a continuous stream of eight notes. It is largely based on my own experiences of preparing, rehearsing and performing Opus 17a, but also on interviews I have conducted with fellow bass players Robert Black and Tom Peters, who have both made recordings of this piece as well as having performed it live. One is met with few instrumental technical challenges such as fingering, string crossing and bowing when performing Opus 17a, but because of its long duration what one normally would take for granted could possibly prove to be challenging.

Introduction: Advancements and increase in access to healthcare have increased the life expectancy in India from 32 years in 1947 to almost 70 years currently. Due to robust vaccination and basic health programs, most of the communicable diseases are kept under control. The disease burden is now skewed towards non-communicable diseases. It is an established fact that body mass index (BMI) is a reliable predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. Early prediction can decrease the disease load and enable early preventative measures. A more novel approach of connecting it with blood groups would yield profound results in predictability and subsequent management. This study was done to see correlation between BMI and known blood groups in order to predict the potential incidence of CVDs in medical students. Material and Method - A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Bhaskar Medical College from September 2022 - November 2022. The sample population included 150- 1st year medical students chosen by Randomized sampling method. BMI was calculated based as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2). Discussion - Many studies conducted on the association of Blood groups with BMI yielded mixed and inconclusive results. On analysis of the data obtained from this study, O- positive blood group showed the highest inclination towards obesity i.e. 30 of the total participants. A-positive and B- positive blood groups were shown to have a lesser association with obesity i.e. 11 participants of the 150. These results were in accordance with a study done among female students by Shireen Javad et.al, nding blood group O to be the most prone to obesity.8 Incompatible to our results, a study conducted by Samuel Smith Isaac Okai et.al. found no signicant association between blood groups and BMI.10 Another study conducted by Christina Ravillo et.al. found that blood group O had the highest and blood group AB with lowest prevalence of obesity9. These ndings were similar to the results obtained in our study. To study the correlation of BMI with ABO blood group and Cardiovascula AIMS and OBJECTIVES Aim: - r risk among medical students. 1. Calculate and segregate the participants according to BM Objectives: - I using the standard formula provided by the WHO. 1. Determine Blood group using antisera 2. Evaluation of Lipid prole in obese individuals

This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.