Journal articles: '2001 New Zealand Census'

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Blakely, Tony, Alistair Woodward, and Clare Salmond. "Anonymous linkage of New Zealand mortality and Census data." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 24, no. 1 (February 2000): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2000.tb00732.x.

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Foliaki, Siale A., Jesse Kokaua, David Schaaf, and Colin Tukuitonga. "Twelve-Month and Lifetime Prevalences of Mental Disorders and Treatment Contact Among Pacific People in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 10 (October 2006): 924–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01912.x.

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Objective: To show the 12 month and lifetime prevalences of mental disorders and 12 month treatment contact of Pacific people in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Method: Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey, undertaken in 2003 and 2004, was a nationally representative face-to-face household survey of 12 992 New Zealand adults aged 16 years and over including M ori (n = 2457), Pacific people (n = 2236), people of mixed Pacific and M ori ethnicity (n = 138), and ‘Others’ (a composite group of predominantly European descent) (n = 8161). Ethnicity was measured by self-identified ethnicity using the New Zealand 2001 Census of Population and Dwellings question. A fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0), was used to measure disorders. The overall response rate was 73.3%. Results: Pacific people have high rates of mental illness: the unadjusted 12 month prevalence for Pacific people was 25.0% compared with 20.7% for the total New Zealand population. There were also higher 12 month prevalences of suicidal ideation (4.5%) and suicide attempts (1.2%). Only 25.0% of Pacific people who had experienced a serious mental disorder had visited any health service for their mental health reason compared with 58.0% of the total New Zealand population. The prevalence of mental disorder was lower among Pacific people born in the Islands than among New Zealand-born Pacific people. Conclusion: Pacific people experience high prevalence of mental disorder and New Zealand-born Pacific people experience significantly higher prevalence than Island-born Pacific people.

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Blakely, Tony, Caroline Shaw, June Atkinson, Ruth Cunningham, and Diana Sarfati. "Social inequalities or inequities in cancer incidence? Repeated census-cancer cohort studies, New Zealand 1981–1986 to 2001–2004." Cancer Causes & Control 22, no. 9 (June 30, 2011): 1307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9804-x.

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Sopoaga, Faafetai, Ken Buckingham, and Charlotte Paul. "Causes of excess hospitalisations among Pacific peoples in New Zealand: implications for primary care." Journal of Primary Health Care 2, no. 2 (2010): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc10105.

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INTRODUCTION: Pacific people suffer disproportionately poorer health and reduced life expectancy at birth compared to the total New Zealand population. AIM: To assess causes of excess morbidity in the Pacific population, and identify lesser known or previously unknown causes which require further investigation. METHODS: We obtained public hospital discharge data from July 2000 to December 2002. The population data were from the 2001 Census. Standardised discharge ratios were calculated to compare Pacific peoples with the total New Zealand population. RESULTS: Pacific peoples were six times more likely to have a diagnosis of cardiomyopathy and gout, and four to five times of rheumatic fever, gastric ulcer, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and diabetes. Respiratory diseases, skin abscesses, heart failure, cataracts, cerebral infarction and chronic renal failure were also significant causes of excess morbidity. Unexpected causes of excess morbidity included candidiasis, excess vomiting in pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum) and pterygium. DISCUSSION: The magnitude of established causes of excess morbidity among Pacific peoples were similar to our findings. Other causes of excess morbidity are less widely known, or are identified here for the first time. These are systemic lupus erythematosus, hyperemesis gravidarum, cardiomyopathy, gastric ulcer, candidiasis and pterygium. The findings draw attention to specific causes of excess morbidity in Pacific communities where effective interventions are available in primary care, and where further research may identify preventive or curative interventions. KEYWORDS: Pacific peoples; primary care; hyperemesis gravidarum; morbidity; hospitalizations

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J. C. Currey, Rohan, Stephen M. Dawson, and Elisabeth Slooten. "New abundance estimates suggest Doubtful Sound bottlenose dolphins are declining." Pacific Conservation Biology 13, no. 4 (2007): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc070274.

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The bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) of Doubtful Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand, live at the southern limit of the species' worldwide range. They are subject to impacts from tourism and habitat modification. Photographic resightings of individually distinctive dolphins were gathered from 19 225 dorsal fin photographs taken during systematic surveys of the fiord. Field effort spanned nine seasons from summer 2004/2005 to summer 2006/2007, including 142 days on the water. Both capture-recapture and census approaches were taken in analysis. A total of 71 individuals were observed over the study period (54 adults, sub-adults and calves more than one year old and 17 newborn calves). Births were seasonal, occurring in the Austral summer and autumn, with calf survival (9 survivors of 17 births) lower than observed for this population in the past. Individual dolphins were resighted frequently within and across seasons, confirming the group is resident within the fiord year-round. Fifty-six bottlenose dolphins (CV=1.0%) were resident in Doubtful Sound in summer 2006/2007. Comparison with prior abundance estimates (for adults and sub-adults) indicates an apparent population decline of 34?39% over the past 12 years. This apparent decline suggests that precautionary management of human impacts is vital for the dolphins' long-term survival.

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Baxter, Joanne, Te Kani Kingi, Rees Tapsell, Mason Durie, and Magnus A. Mcgee. "Prevalence of Mental Disorders Among Māori in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 10 (October 2006): 914–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01911.x.

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Objective: To describe the prevalence of mental disorders (period prevalence across aggregated disorders, 12 month and lifetime prevalence) among Māori in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Method: Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey, undertaken between 2003 and 2004, was a nationally representative face-to-face household survey of 12 992 New Zealand adults aged 16 years and over, including 2595 Māori. Ethnicity was measured using the 2001 New Zealand census ethnicity question. A fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0), was used to measure disorder. The overall response rate was 73.3%. This paper presents selected findings for the level and pattern of mental disorder prevalence among Māori. Results: Māori lifetime prevalence of any disorder was 50.7%, 12 month prevalence 29.5% and 1 month prevalence 18.3%. The most common 12 month disorders were anxiety (19.4%), mood (11.4%) and substance (8.6%) disorders and the most common lifetime disorders were anxiety (31.3%), substance (26.5%) and mood (24.3%) disorders. Levels of lifetime comorbidity were high with 12 month prevalence showing 16.4% of Māori with one disorder, 7.6% with two disorders and 5.5% with three or more disorders. Twelvemonth disorders were more common in Māori females than in males (33.6% vs 24.8%) and in younger age groups: 16–24 years, 33.2%; 25–44 years, 32.9%; 45–64 years, 23.7%; and 65 years and over, 7.9%. Disorder prevalence was greatest among Māori with the lowest equivalized household income and least education. However, differences by urbanicity and region were not significant. Of Māori with any 12 month disorder, 29.6% had serious, 42.6% had moderate and 27.8% had mild disorders. Conclusion: Mental disorders overall and specific disorder groups (anxiety, mood and substance) are common among Māori and measures of severity indicate that disorders have considerable health impact. Findings provide a platform for informing public health policy and health sector responses to meeting mental health needs of Māori.

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Friesen, Manying Ip Wardlow. "The New Chinese Community in New Zealand: Local Outcomes of Transnationalism." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 10, no. 2 (June 2001): 213–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680101000201.

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The new Chinese community in New Zealand (formed since 1987) is made up of immigrants from the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Malaysia as well as other countries. Initially looked upon as harbingers of the “Asian economic miracle” by the New Zealand government, the new arrivals met with numerous unforeseen difficulties. This article is based on the findings of surveys and in-depth interviews in which the primary migrants were asked about their motives for migration, the economic and social outcomes of their migration, their perception of the comparative strengths of their native land and New Zealand, and their long-term view on settlement and return migration. The surveys are also set against background statistics from the 1996 census as well as immigration figures up to 2000. The findings challenge the assumption of the importance of the economic motivation of migration, and point to the primacy of social and environmental factors. They also suggest that transnationalism is a long-term strategy, instead of a temporary expediency, but also that most Chinese migrants in New Zealand have tried to integrate with the host society when possible.

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Utanga, John. "Commentary: Pasifika media in the digital era." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v13i1.881.

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The proportion of people who identified as Pacific Islanders in New Zealand grew by 14.7 percent to 265,974 in the 2005 Census. Overall, Pacific people now comprise almost 7 percent of the total New Zealand population. As the Pacific communities have grown, so have the Pasifika media developed and grown. Today, most of the Pacific Islands community has become well served by radio, newspapers, online media and, to a lesser extent, television—but not well served by mainstream media. Almost all of the media services are owned/and or operated by Pacific Islands businesses or organisations based either in New Zealand or in the Islands. This commentary outlines the state of Pasifika media in New Zealand and the challenges ahead for telling Pacific stories in the digital era.

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JATRANA, SANTOSH, and TONY BLAKELY. "Socio-economic inequalities in mortality persist into old age in New Zealand: study of all 65 years plus, 2001–04." Ageing and Society 34, no. 6 (January 11, 2013): 911–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x12001195.

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ABSTRACTA number of studies have explored the relationship between socio-economic status and mortality, although these have mostly been based on the working-age population, despite the fact that the burden of mortality is highest in older people. Using Poisson regression on linked New Zealand census and mortality data (2001–04, 1.3 million person years) with a comprehensive set of socio-economic indicators (education, income, car access, housing tenure, neighourhood deprivation), we examined the association of socio-economic characteristics and older adult mortality (65+ years) in New Zealand. We found that socio-economic mortality gradients persist into old age. Substantial relative risks of mortality were observed for all socio-economic factors, except housing tenure. Most relative risk associations decreased in strength with ageing [e.g. most deprived compared to least deprived rate ratio for males reducing from 1.40 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–1.53) for 65–74-year-olds to 1.13 (CI 1.00–1.28) for 85 + -year-olds], except for income and education among women where the rate ratios changed little with increasing age. This suggests individual-level measures of socio-economic status are more closely related to mortality in older women than older men. Comparing across genders, the only statistically significantly different association between men and women was for a weaker association for women for car access.

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Shaw, Caroline, Tony Blakely, June Atkinson, and Alistair Woodward. "Is mode of transport to work associated with mortality in the working-age population? Repeated census-cohort studies in New Zealand, 1996, 2001 and 2006." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz257.

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Abstract Background Increasing active transport is proposed as a means to address both health and environmental issues. However, the associations between specific modes, such as cycling, walking and public transport, and health outcomes remain unclear. We examined the association between mode of travel to work and mortality. Methods Cohort studies of the entire New Zealand working population were created using 1996, 2001 and 2006 censuses linked to mortality data. Mode of travel to work was that reported on census day, and causes of death examined were ischaemic heart disease and injury. Main analyses were Poisson regression models adjusted for socio-demographics. Sensitivity analyses included: additional adjustment for smoking in the 1996 and 2006 cohorts, and bias analysis about non-differential misclassification of cycling vs car use. Results Walking (5%) and cycling (3%) to work were uncommon. Compared with people reporting using motor vehicles to travel to work, those cycling had a reduced all-cause mortality (ACM) in the socio-demographic adjusted models RR 0.87 (0.77–0.98). Those walking (0.97, 0.90–1.04) and taking public transport (0.96, 0.88–1.05) had no substantive difference in ACM. No mode of transport was associated with detectable statistically significant reductions in cause-specific mortality. Sensitivity analyses found weaker associations when adjusting for smoking and stronger associations correcting for likely non-differential misclassification of cycling. Conclusions This large cohort study supports an association between cycling to work and reduced ACM, but found no association for walking or public-transport use and imprecise cause-specific mortality patterns.

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Jatrana, Santosh, Saira Dayal, Ken Richardson, and Tony Blakely. "Socio-economic inequalities in mortality for Asian people: New Zealand Census-Mortality Study, 1996–2004." Journal of Population Research 35, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12546-018-9212-0.

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Salmond, Clare, and Peter Crampton. "Measuring socioeconomic position in New Zealand." Journal of Primary Health Care 4, no. 4 (2012): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc12280.

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INTRODUCTION: Measures of socioeconomic position (SEP) are widely used in health research. AIM: To provide future researchers with empirically based guidance about the relative utility of five measures of SEP in predicting health outcomes. METHODS: Data from 12 488 adults were obtained from the 2006 New Zealand Health Survey. Seven health-related outcome measures with expected variations by SEP are modelled using five measures of SEP: a census-based small-area index of relative socioeconomic deprivation, NZDep2006; a questionnaire-based individual-level index of socioeconomic deprivation, NZiDep; an index of living standards, ELSI; education, measured by highest qualification; and equivalised household income. RESULTS: After including the individual measure of deprivation, the area-based measure of deprivation adds useful explanatory power, and, separately, the broader spectrum provided by the living standards index adds only a small amount of extra explanatory power. The education and household income variables add little extra explanatory power. DISCUSSION: Both NZiDep and ELSI are useful health-outcome predictors. NZiDep is the cheapest data to obtain and less prone to missing data. The area index, NZDep, is a useful addition to the arsenal of individual SEP indicators, and is a reasonable alternative to them where the use of individual measures is impracticable. Education and household income, using commonly used measurement tools, may be of limited use in research if more proximal indicators of SEP are available. NZDep and NZiDep are cost-effective measures of SEP in health research. Other or additional measures may be useful if costs allow and/or for topic-related hypothesis testing. KEYWORDS: Deprivation; inequalities; living standards; New Zealand; socioeconomic position

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Baxter, Joanne, Jesse Kokaua, J. Elisabeth Wells, Magnus A. McGee, and Mark A. Oakley Browne. "Ethnic Comparisons of the 12 Month Prevalence of Mental Disorders and Treatment Contact in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 10 (October 2006): 905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01910.x.

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Objective: To compare ethnic groups for the 12 month prevalence of mental disorders and 12 month treatment contact in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Method: Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey, undertaken in 2003 and 2004, was a nationally representative face-to-face household survey of 12 992 New Zealand adults aged 16 years and over, including M ori (n = 2595), Pacific people (n = 2236) and a composite Other ethnic group (predominantly European) (n = 8161). Ethnicity was measured using the 2001 census ethnicity question. A fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) was used to measure disorder. The overall response rate was 73.3%. Results: The 12 month prevalence of any mental disorder was highest in M ori (29.5%; 26.6, 32.4), followed by Pacific people (24.4%; 21.2, 27.6) and Others (19.3%; 18.0, 20.6). Adjustment for age, sex, education and household income reduced differences: Māori (23.9%; 21.3, 26.4), Pacific (19.2%; 16.4, 22.1) and Other (20.3%; 18.9, 21.6). A similar pattern was seen for serious disorder and most individual disorders or disorder groups. After adjustment, M ori were most different from Pacific people and Others for substance use disorder. Both M ori and Pacific people had a higher prevalence of bipolar disorder than Others. Pacific people had the lowest prevalence of major depressive disorder. Among those with disorder, the proportion with a visit for mental health problems to any service was highest among Others (41.1%; 38.1, 44.1), with M ori (32.5%; 28.3, 36.7) intermediate and Pacific (25.4%, 19.4, 31.4) lowest. Adjustment did not alter ethnic differences in service contact. Conclusion: M ori, and to a lesser extent Pacific people, have a higher prevalence of 12 month mental disorders than Others. Differences are reduced after adjusting for sociodemographic correlates. Relative to need, Pacific people in particular and M ori are less likely than Others to have contact with services (health or non-health), regardless of sociodemographic circumstances.

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Britton, Emma, Simon Hales, Kamalesh Venugopal, and Michael G. Baker. "The impact of climate variability and change on cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis rates in New Zealand." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 3 (March 9, 2010): 561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.049.

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Aim: To investigate the spatial relationship between climate variability and cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis notifications in New Zealand between 1997 and 2006. Methods: Negative binomial regression was used to analyse spatial relationships between cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis notifications in New Zealand between 1997 and 2006, and climatological average rainfall and temperature at the Census Area Unit (CAU) level. The quality of domestic water supplies, urban-rural status and deprivation were included as covariates. Main results: Giardiasis: There was a positive association between rainfall and giardiasis and between temperature and giardiasis. Cryptosporidiosis: There was a positive association between rainfall and cryptosporidiosis and a negative association between temperature and cryptosporidiosis. The effect of rainfall was modified by the quality of the domestic water supply. Conclusions: These findings suggest that climate variability affects protozoan disease rates in New Zealand. However, predicting the effect of climate change from this study is difficult, as these results suggest that the projected increases in temperature and rainfall may have opposing effects on cryptosporidiosis rates. Nevertheless, water supply quality appeared to modify the impact of increased rainfall on cryptosporidiosis rates. This finding suggests that improving water supply quality in New Zealand could reduce vulnerability to the impact of climate change on protozoan diseases.

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Taylor, Bruce V., John F. Pearson, Glynnis Clarke, Deborah F. Mason, David A. Abernethy, Ernie Willoughby, and Clive Sabel. "MS prevalence in New Zealand, an ethnically and latitudinally diverse country." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 16, no. 12 (September 2, 2010): 1422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458510379614.

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Background: The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not uniform, with a latitudinal gradient of prevalence present in most studies. Understanding the drivers of this gradient may allow a better understanding of the environmental factors involved in MS pathogenesis. Method: The New Zealand national MS prevalence study (NZMSPS) is a cross-sectional study of people with definite MS (DMS) (McDonald criteria 2005) resident in New Zealand on census night, 7 March 2006, utilizing multiple sources of notification. Capture—recapture analysis (CRA) was used to estimate missing cases. Results: Of 2917 people with DMS identified, the crude prevalence was 72.4 per 100,000 population, and 73.1 per 100,000 when age-standardized to the European population. CRA estimated that 96.7% of cases were identified. A latitudinal gradient was seen with MS prevalence increasing three-fold from the North (35°S) to the South (48°S). The gradient was non-uniform; females with relapsing—remitting/secondary-progressive (RRMS/SPMS) disease have a gradient 11 times greater than males with primary-progressive MS ( p < 1 × 10-7). DMS was significantly less common among those of Māori ethnicity. Conclusions: This study confirms the presence of a robust latitudinal gradient of MS prevalence in New Zealand. This gradient is largely driven by European females with the RRMS/SPMS phenotype. These results indicate that the environmental factors that underlie the latitudinal gradient act differentially by gender, ethnicity and MS phenotype. A better understanding of these factors may allow more targeted MS therapies aimed at modifiable environmental triggers at the population level.

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Phillips, Julia K., and Gordon L. Purdie. "New Zealand (NZ) Pacific Peoples and Maori Have a Higher Risk of Developing Multiple Myeloma Than Other New Zealanders." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 4760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.4760.4760.

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Abstract The incidence of multiple myeloma shows ethnic variation, myeloma age-standardized incidence being higher in African Americans at 11.3 per 100,000 than White Americans in whom the incidence is 5.1 per 100,000 (standardized to US 2000 census population)[Ries et al (2007) http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2004/]. NZ has a number of ethnic minorities, which includes Maori and Pacific peoples. New diagnoses of multiple myeloma in NZ are reported to a national cancer registry. Since 1994 this has been a legal requirement. We examined data from the cancer registry for 1996 to 2004 to establish the relative incidence of multiple myeloma in NZ ethnic groups. During this period ICD-9 (multiple myeloma and immunoproliferative neoplasms) was used for coding until 2000 when it was replaced by ICD-10 (multiple myeloma and malignant plasma cell neoplasms). Between 1996 and 2004 there were 2101 myeloma registrations. Median age was between 70 and 75yrs. M:F ratio was 1.3. Maori accounted for 160 patients (7.6%), Pacific peoples 81 (3.8%). Mean age-standardized annual incidence rates per 100,000 and 95% confidence intervals (WHO world standard population (WSP)) for the 9 year period were as follows:- All Male Female Maori 6.4 (5.4–7.6) 7.9 (6.3–9.8) 4.9 (3.8–6.3) Pacific Peoples 8.4 (6.6–10.8) 10.9 (7.8–15.2) 6.0 (4.3–8.4) Non-Maori, non-Pacific 4.4 (4.2–4.6) 5.4 (5.1–5.7) 3.4 (3.1–3.6) All ethnicities 4.6 (4.4–4.8) 5.7 (5.4–6.0) 3.6 (3.3–3.8) The population adjusted incidence of multiple myeloma was significantly higher in Pacific peoples (ratio 1.93 (95% CI 1.50–2.48)) and Maori (ratio 1.46 (95% CI 1.23–1.74)) than in the non Maori, non Pacific population. Conclusion: The overall incidence of myeloma in NZ (4.6 per 100,000, 95%CI 4.4–4.8 WSP) is higher than that reported for a UK population (3.3 per 100,000 WSP) [Phekoo et al (2004) Brit J Haem 127:299]. The incidence of myeloma in NZ Pacific peoples is especially high at 8.4 per 100,000. The incidence of myeloma in NZ Maori at 6.4 per 100,000 is intermediate between that of the NZ non Maori, non Pacific population and that of Pacific peoples.

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Shaw, Caroline, Tony Blakely, June Atkinson, and Alistair Woodward. "Corrigendum to: Is mode of transport to work associated with mortality in the working-age population? Repeated census-cohort studies in New Zealand, 1996, 2001 and 2006." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa187.

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Hardy, Ann, and Hēmi Whaanga. "Using the Stars to Indigenize the Public Sphere: Matariki over New Zealand." Religions 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10070431.

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As the rate of affiliation to Christian identity continues to decline in Aotearoa New Zealand (only 49 percent of the population said they were Christian in the last census), public space has become more receptive to other forms of religiosity. In particular, community rituals around the winter movements of the Matariki (Pleiades) constellation have gained support since the year 2000. For instance, the capital city, Wellington, has replaced a centuries’ old British fireworks festival, Guy Fawkes, with an enlarged version of its Matariki celebrations: an action seen as a tipping point in the incorporation of Māori spiritual values into public life. Interactions between European colonisers and Māori have been characterised for more than 250 years by tensions between the relational thinking of Māori who see human beings as both participating in and constrained by an environment resonant with divine energies, and the quantitative, hierarchical, ‘Great Chain of Being’ model that had long been dominant among Europeans. Now, when the natural environment worldwide is under strain from population and economic pressures, it seems to some both appropriate and vital to look to epistemological and spiritual models that are intimately responsive to the specificities of location.

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Salmond, C., P. Crampton, J. Atkinson, and R. Edwards. "A Decade of Tobacco Control Efforts in New Zealand (1996-2006): Impacts on Inequalities in Census-Derived Smoking Prevalence." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 14, no. 6 (December 21, 2011): 664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr264.

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Khieu, Trang, Michelle Poland, and Kirsten Lovelock. "O7D.1 Investigating the difference of work-related harms in new zealand by ethnicity." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A66.2—A66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.178.

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In New Zealand about 10% of workers are harmed every year, with approximately 2 00 000 claims made to Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) to cover the cost of injury and illness. Work-related injury and illness outcomes differ between ethnic groups. M&_x0101;ori (indigenous population) workplace fatality rates are 19% higher by industry and 10% higher by occupation than for non-M&_x0101;ori. According to Statistics New Zealand from 2002–2017, M&_x0101;ori were more likely to have higher rates of work-related claims than non-M&_x0101;ori. This study currently underway has used the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) to look at different injury types and explore injury distribution between M&_x0101;ori and non- M&_x0101;ori in terms of age, sex, industry and occupation. WorkSafe applied to Statistics New Zealand (Stats NZ) for access to microdata in the IDI in July 2018 and was granted access in September 2018. In this study, data for people with accepted work-related ACC claims has been linked to 2013 Census to identify the industry that ACC claimants have worked in and their occupations. This data has then been linked to data on sex, age and ethnicity as recorded for the IDI population. Confidentiality of data in this study has followed Stats NZ’s output rules including random rounding to base 3, suppression and aggregation.

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Pink, Brian, and Ian Smith. "Using both Internet and field collection methods for the 2006 Census of Population and Dwellings – The New Zealand experience so far." Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 23, no. 1 (July 12, 2006): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sju-2006-23103.

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Draper, Brian, and Dave Anderson. "The baby boomers are nearly here – but do we have sufficient workforce in old age psychiatry?" International Psychogeriatrics 22, no. 6 (June 3, 2010): 947–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210000566.

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In 2011, the baby boomer generation officially commences its residency in the 65 years and over age group (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). The much anticipated rapid growth in the population aged 65 years and over between 2011 and 2030 will challenge health care systems worldwide. Mental health services for older people will need to prepare for a near doubling of possible demand based upon estimates of the increase in prevalence of mental disorders in late life in this period in the developed world, with the increase likely to be greater in low and middle income countries (Bartels, 2003; Alzheimer's Disease International, 2009). The pressures that this will place upon the old age psychiatry workforce has contributed to the impetus for the Faculties of Psychiatry of Old Age of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists to prepare a ‘Joint Statement on Specialist Old Age Psychiatry Workforce and Training’ (see Appendix).

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Prakash, Suma. "An International Perspective on Peritoneal Dialysis among Indigenous Patients." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 31, no. 4 (July 2011): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2010.00228.

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ObjectiveTo review utilization rates, outcomes, and barriers to peritoneal dialysis (PD) in indigenous peoples from an international perspective.MethodsArticles were obtained from Medline and EMBASE and from author name and reference searches. Data from census bureaus and renal registries in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States were used. Studies were included if they contained information on utilization of, outcomes of, or barriers to PD in indigenous populations.ResultsIn 2007, of all prevalent PD patients, 7.0%, 5.1%, 28.2%, and 1.3% in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States respectively were of indigenous background. The proportions of prevalent renal replacement therapy patients on PD reflected the national rates—New Zealand being the highest at 0.29, and the United States the lowest at 0.05. Mortality was generally higher in indigenous than in non-indigenous PD patients. Variations in mortality study results likely reflect differences in the definitions of explanatory variables such as rurality and in the availability of local specialty care services. Technique failure and peritonitis rates were higher among indigenous than among non-indigenous patients.ConclusionsThe less favorable outcomes in indigenous PD patients across countries may, in part, be a manifestation of reduced access to resources. Understanding the effects of socio-economic, geographic, cultural, and language issues, and of health literacy discrepancies on various aspects of PD education, training, and outcomes can potentially identify ways in which outcomes might be improved among indigenous patients on PD.

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Breetzke, Gregory D. "The Importance of Space and Time in Aggravated Assault Victimization." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 13-14 (April 20, 2017): 2536–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517704961.

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Interpersonal crimes such as aggravated assault greatly impacts upon an individuals’ sense of personal safety and security as the crime results in a physical injury. Understanding where and when aggravated assaults are most likely to occur is therefore vital to minimize the victimization risk associated with this crime. The main aim of this study is to explore the relative importance of space and time in aggravated assault victimization. This was done using national level aggravated assault data (2008-2010) obtained from New Zealand Police and census data from Statistics New Zealand. Both the spatial and temporal distribution of aggravated assault are outlined to examine their association with aggravated assault victimization. Aggravated assault is found to cluster in space but not in time. The relationships between aggravated assault risk in space and time and a suite of social, economic, and lifestyle variables was then examined. A clear socioeconomic gradient was found between aggravated assault risk by space and all neighborhood characteristics with high-risk neighborhoods having greater residential mobility and ethnic/racial diversity, as well as being more deprived, having higher rates of unemployment, and lower median household incomes. No clear pattern emerged between aggravated assault by time and the selected neighborhood characteristics. The policy implications of these findings in terms of policing and diversity conclude.

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Sabel, Clive E., John F. Pearson, Deborah F. Mason, Ernest Willoughby, David A. Abernethy, and Bruce V. Taylor. "The latitude gradient for multiple sclerosis prevalence is established in the early life course." Brain 144, no. 7 (March 11, 2021): 2038–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab104.

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Abstract The strongest epidemiological clue that the environment at the population level has a significant impact on the risk of developing multiple sclerosis is the well established, and in many instances, increasing latitudinal gradient of prevalence, incidence and mortality globally, with prevalence increasing by up to 10-fold between the equator and 60° north and south. The drivers of this gradient are thought to be environmental with latitude seen as a proxy for ultraviolet radiation and thus vitamin D production; however, other factors may also play a role. Several important questions remain unanswered, particularly when in the life course is the gradient established, does lifetime migration mitigate or exacerbate previously reported latitude gradients at location of diagnosis, and do factors such as sex or multiple sclerosis disease phenotype influence the timing or significance of the gradient? Utilizing lifetime residence calendars collected as part of the New Zealand National Multiple Sclerosis Prevalence Study, we constructed lifetime latitudinal gradients for multiple sclerosis from birth to prevalence day in 2006 taking into account migration internally and externally and then analysed by sex and multiple sclerosis clinical course phenotype. Of 2917 individuals living in New Zealand on prevalence day, 7 March 2006, with multiple sclerosis, 2127 completed the life course questionnaire and of these, 1587 were born in New Zealand. All cohorts and sub-cohorts were representative of the overall multiple sclerosis population in New Zealand on prevalence day. We found that the prevalence gradient was present at birth and was, in fact, stronger than at census day, and the slope of the gradient persisted until the age of 12 before gradually declining. We found that internal and external migration into New Zealand had little, if any, effect on the gradient except to decrease the significance of the gradient somewhat. Finally, we found as we had reported previously, that the lifetime prevalence gradients were largely driven by females with relapse onset multiple sclerosis. These findings confirm for the first time the importance of early life environmental exposures in the risk of multiple sclerosis indicating strongly that exposures as early as in utero and at birth drive the latitudinal gradient. Consequently, prevention studies should be focused on high-risk individuals and populations from the earliest possible time points especially, when appropriate, on females.

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Gallego, R., S. Lavery, and M. A. Sewell. "The meroplankton community of the oceanic Ross Sea during late summer." Antarctic Science 26, no. 4 (December 16, 2013): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102013000795.

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AbstractMeroplankton community studies in the Antarctic have primarily focused on the coastal waters of both the Antarctic Peninsula and the Ross Sea. The New Zealand International Polar Year - Census of Antarctic Marine Life (IPY-CAML) voyage to the Ross Sea during the late summer (February–March) 2008 provided the first meroplankton samples from three regions in the deep, oceanic waters of the Ross Sea (shelf, slope and adjacent offshore Antarctic waters of Admiralty Seamount and Scott Island). We used a combined morphological and molecular approach to identify 36 larval operational taxonomic units based on sequences from three loci (16S, 18S, COI), and exclude early developmental stages of holoplankton. Overall, larval abundance was lower than previous Antarctic studies (5.19 specimens per 100 m3), with larvae most abundant in the first 200 m of the water column and most diverse in the shelf region. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences in the meroplankton community between regions and depth ranges, but with low similarity within these groupings; differences between water masses were undetectable due to the confounding effect with both region and depth. The influence of nearby benthic populations (e.g. the acorn barnacleBathylasma corolliforme) and/or locally abundant taxa (e.g. the nudibranchTergipes antarcticus) was evident in the meroplankton community.

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Ferguson, Isobel, Stephanie Moor, Chris Frampton, and Steve Withington. "Rural youth in distress? Youth self-harm presentations to a rural hospital over 10 years." Journal of Primary Health Care 11, no. 2 (2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc19033.

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ABSTRACT IntroductionDespite growing awareness of increasing rates of youth suicide and self-harm in New Zealand, there is still little known about self-harm among rural youth. AimThis study compared: (1) rates of youth self-harm presentations between a rural emergency department (ED) and nationally available rates; and (2) local and national youth suicide rates over the decade from January 2008 to December 2017. MethodsData were requested on all presentations to Ashburton Hospital ED coded for ‘self-harm’ for patients aged 15–24 years. Comparative data were obtained from the coroner, Ministry of Health and the 2013 census. Analyses were conducted of the effects of age, time, repetition, method, ethnicity and contact with mental health services on corresponding suicide rates. ResultsSelf-harm rates in Ashburton rose in the post-earthquake period (2013–17). During the peri-earthquake period (2008–12), non-Māori rates of self-harm were higher than for Māori (527 vs 116 per 100000 youth respectively), reflecting the national trend. In the post-earthquake period, although non-Māori rates of self-harm stayed stable (595 per 100000), there was a significant increase in Māori rates of self-harm to 1106 per 100000 (Chi-squared = 14.0, P < 0.001). Youth living within the Ashburton township showed higher rates than youth living more rurally. DiscussionYouth self-harm behaviours, especially self-poisoning, have increased since the Canterbury earthquakes in the Ashburton rural community. Of most concern was the almost ninefold increase in Māori self-harm presentations in recent years, along with the increasing prevalence among teenagers and females. Possible explanations and further exploratory investigation strategies are discussed.

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Callister, Paul, Juthika Badkar, and Robert Didham. "Doctors and romance: Not only of interest ot Mills and Boon readers." Journal of Primary Health Care 1, no. 2 (2009): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc09101.

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INTRODUCTION: Internationally there is a growing demand for health services. Skilled health workers, including doctors, have a high degree of international mobility and New Zealand (NZ) stands out internationally in terms of the significant flows of doctors in and out of the country. Through changes in training of doctors in NZ and migration flows, there have been major shifts in the composition of the medical workforce in NZ since the mid-1980s. AIM: Studies of the changing nature of the medical workforce often focus on gender and migration separately as well as only considering doctors as individuals. The aim of this exploratory study is to examine the living arrangements of doctors, the composition of migrant doctors who are coming to NZ, and to understand the educational and employment status of the partners of doctors. METHODS: This study is a descriptive analysis primarily using census data from 1986 through to 2006 and immigration data collected by the Department of Labour. RESULTS: Half of the female medical doctors approved for residence through the Skilled/Business stream migrated independently, while for male doctors less than a third came to NZ independently. Male migrant doctors were more likely to be partnered. Census data showed that people with medical backgrounds tend to partner with each other. However, these relationships are changing, as more women become doctors. In 1986 about 14% of male doctors had a nurse or midwife as a partner and nearly 9% had a doctor partner. By 2006 the proportion of partners of male doctors who were also doctors had risen to 16%, higher than the 9% who were nurses. For female doctors the changes are more dramatic. In 1986, 42% of female doctors in relationships had a doctor as a partner. By 2006, female doctors had increased substantially, but the percentage with a doctor partner had dropped to under a third. Well-qualified couples where one or both are doctors, have a greater propensity to live in main urban areas. DISCUSSION: Through official reports and extensive media coverage, the NZ public is well aware of local and national doctor shortages. There is also awareness, often through personal visits to a GP or hospital, of the significant rise in number of female and of foreign-born doctors. The choices doctors are making in living arrangements need to be taken into account when considering both national and international recruitment of medical staff. Researchers and policy makers may need to consider family migration issues more than they have in the past for doctors as well as for other migrant groups. KEYWORDS: Family practice; partners; emigration and immigration, female; manpower

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Lewis, James, and Andreas Baumann. "New Religions and the New Zealand Census." International Journal for the Study of New Religions 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v2i2.179.

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From the very beginning of NRM studies, researchers were focused on understanding who joined new religions and why. By the 1980s, we had reached a consensus profile of young, educated converts who joined primarily via social networks. However, by the twenty-first century, the situation on the ground had changed, in part because of the rising age and greater diversity of recruits to alternative religions and in part because of changes resulting from changes such as the emergence of the Internet as a new environment for non-traditional religions. The present article examines data from the New Zealand census to demonstrate the point that the earlier profile of members of non-traditional reached in the 1970s and 1980s has been superseded, and, further, that it is no longer possible to discuss NRM members “in general,” as a class demographically distinct from members of other religious organizations.

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Easton, Brian. "Smoking in New Zealand: a census investigation." Australian Journal of Public Health 19, no. 2 (February 12, 2010): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00360.x.

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Hyslop, Dean, and Dave MarÃ©. "Skill Upgrading in New Zealand, 1986â2001." Australian Economic Review 42, no. 4 (December 2009): 422–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2009.00554.x.

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Ivors, K. L., L. W. Lacey, D. C. Milks, S. M. Douglas, M. K. Inman, R. E. Marra, and J. A. LaMondia. "First Report of Boxwood Blight Caused by Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum in the United States." Plant Disease 96, no. 7 (July 2012): 1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-12-0247-pdn.

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In September and October 2011, a new disease was observed on Buxus spp. in North Carolina and Connecticut, respectively. In North Carolina, over 10,000 containerized Buxus sempervirens (American boxwood) were affected at one location. A few weeks later, the disease was found in Connecticut on entire plantings of B. sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’ (English boxwood) at two residential properties, and shortly thereafter on over 150,000 plants at two production nurseries. Initial foliar symptoms appeared as light to dark brown spots, often with dark borders. Spots enlarged and coalesced, often with a concentric pattern, and black streaks or cankers developed on stems. Infected leaves became brown or straw colored and dropped quickly after foliar symptoms were visible. Branch dieback and plant death were also observed in Connecticut. Cultures were isolated from symptomatic leaves and stems and identified as Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum Crous, Groenewald & Hill 2002 (1) (syn. Cylindrocladium buxicola Henricot 2002 [2]) on the basis of morphological characteristics. Macroconidiophores were single or in groups of up to three and comprised a stipe, stipe extension, and a penicillate arrangement of fertile branches. The stipe extension was septate, hyaline (89 to 170 × 2 to 4.5 μm), and terminated in an ellipsoidal vesicle (6 to 11 μm diameter) with a papillate or pointed apex. Conidia were cylindrical, straight, hyaline, and one septate (48 to 62 × 4 to 6 μm), occurring in slimy clusters. No microconidiophores were observed. Chlamydospores were medium to dark brown, thick walled, and smooth to rough. Microsclerotia were observed on PDA (1). A portion of β-tubulin gene sequence from two Connecticut (Genbank Accession Nos. JQ866628 and JQ866629) and two North Carolina isolates showed 100% similarity with only C. pseudonaviculatum strains. USDA-APHIS-PPQ confirmed this new United States record on October 24, 2011. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating three 1-gallon container plants of B. sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’ in North Carolina and four liners of B. sinica var. insularis × B. sempervirens ‘Green Velvet’ in Connecticut with a spore suspension of approximately 5.0 × 106 conidia (North Carolina) or 1.0 × 106 conidia (Connecticut) on the foliage of each plant; untreated control plants were sprayed with water. After incubation at ambient temperature, all inoculated plants developed foliar and stem lesions within 3 to 4 days and blighting occurred within 2 weeks; control plants remained asymptomatic. C. pseudonaviculatum was reisolated from inoculated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. pseudonaviculatum in the United States. C. pseudonaviculatum causes a serious disease of Buxus spp. in the United Kingdom and several other European countries as well as New Zealand (1). Confirmation of boxwood blight in the United States is significant because of the popularity of boxwood as a landscape plant, and because of the potential economic impact this disease may have on commercial growers; boxwood production in the United States has an annual wholesale market value of approximately $103 million (3). References: (1) P. Crous, et al. Sydowia 54:23, 2002. (2) B. Henricot and A. Culham Mycologia 94: 980, 2002. (3) USDA-NASS, Census of Horticulture, 2010.

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Ram, Bali. "New Estimates of Aboriginal Fertility, 1966-1971 to 1996-2001." Canadian Studies in Population 31, no. 2 (December 31, 2004): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6c31t.

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Using census data on children in families, this paper estimates various fertility measures for the total aboriginal population and four specific groups, North American Indians, Registered Indians, Metis, and Inuit. The “own-children” procedure is used for deriving the number of births by the age of the mother during specific years preceding the census. The major focus of the paper is on the trends of total fertility rate and the convergence of age patterns between various subgroups over the past 30 years. Strengths and limitations of the method are also discussed.

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Rubinstein, William D. "The New Zealand Jewish Community." Journal of Jewish Studies 52, no. 1 (April 1, 2001): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.18647/2344/jjs-2001.

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Teague, Andy. "New methodologies for the 2001 Census in England and Wales." International Journal of Social Research Methodology 3, no. 3 (January 2000): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645570050083724.

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Gardiner, C. "Informing Policy Making: New Approaches to Analysing the 2001 Census." Local Government Studies 27, no. 4 (December 2001): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714004115.

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Howie, S. "Tuberculosis in New Zealand, 1992-2001: a resurgence." Archives of Disease in Childhood 90, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 1157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2004.066415.

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Gallagher, Lou M., Carol Kliem, Annette L. Beautrais, and Lorann Stallones. "Suicide and Occupation in New Zealand, 2001–2005." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 14, no. 1 (January 2008): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2008.14.1.45.

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Hall, Reece C., and Malcolm J. McKellar. "Bacterial keratitis in Christchurch, New Zealand, 1997-2001." Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 32, no. 5 (October 2004): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2004.00867.x.

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Meek, John. "Gangs in New Zealand Prisons." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 25, no. 3 (December 1992): 255–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589202500304.

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Gangs became a permanent feature of New Zealand prisons during the 1980s. Surveys indicate that more than 20% of inmates have past or present gang affiliations. This article looks at the gang phenomenon both in the community and in prisons. A case study looking at the impact of gangs at Auckland Maximum Security Prison (Paremoremo) is included; a unique inmate subculture was destroyed and inter-gang conflict resulted in the prison being run on a unit basis. Using information from the 1989prison census, including unpublished material, the article examines the level of gang membership and compares gang members and unaffiliated inmates over a range of variables. Gang members were found to be more likely to be younger, classified as requiring medium or maximum security custody, convicted of violent offences and serving longer sentences. The article also looks at management approaches to gangs in prisons and a fresh approach being adopted by the Department of Justice.

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Gott, Merryn, Joanna Broad, Xian Zhang, Lene Jarlbaek, and David Clark. "Likelihood of death among hospital inpatients in New Zealand: prevalent cohort study." BMJ Open 7, no. 12 (December 2017): e016880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016880.

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Objectives(1) To establish the likelihood of dying within 12 months for a cohort of hospital inpatients in New Zealand (NZ) on a fixed census date; (2) to identify associations between likelihood of death and key sociodemographic, diagnostic and service-related factors and (3) to compare results with, and extend findings of, a Scottish study undertaken for the same time period and census date. National databases of hospitalisations and death registrations were used, linked by unique health identifier.Participants6074 patients stayed overnight in NZ hospitals on the census date (10 April 2013), 40.8% of whom were aged ≥65 years; 54.4% were women; 69.1% of patients were NZ European; 15.3% were Maori; 7.6% were Pacific; 6.1% were Asian and 1.9% were ‘other’.SettingAll NZ hospitals.Results14.5% patients (n=878) had died within 12 months: 1.6% by 7 days; 4.5% by 30 days; 8.0% by 3 months and 10.9% by 6 months. In logistic regression models, the strongest predictors of death within 12 months were: age ≥80 years (OR=5.52(95% CI 4.31 to 7.07)); a history of cancer (OR=4.20(3.53 to 4.98)); being Māori (OR=1.62(1.25 to 2.10)) and being admitted to a medical specialty, compared with a surgical specialty (OR=3.16(2.66 to 3.76)).ConclusionWhile hospitals are an important site of end of life care in NZ, their role is less significant than in Scotland, where 30% of an inpatient cohort recruited using similar methods and undertaken on the same census date had died within 12 months. One reason for this finding may be the extended role of residential long-term care facilities in end of life care provision in NZ.

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Broman, Patrick, and Tahu Kukutai. "Fixed not fluid: European identification in the Aotearoa New Zealand census." Journal of Population Research 38, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 103–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12546-021-09262-4.

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Van Peursem, Karen, and Yi Chiann Chan. "Forecasting New Zealand Corporate Failures 2001-10: Opportunity Lost?" Australian Accounting Review 24, no. 3 (September 2014): 276–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/auar.12029.

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Elder, Mark, and David Leaming. "The New Zealand cataract and refractive surgery survey 2001." Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 31, no. 2 (April 2003): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9071.2003.00616.x.

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Smith, Philippa Mein. "States of Mind: Australia and New Zealand 1901–2001." New Zealand Geographer 59, no. 2 (October 2003): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2003.tb01674.x.

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Campbell, Malcolm. "New Zealand Census 2013: A short commentary on the role which the Census plays and the findings of the 2013 Census." New Zealand Geographer 71, no. 2 (July 30, 2015): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nzg.12082.

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Woonton, Robert. "Press release, government of New Zealand New Zealand welcomes Cook Islands whale sanctuary, 21 September 2001." Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 4, no. 2 (January 2001): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880290109353982.

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EDGECOMBE, GREGORY D. "A new species of Paralamyctes (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha) from New Zealand." Zootaxa 451, no. 1 (March 4, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.451.1.1.

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Paralamyctes (Paralamyctes) rahuensis n. sp. is endemic to the Buller area of South Island, New Zealand. Cladistic analysis of morphological characters indicates closest relations to P. (P.) harrisi Archey, 1922, from North Island, and P. (P.) monteithi Edgecombe, 2001, from Queensland, Australia.

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Ansary, Rabiul. "Emerging Patterns of migration streams in India: A State Level Analysis of 2011 Census." Migration Letters 15, no. 3 (July 10, 2018): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v15i3.357.

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This article discusses changing patterns of migration in India using the data from the 2011 Census. In this study, the statistical (growth rate, percentage distribution) and cartographic methods have been used to analyse and map the changing patterns of migration across the states in India. It is found that in India, 37.5 percent of the population experienced spatial mobility in the 2011 Census which is higher than that of the 2001 Census (30.8 percent). The volume of migrants in the intercensal period (2001 to 2011) increased from 98.3 million to 161.4 million, an increase of over 64 percent. Overall, migration is more likely among the rural populations compared to the urban. However, substantial increase in the volume of urban-urban movements (14 million in 2001 to around 33 million in 2011) is the focus of the current study along with the rural-urban flows. For the first time in Indian Census history, the volume of urban-urban migration overtook the rural-urban migration volume in the last intercensal period. Creation of additional 2700 new Census Towns in the 2011 Census may be the real driving force for this staggering increase

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Nordholt, Eric Schulte. "The Dutch virtual Census 2001: A new approach by combining different sources." Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 22, no. 1 (November 4, 2005): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sju-2005-22104.

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Journal articles on the topic '2001 New Zealand Census'

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