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Journal articles on the topic '200102 Efficacy of medications'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Park, Sea Mi, Halinder S. Mangat, Karen Berger, and Axel J. Rosengart. "Efficacy spectrum of antishivering medications." Critical Care Medicine 40, no. 11 (November 2012): 3070–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0b013e31825b931e.

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2

Feren, Stephen, Anup Katyal, and James K. Walsh. "Efficacy of Hypnotic Medications and Other Medications Used for Insomnia." Sleep Medicine Clinics 1, no. 3 (September 2006): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2006.06.011.

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3

Pappachan, Joseph M. "Efficacy and Cardiovascular Safety of Antidiabetic Medications." Current Drug Safety 16, no. 2 (June 8, 2021): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574886316666210112153429.

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: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has already affected one in every eleven person in the global population, and the dis-ease prevalence continues to increase because of the obesity pandemic. Even with the availability of a multitude of antidi-abetic medications for optimal glycaemic control, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality were not largely altered until re-cently when newer antidiabetic drugs such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor analogues (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors were introduced. Cardiovascular safety of antidiabetic drugs has also been a hot topic for global scientific debate after the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) enforced restrictions on Rosiglita-zone in 2010 with the suspicion of increased mortality and myocardial events (with subsequent uplift of the ban on the drug in 2013 following the emergence of additional evidence on safety). After this debate, all antidiabetic should go through rigorous safety checks with cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs). Recent CVOTs with GLP-1RAs and SGLT2 inhibitors have revealed markedly positive outcomes that have changed the landscape of diabetes management across the world. Thus, the therapeutic algorithm for optimal management of DM should consider not only the glycaemic control ef-ficacy of the individual antidiabetic agent but also the cardiovascular safety and modifications in other anticipated long-term DM complication profiles. Therefore, it is imperative to critically appraise the efficacy and cardiovascular safety of all antidiabetic drugs to improve the scientific practice of our diabetes care globally. This issue, “Efficacy and cardiovas-cular safety of antidiabetic medications,” provides readers the back-up of up to date evidence.

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4

Ed, Susman. "Omalizumab enhances efficacy of established asthma medications." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1382 (April 2003): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200313820-00012.

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5

Sleath, Betsy, Susan J. Blalock, David Covert, Asheley Cockrell Skinner, Kelly W. Muir, and Alan L. Robin. "Patient Race, Reported Problems in Using Glaucoma Medications, and Adherence." ISRN Ophthalmology 2012 (November 21, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/902819.

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Objective. The objectives of the study were to (a) describe various factors potentially related to objectively measured adherence to glaucoma medications and self-reported glaucoma medication adherence self-efficacy and (b) examine the relationship between patient race, the number of patient reported-problems, and adherence in taking their glaucoma medication. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at two glaucoma subspecialist referral ophthalmology practices. Methods. We measured subjects' reported problems in using glaucoma medications, adherence to glaucoma medications utilizing the Medication Events Monitoring System (MEMS) devices, and general glaucoma medication adherence self-efficacy using a previously validated 10-item scale. Multivariable logistic and linear regression was used to analyze the data. Results. Seventy-one percent of patients self-reported at least one problem in using their glaucoma medications. White patients were more than 3 times more likely to be 80% adherent in using their glaucoma medications than non-White patients. Patients who had glaucoma longer reported significantly higher glaucoma medication adherence self-efficacy. Patients who reported more problems in using their medications had significantly lower glaucoma medication adherence self-efficacy. Conclusions. Eye care providers should assess patient reported problems and glaucoma medication adherence self-efficacy and work with patients to find ways to reduce the number of problems that patients experience to increase their self-efficacy in using glaucoma medications.

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6

Babic, Nikola. "Fixed combinations of glaucoma medications." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 143, no. 9-10 (2015): 626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1510626b.

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The first line treatment in the management of glaucoma is topical medical therapy. Many patients with glaucoma require multiple medications for adequate intraocular pressure control. For patients who need multi-dose regimens to control intraocular pressure, fixed combinations offer convenience, efficacy and safety. This review summarizes the role, efficacy, mechanism of action and indications for use of modern fixed combination of topical glaucoma medications. The review shows the advantages and disadvantages of a prescribing fixed combination in daily clinical practice.

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7

Kwon, Hyuk-Sang. "Mechanism and Efficacy of New Anti-diabetic Medications." Journal of Korean Diabetes 13, no. 4 (2012): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2012.13.4.167.

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8

Arya, Ravindra, Harsh Kothari, Zongjun Zhang, Baoguang Han, Paul S. Horn, and Tracy A. Glauser. "Efficacy of nonvenous medications for acute convulsive seizures." Neurology 85, no. 21 (October 28, 2015): 1859–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000002142.

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9

WACHTER, KERRI. "Think Efficacy and Toxicity in Selecting Psoriasis Medications." Family Practice News 38, no. 23 (December 2008): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(08)71432-4.

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10

Berman, James. "Limited efficacy of antigastroesophageal reflux medications in children." Journal of Pediatrics 166, no. 5 (May 2015): 1320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.061.

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11

de Vries, Victor A., Jan Pals, Huub J. Poelman, Parinaz Rostamzad, Roger C. W. Wolfs, and Wishal D. Ramdas. "Efficacy and Safety of Micropulse Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 3447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123447.

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Background: Early studies have shown that micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC) might be an effective and safe treatment option for lowering intraocular pressure (IOP). These studies were, however, somewhat limited, in particular by their retrospective nature and the length of follow-up. Therefore, we assessed the efficacy and safety of this novel treatment in a large cohort for up to 4 years. Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study, including all patients who were treated with MP-TSCPC since November 2017. The primary outcome was a reduction of IOP and the number of IOP-lowering medications. Results: The mean ± standard deviation baseline IOP and number of IOP-lowering medications were 26.6 ± 10.8 mmHg and 3.3 ± 1.3. IOP was reduced by 8.2 ± 7.9 (31.8% reduction), 6.9 ± 8.7 (28.1% reduction), and 7.1 ± 8.4 (30.2% reduction) mmHg after 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean postoperative number of IOP-lowering medications was significantly reduced after 6 months by 0.6 ± 1.5 (p = 0.002) but was not significantly different after 12 or 24 months. Oral acetazolamide was significantly reduced from 28 (29%) eyes before treatment, to 9 (9%) at the last follow-up visit (p < 0.001). No major complications were observed after treatment. Conclusions: MP-TSCPC is a safe and effective treatment option for lowering IOP, but only reduced IOP-lowering medications in the first 6 months after treatment. However, MP-TSCPC is especially effective in getting patients off oral IOP-lowering drugs.

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Schneider, Lon S., and Jason T. Olin. "Efficacy of Acute Treatment for Geriatric Depression." International Psychogeriatrics 7, S1 (October 1995): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610295002328.

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The antidepressant literature for depression in late life tends to be interpreted as saying that certain antidepressant medications—e.g., nortriptyline, doxepin, fluoxetine—have fewer and milder side effects than others, whereas overall efficacy is equivalent (Plotkin et al., 1987; Rush, 1993; Salzman et al., 1995; Schneider, 1994). Further examination of this literature, however, suggests that both efficacy and side effect rates for any particular medication vary among trials, and often depend on the medications being compared, the use of placebe, the dose, and the design of the trial.In this report we review selected clinical trials, and summarize and discuss a previously published meta-analysis. Treatment recommendations from the 1991 NIH Consensus Development Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life and from the Agency for Health Care Policy Research are discussed. Directions for fume research are suggested.Both antidepressant medications and brief structured psychotherapies have efficacy in the acute treatment of elderly depressed outpatients with major unipolar, nondelusional depression. Effective treatment for depression involves consideration of the type and severity of illness, adequate prescribing, patient education, and regular patient monitoring for compliance, symptom change, side effects, and intercurrent medical disorders, which may complicate antidepressant therapy.

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Sleath, Betsy, Daniel Gratie, Delesha Carpenter, Scott A. Davis, Charles Lee, Ceila E. Loughlin, Nacire Garcia, Daniel S. Reuland, and Gail Tudor. "Reported Problems and Adherence in Using Asthma Medications Among Adolescents and Their Caregivers." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 52, no. 9 (March 28, 2018): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028018766603.

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Background: Many factors affect youth adherence to asthma medications. Better understanding of the relationship between problems reported by youth in using asthma medications, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and adherence is needed. Objective: The study examined the relationship between youth and caregiver problems in using asthma medications, asthma management self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and youth- and caregiver-reported adherence to asthma controller medications. Methods: Adolescents with persistent asthma and their caregivers were recruited at 4 pediatric practices. Youth were interviewed after their medical visit while caregivers completed a questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression was used to analyze the data. Results: Of 359 participating youth, 319 were on controller medications. Youth reported 60% average adherence, whereas caregivers reported 69%. Youth who reported difficulty using their inhaler correctly and youth who reported difficulty remembering to take their medications were significantly less likely to be adherent. Caregivers who reported that it was hard to remember when to give the asthma medications were significantly less likely to report their child being adherent. Both youth and caregivers with higher outcome expectations were significantly more likely to self-report being adherent. Conclusions: Pharmacists and other health care providers should consider asking youth and caregivers about problems in using asthma medications, self-efficacy in managing asthma, and outcome expectations for following treatment regimens, so that they can help youth overcome difficulties they might have in managing their asthma.

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Blain, Rachelle, Peggy Nakagawa, Melissa Belvedere, Monika Scherer, and Diane Nugent. "Sensitivity and Efficacy in Measurement of Anti-Platelet Medications." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.1253.1253.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Large prospective studies must be performed to measure the true effect of clopidogrel (Plavix) or aspirin (ASA) in prevention of vascular disease. An easy and accurate point of service instrument will facilitate these studies and confirm effectiveness and compliance with medications. With such a variety of equipment available for analysis of platelet dysfunction, it is important to understand the sensitivity and efficacy of each assay when evaluating patients. We have found significant differences in our comparative studies of the PFA-100, optical aggregation, and Thrombelastograph (TEG) platelet coagulation in normal individuals using Plavix or ASA. METHODS: We have compared these three techniques to evaluate their effectiveness in assessing ASA and Plavix inhibition of platelet function. Eighteen normal individuals, who had been examined previously for ASA effect on these instruments, were studied at baseline and after three days of Plavix 75mg daily. All samples were drawn and run simultaneously. The TEG platelet coagulation assay used whole blood in a sodium heparin tube instead of a 3.2 % citrate tube which was used for aggregation and the PFA-100. The PFA-100 whole blood assays included both collagen-epinephrine (EPI) and collagen-adenosine diphosphate (ADP) cartridges. The TEG platelet coagulation assays were run with arachidonic acid (AA) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) as agonists. The optical aggregation used platelet rich plasma with AA and ADP agonists. RESULTS: We found significant differences between the PFA-100, TEG platelet function, and standard optical aggregation in measurement of Plavix effect. Optical aggregation and the TEG platelet assay did show the effects of Plavix, with the aggregometer being more sensitive than the TEG platelet assay although much more time consuming. In additional studies, the Plavix inhibition became more striking in the TEG by extending treatment to 6 days, suggesting that future studies should be done after a week (rather than 3 days) to see full effect. In contrast, Plavix effect was absent on the PFA-100. All three assays did show the effects of ASA in previously identified aspirin- responsive individuals. Ideally, one instrument could be used to assess response to both agents. However, the sensitivity of the instrument and the pharmacology of these and future medications must play an important role in the selection of which assay will be most informative for these large population studies in the prevention of vascular disease. Figure Figure

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15

Lee, Michael William. "Safety, efficacy and ethical issues regarding weight-loss medications." Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 2, no. 2 (March 2009): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/17512433.2.2.111.

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S, Chhabra. "Efficacy of Medications in Anaemic Women of Reproductive Age." Open Access Journal of Gynecology 5, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajg-16000204.

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Background: Anaemia, most common due to iron deficiency affects all ages in many populations and has become major public health global concern. Attempts continue to prevent. Objective: was to know efficacy of allopathic, ayurvedic medication, nutritional advice on women with mild, moderate anaemia with no obvious disorders which could cause anaemia. Material Methods: Institute based study was carried out after taking ethics committee’s approval. Study subjects were women of 15 to 49 years from outpatient of obstetrics gynaecology. They had disorders but not those which could have caused anaemia. Volunteers, relatives or friends of patients, were explained, included after looking into inclusion criteria. No one refused and 75% were patients. After checking haemoglobin women with mild, moderate anaemia were given medication monthly for 6 months. Nutritional advocacy was done using booklet. Total 904 anaemic women were divided in 4 groups randomly, group A Allopathic medication, group An Allopathic medication with nutritional advice, group B: Ayurvedic medication, group Bn: Ayurvedic medication with nutritional advice. Results: 1330 women screened, 904(67.96%), 168(18.6%), moderately and 736(81.41%) were mildly anaemic. Of them only 562(62.2%) women took medication though provided free, 104(61.90%) of moderately anaemic 458(62.22%), mildly anaemic. After 180 days of 104 moderately anaemic 72(69.21%) became nonanaemic, 32(30.8%) mildly anaemic and of 458 mildly anaemic, 430(93.9%) became non-anaemic women. 28(6.1%) remained mildly anaemic. Subjective analysis revealed feeling very good in most, no change in few. No one talked of negative effects. Some had side effects. Conclusion: It is essential to find ways of appropriate iron intake to prevent anaemia. In very small numbers anaemia did not change in spite of giving iron which needs research. Research on behavioural aspect is needed as noncompliance was in large numbers even with free medication.

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Johnson, Bankole A., Robert M. Swift, Giovanni Addolorato, Domenic A. Ciraulo, and Hugh Myrick. "Safety and Efficacy of GABAergic Medications for Treating Alcoholism." Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 29, no. 2 (February 2005): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.alc.0000153542.10188.b0.

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Sekiguchi, Go, Yumiyo Morokawa, Inoue Yuichi, Onohara Atusi, Miyake Nobumi, Takako Akimoto, Hidenobu Suzuki, et al. "Efficacy of novel antipsychotic medications in schizophrenia recurrence prevention." International Clinical Psychopharmacology 20, no. 3 (May 2005): A3—A4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004850-200505000-00021.

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19

Hollon, Steven D. "The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy relative to medications." American Psychologist 51, no. 10 (October 1996): 1025–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.51.10.1025.

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20

Schatz, Michael. "The efficacy and safety of asthma medications during pregnancy." Seminars in Perinatology 25, no. 3 (June 2001): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/sper.2001.24569.

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21

RAMBARAN, N. "The efficacy of antihypertensive medications in a psychiatric population." American Journal of Hypertension 15, no. 4 (April 2002): A62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-7061(02)02435-4.

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22

Reginster, J. Y., A. Neuprez, N. Dardenne, C. Beaudart, P. Emonts, and O. Bruyere. "Efficacy and safety of currently marketed anti-osteoporosis medications." Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 28, no. 6 (December 2014): 809–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2014.09.003.

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Kumar, Rekha B., and Louis J. Aronne. "Efficacy comparison of medications approved for chronic weight management." Obesity 23 (April 2015): S4—S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.21093.

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24

Berkowitz, Robert, Eugene Schwartz, Don Bukstein, Michael Grunstein, and Hyman Chai. "Albuterol Protects Against Exercise-Induced Asthma Longer Than Metaproterenol Sulfate." Pediatrics 77, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.77.2.173.

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Both metaproterenol sulfate and albuterol are inhaled medications commonly used to prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm. Their efficacy and duration of action in controlling exercise-induced bronchospasm were compared with placebo in 18 asthmatic children (age range: 12 to 17 years) in a single-blind randomized crossover study. Standardized treadmill exercise challenges were repeated every two hours for up to six hours following the initial exercise test. With the initial exercise challenge, both active medications blocked exercise-induced bronchospasm with equal efficacy. On the other hand, when the duration of action of the medications was compared: (1) albuterol blocked exercise-induced bronchospasm longer than metaproterenol sulfate in eight subjects, (2) the reverse was true in only one patient, and (3) the medications blocked for equal duration in nine subjects. Thus, although both active agents were equally efficacious in blocking exercise-induced bronchospasm initially, the duration of action of albuterol was significantly (P < .05) longer on serial testing than that of metaproterenol sulfate. Both medications were significantly better than placebo in efficacy and duration of action.

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Agabio, Roberta, Pier Paolo Pani, Antonio Preti, Gian Luigi Gessa, and Flavia Franconi. "Efficacy of Medications Approved for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence and Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in Female Patients: A Descriptive Review." European Addiction Research 22, no. 1 (August 29, 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000433579.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the number of women recruited for studies to establish the efficacy of medications approved for treatment of alcohol dependence (AD) and of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is sufficient to reveal possible gender differences in the response to these medications and in suggesting the use of different doses in female patients. Our results show that the rates of women recruited for studies evaluating the efficacy of disulfiram (1%), benzodiazepines (3%), and anticonvulsants (13%) were too low to establish possible gender differences. The rates of women recruited for studies evaluating the efficacy of acamprosate (22%), naltrexone (23%), and nalmefene (30%) were higher and allowed evaluation of data obtained for female patients. Women receive medications for treatment of AD and/or AWS for which efficacy has been demonstrated in studies in which men were more largely represented.

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Choi, Kee-Hong, Til Wykes, and Matthew M. Kurtz. "Adjunctive pharmacotherapy for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: meta-analytical investigation of efficacy." British Journal of Psychiatry 203, no. 3 (September 2013): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107359.

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BackgroundA growing number of studies have investigated the efficacy of novel, adjunctive pharmacotherapies for treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia with conflicting results.AimsTo investigate the comparative efficacy of these agents on cognition and symptoms in schizophrenia, and to identify promising cognitive domains and candidate medications that can be incorporated in treatment trials combined with cognitive remediation to maximise treatment effects.MethodA total of 26 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies investigating medications targeted at cholinergic, glutamatergic or serotonergic receptor classes and with participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were identified.ResultsMedications targeted at the cholinergic receptor class produced marginal improvements in verbal learning and memory (d = 0.23, P = 0.06), and donepezil, a specific type of cholinergic agonist, produced a moderate effect (d = 0.58) on spatial learning and memory. Cholinergic and glutamatergic agents produced moderate effect-size improvements on negative symptoms (d = 0.54 and d = 0.62 respectively), and small effect-size improvements on general symptoms (d = 0.46 and d = 0.41 respectively). Serotonergic agents produced small effect-size improvements in positive symptoms (d = 0.33).ConclusionsCholinergic medications produced marginal improvement in verbal learning and memory and moderate improvements on spatial learning and memory, although there was no evidence to support the use of glutamatergic or serotonergic medications as a stand-alone treatment for improving cognitive function. Cholinergic and glutamatergic agents improved negative and general symptoms, whereas serotenergic medications improved positive symptoms.

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Seitz, Dallas P., Sudeep S. Gill, Nathan Herrmann, Sarah Brisbin, Mark J. Rapoport, Jenna Rines, Kimberley Wilson, Ken Le Clair, and David K. Conn. "Pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in long-term care: a systematic review." International Psychogeriatrics 25, no. 2 (October 19, 2012): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610212001627.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Medications are frequently prescribed for neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) associated with dementia, although information on the efficacy and safety of medications for NPS specifically in long-term care (LTC) settings is limited. The objective of this study was to provide a current review of the efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for NPS in LTC.Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials comparing medications with either placebo or other interventions in LTC. Study quality was described using the Cochrane collaboration risk of bias tool. The efficacy of medications was evaluated using NPS symptom rating scales. Safety was evaluated through rates of trial withdrawals, trial withdrawals due to adverse events, and mortality.Results: A total of 29 studies met inclusion criteria. The most common medications evaluated in studies were atypical antipsychotics (N = 15), typical antipsychotics (N = 7), anticonvulsants (N = 4), and cholinesterase inhibitors (N = 3). Statistically significant improvements in NPS were noted in some studies evaluating risperidone, olanzapine, and single studies of aripiprazole, carbamazepine, estrogen, cyproterone, propranolol, and prazosin. Study quality was difficult to rate in many cases due to incomplete reporting of details. Some studies reported higher rates of trial withdrawals, adverse events, and mortality associated with medications.Conclusions: We conclude that there is limited evidence to support the use of some atypical antipsychotics and other medications for NPS in LTC populations. However, the generally modest efficacy and risks of adverse events highlight the need for the development of safe and effective pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for this population.

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Chung, Steve S., Norman C. Wang, and David M. Treiman. "Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Antiepileptic Drugs for the Treatment of Status Epilepticus." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 20, no. 2 (April 2007): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190007305134.

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Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency with high mortality rate. Common causes of SE include noncompliance with antiepileptic medications, drug- and alcohol-related etiologies, and central nervous system (CNS) infections. Because prolonged seizures can cause neuronal damage, treatment should be initiated promptly to avoid potential complications. Previous studies support intravenous (IV) lorazepam as first-line therapy and IV phenytoin or fosphenytoin as a second-line medication. If first-and second-line medications fail to control SE, further treatment with propofol, pentobarbital, midazolam, or other medications should be considered. Many of the drugs currently used to control SE are associated with sedation, respiratory suppression, hypotension, cardiac dysrhythmia, and anaphylactic reactions. Therefore, IV valproate or other newer antiepileptic drugs may be considered as an alternative third-line therapy for those who cannot tolerate the hypotensive effects of other anticonvulsants. This paper reviews comparative effectiveness and safety concerns among frequently used medications for SE.

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Shafiekhani, Mojtaba, Anahita Dehghani, Mina Shahisavandi, Seyed Ali Nabavizadeh, Maryam Kabiri, Amir Hossein Hassani, and Abdolreza Haghpanah. "Pharmacotherapeutic approach toward urological medications and vaccination during COVID-19: a narrative review." Therapeutic Advances in Urology 13 (January 2021): 175628722110467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17562872211046794.

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One year after the prevalence of the novel coronavirus pandemic, some aspects of the physiopathology, treatment and progression of coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) have remained unknown. Since no comprehensive study on the use of urological medications in patients with COVID-19 has been carried out, this narrative review aimed to focus on clinically important issues about the treatment of COVID-19 and urologic medications regarding efficacy, modifications, side effects and interactions in different urologic diseases. In this review, we provide information about the pharmacotherapeutic approach toward urologic medications in patients with COVID-19 infection. This study provides an overview of medications in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, impotence and sexual dysfunction, urolithiasis, kidney transplantation and hypertension as the most frequent diseases in which the patients are on long-term medications. Also, the effect of urologic drugs on the efficacy of vaccination is briefly discussed.

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Albert, Dara, Diana Sieciechowicz, and Michael Kohrman. "Safety and efficacy of newer anticonvulsant medications in pediatric epilepsy." Journal of Pediatric Epilepsy 03, no. 01 (July 18, 2015): 015–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/pep-14071.

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31

Weinstein, Steven. "Second-generation antiepileptic medications in children: efficacy and cognitive effects." Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 3, no. 2 (March 2003): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.3.2.181.

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Paick, Jae-Seung, Je Jong Kim, Sae Chul Kim, Ki Hak Moon, Kweon Sik Min, Kwangsung Park, Jun-Kyu Suh, and Dae Yul Yang. "Efficacy and Safety of Mirodenafil in Men Taking Antihypertensive Medications." Journal of Sexual Medicine 7, no. 9 (September 2010): 3143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01926.x.

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Miller-Horn, Jill, Joseph Kaleyias, Ignacio Valencia, Joseph Melvin, Divya Khurana, H. Hardison, Harold Marks, Agustin Legido, and Sanjeev Kothare. "Efficacy and tolerability of ADHD medications in a clinical practice." Journal of Pediatric Neurology 06, no. 01 (July 30, 2015): 005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1557417.

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Bourgeois, Florence T., Jeong Min Kim, and Kenneth D. Mandl. "Premarket Safety and Efficacy Studies for ADHD Medications in Children." PLoS ONE 9, no. 7 (July 9, 2014): e102249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102249.

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Landry, Pierre, Éric Dimitri, Sylvie Tessier, and Nancy Légaré. "Efficacy of Lipid-Lowering Medications in Patients Treated With Clozapine." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 28, no. 3 (June 2008): 348–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181727592.

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Douglas Sallade, T., Linda E. Keyes, Alison Sheets, Jennifer Starling, Sushil Pant, David Young, David Twillman, et al. "Severe Hypertension and Efficacy of Antihypertensive Medications at High Altitude." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 27, no. 3 (September 2016): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2016.06.046.

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BALSTER, R. L., and C. R. SCHUSTER. "PRECLINICAL EFFICACY EVALUATION OF PROPOSED MEDICATIONS FOR DRUG ABUSE TREATMENT." Behavioural Pharmacology 3, Supplement (April 1992): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199204001-00036.

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Novack, Gary D., Martin J. O'Donnell, and D. William Molloy. "New Glaucoma Medications in the Geriatric Population: Efficacy and Safety." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 50, no. 5 (May 2002): 956–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50226.x.

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AbuHalimeh, Batool J., Joseph G. Parambil, and Adriano R. Tonelli. "Different efficacy of inhaled and oral medications in pulmonary hypertension." Heart & Lung 46, no. 4 (July 2017): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2017.04.010.

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Wigal, Tim, James M. Swanson, Roland Regino, Marc A. Lerner, Ihab Soliman, Ken Steinhoff, Suresh Gurbani, and Sharon B. Wigal. "Stimulant medications for the treatment of ADHD: Efficacy and limitations." Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 5, no. 3 (1999): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2779(1999)5:3<215::aid-mrdd8>3.0.co;2-k.

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Tully, Isabelle, Norah Simpson, Jessica Dietch, Joshua Tutek, and Rachel Manber. "356 Examining Use and Beliefs about Sleep Medications in a Sample of Older Adults: The Role of Hypnotic Dependency." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.355.

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Abstract Introduction Prevalence of insomnia and prescription of sleep medications increases in older adults and is associated with heightened risk of falls, cognitive and psychomotor detriments, and exacerbation of pre-existing conditions. The present study aimed to characterize beliefs about sleep and sleep medications, hypnotic self-efficacy, and hypnotic dependence in a sample of older adults with insomnia disorder. Methods Adults 50 years and older (N = 141) who met DSM-5 criteria for insomnia disorder were enrolled in the RCT of the Effectiveness of Stepped-Care Sleep Therapy In General Practice (RESTING) study. At baseline, participants completed the Beliefs about Medications Questionnaire (BMQ; subscales assess the belief that hypnotics are necessary and concern regarding consequences of use), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale (DBAS), Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4). Participants taking prescription sleep medications (n = 54) also reported if they had sedative hypnotic reduction goals and completed the Sleep Medications Dependency Scale and Hypnotic Self-Efficacy Scale. Results Those taking prescription sleep medications reported greater belief in the necessity of sedative hypnotics (p < .001, d = 1.69) and greater anxiety and depression (p = .005, d = .57) than those not taking prescription medications; groups did not differ significantly on the BMQ concern subscale, ISI, DBAS, or PSAS. 70.4% of participants using prescription sleep medications endorsed decrease in sedative hypnotic use as a treatment goal. Dependency on sleep medications, but not hypnotic self-efficacy, was greater in those with this goal (p = .003, d = .94). Higher levels of hypnotic dependence were associated with both greater concern (r = .40, p = .003) and belief in the necessity of sleep medications (r = .48, p < .001). Conclusion Our findings indicate that many treatment-seeking older adults with insomnia disorder take prescription sleep medications. They tend to believe in the necessity of sleep medications for controlling sleep disruption, but also identify medication reduction as a treatment goal, even if endorsing dependence on hypnotics. This highlights the importance of disseminating non-medication treatments that address both insomnia and reduction of sedative hypnotic use. Support (if any) 1R01AG057500

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Astakhov, Yury Sergeevich, Vitaly Olegovich Sokolov, Natalya Vladimirovna Morozova, Denis Pavlivich Novikov, and Mikhail Alexandrovich Morozov. "IOP-lowering therapy evaluation using 24-hour IOP monitoring." Ophthalmology journal 8, no. 3 (December 15, 2015): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ov2015351-55.

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When choosing a medication, a doctor has to be sure in its efficacy and safety for the patient. The conduct of multiple post-registration studies on different aspects of medications’ use is aimed at helping the clinician to correctly evaluate the therapeutic potential of proposed medications. The aim of present study is to evaluate the IOP-lowering efficacy and tolerability of Glauprost, Duoprost, Dorzopt Plus in POAG patients according to 24-hour IOP monitoring data by circadian rhythms measured with Icare one tonometer. The IOP monitoring by circadian rhythms allowed obtaining considerably more data for IOP-lowering efficacy evaluation in comparison with single IOP measurement using Maklakov tonometer. This increases the IOP-lowering efficacy evaluation accuracy.

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Greenhill, Laurence L. "The Use of Psychotropic Medication in Preschoolers: Indications, Safety, and Efficacy." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 6 (August 1998): 576–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300604.

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Objective: To review the indications, safety, and efficacy of psychotropic medications used in preschoolers. Methods: Proprietary prescription-use databases indicate that practitioners are prescribing psychotropic medications for preschool patients at an increasing rate. A Medline search was conducted using drug exposure for children below the age of 6 years to identify efficacy and safety reports of these agents in the preschool age-group. Results: The search yielded 22 reports that mention exposure to medications, including maternal exposure, accidental overdose, and adverse events in preschool children. Safety issues highlight the age-specific vulnerabilities of this age-group, including hepatotoxicity from valproic acid, among others. In addition, the prominence of adverse-event responses in this age group may be related to polypharmacy not seen in school-age children or adolescents. Less than a dozen controlled efficacy studies of psychotropic agents were identified for children in the preschool age-group. These are limited by the small numbers of subjects in the reports. Only 2 disorders described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic disorder, are mentioned. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved psychotropic medications for preschoolers but limited their use to medical purposes, not psychiatric, with the exception of use for ADHD. Conclusions: Because data about psychotropic drug safety and efficacy in adults have not been extended to children, new psychopharmacological research is required before clinicians can use these agents to treat psychiatric disorders in the preschool age-group.

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Howard, Meredith L., Roya Hossaini, Catherine Tolar, and Marian L. Gaviola. "Efficacy and Safety of Appetite-Stimulating Medications in the Inpatient Setting." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 53, no. 3 (September 19, 2018): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028018802816.

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Background: Hospitalized patients are subject to acute illness and stress which may impact appetite or weight. Loss of appetite may lead to increased morbidity or mortality. Medications such as dronabinol, megestrol, and mirtazapine are used for weight gain in the outpatient setting; however, there is limited information about safety or effectiveness when initiated inpatient. Objectives: To analyze the effectiveness and safety of appetite-stimulating medications in hospitalized patients. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients initiated on dronabinol, megestrol, or mirtazapine for appetite. The primary outcome was change in meal intake between drug initiation and discontinuation. Secondary outcomes included documented improvement in appetite, change in weight and various laboratory parameters, and incidence of adverse effects. Results: A total of 38 patients met inclusion criteria, and mirtazapine was most commonly used (42%). There was no significant difference between groups of appetite-stimulating medications with regard to mean change in meal intake, weight, albumin, or documented improvement in diet. Within groups, each agent showed numerical improvement in percentage meal intake, with a mean change from initiation to discontinuation of 17.12%. Almost half (48%) of the patients experienced improvement in diet after the start of medications. No serious adverse effects were observed. Conclusion and Relevance: In inpatients, there was no difference in change in meal intake or weight between dronabinol, megestrol, or mirtazapine, but they may show numerical improvements in meal intake. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the use of dronabinol, megestrol, and mirtazapine initiated in the inpatient setting.

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Reis, Adriano Max Moreira, and Albert Figueras. "Analysis of the evidence of efficacy and safety of over-the-counter cough medications registered in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 46, no. 1 (March 2010): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502010000100016.

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The objective of this study was to analyze the level of evidence regarding the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of over-the-counter (OTC) cough medications registered in Brazil. The National Health Surveillance Agency database was used to identify the drugs. Clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and studies on safety were searched on the Medline baseline, the Cochrane Library and SIETES (System of Essential Information in Therapeutics and Health; database in Spanish). Most drugs (62.5%) were sold as a fixed-dose combination of two or more drugs. Randomized clinical trials were found for only three drugs: bromhexine, dextromethorphan and guaifenesin. No clinical trials were found for fixed-dose combinations. Systematic reviews on Cochrane did not report any evidence in favor of or against the effectiveness of cough drugs. Efficacy is also unclear, especially regarding fixed-dose combinations. The evidence for the efficacy of OTC cough medications available in Brazil is poor due to the lack of quality studies. Pharmacovigilance of OTC cough medications should be encouraged.

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Fu, Michael X., Eduardo M. Normando, Sheila M. H. Luk, Mira Deshmukh, Faisal Ahmed, Laura Crawley, Sally Ameen, Niten Vig, Maria Francesca Cordeiro, and Philip A. Bloom. "MicroShunt versus Trabeculectomy for Surgical Management of Glaucoma: A Retrospective Analysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 18 (September 18, 2022): 5481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11185481.

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This case-control study aims to compare the efficacy, safety, and postoperative burden of MicroShunt versus trabeculectomy. The first consecutive cohort of MicroShunt procedures (n = 101) was matched to recent historical trabeculectomy procedures (n = 101) at two London hospital trusts. Primary endpoints included changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucoma medications. Secondary outcome measures included changes in retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness, rates of complications, further theatre interventions, and the number of postoperative visits. From the baseline to Month-18, the median [interquartile range] IOP decreased from 22 [17–29] mmHg (on 4 [3–4] medications) to 15 [10–17] mmHg (on 0 [0–2] medications) and from 20 [16–28] mmHg (on 4 [3–4] medications) to 11 [10–13] mmHg (on 0 [0–0] medications) in the MicroShunt and trabeculectomy groups, respectively. IOP from Month-3 was significantly higher in the MicroShunt group (p = 0.006), with an increased number of medications from Month-12 (p = 0.024). There were greater RNFL thicknesses from Month-6 in the MicroShunt group (p = 0.005). The rates of complications were similar (p = 0.060) but with fewer interventions (p = 0.031) and postoperative visits (p = 0.001) in the MicroShunt group. Therefore, MicroShunt has inferior efficacy to trabeculectomy in lowering IOP and medications but provides a better safety profile and postoperative burden and may delay RNFL loss.

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Gabbay, Itay Elimelech, Felicity Allen, Christine Morley, Tahmina Pearsall, Oliver Martyn Bowes, and Simon Ruben. "Efficacy and safety data for the XEN45 implant at 2 years: a retrospective analysis." British Journal of Ophthalmology 104, no. 8 (November 14, 2019): 1125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-313870.

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AimTo report efficacy and safety measures for XEN45 in a National Health Service setting after 24-month follow-up.MethodsThis is a retrospective, non-comparative audit of records of patients who underwent XEN45 procedure between June 2015 and May 2017. The main outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and number of antihypertensive medications at each timepoint. Failure was defined as requiring further surgery or removal of XEN. Success was defined as 20% reduction of IOP without additional glaucoma medications or reduction in antihypertensive medications without increase in baseline IOP. Needling rates were assessed and subgroup analysis was performed.ResultsA total of 151 eyes were included in the study. The main diagnoses were primary open angle glaucoma (84.1%), angle closure glaucoma (8.6%) and refractory glaucoma (7.3%). Stand-alone procedure was performed in 62.3% and combined phaco-XEN was done in 37.7%. The mean IOP at baseline was 22.1±6.5 mm Hg, and the mean IOP at 12 and 24 months was 15.4±5.9 mm Hg and 14.5±3.3 mm Hg, respectively (p<0.001). The mean number of medications was 2.77±1.1 at baseline, and 0.3±0.7 and 0.5±1.0 medications at 12 and 24 months, respectively (p<0.001). 25% of patients failed at the 24-month timepoint. Needling was required in 37.7% of patients at 24 months. Non-Caucasian ethnicity was found to be related to higher failure rate. No significant adverse events were noted.ConclusionXEN45 is a viable, effective and safe procedure after 2 years of follow-up. Patients should be advised regarding failure rate as well as possible need for bleb revisions and medication use.

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Li-Yu, Julie. "Concerns on Medications Used in Osteoporosis." Journal of Clinical Rheumatology and Immunology 22, Supp01 (June 2022): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661341722300063.

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Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder that affects bone microarchitecture resulting to fragility fractures. Randomized controlled trials have shown efficacy of antiresorptives and osteoanabolic agents in addressing concerns of osteoporosis especially in the older population. However, published guidance from several organizations started to focus as well on the perceived harms most especially of bisphosphonates considering their persistent effect on the bones. Similar to other chronic diseases, decision on whether or not to continue therapy depends on factors that might persistently provide signal on the individual’s further risk of unwanted but preventable outcomes.

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Hembree, Elizabeth A., David S. Riggs, Michael J. Kozak, Martin E. Franklin, and Edna B. Foa. "Long-Term Efficacy of Exposure and Ritual Prevention Therapy and Serotonergic Medications for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." CNS Spectrums 8, no. 5 (May 2003): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900018629.

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ABSTRACTWhat is the long-term outcome of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who are treatred with exposure and response (ritual) prevention (EX/RP) alone, serotonergic medications alone, or their combination? How is the long-term outcome of these patients affected by the discontinuation? Follow-up assessments were conducted with 62 patients treated for OCD an average of 17 months posttreatment (range: 6–43 months). Patients received one of three treatments: serotonergic medications (fluvoxamine or clomipramine), intensive behavior therapy involving EX/RP, or intensive EX/RP with concurrent antidepressant medication. At follow-up, no differences in OCD symptom severity were found among the three treatment groups. However, when current medication use was taken into consideration, differences among the three treatment groups emerged. Among patients who were medication-free at the time of follow-up assessment (n=37), those in the EX/RP-alone and EX/RP-with-medication groups had lower symptom severity ratings than those in the medication-only group on 4 out of 6 measures. There were no differences in OCD severity ratings among patients taking medications at follow-up (n=25). Although these findings are interpreted with caution due to the uncontrolled nature of the study, results suggested that long-term outcome may be superior following EX/RP than following serotonergic medications, after discontinuation. For patients who remain on medications, the treatment produced benefits equivalent to EX/RP.

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Hina, Mehwish, Tania Sultana, and Sophia Youn. "Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of Atypical Antipsychotics in East Asian Ethnicity." CNS Spectrums 27, no. 2 (April 2022): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852922000529.

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AbstractBackgroundA number of intrinsic (age, gender, physical comorbidities, genetic factors, and ethnicity), and extrinsic factors (diet, concomitant medications, alcohol use, and smoking) influence an individual’s response to psychotropic medications. Data suggest that ethnicity may affect medication efficacy, tolerability, and safety through different pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Asians have been found to have a high frequency of reduced function of CYP2D6 allele (CYP2D6*10), which contributes to the slower metabolism of some medications compared to other ethnic groups. The previous study has shown East Asians appear to have a clinically relevant decrease in clozapine clearance compared with Caucasians. This review will explore the magnitude of the impact of ethnicity, especially the East Asian population on psychotropic medications such as atypical antipsychotics.ObjectiveTo understand the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics in East Asian ethnicity. To emphasize the importance of ethnicity in clinical practice while offering/prescribing atypical antipsychotic medications.DiscussionSeveral previous studies reported the diverse response to the antipsychotics among different ethnicities secondary to differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. One study revealed White Europeans may require higher doses of therapeutic antipsychotics than Asians and Hispanics. Aripiprazole in Asians had a relatively higher rate of akathesia, and a significantly increased risk of tremor compared to placebo. A significantly increased risk of weight gain and fasting total cholesterol from olanzapine were observed in Japanese patients. Olanzapine was also associated with somnolence and dizziness. Quetiapine XR was associated with a significant increase risk of somnolence and dizziness in Chinese patients.ConclusionIt is indicated from previous studies antipsychotics respond in various ways in different ethnicity in terms of metabolism, clearance, and adverse effects. Further research could be beneficial on what is clinically most effective dosing of different antipsychotics among different populations including East Asians.FundingNo funding

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