Journal articles on the topic '2001 g-491'

 The experiment was carried out on a fertile alluvial soil at Warsaw-Wilanów, Central Poland, in years 2001–2010. Nineteen very dwarfing and dwarfing rootstocks were tested for vigorous apple cultivar Rubin. Ten-year-old trees were the largest on M 9 EMLA and P 62, smaller on Arm 18, and then on B 491, Unima and B 146. Even smaller were the trees on M 27, P 63 and P 64, and the smallest those on PJ 629. The highest cumulative yield (2002–2010) per tree was on P 66, Arm 18, M 9 EMLA, B 491 and P 16, lower on P 64, P 22, P 59, M 27, PB-4 and J-TE-G, and the lowest on PJ 629. Trees on P 59, PJ 629, PB-4, No. 280, J-TE-G, P 63, P 66, P 22, No. 387 and P 64 showed higher yield efficiency than those on M 9 EMLA or P 62. The mean fruit mass from trees on P 63, M 27, No. 387, Arm 18, P 62, P 64, No. 280, B 491, P 16, Unima and M 9 EMLA was larger than from trees on PJ 629. Trees on P 63, B 491, P 16, P 66, and P 65 produced higher cumulative yield per ha than trees on PB-4, J-TE-G or PJ 629.  

Loss of full-length adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein correlates with the development of colon cancers in familial and sporadic cases. In addition to its role in regulating β-catenin levels in the Wnt signaling pathway, the APC protein is implicated in regulating cytoskeletal organization. APC stabilizes microtubules in vivo and in vitro, and this may play a role in cell migration (Näthke, I.S., C.L. Adams, P. Polakis, J.H. Sellin, and W.J. Nelson. 1996. J. Cell Biol. 134:165–179; Mimori-Kiyosue, Y., N. Shiina, and S. Tsukita. 2000. J. Cell Biol. 148:505–517; Zumbrunn, J., K. Inoshita, A.A. Hyman, and I.S. Näthke. 2001. Curr. Biol. 11:44–49) and in the attachment of microtubules to kinetochores during mitosis (Fodde, R., J. Kuipers, C. Rosenberg, R. Smits, M. Kielman, C. Gaspar, J.H. van Es, C. Breukel, J. Wiegant, R.H. Giles, and H. Clevers. 2001. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:433–438; Kaplan, K.B., A. Burds, J.R. Swedlow, S.S. Bekir, P.K. Sorger, and I.S. Näthke. 2001. Nat. Cell Biol. 3:429–432). The localization of endogenous APC protein is complex: actin- and microtubule-dependent pools of APC have been identified in cultured cells (Näthke et al., 1996; Mimori-Kiyosue et al., 2000; Reinacher-Schick, A., and B.M. Gumbiner. 2001. J. Cell Biol. 152:491–502; Rosin-Arbesfeld, R., G. Ihrke, and M. Bienz. 2001. EMBO J. 20:5929–5939). However, the localization of APC in tissues has not been identified at high resolution. Here, we show that in fully polarized epithelial cells from the inner ear, endogenous APC protein associates with the plus ends of microtubules located at the basal plasma membrane. Consistent with a role for APC in supporting the cytoskeletal organization of epithelial cells in vivo, the number of microtubules is significantly reduced in apico-basal arrays of microtubule bundles isolated from mice heterozygous for APC.

En Veracruz, México, se siembra la variedad de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) Milagro Filipino en temporal, cuya demanda está restringida en la entidad. En su cultivo se utilizan grandes cantidades de propanil, lo cual ha ocasionado el desarrollo de zacates con resistencia a este herbicida; también se emplean grandes cantidades de fertilizantesquímicos que favorecen el desarrollo de maleza y la incidencia de fitopatógenos. Para mejorar la tecnología de producción, durante el temporal 2001 se estableció un experimento en dos localidades del centro del estado de Veracruz. Se utilizó el diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones y arreglo de tratamientos en parcelas subdivididas. Las parcelas grandes correspondieron a los genotipos Milagro Filipino y la línea II6911; las medianas a las mezclas de los herbicidas: pendimetalina + propanil (1600 + 2160 g i. a. ha-1) (testigo regional), clomazone + bispiribac-sodio (480 + 22 g i. a. ha-1) y clomazone + propanil (600 + 1440 g i. a. ha-1); y las parcelas chicas a los tratamientos de fertilización: 92N-46P-00K (testigo regional), biofertilizantes (Azospirillum brasilense + Glomus intraradix) inoculados a la semilla en dosis de 0.720 + 2.0 kg ha-1), 92N-46P-00K + biofertilizantes y 46N-23P-00K + biofertilizantes. Los resultados indicaron que II6911 y Milagro Filipino tuvieron un comportamiento similar en rendimiento de grano. El mejor control de maleza se obtuvo con clomazone + propanil y pendimetalina + propanil y con la primera se redujo en 33 % la dosis de propanil. No hubo respuesta significativa en componentes y rendimiento a la aplicación única de biofertilizantes. Los mayores rendimientos de grano se obtuvieron con 92N-46P00K + A. brasilense + G. intraradix y la fórmula 92N-46P-00K, pero la mejor relación beneficio/costo (1.59) y la mayor tasa de retorno (491 %), se obtuvieron con el primero de estos tratamientos.

Both linear and angular momentum densities of Bessel, Gaussian-Bessel, and Hankel-Bessel lasers are determined. Angular momentum of the three Bessel beams is illustrated at linear and circular polarization. Axial Angular momentum is resolved in particular interpretation: the harmonic order of the physical light momentum. Full Text: PDF ReferencesG. Molina-Terriza, J. Torres, and L. Torner, "Twisted photons", Nature Physics 3, 305 - 310 (2007). CrossRef J Arlt, V Garces-Chavez, W Sibbett, and K Dholakia "Optical micromanipulation using a Bessel light beam", Opt. Commun., 197, 4-6, (2001). CrossRef L. Ambrosio and H. Hernández-Figueroa, "Gradient forces on double-negative particles in optical tweezers using Bessel beams in the ray optics regime", Opt Exp, 18, 23 (2010). CrossRef I. Litvin, A. Dudley and A. Forbes, "Poynting vector and orbital angular momentum density of superpositions of Bessel beams", Opt Exp, 19, 18 (2011). CrossRef K Volke-Sepulveda, V Garcés-Chávez, S Chávez-Cerda, J Arlt and K Dholakia "Orbital angular momentum of a high-order Bessel light beam" , JOP B 4 (2). 2002. CrossRef M. Verma, S. Pal, S. Joshi, P. Senthilkumaran, J. Joseph, and H Kandpal, "Singularities in cylindrical vector beams", Jou. of Mod. Opt., 62 (13), 2015. CrossRef R. Borghi, M. Santarsiero, and M. Porras, "Nonparaxial Bessel?Gauss beams", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 18 (7) (2011). CrossRef L. Allen, M. Beijersbergen, R. Spreeuw, and J. Woerdman, "Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian Laser modes", Phys Rev A, 45 (11): 8185-8189 (1992). CrossRef D. Mcglion and K. Dholakia, "Bessel beams: diffraction in a new light", Cont. Phys, 46(1) 15 ? 28. (2005). CrossRef F. Gori, G. Guattari and C. Padovani," Bessel-Gauss Beams", Opt. Commun., 64, 491, (1987). CrossRef V. Kotlyar, A. Kovalev, and A. Soifer, "Hankel?Bessel laser beams" J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 29 (5) (2012). CrossRef L. Allen and M. Babiker "Spin-orbit coupling in free-space Laguerre-Gaussian light beams", Phys. Rev. A 53, R2937. CrossRef

Rust was observed on leaves and stems of Melilotus alba Medik. plants in Riley County, Kansas, in November 1999. Rust reoccurred during the summers of 2000 and 2001. Uredinia were orange to reddish brown and predominately hypophyllous. Infected leaves wilted and abscised prematurely. Urediniospores were one-celled, globoid or broadly ellipsoid, and measured 20 to 25 × 18 to 22 μm. Walls were 1.0 to 1.2 μm thick, echinulate, and with three to five (mostly four) pores. Pores were equatorial, or nearly so, in approximately one half of the spores examined and scattered in the other half. Telia occurred in the fall, were sparse, amphigenous, exposed, and much darker than uredinia. Teliospores were single-celled, ovoid, subglobose or ellipsoidal, and measured 18 to 25 × 15 to 21 μm. Wall thickness was 1.3 to 2 μm. Walls had ridges approximately 1 μm wide, 2 μm apart, and arranged in a longitudinal pattern as shown in photographs of Uromyces striatus (2). Pedicels were hyaline, fragile, and short. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in growth chambers (4) with monouredinial isolate K-SC-R1 from M. alba. Pots containing plants of 80 USDA Plant Introduction (PI) core accessions representing 18 Melilotus spp. were evaluated. Total accessions tested per species were: 22 M. alba, 2 M. altissimus, 3 M. dentata, 2 M. elegans, 1 M. hirsutus, 4 M. indica, 2 M. infestus, 2 M. italica, 25 M. officinalis, 2 M. polonicus, 2 M. segetalis, 2 M. siculus, 2 M. speciosus, 2 M. spicatus, 1 M. suaveolens,2 M. sulcatus, 2 M. tauricus, and 2 M. wolgicus. Various amounts of rust developed on plants of 79 accessions; no plants of M. indica PI 234674 exhibited signs of rust. A host range study of an isolate of U. striatus from alfalfa (4) included these 18 Melilotus species; 10 were hosts. Therefore, the reactions of Medicago accessions to isolate K-SC-R1 were evaluated. These included nine alfalfa germ plasm sources representing the diversity in North American alfalfas and the cvs. Saranac and Moapa 69, which are commonly used susceptible controls in alfalfa rust evaluations. No rust resulted on any entry of Medicago sativa subsp. sativa. A few scattered, small, open uredinia occurred on plants of Medicago sativa subsp. falcata (‘WISFAL’ PI 560533). Of 11 Medicago lupulina PI accessions inoculated, rust resulted only on a few plants of PI 269926. All M. alba plants included as susceptible controls in all tests became heavily rusted. The causal fungus fits U. striatus Schroet. as described by uredinologists who disregard urediniospore pore position in this species. For example, illustrations of U. striatus urediniospores by Savulescu (3) show scattered pores, however, descriptions of U. striatus Schroet. in North America (1,2) specify equatorial pores. To my knowledge, this is the first report of scattered pores in U. striatus urediniospores in the United States. However, an examination of urediniospores from heavily rusted alfalfa plants collected in 2001 near Manhattan, KS and from isolate KR1 (4) also revealed urediniospores with variously distributed pores. U. striatus was reported on M. alba in Florida in 2001. References: (1) G. B Cummins. Rust Fungi on Legumes and Composites in North America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1978. (2) J. A. Parmelee. Can. J. Bot. 40:491, 1962. (3) T. Savulescu. Monografia Uredinalelor din Republica Populara Romana. II. Acad. Repub. Pop. Rom. 1953. (4) D. Z. Skinner and D. L. Stuteville. Plant Dis. 79:456, 1995.

Vol. 2, No. 2 ABSTRACT A total of 97 V. parahaemolyticus isolate from Padang were examined for their resistance to 15 antibiotics. V. parahaemolyticus isolated behaved as resistant to sulfamethoxazole (100%), rifampin (95%) and tetracycline (75%) and sensitive to norfloxacin (96%). Ampicillin still sensitive for V. parahaemolyticus isolated from human stools. All of isolates were sensitive to namely chloramphenicol and floroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin agents). RAPD-PCR profiling with three primers (OPAR3, OPAR4 and OPAR8) produced four major clusters (R1, R2, R3 and R4), 7 minor clusters (I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII) and three single isolates. Keywords: V. parahaemolyticus, MDR, RAPD 1. D. Ottaviani, I. Bacchiocchi, L. Masini, F. Leoni, A. Carraturo, M. Giammarioli, and G. Sbaraglia, Antimicrobial susceptibility of potentially halophilic vibrios isolated from seafood, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 18: 135-140, (2001).2. A. Cespedes, and E. Larson, Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding antibiotic use among Latinos in the United States: Review and Recommendations, American Journal of Infection Control 34: 495-502, (2006).3. M. Lesmana, D. Subekti, C.H. Simanjuntak, P. Tjaniadi, J. R. Campbell, and B. A. Ofoyo, Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with cholera-like diarrhea among patients in North Jakarta, Indonesia, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 39: 71-75, (2001).4. S. Lu, B. Liu, B. Zhou, And R. E. Levin, Incidence and Enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shellfish from two retail Sources and the Genetic Diversity of isolates as Determined by RAPD-PCR Analysis, Food Biotechnology, 20: 193-209, (2006).5. M. Nishibuchi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In International handbook of foodborne pathogens, ed. M.D. Milliots and J. W. Bier, United States: Marcel Dekker, Inc. P, 2004, 237-252.6. L. Poirel, M. R. Martinez, H. Mammeri, A. Liard, and P. Nordmann, Origin of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinant QnrA, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49: 3523-3525, (2005).7. S. Radu, N. Elhadi, Z. Hassan, G. Rusul, S. Lihan, N. Fifadara, Yuherman and E. Purwati, Characterization of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa): antimicrobial resistance, plasmid profiles and random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 165: 139–143, (1998).8. S. Radu, N. Ahmad, F. H. Ling, and A. Reezal, Prevalence and resistance to antibiotics for Aeromonas species from retail fish in Malaysia, International of Journal Food Microbiology, 81: 261–266, (2003).9. B. Sarkar, N. R. Chowdhury, G. B. Nair, M. Nishibuchi, S. Yamasaki, Y. Takeda, S. K. Gupta, S. K. Bhattacharya, and Ramamurthy, Molecular characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus of similar serovars isolated from sewage and clinical cases of diarrhea in Calcutta, India, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 19: 771-776, (2003). 10. S. Schwarz, and E. Chaslus-Dancla, Use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and mechanisms of resistance, Veterinary Residue, 32: 201–225, (2001).11. H. Sörum, and T.M. L’Abèe-Lund,. Antibiotic resistance in food-related bacteria – a result of interfering with the global web of bacterial genetics, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 78: 43–56, (2002).12. P. Tjaniadi, M. Lesmana, D. Subekti, N. Machpud, S. Komalarini, W. Santoso, C. H. Simanjuntak, N. Punjabi, J. R. Campbell, W. K. Alexander, H. J. Beecham, A. L. Corwin, and B. A. Oyofo, Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Diarrheal Patients in Indonesia, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68: 666-670, (2003).13. X. Zhao, and D. Drlica, Restricting the Selection of Antibiotic-Resistant Mutants: A General Strategy Derived from Fluoroquinolone Studies, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 33: S147-S156, (2001).

Although it is widely supposed that chemokines play a role in the thymus, most existing evidence is circumstantial. In this issue, two groups provide direct evidence that the chemokine receptor CCR7 is required for normal thymocyte migration (Ueno, T., F. Saito, D. Gray, S. Kuse, K. Hieshima, H. Nakano, T. Kakiuchi, M. Lipp, R. Boyd, and Y. Takahama. 2004. J. Exp. Med. 200:493–505; Misslitz, A., O. Pabst, G. Hintzen, L. Ohl, E. Kremmer, H. T. Petrie, and R. Forster. 2004. J. Exp. Med. 200:481–491). The two papers focus on distinct and opposite migration events, an early outward migration and a later inward migration. Together these papers provide a fascinating picture of the complex role of CCR7 in orchestrating thymocyte migration.

Wichard, W., Ahrens, W. & Eisenbeis, G. 2002: Biological Atlas of Aquatic Insects. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup (Denmark). 338 pp. 490 DKK. Woiwood, I. P., Reynolds, D. R. & Thomas, C. D. 2001: Insect Movement: mechanisms and consequences. CABI-Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon (U.K.) and New York (U.S.A.). 458 pp. Romero Samper, J. 2002: Iconografía del género Iberodorcadion. — Argania editio (Barcelona),192 pp. Price 105 Euros.

En este artículo se presenta el Enfoque de los Itinerarios de Enseñanza de las Matemáticas, un enfoque que trata de ser respetuoso con las necesidades reales de los estudiantes para aprender matemáticas. En la primera parte se presenta la fundamentación del enfoque, que se sustenta en tres pilares interrelacionados: la perspectiva sociocultural del aprendizaje humano, el modelo de formación realista-reflexivo y la educación matemática realista; en la segunda parte se describe el enfoque, que se refiere a una secuencia de enseñanza intencionada que contempla tres niveles: 1) enseñanza en contextos informales (el entorno inmediato, los materiales manipulativos y los juegos); 2) enseñanza en contextos intermedios (recursos literarios y tecnológicos), y 3) enseñanza en contextos formales (recursos gráficos); finalmente, en la tercera parte se ejemplifica dicho enfoque con un itinerario de enseñanza del álgebra temprana para estudiantes de 3 a 12 años. Se concluye que la implementación de este enfoque requiere un amplio dominio de conocimientos didáctico-disciplinares, lo que implica un esfuerzo importante por parte de todos los agentes implicados en la formación del profesorado para que así, todo aquel profesional preocupado por mejorar su práctica docente y adaptarla a las exigencias del siglo XXI, pueda tener acceso a estos conocimientos. Referencias Alsina, Á. (2004). Barrinem? Matemàtiques amb jocs i problemes. Lògica 3. Cataluña: Edicions l'Àlber, S.L. Alsina, Á. (2010). La “pirámide de la educación matemática”, una herramienta para ayudar a desarrollar la competencia matemática. Aula de Innovación Educativa, 189, 12-16. Recuperado desde https://dugi-doc.udg.edu//bitstream/handle/10256/9481/PiramideEducacion.pdf Alsina, Á. (2018). Seis lecciones de educación matemática en tiempos de cambio: itinerarios didácticos para aprender más y mejor. Padres y Maestros, 376, 13-20. Alsina, Á. (2019a). La educación matemática infantil en España: ¿qué falta por hacer? Números. Revista de Didáctica de las Matemáticas, 100, 85-108. Recuperado desde http://www.sinewton.org/numeros/numeros/80/Volumen_80.pdf Alsina, Á. (2019b). Hacia una formación transformadora de futuros maestros de matemáticas: avances de investigación desde el modelo realista-reflexivo. Uni-pluriversidad, 19(2), 60-79. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.unipluri.19.2.05 Alsina, Á. (2019c). Itinerarios didácticos para la enseñanza de las matemáticas (6-12 años). Barcelona: Editorial Graó. Alsina, Á. (2019d). Del razonamiento lógico-matemático al álgebra temprana en Educación Infantil. Edma 0-6: Educación Matemática en la Infancia, 8(1), 1-19. Recuperado desde https://www.edma0-6.es/index.php/edma0-6/article/view/70 Alsina, Á., y Domingo, M. (2010). Idoneidad didáctica de un protocolo sociocultural de enseñanza y aprendizaje de las matemáticas. Revista Latinoamericana de Investigación en Matemática Educativa, 13(1), 7-32. 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Granada: Editorial Universidad de Granada. Hargreaves, A., Earl, L., Moore, S., y Manning, S. (2001). Aprender a cambiar. La enseñanza más allá de las materias y los niveles. Barcelona: Editorial Octaedro. Heuvel‐Panhuizen, M. (2002). Realistic mathematics education as work in progress. En F. L. Lin (Ed.), Common sense in mathematics education. Proceedings of 2001 The Netherlands and Taiwan Conference on Mathematics Education (pp. 1‐43). Taiwan: National Taiwan Normal University. Ivic, I. (1994). Lev Semionovick Vygotsky (1896-1934). Perspectivas: Revista Internacional de Educación Comparada, 34 (3-4), 773-799. Recuperado desde http://www.ibe.unesco.org/es/recursos/perspectivas-revista-trimestral-de-educaci%C3%B3n-comparada Korthagen, F. A. (2001). Linking practice and theory. The pedagogy of realistic teacher education. Londres: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lerman, S. (2000). The social turn in mathematics education research. En J. 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Curriculum Focal Points for Prekindergarten through Grade 8 Mathematics: a quest for coherence. Reston, V.A.: Autor. Ministry of Education of New Zealand (2017). Te Whāriki: Early Childhood Curriculum. Wellington: Autor. Ministry of Education of Singapore. (2013). Nurturing Early Learners: A Curriculum for Kindergartens in Singapore: Numeracy: Volume 6. Singapore: Autor. Olmos, G., y Alsina, Á. (2010). El uso de cuadernos de actividades para aprender matemáticas en educación infantil. Aula de Infantil, 53, 38-41. Schmittau, J. (2004). Vygostkian theory and mathematics education: Resolving the conceptual-procedural dichotomy. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 29(1), 19-43. Stacey, K., y Chick, H. (2004). Solving the problem with algebra. En K. Stacey, H. Chick, y M. Kendal (Eds.), The Future of Teaching and Learning of Algebra. The 12th ICMI Study (pp. 1-20). Boston: Kluwer. Tigchelaar, A., Melief, K., Van Rijswijk, M., y Korthagen, K. (2010). 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Proposiciones, procedimientos y argumentos sobre probabilidad en libros de texto chilenos de educación primaria. Profesorado, Revista de currículum y formación del profesorado, 21(1), 433-457. Recuperado desde https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/567/56750681022.pdf Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Wertsch, J. V. (1985). Vygotsky y la formación social de la mente. Barcelona: Paidós. Wertsch, J. V. (1991). Voces de la mente. Un enfoque sociocultural para el estudio de la acción mediada. Madrid: Aprendizaje Visor. Financiamiento: FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España. Agencia Estatal de Investigación Proyecto EDU2017-84979-R

AbstractA complete Sylow sequence, 𝒫=P1,…,Pm, of a finite group G is a sequence of m Sylow pi-subgroups of G, one for each pi, where p1,…,pm are all of the distinct prime divisors of |G|. A product of the form P1⋯Pm is called a complete Sylow product of G. We prove that the solvable radical of G equals the intersection of all complete Sylow products of G if, for every composition factor S of G, and for every ordering of the prime divisors of |S|, there exist a complete Sylow sequence 𝒫 of S, and g∈S such that g is uniquely factorizable in 𝒫 . This generalizes our results in Kaplan and Levy [‘The solvable radical of Sylow factorizable groups’, Arch. Math.85(6) (2005), 490–496].

e20695 Background: Cancer-related anemia, results in both a need for transfusions and a decreased functional capacity and quality of life. Treating anemia associated with chemotherapy and many cancers is often necessary. However, patient satisfaction with anemia treatment, and the possible correlation between anemia and psychological distress frequently present in these patients is limited by the lack of validated instruments. Methods: Between January 2008 and December 2008, 591 cancer patients in treatment with erythropoietin beta for anemia were targeted to complete the Psychological Distress Inventory (PDI), a 13-item self-administered questionnaire, and the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire ( PSQ) at 4 week intervals, a 10-item, self-administered questionnaire. Data from weeks 5 and 9 were analyzed. Patients were required to receive at least four weekly injections of Epo, expecting to receive ≥ 8 additional weeks of chemotherapy, and able to complete questionnaires. Results: Among patients fulfilling eligibility criteria and having received at least four Epo Beta administrations, most (57.5%) of them were female, with a median age of 66 (52.4 - 76.5), and a median KPS of 85 (range: 50–100). 399 patients had a stage IV cancers. Hemoglobin values increased from mean baseline levels of 9.55 g/dL, to attain levels 10.31 at week 5, and 11.05 after 8 weeks of therapy; 247 (42%) patients received iron supplementation. For PDI, the overall response rate was 93 % (548/591) at baseline, 100 % (517/517) at week 5, and 99% (491/492) at week 9. The percentage of patients with psychological difficulties decreased during the treatment. For PSQ, the overall response rate was 100% (517/517) at week 5, and 100 % (492/492) at week 9. The PSQ questionnaires showed that a conspicuous group of patients (124/517) marked troubles to accept the treatment. Conclusions: Our results suggest that in anemic cancer patients psychological distress and anemia were related. PSQ reflect the burden of injection anemia treatment on cancer patients. Final data analysis will be presented. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

As part of a large quantitative trait loci trial, methane emissions were measured on 698 second and third lactation dairy cows which were the progeny of six bulls. The trial ran over two 4-week periods in January 2004 and 2005. Methane samples were collected over 24 h on each of four consecutive days in 2004 and three consecutive days in 2005. Methane emissions were measured using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer dilution technique. During measurement periods, all cows grazed grass–clover pasture with ad libitum herbage allowances. Herbage dry matter intakes (DMI) were calculated using Australian Feeding Standards based on individual cow data of milk yield, liveweight, liveweight change and cow body condition. The average DMI was estimated to be 17.1 kg/day (s.d. = 2.0). Daily methane emissions ranged from 151 to 497 g/day with an average of 311 g/day (s.d. = 43.8) or 18.2 g/kg DMI (s.d. = 2.8); this is 15.7% lower than the figure currently used in the New Zealand national inventory. This study also indicates that there are large differences between cows in methane emissions per kg DMI when estimated using the SF6 tracer technique.

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El texto aborda la evolución del análisis historiográfico que se ha llevado a cabo sobre la Cataluña moderna entre finales del siglo XVI y principios del XVIII. Aunque la frontera moderna de Cataluña puede ser múltiple, nos centramos esencialmente en aquella que va desde el Valle de Arán hasta el Mediterráneo. El texto abre con una primera reflexión sobre el camino hacia el cambio de modelo, luego evoca los efectos de las guerras con Francia, con algunos ejemplos concretos, como el de Cerdaña, y, por último, expone la realidad percibida y llevada a cabo con la nueva “fortificación” de la frontera catalana a finales del siglo XVII, cuando el control de Francia se hace evidente. Palabras clave: Frontera, fronterización, fortificaciónTopónimos: Francia, España, Cataluña,Período: época moderna ABSTRACTThe text addresses the evolution of the historiographical analysis that of modern Catalonia between the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 18th century. 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The projection method was first introduced by Chorin [Bull. AMS 73 (1967), pp. 928–931] and Temam [Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 33 (1969), pp. 377–385] as a computationally efficient numerical method to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Despite its success in decoupling the computations of velocity and pressure, it suffers from inaccurate numerical boundary layers. As an effort to resolve this inaccuracy, E and Liu [Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 34 (2000), pp. 701–710] proposed the gauge method, which is a reformulation of the Navier–Stokes equations in terms of an auxiliary vector field and a gauge variable. This method utilizes the freedom of choosing a boundary condition for the gauge variable to reduce the numerical coupling between the considered variables. Nevertheless, the computational implementation of the boundary conditions for the auxiliary vector field is difficult in the context of finite elements since they involve either the normal or tangential derivative of the gauge variable. In order to circumvent this issue, we propose a weak formulation of the boundary conditions based on the symmetric Nitsche method. Computational results are presented to illustrate the accuracy of the proposed method. References J. H. Bramble, J. E. Pasciak, and A. T. Vassilev. Analysis of the Iinexact Uzawa algorithm for saddle point problems. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 34.3 (1997), pp. 1072–1092. doi: 10.1137/S0036142994273343 D. L. Brown, R. Cortez, and M. L. Minion. Accurate projection methods for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. J. Comput. Phys. 168.2 (2001), pp. 464–499. doi: 10.1006/jcph.2001.6715 A. J. Chorin. The numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations for an incompressible fluid. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 73 (1967), pp. 928–931. doi: 10.1090/s0002-9904-1967-11853-6 on p. C100). W. E and J.-G. Liu. Gauge finite element method for incompressible flows. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 34 (2000), pp. 701–710. doi: 10.1002/1097-0363(20001230)34:8<701::AID-FLD76>3.0.CO;2-B W. E and J.-G. Liu. Projection method I: Convergence and numerical boundary layers. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 32 (1995), pp. 1017–1057. doi: 10.1137/0732047 W. Ef and J.-G. Liu. Gauge method for viscous incompressible flows. Commun. Math. Sci. 1.2 (2003), pp. 317–332. doi: 10.4310/CMS.2003.v1.n2.a6 A. Ern and J.-L. Guermond. Theory and practice of finite elements. Vol. 159. Applied mathematical sciences. Springer, 2004. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4355-5 P. Hansbo. Nitsche’s method for interface problems in computational mechanics. GAMM-Mitteilungen 28.2 (2005), pp. 183–206. doi: 10.1002/gamm.201490018 W. Layton, N. Mays, M. Neda, and C. Trenchea. Numerical analysis of modular regularization methods for the BDF2 time discretization of the Navier–Stokes equations. Math. Model. Numer. Anal. 48.3 (2014), pp. 765–793. doi: 10.1051/m2an/2013120 A. Logg, K.-A. Mardal, and G. Wells. Automated solution of differential equations by the finite element method: The FEniCS book. Vol. 84. Lecture notes in computational science and engineering. Springer, 2012. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-23099-8 R. Mekhlouf, A. Baggag, and L. Remaki. Assessment of Nitsche’s method for Dirichlet boundary conditions treatment. J. Fluid Flow, Heat Mass Trans. 4.1 (2017), pp. 54–63. doi: 10.11159/jffhmt.2017.007 J. Nitsche. Über ein Variationsprinzip zur Lösung von Dirichlet-Problemen bei Verwendung von Teilräumen, die keinen Randbedingungen unterworfen sind. Abh. Math. Semin. Univ. Hambg. Vol. 36. Springer. 1971, pp. 9–15. doi: 10.1007/BF02995904 R. H. Nochetto and J.-H. Pyo. The gauge-Uzawa finite element method. Part I: The Navier–Stokes equations. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 43.3 (2005), pp. 1043–1068. doi: 10.1137/040609756 J.-H. Pyo. Error estimates for the second order semi-discrete stabilized gauge-Uzawa method for the Navier–Stokes equations. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Mod. 10.1 (2013). url: https://www.global-sci.org/intro/article_detail/ijnam/557.html L. Ridgway Scott. Introduction to automated modeling with FEniCS. Computational Modeling Initiative, 2018. url: https://www.cminit.company/publications R. Temam. Sur l’approximation de la solution des équations de Navier–Stokes par la méthode des pas fractionnaires (II). Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 33.5 (1969), pp. 377–385. doi: 10.1007/BF00247696 C. Wang and J.-G. Liu. Convergence of gauge method for incompressible flow. Math. Comput. 69 (2000), pp. 1385–1407. doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-00-01248-5 K. Wiratama. A comparison of projection and gauge methods for numerical incompressible fluid dynamics. Masters thesis. Australian National University, Oct. 2019 H. Zhang. Application of projection methods to the numerical solution of the incompressible Navier Stokes equations. Honours thesis. Australian National University, Oct. 2014

Background: Apolipoprotein E (apo E) plays a major role in lipid metabolism, and its genetic variations have been associated with cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the APOE promoter (−491 A/T, −427 T/C and −219 G/T) and coding region (APOEɛ2/ɛ3/ɛ4) polymorphisms in atherosclerosis disease by association and linkage disequilibrium analyses. Materials and methods: We analyzed these polymorphisms in a sample of 286 subjects with atherosclerosis disease: 153 subjects with atherothrombotic stroke (ATS) and 133 subjects with ischemic heart disease (IHD); and in two control groups, 103 newborns and 114 elderly subjects.Results: The ɛ4 allele was associated with more severe carotid stenosis in the ATS group, being the percentages of ɛ4 carriers 26.7% and 11.4% for the higher and lower carotid stenosis groups, respectively (p=0,066). The −491 T/T IHD subjects presented higher vessel scores than subjects A/A and A/T genotypes at that position (p=0,041), and the frequencies of −2 (5.1% versus 14.1%,p=0,060) and −427C (10.3% versus 24.4%,p=0,019) alleles were lower in IHD subjects with higher extent score versus lower extent score. The ɛ2 allele was in linkage disequilibrium with the −427C allele in all studied groups, and the −219T allele was associated with the ɛ4 allele in the IHD group.Conclusion: In summary, the ɛ2 allele was in linkage disequilibrium with the −427C allele in all studied groups, and only slight associations between the analyzed APOE polymorphisms in the promoter and in the coding region and carotid and coronary vascular disease have been observed.

The debate about diagnoses and treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in children continue to range on between the developmental and biological perspectives. While there is increasing evidence that support the biological susceptibility of the disorder, a number of researches also emphasized the significant effect of environment on the syndrome. This study used developmental perspectives to evaluate and bring together various bio-psychosocial factors that impact on children diagnosed with ADHD. The study explored and integrated the existing and advancing study on ADHD to a more refined pattern that embraced developmental perspectives. The study also discussed how the linkage in childhood ADHD fits within the developmental psychopathology perspective. 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This work sought to analyze the orality concept that underlies the teacher education program "National Pact for Literacy in the Right Age". We investigate in three notebooks of the 3rd year of elementary school (old 2nd grade) how the theme is treated in the didactic sequences and projects shared in the documents. We use as theoretical presuppositions a discursive conception of language, derived from Sociodiscursive Interacionism (BRONCKART, 2006; SCHNEUWLY, DOLZ, 2004) in which the learning of the textual genres is necessary for human development. We use the perspectives of literacies, in which orality and writing are integrated and not dichotomous (MARCUSCHI, 2001; ROJO, 2001; SCHNEUWLY, 2006). By choosing documentary research, we have selected books 1, 2 and 8 because they are the who are most concerned with the topic of orality. The data reveal that the material argues that the literacy cycle must be anchored in literacy studies and in the perspective of textual genres; as a consequence, oral and written practices should be integrated into school activities into a social language bias. In the three notebooks, there is a focus for the axes of orality teaching (oral production, listening, linguistic analysis and speech/writing relations), which demonstrates that the training program highlights didactic issues in the orality axis. These analyzes allow us to infer that the projects and sequences of the section "Sharing" appropriates the assumptions of the document, which indicates a positive possibility of change for Portuguese language teaching in the first years of schooling.ResumoEste trabalho apresenta uma análise sobre a concepção de oralidade que embasa o programa de formação docente “Pacto Nacional Pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa” com base em três cadernos do 3º ano do ensino fundamental. Utilizamos como pressupostos teóricos uma concepção discursiva de linguagem, oriunda do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (BRONCKART, 2006; SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004) em que a aprendizagem dos gêneros textuais é necessária para o desenvolvimento humano; tal aprendizagem propicia a inserção dos alunos em práticas de linguagem, fator indispensável para a socialização e participação numa sociedade multiletrada. Utilizamos, também, as perspectivas relacionadas aos letramentos, em que oralidade e escrita estão integradas e não dicotômicas (MARCUSCHI, 2001; ROJO, 2001; ROJO; SCHNEUWLY, 2006). Por meio da pesquisa documental, selecionamos os cadernos 1, 2 e 8 por serem os que mais versam sobre o tema da oralidade. Os dados revelam que o material defende que o ciclo de alfabetização deve estar ancorado na perspectiva dos gêneros textuais; como consequência, práticas de oralidade e escrita devem estar integradas nas atividades escolares num viés social da língua. Nos três cadernos, há um enfoque nos eixos do ensino de oralidade em língua materna (produção oral, escuta, análise linguística e relações fala/escrita), o que demonstra que o programa evidencia questões didáticas importantes da oralidade. Tais análises nos permitem inferir que os projetos e sequências da seção “Compartilhando” se apropriam dos pressupostos do documento, o que nos indica uma positiva possibilidade de mudança para ensino de Língua Portuguesa nos primeiros anos de escolaridade.ResumenEn este trabajo presenta un análisis de la concepción de oralidad que fundamenta el programa de formación de profesores denominado "Pacto Nacional por la Alfabetización en la Edad Correcta", tomando como base los contenidos de tres cuadernos del tercer grado de primaria en Brasil. Utilizamos como presuposición teórica una concepción discursiva del lenguaje que proviene del Interaccionismo Sociodiscursivo (BRONCKART, 2006; SCHNEUWLY, DOLZ, 2004), en la que el aprendizaje de los géneros textuales es necesario para el desarrollo humano. Dicho aprendizaje propicia la inserción de los estudiantes en las prácticas de lenguaje, un factor indispensable para su socialización y participación en una sociedad multiletrada. Asimismo, utilizamos las perspectivas que nos brinda el letramento, en que la oralidad y la escritura se encuentran integradas y no son dicotómicas (MARCUSCHI, 2001; ROJO, 2001; SCHNEUWLY, 2006). A través de una investigación documental, seleccionamos los cuadernos 1, 2 y 8 basándonos en que son los que tratan de la oralidad con más profundidad. El análisis de los datos nos ha permitido constatar que el material se sustenta en que el ciclo de la alfabetización debe anclarse en la perspectiva de los géneros textuales y, por consiguiente, las prácticas de la oralidad y de la escritura deben integrarse en las actividades escolares como un sesgo social de la lengua. En los tres cuadernos se pudo observar un enfoque centrado en los ejes de la enseñanza de la oralidad en el idioma materno (producción oral, escucha, análisis lingüístico y relaciones entre el habla y la escritura), lo que demuestra que el programa de formación se vale de elementos didácticos importantes en el eje de la oralidad. Estos análisis nos permiten inferir que los proyectos y las secuencias de la sección "Compartiendo" se apropian de las presuposiciones del documento, lo que nos indica la posibilidad de un cambio positivo en la enseñanza de la Lengua Portuguesa en los primeros años de escolarización.Palavras-chave: PNAIC, Oralidade, Alfabetização.Keywords: Orality, Literacy.Palabras claves: Oralidad, Alfabetización.ReferencesALVIM, V. T.; MAGALHÃES, T. G. Oralidade na escola: a escuta ativa como procedimento didático no ensino de Língua Portuguesa nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. In: BARROS, Eliana Merlin de; STRIQUER, Marilucia dos Santos Domingos; STORTO, Letícia Jovelina. (Org.). Propostas didáticas para o ensino da língua portuguesa. Campinas: Editora Pontes, 2018, p. 113-134.BORTONI-RICARDO, S. M. Educação em língua materna: a sociolinguística na sala de aula. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2004. 112 p.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais: primeiro e segundo ciclos do Ensino Fundamental – Língua Portuguesa. Brasília: MEC/SEF, 1997.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais: terceiro e quarto ciclos do Ensino Fundamental – Língua Portuguesa. Brasília: MEC/SEF, 1998.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Secretaria de Educação Fundamental. Programa de Formação de Professores Alfabetizadores. Guia do Formador- Módulo 2. Brasília, 2001.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Secretaria de Educação Básica. Secretaria de Educação a Distância. Pró-Letramento: Programa de formação continuada de professores das séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental: guia geral. Brasília: MEC/SEF, 2007.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa. Ministro de estado da educação. Portaria nº 867, de 4 de julho de 2012. Brasília, 2012.BRONCKART, J. P. Atividade de linguagem, discurso e desenvolvimento humano. Campinas, SP: Mercado de Letras, 2006. 260 p.BRONCKART, J. P. O agir nos discursos: das concepções teóricas às concepções dos trabalhadores. Tradução de Anna Rachel Machado e Maria de Lourdes Meirelles Matencio. Campinas, SP: Mercado de Letras, 2008. 208 p.BUENO, L.; COSTA-HÜBES, T. C. (orgs). Gêneros orais no ensino. Campinas, SP: Mercado de Letras, 2015. 376 p.BULEA, E. Linguagem e efeitos desenvolvimentais da interpretação da atividade. Campinas, SP: Mercado de Letras, 2010. 176 p.CORDEIRO, G. S. Ensinar gêneros textuais orais e formais no ciclo de Educação Infantil: uma possibilidade? In: ALBUQUERQUE, R.; MOTTA, V. A (Orgs). Linguagem e interação: o ensino em pauta. São Carlos: Pedro e João Editores, 2011.COSTA-MACIEL, D. A. G.; SANTOS, J. M. P. Impactos do discurso oficial sobre a seleção dos gêneros textuais orais presentes nos livros didáticos de língua portuguesa. In: COSTA-MACIEL, D. A. G.; LUNA, E.A.A.; RODRIGUES, S. G. C. (Orgs). Oralidade e leitura: olhares plurais sobre linguagem e ensino. Recife, EDUFPE, 2016. p. 54-73.DOLZ, J.; GAGNON, R. O gênero de texto, uma ferramenta didática para desenvolver a linguagem oral e escrita. In: BUENO, L.; COSTA-HÜBES, T. C. (orgs.) Gêneros orais no ensino. Campinas: Mercado de Letras, 2015. p. 23-56. DOLZ, J.; SCHNEUWLY, B.; HALLER, S. O oral como texto: como construir um objeto de ensino. In: SCHNEUWLY, Bernard; DOLZ, Joaquim. Gêneros orais e escritos na escola. Tradução e organização: Roxane Rojo e Glaís Sales Cordeiro. Campinas, SP: Mercado das Letras, 2004. P. 149-185.GALVÃO, A. M. O.; BATISTA, A. A. G. Oralidade e escrita: uma revisão. In: Cadernos de Pesquisa, v. 36, nº 128, p. 403-432. mai/ago. 2006. Disponível em http://www.scielo.br/pdf/cp/v36n128/v36n128a07.pdf. Acesso em maio de 2017.GARCIA-REIS, A. R.; MAGALHÃES, T. G. Análise do eixo da oralidade no programa nacional do livro didático de língua portuguesa de 1º ao 5º anos (anos 2007 a 2016). In: MAGALHÃES, T. G.; CRISTOVÃO, V. L. L. (Orgs). Oralidade e ensino de Língua Portuguesa. Campinas, SP: Editora Pontes, 2018, p. 239-262.LEAL, T. F.; BRANDÃO, A. C. P.; LIMA, J. M. A oralidade como objeto de ensino na escola: o que sugerem os livros didáticos? In: LEAL, T. F; GOIS, S. (orgs.). A oralidade na escola: a investigação do trabalho docente como foco de reflexão. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2012. p. 13-35LEAL, T. F.; GOIS, S. (org.). A oralidade na escola: a investigação do trabalho docente como foco de reflexão. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2012. 200 p.LEAL, T. F. et al. Currículo e alfabetização: implicações para a formação de professores. In: MORTATTI, M. R. L.; FRADE, I. C. A. S. (Orgs.). Alfabetização e seus sentidos: o que sabemos, fazemos e queremos? Marília: Oficina Universitária; São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2014. 352p.MACHADO, M. G. F. K. Um olhar sobre o cotidiano escolar: o eixo da oralidade nas práticas do(a) professor(a) alfabetizador(a) participante da formação do PNAIC em Santa Catarina. Revista Práticas de Linguagem, Juiz de Fora, vol. 7, n. 1, p. 103-116, junho de 2017. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufjf.br/index.php/praticasdelinguagem/article/view/28535 Acesso em março de 2019. MAGALHÃES, T. G.; CRISTOVÃO, V.L.L. Análise do eixo da oralidade do Programa Nacional do Livro didático de Língua Portuguesa (anos 2005 a 2014). In: MAGALHÃES, T. G.; GARCIA-REIS, T. G.; FERREIRA, H. M. Concepção discursiva de linguagem: ensino e formação docente. Campinas: Editora Pontes, 2017. p. 61-84. MAGALHÃES, T. G.; CRISTOVÃO, V. L. L. (Orgs) Oralidade e ensino de Língua Portuguesa. Campinas: Editora Pontes, 2018. 270 p.MARCUSCHI, L. Da fala para a escrita: atividades de retextualização. São Paulo: Cortez, 2001. 136 p.MOREIRA, H.; CALEFFE, L. G. Metodologia da pesquisa para o professor pesquisador. Rio de Janeiro: DP&A, 2006. 248 p.RAIMO, L. C. F. D.; BURACH, C. A. M. Oralidade ou oralização da escrita? Uma análise do livro didático Letramento e alfabetização. Caderno Seminal Digital, Rio de Janeiro, v. 1, nº 26, p. 175-201. jul-dez de 2016. Disponível em http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/cadsem.2016.25032 Acesso em maio de 2018. ROJO, R. Letramento escolar, oralidade e escrita em sala de aula: diferentes modalidades ou gêneros do discurso? In: SIGNORINI, I. (Org.). Investigando a relação oral/escrito e as teorias do letramento. Campinas: Mercado de Letras, 2001. p. 51-76.ROJO, R.; SCHNEUWLY, B. As relações oral/escrita nos gêneros orais formais e públicos: o caso da conferência acadêmica. Linguagem em (Dis)curso, Tubarão, v. 6, n. 3, set./dez. 2006.p. 463-493. Disponível em: http://www.portaldeperiodicos.unisul.br/index.php/Linguagem_Discurso/article/view/346/367 Acesso em maio de 2018.SCHNEUWLY, B.; DOLZ, J. Gêneros orais e escritos na escola. Trad. org. Roxane Rojo; Glaís Sales Cordeiro. Campinas-SP, Mercado de Letras, 2004. 278 p. STREET, B. Letramentos sociais: abordagens críticas do letramento no desenvolvimento, na etnografia e na educação. Trad. Marcos Bagno. São Paulo: Parábola, 2014. 216 p.e3400102

Web (aerial) blight was observed in field plots of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Madagascar periwinkle) during three consecutive summers at the Burden Research Center in Baton Rouge. Leaf spots formed first, followed by a general blighting of leaves and stems that resulted in circular areas of dead plants in the plots. Dead leaves were matted together but remained attached to plants. Mycelia, and occasionally small, brown sclerotia (1 to 3 mm) were observed on blighted foliage. During the first year, only prostrate-growing cultivars belonging to the Mediterranean series of C. roseus were infected, but in 2001 and 2002 upright-growing cultivars as well as those with prostrate growth habit became infected. The disease occurred in July and August during periods of hot, humid, and rainy weather. Among 52 cultivars in the 2001 trial, only ‘Tropicana Pink’, ‘Tropicana Rose’ and ‘Stardust Orchid’ were disease free. A Rhizoctonia sp. was consistently isolated from diseased plants and further characterized as R. solani Kühn AG-1 based on its multinucleate cells and hyphal anastomosis with several AG-1 tester isolates. On potato dextrose agar, colonies displayed morphologies with characteristics of AG-1 IA and AG-1 IB, therefore, identification to AG subgroup was not made. Mature colonies ranged from light tan to brown and produced sclerotia, individually or in clumps, at the edge of the culture dish. Pathogenicity tests were performed by placing agar blocks, taken from the margins of 7-day-old cultures, on stems of eight healthy Madagascar periwinkle plants (15 to 20 cm tall). Inoculated and noninoculated control plants were held in a dew chamber at 26°C for 3 days and then moved to a greenhouse. Leaves on all inoculated plants developed water-soaked spots that turned dark brown or black prior to death, whereas noninoculated plants remained healthy. R. solani was reisolated from inoculated plants and its cultural characteristics were similar to those of the original isolate. Web blight occurs in Louisiana on Madagascar periwinkle used as landscape bedding plants, but has not been observed on container-grown plants. Web blight caused by R. solani AG-1 was previously reported on Madagascar periwinkle from Alabama (1). R. solani AG-1 has been reported previously as causing web blight in Louisiana on rosemary (2), dianthus (4), and verbena (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of web blight on Madagascar periwinkle (C. roseus) in Louisiana. References: (1) A. K. Hagan and J. M. Mullen. Plant Dis. 77:1169, 1993. (2) G. E. Holcomb. Plant Dis. 76:859, 1992. (3) G. E. Holcomb and D. E. Carling. Plant Dis. 84:492, 2000. (4) G. E. Holcomb and D. E. Carling. Plant Dis. 84:1344, 2000.

In this paper, we present direct evidences for two-stage mechanism of crystallization of patchy colloids from replica exchange Monte Carlo simulations. The patchy model colloid mimics the structure and interactions of a certain class of polyoxometalates (POM). We find that individual colloids self-assemble into two-dimensional sheets in hexagonal close-packed structure, and these sheets themselves stack to form crystals. The simulation explains the formation of hollow shell-like objects in POM solution [T. Liu, B. Imber, E. Diemann, G. Liu, K. Cokleski, H. Li, Z. Chen and A. Muller, J. Am. Chem. Soc.128, 15914 (2006)]. Simulation also predicted the formation of pentagonal caps that are essential for the formation of hollow, closed shells of POMs. Similar two-step crystallization of apoferritin protein was earlier found in experiments [S. T. Yau and P. G. Vekilov, Nature406, 494 (2000)]. The simulation study suggests nonclassical route to crystallization in patchy colloids.

Измерены спектры поглощения пара монохлорида индия, находящегося в состояниях насыщенного и ненасыщенного пара относительно расплава InCl в присутствии расплава металлического индия. Спектры исследованы в интервале длин волн 200 – 400 nm и диапазоне температур 225 – 850 °C. Показано, что в этих условиях пар состоит из молекул InCl и в пределах чувствительности эксперимента не содержит других молекулярных форм хлоридов индия. В ходе нуль-манометрического эксперимента найдена температурная зависимость ln pInCl = = – A/T + b давления насыщенного пара в трехфазном равновесии LIn – LInCl – V, параметры которой составили: A = – 10255 ± 69 К, b = 10,95 ± 0.08 (давление – относительно стандартного 1 atm). Показано, что угловой коэффициент A хорошо согласуется с угловым коэффициентом температурной зависимости коэффициента поглощения ln Tk() = – A/T + B() при различных длинах волн. Это позволяет рассматривать высокотемпературную спектрофотомерию пара как альтернативу прямому манометрическому эксперименту. При сопоставлении манометрических и спектрофотометрических данных определены значения молярного коэффициента экстинкции InCl в ненасыщенном паре для максимумов полос поглощения. Найдено, что этот коэффициент слабо линейно зависит от температуры, убывая или возрастая на разных длинах волн. ИСТОЧНИК ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ, проект 18-33-00900-мол-а. ЛИТЕРАТУРА Sen D., Heo N., Sef K. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, vol. 116, no. 27, pp. 14445–14453. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp303699u Kitsinelis S., Zissis G., Fokitis E. Physics D: Appl. Phys., 2009, vol. 42, p. 045209 (8 pp). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/4/045209 Hayashi D., Hilbig R., Körber A., et al. Phys. Letters, 2010, vol. 96, p. 061503. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3318252 Binnewies M., Schmidt M., Schmidt P. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 2017, vol. 643, pp. 1295–1311. https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.201700055 Zavrazhnov A. Y., Turchen D. N., Naumov A. V., Zlomanov V. P. Phase Equilibria., 2003, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 330-339. https://doi.org/10.1361/105497103770330316 Fedorov P. I., Akchurin R. Kh. Indium. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2000, 276 p. (in Russ.) Zavrazhnov A. Yu., Naumov A. V., Pervov V. S., Riazhskikh M. V. Thermochimica Acta, 2012, vol. 532, pp. 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2010.10.004 Zavrazhnov A. Yu., Naumov A. V., Sergeeva A. V., Sidei V. I. Inorganic Materials, 2007, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 1167–1178. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020168507110039 Zavrazhnov A. Yu, Kosyakov A. V, Sergeeva A. V., Berezin S. S. Condensed Matter and Interphases, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 417 – 436. URL: https://journals.vsu.ru/kcmf/article/view/87/190 (in Russ.) Brebrick R. F. Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, 2005, vol. 26 no. 1, pp. 20 – 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-005-0054-z Kuniga Y., Hosaka M. Cryst. Growth, 1975, vol. 28, pp. 385–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(75)90077-9 Froslie H. M., Winans J. G. Rev., 1947, vol. 72, iss. 6, pp. 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.72.481 Jones W. E., McLean T. D. Molecular Spectroscopy, 1991, vol. 150, iss. 1, pp. 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(91)90202-l Vempati S. N., Jones W. E. Molecular Spectroscopy, vol. 132, iss. 2, pp. 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2852(88)90339-6 Kunia Y., Hosada S., Hosuka M. Denki Kagaku – Technical Paper, 1974, vol. 42, pp. 20–25. Robert C. Phys. Acta, 1936, vol. 9, pp. 405–436. Fedorov P. I., Mokhosoyev M. V. Gallium, Indium and Thallium Chemistry. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., 1977, 224 p. (in Russ.) Dritz M. E., Budberg P. ., Burkhanov G. S., et al. Properties of the Elements. Handbook, ed. by Dritz M. E. Moscow, Metallurgia Publ., 1985, 672 p. (in Russ.) Bronnikov A. D., Valilevskaya I., Niselson L. A. Izv. AN. SSSR. Metally, 1974, no. 4, pp. 54–57. (in Russ.) Zavrazhnov A. Yu. Doct. chem. sci. Voronezh, 2004, 340 p. Zavrazhnov A. Yu. Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2003, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 1577–1590. (in Russ.) Brebrick R. F., Su C.-H. Phase Equilibria, 2002, vol. 23, 2002, pp. 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1361/105497102770331343 Suvorov A. V. Thermodynamicheskaya chimia paroobraznogo sostoyania [Thermodynamic Chemistry Vapor State]. Leningrad, Chimia Publ., 1970, 208 p. (in Russ.)

The Asian soybean rust fungus, Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & Sydow, was found on a 0.4-ha patch of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) near Dayton (Liberty County) in East Texas on November 2, 2005. Nearly 100% of the 300 leaflets examined were diseased with severity ranging from 5 to >100 lesions per leaflet. Eleven soybean fields as much as 20 km away were scouted and no infected plants were found. Asian soybean rust was also found on a 0.4-ha field of soybean (Glycine max cv. Vernal) on February 14, 2006 at the Texas A&M Agricultural Experiment Station in Weslaco (Hidalgo County) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas. Disease incidence was 100% (severity ranging from 5 to >100 lesions per leaflet) on 50 younger plants with green leaves along the edges of the field, whereas most of the plants in this field had senesced. These plants were not symptomatic and were at the R6 stage (full seed) when this field was previously scouted on December 19, 2005. Lesions on leaflets of kudzu and soybean were small and angular with erumpent uredinia typical of P. pachyrhizi. Urediniospores were ovoid or globose, hyaline, and measured 25 to 30 × 14 to 21 μm. Leaf samples with pustules were positive for P. pachyrhizi using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Envirologix, Portland, ME). Morphological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification of P. pachyrhizi from kudzu and soybean samples were confirmed by the USDA-APHIS-PPQ NIS and CPHST laboratories in Beltsville, MD as previously described (2). The kudzu in East Texas is not likely to support overwintering of the pathogen because it usually dies back during the winter. Leaves at this site were dead by January 17, 2006. This is the southernmost infestation of kudzu in Texas known to us. In contrast, the LRGV has a subtropical climate that would favor year-round survival of the fungus (3). This area, where 120 to 160 ha of soybeans are grown, may be a source of inoculum for soybean rust epidemics in the Midwest. Spore movement would follow the same pattern as seen with cereal rusts (1). However, soybeans are typically absent from the LRGV between late December and early March, so survival of the fungus during this interval would require other hosts. Regardless of whether the fungus overwinters here, or moves in from elsewhere, the LRGV spring crop could serve as an early indicator of a potential rust epidemic. References: (1) M. G. Eversmeyer and C. L. Kramer. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 38:491, 2000. (2) J. M. Mullen et al. Plant Dis. 90:112, 2006. (3) S. Pivonia et al. Plant Dis. 89:678, 2005.

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento da mistura comercial ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium em área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar, em relação ao seu potencial de lixiviação e persistência no ambiente. A área sobre Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico foi dividida em duas subáreas, nas quais foram cultivadas as variedades de cana SP 791011 e SP 801816. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelas aplicações em pré e pós-emergência da mistura comercial dos herbicidas nos anos de 2003 e 2003/2004, sendo realizadas quatro amostragens de solo em duas profundidades (0 a 0,10 m e 0,10 a 0,20 m). Na avaliação dos resíduos, utilizaram-se os métodos de bioensaio e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Ambos os métodos foram satisfatórios nas avaliações dos resíduos da mistura comercial, embora a utilização do bioensaio não tenha permitido a avaliação dos compostos separadamente. Pelos dados da análise simultânea de ametryn e trifloxysulfuron-sodium por CLAE, verificou-se que a maioria dos resíduos de ametryn permaneceu na camada de 0 a 0,10 m de profundidade do solo, com persistência superior a 180 dias após a aplicação (DAA), em solo pulverizado, em 2003/2004. Resíduos de ametryn também foram constatados, na profundidade de 0,10 a 0,20 m do solo, para as aplicações realizadas em 2003/2004, enfatizando-se os riscos de lixiviação e contaminação de águas com esse herbicida. Nas aplicações realizadas somente em 2003 não se constatou efeito residual significativo aos 490 DAA. Diferenças residuais nas subáreas cultivadas com as variedades SP 791011 e SP 801816 foram atribuídas aos diferentes teores de argila e matéria orgânica do solo. Não foram detectados resíduos de trifloxysulfuron-sodium em nenhuma época de coleta do solo, sendo isso justificado pelo fato de o limite de quantificação por CLAE (0,06 mg L-1) estar acima da dose utilizada desse herbicida (37 g ha-1).

Abstract Particular solutions of a class of higher order ordinary differential equations, with non-constant coefficients, are determined by using the properties of the Laguerre exponentials functions introduced by G. Dattoli and P. E. Ricci in [Georgian Math. J. 10: 481–494, 2003]

OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores de risco associados aos óbitos neonatais em crianças com baixo peso ao nascer. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo de coorte, composto pelos nascidos vivos com peso entre 500 g e 2.499 g, residentes no Recife (PE), entre 2001 e 2003, produtos de gestação única e sem anencefalia. Os dados sobre os 5.687 nascidos vivos e 499 óbitos neonatais, provenientes do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, foram integrados pela técnica de linkage. Em modelo hierarquizado, as variáveis dos níveis distal (fatores socioeconômicos), intermediário (fatores de atenção à saúde) e proximal (fatores biológicos) foram submetidas à análise univariada e regressão logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: Com o ajuste das variáveis na regressão logística multivariada, as variáveis do nível distal que permaneceram significantemente associadas com o óbito neonatal foram: a coabitação dos pais, número de filhos vivos e tipo de hospital de nascimento; no nível intermediário: número de consultas no pré-natal, complexidade do hospital de nascimento e tipo de parto; e no nível proximal: sexo, idade gestacional, peso ao nascer, índice de Apgar e presença de malformação congênita. CONCLUSÕES: Os principais fatores associados à mortalidade neonatal nos nascidos vivos com baixo peso estão relacionados com a atenção à gestante e ao recém-nascido, redutíveis pela atuação do setor saúde.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative cell counts in sputum provide an accurate assessment of the type and severity of bronchitis.OBJECTIVE: To examine whether sputum cell counts could identify bronchiectasis in patients with recurrent bronchitis.METHODS: A retrospective survey of a clinical database (January 2004 to January 2005) of quantitative cell counts from sputum selected from expectorate in patients with obstructive airways diseases was used to identify predictors of bronchiectasis using ROC curves. This was prospectively evaluated (February 2005 to April 2008) using high-resolution computed tomography scans of thorax that were independently scored by a radiologist who was blinded to the clinical details.RESULTS: The retrospective survey identified 41 patients with bronchiectasis among 490 patients with airway diseases. Total cell count of 60×106/g or greater of the selected sputum with predominant neutrophils on two occasions had a sensitivity of 86.7%, a specificity of 87.5%, and positive and negative predictive values of 93% and 78%, respectively, to identify bronchiectasis. In the prospective study, 10 of 14 (71%) patients who met these criteria were identified to have bronchiectasis. Both total cell count and the percentage of neutrophils correlated with radiographic bronchiectasis severity.CONCLUSIONS: Persistent or recurrent intense sputum cellularity with neutrophilia is suggestive of bronchiectasis.

In texture segregation, an example of scene segmentation, we can discern two different processes: texture boundary detection and subsequent surface segregation [Lamme, V. A. F., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, V., & Spekreijse, H. Separate processing dynamics for texture elements, boundaries and surfaces in primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey. Cerebral Cortex, 9, 406–413, 1999]. Neural correlates of texture boundary detection have been found in monkey V1 [Sillito, A. M., Grieve, K. L., Jones, H. E., Cudeiro, J., & Davis, J. Visual cortical mechanisms detecting focal orientation discontinuities. Nature, 378, 492–496, 1995; Grosof, D. H., Shapley, R. M., & Hawken, M. J. Macaque-V1 neurons can signal illusory contours. Nature, 365, 550–552, 1993], but whether surface segregation occurs in monkey V1 [Rossi, A. F., Desimone, R., & Ungerleider, L. G. Contextual modulation in primary visual cortex of macaques. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 1698–1709, 2001; Lamme, V. A. F. The neurophysiology of figure ground segregation in primary visual-cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 1605–1615, 1995], and whether boundary detection or surface segregation signals can also be measured in human V1, is more controversial [Kastner, S., De Weerd, P., & Ungerleider, L. G. Texture segregation in the human visual cortex: A functional MRI study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 83, 2453–2457, 2000]. Here we present electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging data that have been recorded with a paradigm that makes it possible to differentiate between boundary detection and scene segmentation in humans. In this way, we were able to show with EEG that neural correlates of texture boundary detection are first present in the early visual cortex around 92 msec and then spread toward the parietal and temporal lobes. Correlates of surface segregation first appear in temporal areas (around 112 msec) and from there appear to spread to parietal, and back to occipital areas. After 208 msec, correlates of surface segregation and boundary detection also appear in more frontal areas. Blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging results show correlates of boundary detection and surface segregation in all early visual areas including V1. We conclude that texture boundaries are detected in a feedforward fashion and are represented at increasing latencies in higher visual areas. Surface segregation, on the other hand, is represented in “reverse hierarchical” fashion and seems to arise from feedback signals toward early visual areas such as V1.

In this paper, we consider the discrete Hematopoiesis model with a time delay: [Formula: see text] Sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique uniformly asymptotically stable positive almost periodic solution are obtained by the work of [S. N. Zhang, G. Zheng, Almost periodic solutions of delay difference systems, Appl. Math. Comput.131 (2002) 497–516]. Some examples are considered to illustrate the main results.

Статтю присвячено спробі дослідити двомовний ментальний лексикон. Головне питання дослідження – встановити, чи персько-англійські білінгви можуть досягнути ефекту семантичного / асоціативного або перекладацького праймінгу. Для відповіді на це питання було застосовано масковану праймінгову парадигму як техніку, що відображає автоматичні когнітивні процеси, що тривають під час семантичної обробки, а не стратегічного використання прайму. Із метою вирішення лексичного завдання було сформовано чотири типи цільових пар праймінгу (перекладацькі еквіваленти, семантично подібні, асоціативно та семантично пов’язані пари). Загалом у дослідженні взяло участь 85 персько-англійських білінгвів. Хоча ефекту праймінгу не було виявлено для перших трьох груп, респонденти із семантично пов’язаних пар (найміцніше пов’язаних слів) відповіли приблизно на 29 мс швидше. Результати засвідчили, що білінгви мають спільні уявлення для асоціативних семантично пов’язаних слів. Отже, навчання новим словам другої мови, шляхом поєднання їх із асоціативно пов’язаними словами першої мови, може привести до кращих результатів. Література References Balota, D. A., & Lorch, R. F. (1986). Depth of automatic spreading activation: Mediated priming effects in pronunciation but not in lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, Cognition, 12, 336–345. Chiarello, C., Burgess, C., Richards, L., & Pollock, A. (1990). Semantic and associative priming in the cerebral hemispheres: Some words do, some words don’t…Sometimes, some places. Brain and Language, 38, 75–104. Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading activation theory of semantic priming. Psychological Review, 82, 407–428. Coltheart, M. (1981). The MRC Psycholinguistic Database. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33A, 497–505. Costa, A., Colome, A., & Caramazza, A. (2000). Lexical access in speech production: The bilingual case. Psicologica, 21, 403–437. de Groot, A. M. 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This article aims to 1) explore how retired academics experienced work-to-retirement transition and 2) offer insights that can be applied in addressing its potential opportunities and challenges. Toward this end, we conducted face-to-face interviews with retirees (n=7) from a comprehensive private university in Manila, Philippines. The descriptive phenomenological method surfaced a general psychological meaning structure depicting the participants' collective work experiences to retirement transition. Moreover, it identified three distinct but interrelated elements of the retirement phenomenon: moving on, passing time, and coming on stage. This paper contributes and supports accumulated empirical knowledge on the work-to-retirement transition that can be helpful for individuals preparing for or transitioning into retirement.References April, Kurt A., Babar Dharani, and Kai Peters. “Impact of Locus of Control Expectancy on Level of Wellbeing.” Rev. Eur. 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A new method for separating low-frequency waves in time domain is proposed by constructing the analytical signals of the measured waves. Using three simultaneous wave records, the time series of incident bound, free and reflected low-frequency waves can be obtained by the present method. This method is only suitable for separating monochromatic low-frequency waves. The applicability of the method is examined by numerical tests. The results show that the present method can give accurate results over sloping beaches when water depth (kh) is larger than 0.2. Then, the present method is used to study an experiment of low-frequency waves over a mild slope beach. References Bakkenes, H.J. 2002. Observation and separation of bound and free low-frequency waves in the nearshore zone, in Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences. Delft University of Technology: Delft. Baldock, T.E., D.A., Huntley, P.A.D., Bird, T.O., Hare, and G.N., Bullock. 2000. Breakpoint generated surf beat induced by bichromatic wave groups. Coastal Engineering. 30 (2-4): 213-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3839(99)00061-7 Battjes, J.A., Bakkenes, H.J., Janssen, T.T., van Dongeren, A.R. 2004. Shoaling of subharmonic gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res., 109(C2): C02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001863 Bowers, E.C. 1977. Harbour resonance due to set-down beneath wave groups. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 79: 71-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112077000044 Cohen, L. 1995. Time Frequency Analysis: Theory and Applications. Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Dong, G.H., X.Z., Ma, M., Perlin, Y.X., Ma, B., Yu, and G., Wang. 2009. Experimental Study of long wave generation on sloping bottoms. Coastal Engineering, 56(1), 82-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.10.002 Kamphuis, J.W. 2000. Designing for low frequency waves. Proceedings of 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. Sydney, Australian. 1434-1447. Kostense, J.K. 1984. Measurements of surf beat and set-down beneath wave groups. Proceedings of 19th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. Houston, USA. 724-740. Longuet-Higgins, M.S. and R.W., Stewart. 1962. Radiation stress and mass transport in gravity waves with application to 'surfbeat'. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 13: 481-504 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112062000877 Mallat, S. 1999. A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing. Academic Press. PMCid:407895 Nagai, T., N., Hashimoto, T., Asai, et al. 1994. Relationship of a moored vessel in a harbor and a long wave caused by wave groups. Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. Kobe, Japan. 847-861. Schäffer, H.A. 1993. Second-orderwavemaker theory for irregularwaves.Ocean Engineering. 23 (1), 47–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-8018(95)00013-B Symonds, G.D.A., D.A., Huntley, and A.J., Bowen. 1982. Two-dimensional surf beat-long-wave generation by a time-varying breakpoint. Journal of Geophysical Research. 87(C1): 492-498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC01p00492 Yu, J. and C.C., Mei. 2000. Formation of sand bars under surface waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 416: 315-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112000001063

RESUMENLa historia del cristianismo no se entiende sin el complejo fenómeno mariano. El culto mariano ha afianzado la construcción de identidades colectivas, pero también individuales. La figura de la Virgen María estableció un modelo de conducta desde cada contexto histórico-cultural, remarcando especialmente los ideales de maternidad y virginidad. Dentro del imaginario católico, la Europa contemporánea ha estado marcada por la formación de una cultura aparicionista que se ha generadoa partir de diversas apariciones marianas que han establecido un canon y un marco de interpretación que ha alimentado las guerras culturales entre secularismo y catolicismo.PALABRAS CLAVE: catolicismo, Virgen María, cultura aparicionista, Lourdes, guerras culturales.ABSTRACTThe history of Christianity cannot be understood without the complex Marian phenomenon. Marian devotion has reinforced the construction of collective, but also of individual identities. The figure of the Virgin Mary established a model of conduct through each historical-cultural context, emphasizing in particular the ideals of maternity and virginity. Within the Catholic imaginary, contemporary Europe has been marked by the formation of an apparitionist culture generated by various Marian apparitions that have established a canon and a framework of interpretation that has fuelled the cultural wars between secularism and Catholicism.KEY WORDS: Catholicism, Virgin Mary, apparicionist culture, Lourdes, culture wars. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAlbert Llorca, M., “Les apparitions et leur histoire”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des religions, 116 (2001), pp. 53-66.Albert, J.-P. y Rozenberg G., “Des expériences du surnaturel”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions, 145 (2009), pp. 9-14.Amanat A. y Bernhardsson, M. T. (eds.), Imagining the End. Visions of Apocalypsis from the Ancient Middle East to Modern America, London and New York, I. B. Tauris, 2002.Angelier, F. y Langlois, C. 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We are testing control tactics for apple replant disease (ARD) complex, a worldwide problem for fruit growers that is attributed to various biotic and abiotic soil factors. In Nov. 2001, “Empire” apple trees on five rootstocks (M.26, M.7, G.16, CG.6210, and G.30) were planted into four preplant soil treatments—commercial compost at 492 kg/ha soil-incorporated and 492 kg·ha-1 surface-applied), soil fumigation with Telone C-17 (400 L·ha-1 of 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin injected at 30 cm depth five weeks prior to replanting), compost plus fumigant combination, and untreated controls—at an old orchard site in Ithaca, N.Y. Trees were replanted in rows perpendicular to, and either in or out of, previous orchard rows. Irrigation was applied as needed, and N-P-K fertilizer was applied in 2001 to all non-compost treatments to compensate for nutrients in the compost treatment. After two growing seasons, the rootstock factor has contributed most to tree-growth differences. CG.6210 rootstock supported greater growth in trunk diameter, central leader height, and lateral shoot growth (P < 0.05), regardless of preplant soil treatments and replant position. Trees on M.26 grew least over a two year period. Replant growth was greater in old grass lanes than in old tree rows, despite higher root-lesion nematode populations in previous grass lanes. Growth responses to preplant soil fumigation were negligible. Preplant compost did not increase tree growth during year one, but did increase lateral branch growth in year two. Results thus far suggest that replanting apple trees out of the old tree-row locations, and using ARD tolerant rootstocks such as CG.6210, may be more effective than soil fumigation for control of ARD in some old orchard sites.

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o trabalho com gênero do discurso em plano de aula de língua portuguesa do Portal do Professor. O foco recai sobre o exame dos aspectos temáticos, estilísticos e composicionais do gênero do discurso notícia explorado em um plano recortado como corpus do estudo. Interessa responder a seguinte questão: propõe-se efetivamente um trabalho com gênero do discurso e que considere suas especificidades? Como ancoragem teórica, o trabalho assume, principalmente, estudos do denominado Círculo de Bakhtin (BAKHTIN; 2016; MEDVIÉDEV, 2016; VOLÓCHINOV, 2017) sobre a abordagem dialógica e ideológica da linguagem, com ênfase nas discussões sobre gêneros do discurso, e trabalhos de estudiosos que discutem questões ligadas ao ensino de língua materna, dentre os quais Barbosa (2000), Rodrigues (2001), Maieski (2005) e Acosta (2008. As análises realizadas apontam que não há, no plano de aula analisado, uma adequada exploração do conteúdo temático, do estilo e da estrutura composicional enquanto partes constituintes do gênero explorado, uma vez que a proposta de abordagem desses aspectos tanto fica restrita a uma exploração superficial e de maneira genérica do enunciado, quanto se dá a partir de partes fragmentadas deste, desconsiderando, portanto, a concretude do enunciado notícia e suas especificidades.REFERÊNCIASACOSTA, P, R. O gênero jornalístico notícia: dialogismo e valoração. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística). Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística. Florianópolis: UFSC, 2008. ALVES, W. M.; BESSA, J. C. R. Orientações para escrita da redação do Enem em vídeos do Youtube. Hipertextus Revista Digital, v. 19, p. 1-23, 2018.AZZARI, E. F. EFL collaborative writing: text production and online resources. Diálogo das Letras, Pau dos Ferros, v. 8, n. 1, p. 52-65, jan./abr. 2019.BAKHTIN, M. 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In the late summer of 2005, sporadic and unusual damage was observed on pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Kurtovska kapia and local cv. Ribka) on two farms and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Florida 47) fruits on one farm in the Plovdiv Region of Bulgaria. Dry, round, sunken zones (10 to 20 mm) were observed on pepper fruits that preserved their natural skin color even after black acervuli containing orange masses of conidia appeared. Eventually, the lesions turned brown, coalesced, and the fruits mummified on the plants. Tomato fruits developed similar symptoms, with less prominent discoloration and fewer acervuli. The pathogen was easily isolated from both hosts on potato dextrose agar where it formed white-to-gray colonies with salmon orange pigmentation on the reverse side of the plates. Conidia that formed were hyaline, fusiform, aseptate, and measured 13.3 to 17.4 × 3.5 to 5.5 μm and 11.6 to 15.5 × 4.1 to 5.0 μm for pepper and tomato isolates, respectively. Both cultural and morphological characteristics of the isolates were similar to those described for Colletotrichum acutatum (3). Koch's postulates were performed with two representative isolates from each host by artificial inoculation of healthy, green pepper and ripe tomato fruits from the respective cultivars. Fruits were wound inoculated with a sterile scalpel, and small agar plugs (3 to 4 mm) containing 7-day-old sporulating cultures were placed on each wound (five fruits per isolate), or by pipette tip-pricking and pipetting a 5-μl droplet of a conidial suspension (5 × 106 conidia ml–1) on each wound. The same number of wounded, noninoculated fruits was used as a control. Fruits were maintained in a humidity chamber at 22 to 25°C, and 4 days later, sunken necrotic zones were observed around the wounds of inoculated fruit, whereas control fruits remained symptomless. The pathogen was subsequently reisolated from the inoculated diseased tissues but not from the control fruits. Species-specific PCR (using primer pair CaInt2/ITS4) (2,4) of genomic DNA from three representative isolates (two from pepper and one from tomato) resulted in an amplification product of 490 bp, specific for C. acutatum, further confirming the identity of the pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the second report of C. acutatum in Bulgaria (1), and the first occurrence of that agent on tomato and pepper in this country. References: (1) S. G. Bobev et al. Plant Dis. 86:1178, 2002. (2) S. Freeman et al. Phytopathology 91:586, 2001. (3) P. S. Gunnell and W. D. Gubler. Mycologia 84:157, 1992. (4) M. L. Lewis Ivey et al. Plant Dis. 88:1198, 2004.

Методом синхротронной спектроскопии ближней тонкой структуры края рентгеновского поглощения (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure – XANES) проведена диагностика массивов столбиков никеля, случайным образом распределенных в слое SiO2 на подложке кремния. Столбики никеля были получены методом электрохимического осаждения металла в поры матрицы диоксида кремния, сформированные трековым методом. Латентные треки формировались путем облучения слоя SiO2 тяжелыми ионами золота на ускорителе института Хан-Майтнер (Берлин, Германия). Методом растровой электронной микроскопии установлены особенности заполнения пор металлом, показана специфика образования столбиков Ni, их морфология (поверхность и сколы). Для исследований электронно-энергетического строения массивов Ni столбиков методом XANES использовалось высокоинтенсивное синхротронное излучение ультрамягкого рентгеновского диапазона накопительного кольца BESSY II Гельмгольц Центра Берлин. Путем анализа локального окружения атомов никеля и кислорода по данным синхротронного метода XANES изучена специфика фазового состава поверхностных слоев, включая интерфейс столбик-матрица. Возможное образование фазы силицида никеля показано лишь при определенных режимах формирования массивов столбиков, в случае частичного разрушения матрицы диоксида кремния и при контакте металла с подложкой Si. Изучена специфика естественного окисления поверхности гетероструктуры столбик никеля - диоксид кремния. ИСТОЧНИК ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта РФФИ (проект №18-32-01046 мол_а) и при частичной поддержке Миниcтеpcтва обpазования и науки Pоccийcкой Федеpации в pамкаx гоcудаpcтвенного задания ВУЗам в cфеpе научной деятельности на 2017–2020 гг. – пpоект № 16.8158.2017/8.9. БЛАГОДАРНОСТИ Авторы работы выражают благодарность Директору и администрации Гельмгольц Центра Берлин, а также Координаторам Российско-Германской лаборатории и каналов синхротрона BESSY II Гельмгольц Центра Берлин. ЛИТЕРАТУРА Herino R. Sci. Eng. B, 2000, vol. 69-70, pp. 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5107(99)00269-X Sasano J., Murota R., Yamauchi Y., Sakka T., Ogata Y. H. Electroanal. Chem., 2003, vol. 559, pp. 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00383-8 Rumpf K., Granitzer P., Pölt P., Reichmann A., Krenn H. Thin Solid Films, 2006, vol. 515, pp. 716-720. https://doi.org/1016/S0022-0728(03)00383-810.1016/j.tsf.2005.12.182 Granitzer P., Rumpf K., Krenn H. Thin Solid Films, 2006, vol. 515, pp. 735-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.12.259 Fink D., Alegaonkar P. S., Petrov A. V., Wilhelm M., Szimkowiak P., Behar M., Sinha D., Fahrner W. R., Hoppe K., Chadderton L. T. Instr. Meth B, 2005, vol. 236, pp. 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2005.03.243 Ivanou D. 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AbstractObjectiveTo examine (i) the association of percentage of total energy intake from protein (protein intake %) with bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) and bone loss at the femoral neck, trochanter and lumbar spine (L2–L4) and (ii) Ca as an effect modifier.SettingThe Framingham Offspring Study.SubjectsMen (n 1280) and women (n 1639) completed an FFQ in 1992–1995 or 1995–1998 and underwent baseline BMD measurement by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 1996–2000. Men (n 495) and women (n 680) had follow-up BMD measured in 2002–2005.DesignCohort study using multivariable regression to examine the association of protein intake % with each BMD, adjusting for covariates. Statistical interaction between protein intake % and Ca (total, dietary, supplemental) intake was examined.ResultsThe mean age at baseline was 61 (sd 9) years. In the cross-sectional analyses, protein intake % was positively associated with all BMD sites (P range: 0·02–0·04) in women but not in men. Significant interactions were observed with total Ca intake (<800 mg/d v. ≥800 mg/d) in women at all bone sites (P range: 0·002–0·02). Upon stratification, protein intake % was positively associated with all BMD sites (P range: 0·04–0·10) in women with low Ca intakes but not in those with high Ca intakes. In the longitudinal analyses, in men, higher protein intake % was associated with more bone loss at the trochanter (P = 0·01) while no associations were seen in women, regardless of Ca intake.ConclusionsThis suggests that greater protein intake benefits women especially those with lower Ca intakes. However, protein effects are not significant for short-term changes in bone density. Contrastingly, in men, higher protein intakes lead to greater bone loss at the trochanter. Longer follow-up is required to examine the impact of protein on bone loss.

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In 1996, the Mongolian Government pledged to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders by 2001 using salt iodization as its primary strategy. Iodine content in salt was set at 50 ±10 PPM based on an assumption of 5g of daily salt intake. In 1998, the authors suspected that salt intake was more than 5 g and that pregnant women consumed more salt than non-pregnant women. Over 1,600 adults of both sexes were studied in five provinces. In this study we estimated salt intake based on urinary excretion of sodium and creatinine. A formula was used to calculate salt intake from excreted volumes of sodium and creatinine. Average values for pregnant women, non-pregnant women, and men, were found to be 15.6g (n=499), 12.6 g (n=598), and 14.6 g (n=571), respectively. We concluded that appropriate iodine content in salt should range from 20 to 40 PPM. It is recommended that health education regarding proper levels of salt intake be carried out with the general public, with emphasis on pregnant women. Asia Pac J Public Health 2000;12(1):27-31

Abstract Background Decitabine is a hypomethylating agent, approved by the FDA for treating MDS. Intensive chemotherapy is one treatment option in higher risk MDS. The comparative efficacy of these two strategies, decitabine vs. intensive chemotherapy, has not been evaluated. Study Aims Compare the results of decitabine in MDS with contemporary historical experience with intensive chemotherapy (as used in AML) in patients with higher risk MDS. Study Group and Treatment The study group treated with decitabine included 115 patients with higher risk MDS treated on our decitabine frontline study. (Kantarjian, Blood 2006; First Edition Online). The contemporary historical experience included two cohorts: Group A: 115 patients receiving intensive chemotherapy from 1995–2005 and matched for age, IPSS and cytogenetics; and Group B: All 376 patients treated with intensive chemotherapy from 1995–2005 with similar entry criteria as the decitabine study. Patients received decitabine 20 mg/m2 IV/D x 5 every four weeks. Response was evaluated by the modified IWG criteria (Cheson, Blood 108:419, 2006) In comparing decitabine to Group B, a multivariate analysis was conducted to assess the independent effect of decitabine vs. intensive chemotherapy. Results 115 patients were treated with decitabine; median age 64 years (range 37–89 years). IPSS risk groups: intermediate-1 17%, intermediate-2 30%, high 15%, not assessable 39%. Decitabine was given for a median of 7 courses (range 1 to 23); number of decitabine courses 3 or more in 81/89 patients (91%) followed on study for at least 6 months. Hemoglobin <10 g/dL in 76%; thrombocytopenia <100 x 109/L in 72%; ANC <1.0 x 109/L in 47%; chromosomal abnormalities in 63%; prior therapy for MDS in 54%; marrow blast 5% or more in 79%. Overall, 80 patients (70%) achieved IWG response: CR 40 (35%), PR 2 (2%), marrow CR +/− other hematologic improvements (HI) 26 (23%), other HI 12 (10%). Median remission duration was 20 months; median survival was 21 months. The CR rates by AML criteria (Cheson JCO21:4642, 2003) were 43% with decitabine and 46% with intensive chemotherapy in Group A, and 52% with intensive chemotherapy in Group B. Mortality at 6 weeks was 3% with decitabine vs. 12% with intensive chemotherapy (p=0.002); the 3-month mortality was 7% with decitabine vs. 22% with intensive chemotherapy. The survival was better with decitabine versus intensive chemotherapy in Group A (median 22 month vs. 11 month; estimated 2-year survival rate 47% vs. 25%, p<0.001). A multivariate analysis for survival in all 491 patients receiving decitabine or intensive chemotherapy (Group B) identified the following to be independent adverse factors for survival: abnormal cytogenetics, older age, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and poor performance status. Entering decitabine vs. intensive chemotherapy after accounting for the effect of other prognostic factors selected decitabine as an independent favorable prognostic factor for survival (pvalue 0.002; hazard risk 0.76). Conclusions Compared with intensive chemotherapy decitabine is associated with a survival benefit in higher risk MDS.

Two field experiments were conducted for two years (2000 and 2001) at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan. There were 15 treatment combinations for experiment-I having three plant densities, viz., one seedling hill-1 (PD1), two seedlings hill-1 (PD2) and three seedlings hill-1 (PD3) and five nitrogen rates, viz., 0, (N0); 50, (N50); 100, (N100); 150, (N150); and 200 (N200) kg N ha-1. Experiment-II also included 15 treatments having three plant densities, viz., one seedling hill-1 (PD1), two seedlings hill-1 (PD2) and three seedlings hill-1 (PD3) and five irrigation regimes, viz., 62.5 cm (I1), 77.5 cm (I2), 92.5 cm (I3), 107.5 cm (I4), and 122.5 cm (I5). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was employed with three repetitions. The results for experiment-I revealed that the highest biomass (1438 g m-2), grain yield (497 g m-2), crop growth rate (15.36 g m-2 d-1), net assimilation rate (4.24 g m-2 d-1) were observed in the treatment having combination of two seedlings hill-1 and 200 kg N ha-1 (PD2N200). The agronomic and economic nitrogen and PAR use efficiencies were also higher in this treatment. In case of experiment-II, the highest biomass and grain yield were obtained in case of treatment having combination of two seedlings hill-1 and 107.5 cm irrigation regime (PD2I107.5). The irrigation application based water productivity ranged from 0.36 kg mm-3 to 0.61 kg mm-1, irrigation plus precipitation based water productivity ranged from 0.32 kg mm-3 to 0.55 kg mm-3 and evapotranspiration based water productivity ranged from 0.65 kg mm-3 to 0.84 kg mm-3 among 15 treatments combination of plant density and irrigation regimes. This study concludes that for increasing the benefits for the resource-poor growers, the integration of crop management practices is an optimum strategy to substantially increase the resources use efficiency under irrigated semiarid environment.

BackgroundInvolvement of the nervous system is a common but poorly understood manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), termed neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE). Although studies have reported varying prevalence estimates [1], NPSLE affects at least 20% of patients with SLE within the first years of the disease course [2]. The management of neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) is poorly optimised and specific treatment is lacking.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), the transcriptome, and autoimmunity-related cytokines and autoantibodies in patients with central nervous system (CNS) lupus to gain insights into underlying genetics and biologic mechanisms towards identification of novel drug targets.MethodsWe analysed differentially expressed genes (DEGs), pathways and their druggability via the Drug Gene Interaction database (DGIdb) [3] in active CNS lupus (n=26) versus healthy controls (HC; n=497), and eQTLs in active or past CNS lupus (n=53), based on validated (identified in two independent SLE populations) DEGs in SLE (n=350) versus HC (n=497), in whole blood collected within the frame of the European PRECISESADS consortium [4]. CNS lupus was defined according to SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) [5] CNS items or by CNS manifestations such as chorea, acute confusional state, transverse myelitis, aseptic meningitis, and optic neuritis in the absence of predisposing conditions unrelated to SLE. Genome-wide RNA-sequencing and genotyping was previously performed by Illumina assays, and serum levels of 17 cytokines were analysed using a Luminex assay and ELISA [4].ResultsAmong 5631 significant and validated DEGs in active CNS patients compared with HC, 1922 unique DEGs were tagged to 21 and 176 significant KEGG [6] and Reactome [7] pathways, respectively. Pathways included “Interferon signalling”, “TNF signalling” and “Toll-like Receptor Cascades”. The pathways included 29 of 59 DEGs with a |fold change (FC)| > 1.5, 6 genes from 14 significant cis-eQTLs and 10 genes from 22 trans-eQTLs, and 2 genes from 8 cytokines that differed significantly between active CNS lupus and HC. These genes could be targeted by 496 different drugs, with the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib and the anti-CD20 B cell depleting monoclonal rituximab with ability to interfere with tumour protein P53 (TP53) activity, and a complement C3a Receptor (C3aR) antagonist being of particular interest.ConclusionIntegrated multilevel omics analysis revealed a set of enriched pathways of potential interest for future drug investigation in CNS lupus, including BTK and C3aR inhibition, and B cell depletion.References[1]Unterman A, Nolte JE, Boaz M, Abady M, Shoenfeld Y, Zandman-Goddard G. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Aug; 41(1):1-11[2]Hanly JG, Urowitz MB, Su L, Bae SC, Gordon C, Wallace DJ, et al. Prospective analysis of neuropsychiatric events in an international disease inception cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Mar; 69(3):529-535[3]Wagner AH, Coffman AC, Ainscough BJ, Spies NC, Skidmore ZL, Campbell KM, et al. DGIdb 2.0: mining clinically relevant drug-gene interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016 Jan 4; 44(D1):D1036-1044[4]Barturen G, Babaei S, Català-Moll F, Martínez-Bueno M, Makowska Z, Martorell-Marugán J, et al. Integrative Analysis Reveals a Molecular Stratification of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021 Jun; 73(6):1073-1085[5]Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002 Feb; 29(2):288-291[6]Kanehisa M, Furumichi M, Tanabe M, Sato Y, Morishima K. KEGG: new perspectives on genomes, pathways, diseases and drugs. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Jan 4; 45(D1):D353-d361[7]Jassal B, Matthews L, Viteri G, Gong C, Lorente P, Fabregat A, et al. The reactome pathway knowledgebase. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020 Jan 8; 48(D1):D498-d503AcknowledgementsThe PRECISESADS clinical consortiumDisclosure of InterestsNone declared

This is a notice of retraction of the article: Photosensitive neurons in mollusks, published in the Archives of Biological Sciences in 2005, Vol. 57, Issue 4. The editorial board has been informed that this paper plagiarizes an earlier paper: Kartelija G, Nedeljkovic M, Radenovic L. Photosensitive neurons in mollusks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2003, 134(3):483-495. This claim is correct and the entire paper is a verbatim copy of the earlier one. After confirmation of this fact, the editorial board of the Archives of Biological Sciences has decided to retract the paper immediately. We apologize to the readers of the journal that it took so many years to notice this error and to retract the paper. We request readers of the journal to directly get in touch with the editorial office and the editors of the journal for similar cases in the future, so that they can be handled promptly. <br><br><font color="red"><b> Link to the retracted article <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS0504247K">10.2298/ABS0504247K</a></b></u>

Declining coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) trees have been observed since 2012 throughout urban landscapes in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Monterey counties in California. Symptoms causing branch dieback and tree death included a cinnamon-colored gum seeping through multiple 0.95-mm-diameter entry holes on the bole, followed by a prolific, cream-colored foamy liquid. Beneath the outer bark was phloem and xylem necrosis. Fifty 1- to 2.5-mm adult and larval beetles were collected. Adults fit the morphological description of Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis (western oak bark beetle) (R. Rabaglia, personal communication), and ~800 bp of the mitochondrial COI gene was amplified for three beetles using primer pairs and methods previously described (2,3). All three sequences were identical (GenBank Accession Nos. KJ831289 to 91) and a BLAST search confirmed the closest match (94%) as P. pubipennis. Necrotic wood tissues collected from two trees in each county were cultured on potato dextrose agar amended with 0.01% tetracycline (PDA-tet), and incubated at 25°C for 1 week. Ochre-colored cultures with plane or radially furrowed velutinous mycelium were consistently produced. Fifty conidia each measured from two isolates were 3.66 ± 0.04 μm × 1.77 ± 0.03 μm, and arranged in non-persistent conidial chains, at first roughly parallel, becoming tangled with age. These fungal colonies were observed within gallery walls. The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was amplified using primer pairs and methods previously described (5). Three isolates were sequenced and matched 100% to known sequences of Geosmithia pallida in GenBank; sequences of two isolates (UCR2208 and UCR2210) were deposited in GenBank (KJ468687 and KJ468688). Pathogenicity tests were performed by inoculating twelve 27.0-cm detached coast live oak shoots for each isolate with a spore suspension of G. pallida (UCR2208 and UCR2210) and sterile distilled water for controls. A 2-mm-wide, 3-mm-deep hole was drilled into the center of each shoot, 20 μl of a 106 conidia/ml spore suspension was pipetted into the hole, and sealed with Vaseline and Parafilm. The experiment was repeated twice. After 4 weeks in a moist chamber at 25°C, lesions produced by G. pallida averaged 8.3 cm and was significantly longer (ANOVA; P < 0.0001) from the control (average 0.4 cm). G. pallida was re-isolated from all inoculated plants and identified by colony morphology. P. pubipennis is a native beetle, common as a secondary agent, and previously not associated with disease. However, cryptic species may be common among bark and ambrosia beetles (4). A larger sample (i.e., populations and loci) is needed to determine the precise taxonomic status of P. pubipennis. G. pallida was shown to inhibit root growth of Q. petraea by 25% in Europe (1), appears to have affinities with a range of subcorticolous insects, and is widely distributed (5), but there is no published record of the fungus occurring in the United States. This is the first report of G. pallida causing foamy bark canker in association with P. pubipennis on Q. agrifolia in California. Results suggest this new disease complex is causing decline of Q. agrifolia throughout the state. References: (1) D. Cizková et al. Folia Microbiol. 50:59, 2005. (2) A. I. Cognato and F. A. H. Sperling. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 14:445, 2000. (3) A. I. Cognato et al. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 36:494, 2006. (4) B. H. Jordal and M. Kambestad. Mol. Ecol. Res. 14:7, 2014. (5) M. Kolarík et al. Mycol. Res. 108:1053, 2004.

Guatteria Ruiz & Pavón (1794: 85) is the largest genus of Annonaceae with about 210 recognized species (Chatrou et al. 2012, Maas et al. 2011). It comprises small- to medium- sized trees, rarely canopy trees or shrubs, and only two species are lianas, Guatteria scandens Ducke (1925:10) and G. fractiflexa Maas & Westra (2008: 491; Erkens et al. 2008). It is widely distributed throughout Mesoamerica, the Caribbean, and tropical South America (Erkens & Maas 2008). Species of Guatteria are common members of Neotropical forests where they occupy a wide variety of habitats, such as lowland rain forests, gallery forests, semideciduous forests, coastal forests, inundated forests, savannas and montane forests (Erkens et al. 2007b). However, the highest species diversity is found in the Amazon Basin with approximately half of the species occurring there. Central America harbours ca. 30 species, mostly endemics (Erkens et al. 2008) of which ca. 20 species occur in Panama, a highly under-collected country with respect to Guatteria (Erkens et al. 2006). In the adjacent Colombian Chocó region, we found ca. ten endemic species, and to date, only two species, Guatteria aberrans Erkens & Maas (2006: 201) and the new species described in this paper, are restricted to Panama and northwestern Colombia.

Con el propósito de estudiar la organización de datos e identificar la diversidad de representaciones construidas en situación de exploración de datos auténticos, en un grupo de 56 estudiantes chilenos de tercer grado de primaria, se diseñó e implementó un plan de clases de estadística, en el que se solicitó a los estudiantes ordenar y organizar los datos para responder a un problema. Este artículo se centra en el estudio cualitativo de las representaciones de datos producidas por los estudiantes durante la implementación del plan de clases. La exploración de los datos realizada por los estudiantes sobre los alimentos que consumían en la escuela (“colaciones”), los llevó a elaborar representaciones de datos (listas, estado intermedio de esquema tabular y tabla de frecuencias). Se concluye que el contexto auténtico y la construcción de representaciones propias promovieron que los estudiantes construyeran preponderantemente listas (77%), aplicando con sentido la partición, la clase y el cardinal. Se sugiere incorporar explícitamente en la enseñanza el formato lista, como herramienta representacional y unidad básica de la tabla. Referencias Brizuela, B., y Alvarado, M. (2010). First graders' work on additive problems with the use of different notational tools. Revista IRICE, 21, 37-43. Recuperado a partir desde https://ojs.rosario-conicet.gov.ar/index.php/revistairice/article/view/v21n21a04 Brizuela, B., y Lara-Roth, S. (2002). Additive relations and function tables. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 20(3), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0732-3123(02)00076-7 Coutanson, B. (2010). La question de l’éducation statistique et de la formation de l’esprit statistique à l’école primaire en France. Étude exploratoire de quelques caractéristiques de situations inductrices d’un enseignement de la statistique au cycle III (Tesis doctoral). Université de Lyon, Francia. Recuperado desde https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00494338/ Dibble, E. (1997). The Interpretation of Tables and Graphs. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. Duval, R. (2003). Comment Analyser le Fonctionnement Representationnel des Tableaux et leur Diversite? Spirale -Revue de Recherches en Éducation-, 32, 7-31. Recuperado desde http://spirale-edu-revue.fr/IMG/pdf/1_Duval_Spi32F.pdf Estrella, S. (2014). El formato tabular: una revisión de literatura. Revista Actualidades Investigativas en Educación, 14(2), 1-23. Estrella, S., e Isoda, M. (2020). Suma Primero: manual del docente, 1° básico. Valparaíso: Ediciones Universitarias de Valparaíso. Estrella, S., Mena-Lorca, A., y Olfos, R. (2017). Naturaleza del objeto matemático “Tabla”. Magis: Revista Internacional de Investigación en Educación, 10(20), 105-122. https://doi.org/10.15517/aie.v14i2.14817 Estrella, S., Olfos, R., Morales, S., y Vidal-Szabó, P. (2017). Argumentaciones de estudiantes de primaria sobre representaciones externas de datos: componentes lógicas, numéricas y geométricas. Revista Latinoamericana de Investigación en Matemática Educativa, 20(3), 345-370. https://doi.org/10.12802/relime.17.2034 Estrella, S., Olfos, R., Vidal-Szabó, P., Morales, S., y Estrella, P. (2018). Competencia meta-representacional en los primeros grados: representaciones externas de datos y sus componentes. Revista Enseñanza de las Ciencias, 36(2), 143-163. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/ensciencias.2143 Estrella, S., Zakaryan, D., Olfos, R., y Espinoza, G. (2020). How teachers learn to maintain the cognitive demand of tasks through Lesson Study. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-018-09423-y Friel, S. N., Curcio, F. R., y Bright, G. W. (2001). Making sense of graphs: Critical factors influencing comprehension and instructional implications. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 124-158. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/749671 Gabucio, F., Martí, E., Enfedaque, J., Gilabert, S., y Konstantinidou, A. (2010). Niveles de comprensión de las tablas en estudiantes de primaria y secundaria. Cultura y Educación, 22(2), 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1174/113564010791304528 Kaufman, E. L., Lord, M. W., Reese, T. W., y Volkmann, J. (1949). The discrimination of visual number. The American journal of psychology, 62(4), 498-525. Lehrer, R., y Schauble, L. (2000). Inventing data structures for representational purposes: Elementary grade students' classification models. Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 2(1-2), 51-74. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/S15327833MTL0202_3 Martí, E. (2009). Tables as cognitive tools in primary education. En C. Andersen, N. Scheuer, M. Pérez Echeverría, y E.V. Teubal (Coord.), Representational systems and practices as learning tools (pp. 133-148). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Martí, E., García-Mila, M., Gabucio, F., y Konstantinidou, K. (2010). The construction of a double-entry table: a study of primary and secondary school students’ difficulties. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 26(2), 215-234. www.jstor.org/stable/23883606 Martí, E., Pérez, E., y De la Cerda, C. (2010). Alfabetización gráfica. La apropiación de las tablas como instrumentos cognitivos. Contextos, 10, 65-78. Martínez, M., y Brizuela, B. (2006). A third grader’s way of thinking about linear function tables. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 25, 285-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmathb.2006.11.003 Ministerio de Educación de Chile. (2018). Bases Curriculares Primero a Sexto Básico. Santiago de Chile: Unidad de Currículum y Evaluación, Ministerio de Educación de Chile. Recuperado desde https://www.curriculumnacional.cl/614/articles-22394_bases.pdf Moore, D. S., y Cobb, G. W. (2000). Statistics and mathematics: Tension and cooperation. The American Mathematical Monthly, 107(7), 615-630. Nisbet, S., Jones, G., Thornton, C., Langrall, C., y Mooney, E. (2003). Children’s Representation and Organisation of Data. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 15(1), 42-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03217368 Pérez-Echeverría, M., y Scheuer, N. (2009). External Representations as Learning Tools: An Introduction. En C. Andersen, N. Scheuer, M. Pérez-Echeverría, y E. Teubal (Eds.), Representational systems and practices as learning tools (pp. 1-17). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Pfannkuch, M., y Rubick, A. (2002). An exploration of students’ statistical thinking with given data. Statistics Education Research Journal, 1(2), 4-21. https://iase-web.org/documents/SERJ/SERJ1(2).pdf Sepúlveda, A., Díaz-Levicoy, D., y Jara, D. (2018). Evaluación de la comprensión sobre Tablas Estadísticas en estudiantes de Educación Primaria. Bolema: Boletim de Educação Matemática, 32(62), 869-886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-4415v32n62a06 Tukey, J. (1977). Exploratory data analysis. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Wu, H., y Krajcik, J. (2006). Inscriptional Practices in Two Inquiry-Based Classrooms: A Case Study of Seventh Graders’ Use of Data Tables and Graphs. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 43(1), 63-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20092 Financiamiento: Esta investigación se ha realizado dentro del proyecto subvencionado por Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) / FONDECYT 1200346 y Proyecto VRIE-PUCV 039.439/2020

The fungus Ramularia collo-cygni B. Sutton & J. M. Waller (Rcc) was identified as the causal agent of this emerging disease on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) based on symptoms and signs on leaves and attributes of the fungus. The common name given to the disease was “necrotic sprinkling.” This disease was found for the first time on barley in fields of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, in 2001, with severities ranging from 60 to 100% (2). During the spring of 2012, the disease spread throughout most barley growing areas of the Pampean region, affecting almost all varieties of barley in the Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, and Santa Fe provinces. The disease showed typical symptoms of small, brown spots on leaves, sheaths, and awns, and caused rapid loss of green leaf area and significant economic damage. The diagnosis of this disease is difficult by conventional techniques and has caused some confusion. In order to obtain appropriate information about the incidence of this pathogen in the most important barley growing region of Argentina, as well as to confirm its presence on seed, 39 seed samples containing 200 seeds each and eight leaf samples were analyzed using a real-time PCR diagnostic test (4). Thirty-five of the 37 seed samples had Rcc DNA levels above the minimum detection level (0.13 pg DNA). Ramularia has been described as a seedborne fungus previously (1) and seed infection could hasten the spread of the fungus to new geographically distinct areas. Moreover, leaf samples were microscopically assessed for conidophore presence and then ground for DNA extraction. Rcc DNA was detected by PCR in all eight leaf samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report about molecular detection of R. collo-cygni in barley seed of harvested samples from Argentina. Seeds infected/infested may also lead to new strains of the fungus arriving in barley fields and provide a source of inoculum for future epidemics (3). References: (1) N. D. Havis et al. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 256:217, 2006. (2) M. Khier et al. Salpicado necrótico, nueva enfermedad de la cebada en Argentina causada por Ramularia collo-cygni. Page 47 in: Resúmenes XI Jornadas Fitosanitarias Argentinas, 26–29 June 2002, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, 2002. (3) P. Matusinsky et al. J. Plant Pathol. 3:679, 2011. (4) J. M. G. Taylor et al. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 50:493, 2010.