Relevant bibliographies by topics / 200103 International and Development Communication

Academic literature on the topic '200103 International and Development Communication'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "200103 International and Development Communication"

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Wheeler, David, and John Elkington. "The end of the corporate environmental report? Or the advent of cybernetic sustainability reporting and communication." Business Strategy and the Environment 10, no. 1 (January 2001): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-0836(200101/02)10:1<1::aid-bse274>3.0.co;2-0.

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Корнилова, Виктория, Victoria Kornilova, Хуен Лыу Тхи, and Huyen Luu Thi. "Networking Development Activities International Communication." Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies 6, no. 6 (November 29, 2017): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a129d8002d344.03416218.

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The article is devoted to the study of sowing activities for the development of international communication. The authors describe the problem of recruiting foreign students and underscore the importance of addressing modern communism. For the development of international communication in the conditions of a federal university, it is proposed to use network events in the article. According to the researchers, on-line webinars and Vain competitions can promote effective recruiting of foreign students.
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Gerbner, George, and Wilbur Schramm. "The international development of communication studies." Communicatio 16, no. 1 (January 1990): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02500169008537693.

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Strenina, Maria A. "Digital economy: communication using neural networks in international communication." RUDN Journal of Economics 28, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-3-547-555.

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The article considers theoretical and practical issues of development and implementation, as well as potential development of technological solutions for voice communication of people speaking foreign languages using simultaneous machine translation, as well as potential directions of these programs for international conferences, seminars, business meetings, education in foreign universities. The article deals with the concrete experience of implementing a scientific and technological project on software development and application development carried out within the framework of the innovation project of the Russian Foundation for Innovations Development. The potential of development of this type of technologies and products in Russia in conditions of digital economy creation is also analyzed.
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Batashova, S. M., and S. N. Shirobokov. "INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE STUDENTS’ ENVIRONMENT." Science of the Person: Humanitarian Researches 1, no. 27 (May 2017): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn1998-5320.2017.27.122.

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Bychenko, Yuri G., and Magomed K. Magomedov. "Military Servicemen’s International Communication Culture Development Problems." Izvestia of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Sociology. Politology 20, no. 2 (2020): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1818-9601-2020-20-2-154-160.

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Walker, David. "International Cooperation in Software Development." Educational Media International 22, no. 3 (January 1985): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523988508548814.

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Mishchenko, Alla, Inna Shevel, Daria Likarchuk, and Marina Shevchenko. "aspects of international communication." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S4 (November 23, 2021): 1895–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns4.1878.

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The article is intended to the analysis of geopolitical, conflict-related, strategic interests of Ukraine, which can be realized within the framework of the South vector of the state geopolitics through rational and pragmatic cooperation with the trans-regional leader of the region – Turkey. The purpose of the study is to identify priority areas of cooperation between Ukraine and Turkey in the Black Sea region for the effective implementation of geostrategic interests of Ukraine, and the regularity of development of systems in political defense of states during crises and modern military-political conflicts. The use of interdisciplinary approach and methods of analytical, comparative analysis made it possible to study and analyze the evolution of the value-ideological loads which dominate the implementation of Eastern or Western geopolitical vectors. The necessity to take into account political, social, and conflict-related imbalances and integration constraints revealed the pragmatic direction of the implementation of an equidistant foreign policy of a three-dimensional format which can be viewed as an alternative vector of bilateral cooperation with Turkey, a joint position with which will ensure accelerated development of Ukraine and will help avoid pressure from the European Union and the Russian Federation.
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AZAROVA, Ofeliia Andranikovna, Ekaterina Nikolaevna GORYACHEVA, Sergey Viktorovich ILKEVICH, Oksana Ivanovna SEVRYUKOVA, and Liudmila Viacheslavovna STAKHOVA. "Development of Cross-Cultural Communication in International Tourism." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, no. 6 (January 1, 2020): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.6(38).20.

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The article is devoted to the aspects of cross-cultural communication in international tourism. It has been established that international tourism remains almost the only source of direct communication between representatives of different cultures in the information age of developed Internet communications and virtual reality, as a result of which the consciousness and self-consciousness of a person radically changes. It has been revealed that cross-cultural communication in international tourism becomes the basis for the exchange of values and experiences between different cultural worlds and their mutual implication, an integral feature and dominant of the international tourism business. It has been proved that the modern scientific discourse of cross-cultural communication in international tourism covers a wide range of concepts in various social dimensions, such as globalization, mobility, mass movement of people and creation of new cultural communities.
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Sekhar, D. Varaprasad. "Book Reviews : International Communication." International Studies 40, no. 1 (February 2003): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002088170304000111.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "200103 International and Development Communication"

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Woodman, Karen. "A study of linguistic, perceptual and pedagogical change in a short-term intensive language program." Thesis, University of Victoria, 1998. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/102184/1/__qut.edu.au_Documents_StaffHome_StaffGroupW%24_woodmank_Desktop_PhDthesis.pdf.

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This study investigates linguistic, perceptual, and pedagogical change (LPPC) in a short-term, study abroad English immersion program. It proposes the LPPC Interactive Model of second language acquisition based on Gardner's 1985 socioeducational model and Woods' 1996 beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge (BAK) structure. The framework is applied in a cross-cultural context, highlighting participants in the 1993 Camosun Osaka Aoyama English Language Institute involving Japanese English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) students from Aoyama Junior College in Osaka, Japan, and non-Japanese ESL teachers at Camosun College and Canada's University of Victoria in British Columbia. The study examined the definition of teacher achievement; distinctions between language activation and language acquisition in the short-term, study abroad context; development of the constructs student BAK+, teacher BAK+, and class BAK+ to describe interactions in "class fit"; and the influence of temporal parameters on linguistic, perceptual, and pedagogical change. Data from teacher and student surveys and interviews suggest that change occurs in each of the linguistic, perceptual, and pedagogical dimensions and support constructs proposed for the model.
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Mäkinen, A. (Anna). "Development of internal communication policy in growth enterprise." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201809052711.

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Internal communication has an important role in an organization’s every action. It is affecting to the efficiency of processes as well as sense of community among the members of an organization. Even though internal communication as such is relatively much searched topic, developing internal communication and internal communication policy have been disregarded among scientific community. The objective of this research is to find out how to develop an internal communication policy when there are factors that are strongly affecting to that. The main theory is contingency theory which argues that there is no one universal way to organize an internal communication policy. There are some external and internal factors that affect to organizing such. In this research the growth is an external factor which has affected to the internal factor, the amount of tacit knowledge. The research is made for an IT company Aava Mobile Oy which needs development for three different internal communication channels: intranet, familiarization package and Common Coffee Break. The goal is to find the objectives of development for each channel. The research is a case study which is using qualitative methods such as semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and observation. The researcher was an active part of the working community which meant the observation was inclusive. The research philosophy is critical realism which means there is an objective reality but the knowledge is socially constructed. This research found out that growth has many impacts on the development of internal communication policy. The growth makes the organizational structure more complex than it was before which affects the flow of information and the amount of tacit knowledge. Internal communication can be measured in multiple ways, in this research the employee satisfaction was connected with the success of the internal communication policies. Employee satisfaction and the amount of tacit knowledge was also connected, less tacit knowledge within an organization equals more satisfaction among employees.
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Campbell, Michelle. "Communicaiton for Poverty Alleviation: How Aid and Development Agencies in New Zealand View the Relationships Between Communication and Development." The University of Waikato, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2768.

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A highly debated topic of the last few decades has centred on the idea of communication as a means for poverty reduction. With two-thirds of the world's population living in poverty, there is a dire need to understand why global poverty and inequality continue to increase, and what role communication can, and is playing in the fight against poverty. This study therefore seeks to understand how three aid and development agencies in New Zealand, New Zealand Aid (NZAID), Oxfam New Zealand (NZ), and Christian World Service (CWS), construct poverty in the context of international development. Additionally it seeks to establish how these three organisations view relationships between communication and poverty. Eleven semi-structured, in-depth interviews with key informants were conducted, transcribed, and analysed in order to extract information surrounding the issues of poverty and international development. From this analysis, it is evident that these three organisations recognise official and unofficial definitions of poverty. It is also apparent that these definitions of poverty affect the ways in which these organisations view the causes of poverty, as well as their outlook on international development. Furthermore, three topics emerged when examining relationships between communication and poverty: communication with local people and local organisations, communication about local people and local organisations, and dealing with communication issues through accountability, transparency, and legitimacy. Implications on communication and development theory as well as theory on the discursive constructions of poverty are addressed. Finally, this study addresses practical implications for aid and development agency practice, and offers recommendations for further study in the area development communication.
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Davis, Mary. "The development of competence in source use by international postgraduate students." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021705/.

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This study investigates the development of source use by international postgraduate students at a UK HEI over a two year period. While other studies have examined source use at one time, in one area or with a small number of students, this study aims to establish what constitutes competence in key features of source use at Master’s level from the development shown by a larger number of students. The data comes from eight postgraduate students from China, Japan, Sri Lanka and Algeria in the form of four assignments submitted during a Pre-Master’s programme and subsequent Master’s degree. Interviews were carried out at each stage as an adjunct to the assignment data to investigate participants’ perspectives and knowledge of source use. The assignments were analysed for competence in five key features of source use: citation, paraphrasing, reporting verbs, critical engagement and avoidance of plagiarism. From the findings, different strategies, development and ability in source use emerged, leading to the establishment of three types of users: risk takers, safe players and competent users. The risk takers adopted strategies such as copying attributed and unattributed source text. The safe players used a small range of features but were extremely careful to avoid plagiarism. The competent users employed a range of features and did not take risks with plagiarism. From the final group, descriptors of competence in source use are defined which form the key contribution of this study to the field of EAP and to postgraduate education. The thesis highlights the following implications for practice: more continuous teaching of source use is necessary throughout postgraduate courses; EAP may not provide sufficient instruction in source use; tutors need to take students’ language level and prior education into account; and engaging students in discussing and defining plagiarism is essential for their development of source use.
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Wunsch, Jennifer. "Computer mediated communication and international development, an institutional analysis of world bank initiatives." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ30878.pdf.

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Van, Zyl Jeanri-Tine. "The Bretton Woods School of Development communication as an 'agent' of modernisation in Sub-Saharan Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11602.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-81).
A literature study invetigating the role of communication within the Bretton Woods School of Development Communication as an agent to achieve social and economical change in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study presents social and economic change as intended outcomes of modernisation as supported by this school of thought. It grapples with Western modernisation discourse that was advanced by Bretton Woods institutions as well as the instruments of communication (media) applied to achieve the intended developmental outcomes. It suggests that the presumed lack of modernisation in Sub-Saharan Africa is based on subjective development criteria and the applicability of ineffective communication and governance methods that failed to consider the region's cultural and socio-economic diversity. In a postmodern world, the study suggests that there should be a gradual move away from the Bretton Woods School of Development Communication-thought and that the focus should rather be to enable the region to establish communication, development and governance models that are African in character.
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Scraggs, Emily Anne. "The use of social science knowledge at the United States Agency for International Development." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313027.

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Enghel, Florencia. "Video letters, mediation and (proper) distance : A qualitative study of international development communication in practice." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för geografi, medier och kommunikation, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-34448.

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This study scrutinizes the trajectory of an international development communication intervention aimed at mediating, rendering public and mobilizing processes of reconnection among estranged citizens across the former Yugoslavia. The intervention, which took place between 2000 and 2005 in the wider context of post-conflict international development assistance and peacebuilding operations in the region, was known as the Videoletters project. Centered on a documentary TV series aimed at promoting the reestablishment of relationships among ordinary people affected by ethno-political divisions, Videoletters was adopted by European bilateral funders for large-scale implementation and categorized as a “tool for reconciliation”. Starting from an understanding of communication as a right to which citizens are entitled, as a responsibility of practitioners and institutions, and as a capability that is socially distributed in unequal ways and has an ambiguous potential, the study looks into the contextualized potential and limitations of international development communication intervention to attend to the citizens that it is supposed to benefit. By providing rich empirical details about a process of intervention, the study argues in concrete terms for the study of development communication not as a presumably positive tool, but as an institutionally driven practice that may or may not strengthen conditions of justice, with consequences that will differ depending on the specificity of sociopolitical situations in time and space. Depending on contextual and institutional conditions and on the forms of mediation privileged/disregarded throughout the process, the deployment of a specific development communication intervention may/may not foster proper distance, and thus strengthen/weaken conditions of justice for the citizens under consideration, who are subject to the governance structure of international development assistance. By linking the practice of international development communication to a framework of justice, the study brings the political and ethical dimensions of said practice to the fore and contributes to a critical agenda for theorization and research that takes accountability into consideration and puts citizens at the center.
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Olson, Kristin. "Water carved out the mountains. Policy communication of Engaged Buddhists related to international development cooperation." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22363.

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The study “Water carved out the mountains. Policy communication of Engaged Buddhists related to international development cooperation” contributes to an understanding of development from perspectives of non-denominational action among so called Engaged Buddhists. Departing from qualitative interviews with nine leaders of socially engaged organizations from five Asian countries, the systemic programming resulting from their ideals are compared to key principles and programming of international development cooperation. Responding to the question:”What policy ideals shape the development programming, and can these be linked to forms of power and the rights-based approach?” this inter-disciplinary and multi-sited study feeds into the increased interest in faith-based expressions within the general public sphere, and specifically in the development industry. Guided by the ontology of critical realism, a mixed method is used shaped by qualitative interviews and participatory observations, enabling both analysis of meanings and development programming. Based on their views on Buddhist ethics and practices, the leaders address development topics common today. Policies expressed are placed within a communication culture for change, yet not necessarily by conventional confrontational advocacy modes. Diverse understandings are at play, such as how to convey meanings of “kindness”. Although not referring to concepts common within the social and cultural structures of contemporary international development cooperation, the actors develop methods based on principles of participation in particular and the work today can also be related to other principles of the Human Rights Based Approach. The policies and programming are linked to invisible, informal and formal forms of power although informants refer to interpretations of compassion, inter-relatedness and non-dualism, among other.From a perspective of development cooperation, a hypothetical argument is advanced suggesting that the informants do not differ at substantial level related to their understanding and practice of Buddhism or their general approaches to development topics, as much as they differ regarding their approach to programming aimed at influencing forms of power. The common criticism of Buddhists not addressing power can then for this group be nuanced, and indicatively suggested not to be valid regarding invisible and informal power, but rather regarding formal power.Academic fields: Communication for development with reference to sociology of religion, political science, global studies and multi-sited ethnography.Key words: Engaged Buddhism, Civil Society Organizations, Faith-Based Organizations, Human Right Based Approach, participation, complexity/systemic approaches, power, Thich Nhath Hanh, Sister Chan Khong, Sulak Sivaraksa, Bikkhuni Dhammananda, A.T. Ariyaratne, Sarvodaya.
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Szalvai, Eva. "Emerging Forms of Globalization Dialectics: Interlocalization, a New Praxis of Power and Culture in Commercial Media and Development Communication." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1214241605.

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Books on the topic "200103 International and Development Communication"

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Enghel, Florencia, and Jessica Noske-Turner, eds. Communication in International Development. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Rethinking development: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203703977.

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Bella, Mody, ed. International and development communication: A 21st-century perspective. Thousand Oaks [Calif.]: Sage Publications, 2003.

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Meyer, Arnoud de. "Management of communication in international research and development". Fontainbleau: INSEAD, 1986.

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1964-, Stone Diane, and Maxwell Simon, eds. Global knowledge networks and international development: Bridges across boundaries. New York: Routledge, 2005.

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Yusha'u, Muhammad Jameel, and Jan Servaes, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of International Communication and Sustainable Development. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69770-9.

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Communication, development, & the Third World: The global politics of information. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1992.

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L, Stevenson Robert. Communication, development, and the Third World: The global politics of information. New York: Addison-Wesley Longman, 1988.

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Potoker, Elaine S. International human resource development: A leadership perspective. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010.

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Communication, development and democracy: Mapping a discourse. Cresskill, N.J: Hampton Press, 2008.

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Colin, Fraser. Communicating for development: Human change for survival. London: I.B. Tauris, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "200103 International and Development Communication"

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Ramírez, Ricardo, and Wendy Quarry. "Communication and Evaluation." In Communication in International Development, 135–52. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Rethinking development: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203703977-8.

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Hinderer, Henning, and Claudio Pousa. "Digital Communication in B-To-B Sales." In International Business Development, 197–222. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33221-1_11.

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Enghel, Florencia, and Jessica Noske-Turner. "Introduction." In Communication in International Development, 1–18. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Rethinking development: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203703977-1.

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Waisbord, Silvio. "Epilogue." In Communication in International Development, 170–76. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Rethinking development: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203703977-10.

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Enghel, Florencia. "A “Success Story” Unpacked." In Communication in International Development, 21–38. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Rethinking development: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203703977-2.

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Scott, Martin, Kate Wright, and Mel Bunce. "“Doing Good” and “Looking Good” in Global Humanitarian Reporting." In Communication in International Development, 39–57. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Rethinking development: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203703977-3.

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Wilson, Ben. "Shifting Development Discourses in Public and in Private." In Communication in International Development, 58–75. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Rethinking development: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203703977-4.

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Wilkins, Karin Gwinn. "Communication about Development and the Challenge of doing Well." In Communication in International Development, 76–95. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Rethinking development: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203703977-5.

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Noske-Turner, Jessica, Jo Tacchi, and Vinod Pavarala. "Becoming Visible." In Communication in International Development, 99–117. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Rethinking development: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203703977-6.

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Kogen, Lauren. "For Celebrity Communication about Development to do Good." In Communication in International Development, 118–34. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Rethinking development: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203703977-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "200103 International and Development Communication"

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Palmer, G., and D. Slavin. "Graduate engineering professional development." In IEEE International Professional Communication Conference, 2003. IPCC 2003. Proceedings. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipcc.2003.1245489.

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Raja, Siddhartha. "Political Economy and ICTs for Development: India's Space Program, 1975-2000." In 2006 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictd.2006.301859.

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Bell, John. "Development of safety standards for free space optical communication systems." In ILSC® 2003: Proceedings of the International Laser Safety Conference. Laser Institute of America, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5056547.

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Wahba, Khaled, and Sherif Kamel. "A Virtual Research Model to Help Academics Face the Challenges of the 21st Century." In 2001 Informing Science Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2401.

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The academic career and the stages of promotion of teachers and field researchers at the Egyptian universities as well as at many research centers available in Egypt's 26 provinces is guided by a set of rules and regulations that mainly depend on the number of publications that the researcher is producing in a specific period of time. It is also important to note that such publications should be published in well-known and accredited journals, transactions, and conference proceedings amongst others. These publications could be produced jointly with other institutions both locally and internationally. In all scenarios, one common problem always prevails, that is resources and funding. As for funding it is occasionally provided through international donors such as the European Union and the National Science Foundation. However, the problem remains in the local segment where various barriers are slowing down if not blocking the production of up-to-standard publications and research projects that are needed to contribute to the overall development of various sectors both quantitatively and qualitatively. Example barriers would include financial resources, required specialized equipment, as well as computing (hardware and software) and communication resources. In that respect, Scientific Computer Software Applications (SCSA) is becoming frequently the workhorse of research and development activities. Many software packages have been released to help researchers analyze and produce scientific publications. Most of these packages have a complicated design as well as expensive making it difficult to buy and not easy to understand by the user. Egypt, a developing country, lacks funding for research and development activities as compared to the United States and other European countries. The lack of financial resources and the scarcity of required resources make it difficult for academic researchers to build and excel in their academic careers. This paper demonstrates a new model namely; Virtual Research System (VRS), that is free from limitations of spatial distance and time and based mainly on information and communication technologies including the Internet to help leverage the quality and the quantity of academic researchers in Egyptian universities both locally as well as through collaborative work with other international research institutions. The paper provides an opportunity to share a wealth of information and knowledge that was never tapped before through the old accustomed to traditional techniques. The paper also demonstrates that new information and communication technologies are creating many challenges and opportunities for growth in different disciplines including research and development.
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Mecham, Travis, Bruce Wilkerson, and Bryan Templeton. "Full Integration of SCADA, Field Control Systems and High Speed Hydraulic Models: Application Pacific Pipeline System." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-240.

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Recent advances in PLC, SCADA and leak detection system technologies lead to the development of a highly integrated control system. Interconnected with fiber optic communication speeds (OC-1), this level of integration moves away from the historic model of stand-alone field controllers connected over low speed communication links to a centralized control center which, in turn, exchanges data from the host system to stand-alone leak detection processors. A new system design approach utilized familiar pipeline control elements such as PLC controllers and MODBUS communication protocols in combination with elements more typically associated with an office environment such as Windows NT servers, PC compatible computers, and Ethernet TCP/IP communications networks. These open-architecture components were used to fully develop, debug and test the SCADA system prior to system startup. The pipeline simulator is used as the centerpiece for this process to perform thorough operational validation of the system long before initial linefill. Once the various components were fully tested they were exported to the physical system in an operational state. The result is nearly seamless control systems supported by high data rates, high model speeds, common databases, and multi-channel communications. The increased level of integration has had dramatic impacts in leak detection, system safety, engineering development, operator training, and overall reliability of the control systems. The following paper presents a narrative overview of these new developments in the context of an implementation on Pacific Pipeline System (PPS). PPS is a recently constructed and commissioned 209 km (130 mile), 50.8 cm (20″) diameter, hot crude oil pipeline between the southern portion of California’s San Joaquin Valley and refineries in the Los Angeles basin. Following the Interstate 5 corridor over the “Grapevine”, Tejon Pass, Angeles National Forest and through heavily populated areas, this pipeline traverses some of the most environmentally and safety sensitive regions in the United States. The joint federal and state Environmental Impact Report / Environmental Impact Statement (EIR/EIS) set high hurdles for leak detection and control system performance. The historic control architecture and technologies were not adequate. This paper provides an overview of the environmental and physical constraints of the Pacific Pipeline System alignment, hydraulics, pumping and metering equipment, and block valve locations. It also discusses their impact on the design, programming and commissioning of a SCADA system meeting the requirements of the EIR/EIS. The paper then describes in more detail the fiber-optic communication system, control system architecture, SCADA system, leak detection models, simulator models and implementation methods, along with the engineering decisions leading to a comprehensive solution for the SCADA and leak detection requirements.
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Tanovic, Anel, and Irena Serna Marjanovic. "Development of a new improved model of ISO 20000 standard based on recommendations from ISO 27001 standard." In 2019 42nd International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/mipro.2019.8756843.

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Mizuno, F., A. Harada, and T. Yamaguchi. "Development of an Input Interface Using Ocular Potential for Handicapped Users of Health Care Supporting Computer." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/bed-23098.

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Abstract Numerous attempts to adapt multimedia communication to medical care have been reported recently. It is our view that spiritual support is more important in medical care, while so-called high technology may be necessary for medical practice. Therefore, we proposed the concept of the Hyper Hospital [1–3], to offer patients a means of effective human communication during medical care. The Hyper Hospital is a medical system constructed on a computer and multimedia based-network, which patients use to participate in medical and care activities through improved communication media. It is sometimes difficult for physically handicapped patients, such as PMD (progressive muscular dystrophy), ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), and traumatic cervical injury patients, to operate a computer, because of their disabilities. Therefore, there is a serious digital divide between physically disabled patients and healthy people. To remedy this, various communication devices, such as those using winking, eye gaze, voice, and electrical biological signals (event-related potential [4–5], electrooculogram, etc.) have been proposed and tested. These are designed to enable seriously handicapped patients to use a computer without using the usual mechanical input devices, such as a keyboard, mouse, or joystick. Although an EEG (electroencephalogram) offers one source of such potential electrical biological signals, it produces a very weak electrical signal that contaminating noise makes difficult to process. On the other hand, the ocular potential generated by the dipolar potential of the eyeball has a much larger gain in potential than the EEG. Moreover, the ocular potential can be easily controlled by the user, and eye-movement ability remains largely intact, even after neurological diseases progress to a very advanced stage. Therefore, this report studied the development of an input interface for computers using an electrooculogram.
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Golobic, Mojca. "Simulation Model of Regional and Urban Development Impacts: An Approach for Transparent and Communicative LILRW Disposal Siting Process." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1253.

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Abstract In most of the failed nuclear objects sitting processes the main barriers were not the technical or safety questions, but the problem of communication and reaching the public acceptance about decision. The paper presents one of the possible approaches that could contribute to the more community sensitive, transparent, communicative and finally successful siting process. The computer-supported approach for assessment of LILRW disposal impacts on regional and urban development is one of several modules loosely connected to a spatial simulation model in GIS. The results are shown as cartographic representation of impacts on different land uses and a possible future land use pattern. This model will be used for evaluation of alternative sites from regional and urban development impact aspects and for negotiating compensation schemes for local communities. One of the very important findings of this work is that the modeling outcomes depend more on value assumptions, according to which the input parameters are chosen, than on accuracy of computations. Therefore any conclusion based on the model outcomes should be verified in a wide panel of experts, interest groups and also wider public.
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Jun, Seung Kook, and Venkat N. Krovi. "The Smart Car Project: Development and Implementation of a Modular Scaled Test-Bed." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/cie-48258.

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In this paper, we investigate the development, implementation and testing of an inexpensive scaled-prototype “Smart Car Test-Bed”. The test-bed consists of retrofitting a commercially available radio-control (RC) truck with a PC/104 based computer with various embedded sensorand actuatorsubsystems together and multiple modes of communication (radio frequency (RF) and IEEE 802.11b wireless ethernet). The overall goal of our work is the creation of an inexpensive test-bed equipped with a real-time mediated control system to enhance the overall system autonomy and robustness. This test-bed enables us to study several concepts including: (i) mediation of human user control of complex robot systems; (ii) multi-user shared teleoperation; and (iii) robustness of the control in the presence of varying grades of communication — issues that are pertinent to a number of current and future generations of military/civilian systems.
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Park, Hong-Seok, Gyu-Bong Lee, and Hyun Kim. "Collaborative Engineering System Supporting Product Development Process." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/cie-48267.

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Since customer’s demand is various and product life cycle is getting shorter, many manufacturing company is trying to reduce product development time and cost. The processes of product development involve a large number of components and the interaction of multiple technologies. For the above reasons, companies make an effort to design product on collaborative environment. The various activities in a product development are highly distributed. This distributed nature of the activities implies that teams will be working in different place and technical environment. Thus at a given time, teams might work on the same product from different perspectives. This will require efficient communication amongst the various individuals and the various software tools that are used by them. Therefore, there is a need for collaborative system that can support distributed design such that participants from different background collaborate towards one common goal. IT (Information Technology) is the foundation for collaborative system. In this paper the development of an enterprise-specific collaboration-strategy including process oriented co-operations in product development will be presented. This strategy particularly comprises new customer-oriented functionalities, tools for supporting collaborative product development as well as a systematic support for an implementation of collaborative system.
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Reports on the topic "200103 International and Development Communication"

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Perera, Duminda, Ousmane Seidou, Jetal Agnihotri, Mohamed Rasmy, Vladimir Smakhtin, Paulin Coulibaly, and Hamid Mehmood. Flood Early Warning Systems: A Review Of Benefits, Challenges And Prospects. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/mjfq3791.

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Floods are major water-related disasters that affect millions of people resulting in thousands of mortalities and billiondollar losses globally every year. Flood Early Warning Systems (FEWS) - one of the floods risk management measures - are currently operational in many countries. The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction recognises their importance and strongly advocates for an increase in their availability under the targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, despite widespread recognition of the importance of FEWS for disaster risk reduction (DRR), there’s a lack of information on their availability and status around the world, their benefits and costs, challenges and trends associated with their development. This report contributes to bridging these gaps by analyzing the responses to a comprehensive online survey with over 80 questions on various components of FEWS (risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination and communication, and response capabilities), investments into FEWS, their operational effectiveness, benefits, and challenges. FEWS were classified as technologically “basic”, “intermediate” and “advanced” depending on the existence and sophistication of FEWS` components such as hydrological data = collection systems, data transfer systems, flood forecasting methods, and early warning communication methods. The survey questionnaire was distributed to flood forecasting and warning centers around the globe; the primary focus was developing and least-developed countries (LDCs). The questionnaire is available here: https://inweh.unu.edu/questionnaireevaluation-of-flood-early-warning-systems/ and can be useful in its own right for similar studies at national or regional scales, in its current form or with case-specific modifications. Survey responses were received from 47 developing (including LDCs) and six developed countries. Additional information for some countries was extracted from available literature. Analysis of these data suggests the existence of an equal number of “intermediate” and “advanced” FEWS in surveyed river basins. While developing countries overall appear to progress well in FEWS implementation, LDCs are still lagging behind since most of them have “basic” FEWS. The difference between types of operational systems in developing and developed countries appear to be insignificant; presence of basic, intermediate or advanced FEWS depends on available investments for system developments and continuous financing for their operations, and there is evidence of more financial support — on the order of USD 100 million — to FEWS in developing countries thanks to international aid. However, training the staff and maintaining the FEWS for long-term operations are challenging. About 75% of responses indicate that river basins have inadequate hydrological network coverage and back-up equipment. Almost half of the responders indicated that their models are not advanced and accurate enough to produce reliable forecasts. Lack of technical expertise and limited skilled manpower to perform forecasts was cited by 50% of respondents. The primary reason for establishing FEWS, based on the survey, is to avoid property damage; minimizing causalities and agricultural losses appear to be secondary reasons. The range of the community benefited by FEWS varies, but 55% of FEWS operate in the range between 100,000 to 1 million of population. The number of flood disasters and their causalities has declined since the year 2000, while 50% of currently operating FEWS were established over the same period. This decline may be attributed to the combined DRR efforts, of which FEWS are an integral part. In lower-middle-income and low-income countries, economic losses due to flood disasters may be smaller in absolute terms, but they represent a higher percentage of such countries’ GDP. In high-income countries, higher flood-related losses accounted for a small percentage of their GDP. To improve global knowledge on FEWS status and implementation in the context of Sendai Framework and SDGs, the report’s recommendations include: i) coordinate global investments in FEWS development and standardise investment reporting; ii) establish an international hub to monitor the status of FEWS in collaboration with the national responsible agencies. This will support the sharing of FEWS-related information for accelerated global progress in DRR; iii) develop a comprehensive, index-based ranking system for FEWS according to their effectiveness in flood disaster mitigation. This will provide clear standards and a roadmap for improving FEWS’ effectiveness, and iv) improve coordination between institutions responsible for flood forecasting and those responsible for communicating warnings and community preparedness and awareness.
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Savchenko, Sergii V., Svitlana O. Shekhavtsova, and Vladimir I. Zaselskiy. The development of students' critical thinking in the context of information security. [б. в.], November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4420.

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The problem of students’ critical thinking development in the context of information security becomes important in international and national educational policies as a means of fostering active citizenship and in turn sustainable development. The purpose of the given research is to introduce theoretical substantiation and experimental approbation of students’ critical thinking development in the context of information security. The skills of critical thinking help students to cope with the bulk of information they daily receive. However, there is still no conventional methodology for critical thinking development in university students. In our study we suggest possible ways to develop critical thinking in university students via introducing some special courses into the curriculum, and consider the results of the experimental study conducted on the basis of two Ukrainian leading universities. In order to improve the students’ skills of critical thinking the author suggested implementing the special course “The specifics of students’ critical thinking in the context of information security”, and an optional distance course on optimization of students’ critical thinking on the background of information and communication technologies. After the implementation of the suggested courses the indicators of students’ critical thinking development showed positive changes and proved the efficiency of the special courses as well as the general hypothesis of the study.
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Garrity, John, and Arndt Husar. Digital Connectivity and Low Earth Orbit Satellite: Constellations Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific. Asian Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210156-2.

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Satellite communication plays an important role in the global connectivity ecosystem. It connects rural and remote populations, provides backhaul connectivity to mobile cellular networks, and enables rapid communications for emergency and disaster responses. Low Earth orbit constellations may prove to be transformational to the connectivity landscape based on their global coverage and their suitability for areas not served by fiber optic cable networks. The Asian Development Bank’s developing member countries are well placed to benefit from this expansion of internet connectivity. It will be particularly valuable for small island developing states and landlocked developing countries with limited international bandwidth internet.
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Semotiuk, Orest. RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN MILITARY CONFLICT: TERMINOLOGICAL AND DISCURSIVE DIMENSIONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11399.

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The paper is devoted to terminological, typological and discursive dimension of concepts describing modern conflicts. Historical development of concept “war” is retraced including four generations of warfare. Difficulties in establishing a methodological framework for analyzing the media coverage of military conflicts are analyzed and an interdisciplinary approach to the media coverage of military conflicts is proposed. This enables the integration of different theories - international relations, conflict studies, political communication and journalism. Two dimensions of the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict (physical and discursive) are desribed. In the physical dimension, the conflict is localized. The discursive dimension of the conflict is implemented at the global, interstate (Russian-Ukrainian) and local (intra-Ukrainian) levels. Discursive understanding of the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict was investigated on local level. The object of analysis was coverage of the conflict in 4 Ukrainian online news portals. The need of new methodological approaches to analysis of the relationship between the media and security issues is emphasized.
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Latané, Annah, Jean-Michel Voisard, and Alice Olive Brower. Senegal Farmer Networks Respond to COVID-19. RTI Press, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rr.0045.2106.

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This study leveraged existing data infrastructure and relationships from the Feed the Future Senegal Naatal Mbay (“flourishing agriculture”) project, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by RTI International from 2015 to 2019. The research informed and empowered farmer organizations to track and respond to rural households in 2020 as they faced the COVID-19 pandemic. Farmer organizations, with support from RTI and local ICT firm STATINFO, administered a survey to a sample of 800 agricultural households that are members of four former Naatal Mbay–supported farmer organizations in two rounds in August and October 2020. Focus group discussions were conducted with network leadership pre- and post–data collection to contextualize the experience of the COVID-19 shock and to validate findings. The results showed that farmers were already reacting to the effects of low rainfall during the 2019 growing season and that COVID-19 compounded the shock through disrupted communications and interregional travel bans, creating food shortages and pressure to divert seed stocks for food. Food insecurity effects, measured through the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and cereals stocks, were found to be greater for households in the Casamance region than in the Kaolack and Kaffrine regions. The findings also indicate that farmer networks deployed a coordinated response comprising food aid and access to personal protective equipment, distribution of short-cycle legumes and grains (e.g., cowpea, maize) and vegetable seeds, protection measures for cereals seeds, and financial innovations with banks. However, food stocks were expected to recover as harvesting began in October 2020, and the networks were planning to accelerate seed multiplication, diversify crops beyond cereals, improve communication across the network. and mainstream access to financial instruments in the 2021 growing season. The research indicated that the previous USAID-funded project had likely contributed to the networks’ COVID-19 resilience capacities by building social capital and fostering the new use of tools and technologies over the years it operated.
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Iatsyshyn, Anna V., Valeriia O. Kovach, Yevhen O. Romanenko, Iryna I. Deinega, Andrii V. Iatsyshyn, Oleksandr O. Popov, Yulii G. Kutsan, Volodymyr O. Artemchuk, Oleksandr Yu Burov, and Svitlana H. Lytvynova. Application of augmented reality technologies for preparation of specialists of new technological era. [б. в.], February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3749.

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Augmented reality is one of the most modern information visualization technologies. Number of scientific studies on different aspects of augmented reality technology development and application is analyzed in the research. Practical examples of augmented reality technologies for various industries are described. Very often augmented reality technologies are used for: social interaction (communication, entertainment and games); education; tourism; areas of purchase/sale and presentation. There are various scientific and mass events in Ukraine, as well as specialized training to promote augmented reality technologies. There are following results of the research: main benefits that educational institutions would receive from introduction of augmented reality technology are highlighted; it is determined that application of augmented reality technologies in education would contribute to these technologies development and therefore need increase for specialists in the augmented reality; growth of students' professional level due to application of augmented reality technologies is proved; adaptation features of augmented reality technologies in learning disciplines for students of different educational institutions are outlined; it is advisable to apply integrated approach in the process of preparing future professionals of new technological era; application of augmented reality technologies increases motivation to learn, increases level of information assimilation due to the variety and interactivity of its visual representation. Main difficulties of application of augmented reality technologies are financial, professional and methodical. Following factors are necessary for introduction of augmented reality technologies: state support for such projects and state procurement for development of augmented reality technologies; conduction of scientific research and experimental confirmation of effectiveness and pedagogical expediency of augmented reality technologies application for training of specialists of different specialties; systematic conduction of number of national and international events on dissemination and application of augmented reality technology. It is confirmed that application of augmented reality technologies is appropriate for training of future specialists of new technological era.
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Kaawa-Mafigiri, David, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Tabitha Hrynick. Key Considerations for RCCE in the 2022 Ebola Outbreak Response in Greater Kampala, Uganda. Institute of Development Studies, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.037.

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On 20 September 2022, an outbreak of the Sudan strain of Ebola Virus Disease – SVD – was announced as the first laboratory-confirmed patient was identified in a village in Mubende District in central Uganda. Uganda’s Ministry of Health (MoH) activated the National Task Force and developed and deployed a National Response Plan, which includes the activation of District Task Forces. The target areas include the epicentre (Mubende and Kassanda districts) and surrounding areas, as well as Masaka, Jinja and Kampala cities. This is of great concern, as Kampala is the capital city with a high population and linkages to neighbouring districts and international locations (via Entebbe Airport). It is also a serious matter given that there has been no outbreak of Ebola before in the city. This brief details how Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) activities and approaches can be adapted to reach people living in Greater Kampala to increase adoption of preventive behaviours and practices, early recognition of symptoms, care seeking and case reporting. The intended audiences include the National Task Force and District Task Forces in Kampala, Mukono, and Wakiso Districts, and other city-level RCCE practitioners and responders. The insights in this brief were collected from emergent on-the-ground observations from the current outbreak by embedded researchers, consultations with stakeholders, and a rapid review of relevant published and grey literature. This brief, requested by UNICEF Uganda, draws from the authors’ experience conducting social science research on Ebola preparedness and response in Uganda. It was written by David Kaawa-Mafigiri (Makerere University), Megan Schmidt-Sane (Institute of Development Studies (IDS)), and Tabitha Hrynick (IDS), with contributions from the MoH, UNICEF, the Center for Health, Human Rights and Development (CEHURD), the Uganda Harm Reduction Network (UHRN), Population Council and CLEAR Global/Translators without Borders. It includes some material from a SSHAP brief developed by Anthrologica and the London School of Economics. It was reviewed by the Uganda MoH, University of Waterloo, Anthrologica, IDS and the RCCE Collective Service. This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.
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Atkinson, Dan, and Alex Hale, eds. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.
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Bénin: Target men to increase use of health services. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2001.1001.

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After initiating health sector reforms in 1994, the Bénin government established the Integrated Family Health Project, known as PROSAF. Funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, PROSAF operates in the Borgou region, which is mostly rural and has the country’s most severe health problems. PROSAF managers wanted to understand why local people were not using health services, despite their poor health. As noted in this brief, managers requested that the African Population and Health Research Centre (APHRC) study the way households and communities make decisions on health care. In a study conducted in 2000 with support from the Population Council, APHRC identified sociocultural factors that might impede access to health care in the region and recommended approaches to overcome these obstacles. Study findings included that adult men make unilateral decisions in household resource allocation and health care; people prefer alternative health care, mainly traditional healers or self-medication, because of their low cost; use of modern medicine tends to occur as a last resort, and only when symptoms are advanced; communication about FP is limited, both between husbands and wives and between parents and children.
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