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1
Robinson, DL, and PK O'Rourke. "Genetic parameters for liveweights of beef cattle in the tropics." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 6 (1992): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9921297.
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This paper describes a genetic analysis of 20000 weighings from 1980-1988 on the progeny of more than 210 sires from three straightbred Brahman and one crossbred herd (Brahman or SahiwalxBritish breeds) in the Australian tropics. 200 day weight averaged 192 kg, very slightly less than 200 day weight in temperate Australia with similar phenotypic variance of 520 kg2. Mean 550, 700, and 900 day weights of 310, 350 and 450 kg and phenotypic variances of 800, 800 and 1485 kg2 were lower than in temperate regions at the same ages. Direct heritabilities for weight averaged 41% in the Brahmans and 31% in the crossbred herd. Genetic correlations amongst 200 day and later weights were 81-92%, except for an estimate of 63% between 200 and 900 day weights. Estimates of heritabilities for maternal effects were quite high in the crossbred herd for 200 and 365 day weights (19 and 14%), but only 4-5% for Brahmans. Models and statistical analyses are discussed and results compared with other published estimates from subtropical and temperate regions.
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Sara Wijana, I. Made, I. Gede Suranjaya, and Iriani Setyawati. "KOPI DAPAT MENURUNKAN AKTIVITAS ALT DAN AST SERUM DARAH TIKUS WISTAR ALKOHOLIK." SIMBIOSIS 6, no. 2 (September 28, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jsimbiosis.2018.v06.i02.p05.
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Ethanol can damage the liver, indicated by an increase of alanin amino transaminase (ALT) activity and aspartat amino transminase (AST) activity in the blood of alcohol-treated rats. Coffee is rich in antioxidants which are hepatoprotector agent. This study aimed to determine the effect of coffee to reduce alanin amino transaminase (ALT) activity and aspartat amino transminase (AST) activity in blood serum of alcohol-treated rats. The study used 32 male wistar albino rats (200±20g weight) which were divided into four treatment groups i.e. P0 (negative control which were treated with 1 mL of 30% ethanol/200g body weight (bw)/day), P1 (1 mL of 30% ethanol/200 g bw/day + coffee 0,1g/200g bw in 3,5 mL of water/200 g bw/day), P2 (1 mL of 30% ethanol/200g bw + coffee 0,15 g/200g bw in 3,5 mL of water/200g bw/day), dan P3 (1 mL of 30% ethanol/200g bw + coffee 0,2g/200g bw in 3,5 mL of water/200g bw/day). ALT and AST levels were measured by spectrophotometric method. Data analysis was done by ANOVA followed with LSD test and correlation analysis. The results showed that coffee reduced (P<0.01) the activities of ALT and AST of rats blood serum. ALT and AST activities were significantly different (P<0.01) among treatments and with control. Dose of coffee was negatively correlated with ALT activity with correlation coefficient (R) -0.978 and AST with correlation coefficient (R) -0.985 (P<0,01). The lowest of ALT and AST activities were found at dose of coffee 0.2 g/200g body weight.
Keywords: ethanol, ALT, AST, coffee
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Dodd, Darol E., Linda J. Pluta, Mark A. Sochaski, Deborah A. Banas, and Russell S. Thomas. "Subchronic Hepatotoxicity Evaluation of 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol in Sprague Dawley Rats." Journal of Toxicology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/376246.
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Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (TCP) for 5 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, or 13 weeks. TCP was administered by gavage at doses of 0, 10, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day. Endpoints evaluated included clinical observations, body weights, liver weights, serum chemistry, blood TCP, gross pathology, and liver histopathology. There were no TCP exposure-related clinical signs of toxicity. Mean body weight decreased 12–22% compared to control in the 100 and 200 mg/kg/day groups. Serum ALT concentrations were increased in rats of the 200 mg/k/day. Liver weight increases were both dose- and exposure time-related and statistically significant at ≥25 mg/kg/day. Incidence and severity of centrilobular hepatocytic vacuolation, hepatocyte hypertrophy, and single cell hepatocytic necrosis were related to dose and exposure time. Following 13 weeks of exposure, bile duct hyperplasia and centrilobular and/or periportal fibrosis were observed in rats primarily of the highest TCP dose group. Blood TCP concentrations increased with dose and at 13 weeks ranged from 1.3 to 8.5 μg/mL (10 to 200 mg/kg/day). A NOAEL of 10 mg/kg/day was selected based on the statistically significant incidence of hepatocyte hypertrophy at doses ≥25 mg/kg/day.
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Graser, H.-U., and K. Hammond. "Mixed model procedures for the Australian beef industry. 1. Multiple-trait model for estimation of breeding values for 200-day and final weights of cattle." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 3 (1985): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850527.
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A multiple-trait mixed model is defined for regular use in the Australian beef industry for the estimation of breeding values for continuous traits of sires used non-randomly across a number of herds and/or years. Maternal grandsires, the numerator relationship matrix, appropriate fixed effects, and the capacity to partition direct and maternal effects are incorporated in this parent model. The model was fitted to the National Beef Recording Scheme's data bank for three growth traits of the Australian Simental breed, viz 200-, 365- and 550-day weights. Estimates are obtained for the effects of sex, dam age, grade of dam, age of calf and breed of base dam. The range in estimated breeding value is reported for each trait, with 200-day weight being partitioned into 'calves' and 'daughters' calves', for the Simmental sires commonly used in Australia. Estimates of the fixed effects were large, and dam age, grade of dam and breed of base dam had an important influence on growth to 365 days of age. The faster growth of higher percentage Simmental calves to 200 days continued to 550 days. Estimates of genetic variance for the traits were lower than reported for overseas populations of Simmental cattle, and the genetic covariance between direct and maternal effects for 200-day weight was slightly positive.
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Crumps, R. E., G. Simm, D. Nicholson, R. H. Findlay, J. G. E. Bryan, and R. Thompson. "Results of multivariate individual animal model genetic evaluations of british pedigree beef cattle." Animal Science 65, no. 2 (October 1997): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800016507.
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AbstractThis paper reports the procedures put into place in the UK for the genetic evaluation of pedigree beef cattle and estimation of genetic trends using a comprehensive model to allow critical analysis of progress made under previous data recording schemes. Live weights of Simmental, Limousin, Charolais, South Devon and Aberdeen Angus beef cattle, recorded by the Meat and Livestock Commission (MLC) from 1970 to 1992 were analysed, as part of a project to introduce best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) of breeding value in the British beef industry. Birth weights were available from MLC or the relevant breed society, (4000 to 84000 records, depending on the breed) and 200- and 400-day weights were estimated by within-animal linear regression on all available weights (resulting in 8000 to 48000 records per breed). Animals were retrospectively assigned to contemporary groups within herds, separately for each trait, taking account of observed calving patterns. Records were adjusted to correct for heterogeneity of variance between herds. BLUP evaluations were then performed within breed, fitting a multivariate individual animal model. In addition to additive direct genetic effects, additive maternal genetic and dam permanent environmental effects were included for birth weight and 200-day weight. Unknown parents were assigned to genetic groups, based on estimated date of birth. The model included fixed effects for contemporary group, sex, month of birth, birth type (single or multiple), embryo transfer births, fostered calves, breed of dam, proportion purebred and age of dam. Genetic trends were estimated by regressing estimated breeding values for animals on their year of birth. Trends in birth weight, 200-day weight and 400-day weight between 1970 and 1992 were approximately 0·09, 0·73 and 1·38 kg per annum respectively for the Charolais breed; 0·08, 0·76 and 1·33 kg per annum for the Simmental; 0·06, 0·53 and 0·89 kg per annum for the Limousin; 0·12, 1·02 and 1·86 kg per annum for the Aberdeen Angus; and 0·03, 0·38 and 0·82 kg per annum for the South Devon breed.
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Terrill, James B., Merrel Robinson, Gary W. Wolfe, and Leonard H. Billups. "Subacute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity of p-Chlorotoluene in the Rat." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 9, no. 5 (September 1990): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819009078757.
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p-Chlorotoluene was administered by corn oil gavage for 14 and 90 days to male and female Sprague-Dawley-derived rats at dosages of 200, 600, and 1800 mg/kg per day and 50, 200, and 800 mg/kg per day, respectively. In the 14-day study, 8 of 10 animals of each sex in the high-dose group died due to treatment. Other treatment-related signs for these animals included an adverse effect upon body weight and clinical signs of salivation, tremors, and prostration. In the 200 and 600 mg/kg per day groups there were no apparent treatment-related effects. In the 90-day study, 4 of 10 males and 2 of 10 females in the high-dose group died due to treatment. Other signs for this treatment group included an adverse effect upon body weight and clinical signs of languid behavior, prostration, tremors, sensitivity to touch, epistaxis, and respiratory distress. Increases in alkaline phosphatase and creatinine (males only), and increases in adrenal (absolute and relative, females), kidney (relative, both sexes), and liver (relative, both sexes) weights were also noted. Histopathologic findings of centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy, adrenal cortical hyperplasia, and exacerbation of chronic progressive nephropathy confirmed the clinical laboratory and organ weight results as being treatment related for the animals receiving 800 mg/kg per day for 90 days. Animals receiving 50 or 200 mg/kg per day (90 days) did not exhibit treatment-related findings.
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Davies, HL. "Studies in uterotrophic activities in strains of subterranean clover." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 4 (1989): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890871.
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Uterotrophic responses in ovariectomized ewes when fed or grazed on Mount Barker, Yarloop or Dwalganup varieties of subterranean clover are reported. The high formononetin varieties Dwalganup and Yarloop always elicited a uterotrophic response. The low-formononetin, high-genistein and biochanin A variety, Mount Barker, stimulated a uterotrophic response, using a 5-day bioassay, when fed at 200g/day or 800g/day, but little or no response when grazed. When chopped lucerne hay was offered with 200 g of the Mount Barker the uterotrophic response was suppressed and the mean uterine weight was not significantly different from that of the negative controls (P= 0.57). The uterine weight of sheep eating 200 g/day of Yarloop and offered lucerne chaff or pellets in one experiment was lower (but not significantly lower) than the unsupplemented group. This trend may be worthy of further investigation.
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Raustorp, Anders, and Yvonne Ekroth. "Eight-Year Secular Trends of Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity in Young Swedish Adolescents." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 7, no. 3 (May 2010): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.3.369.
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Background:To explore the secular trends (time change) of pedometer-determined physical activity (steps per day) in Swedish young adolescents 13 to 14 years of age from 2000 to 2008.Methods:The study was analyzed between 2 cross-sectional cohorts carried out in October 2000 (235, 111 girls) and October 2008 (186, 107 girls) in the same school, using identical procedures. Data of mean steps per day were collected during 4 consecutive weekdays (sealed pedometer Yamax SW-200 Tokyo, Japan) and in addition height and weight were measured.Results:When comparing cohort 2000 with cohort 2008 no significant difference in physical activity were found neither among girls (12,989 vs 13,338 [t = −0.98, P < .325]) nor boys (15,623 vs 15,174 [t= 0.78, P = .436]). The share of girls and boys meeting weight control recommendations was none significantly higher in 2008 both among girls (68% versus 62%) and among boys (69% versus 65%).Conclusion:There was no significant difference of young adolescents’ physical activity during school weekdays in 2008 compared with 2000. This stabilized physical activity level, in an internationally comparison regarded as high, is promising. Enhanced focus on physical activity in society and at school might have influenced the result.
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Crawford, Grant I., Wade T. Nichols, John P. Hutcheson, Marshall N. Streeter, Brandon L. Nuttelman, Lee-Anne J. Walter, David G. Renter, and David Amrine. "276 Evaluation of a Long-acting Growth-promoting Implant (Revalor-XS) as an Initial Implant in a Re-implant Program with a revalor-200 Terminal Implant in Feedlot Cattle: A Three-study Pooled Analysis." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.215.
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Abstract Data from three large-pen feedlot studies were pooled to evaluate use of a long-acting implant (Revalor-XS) as an initial implant in a re-implant program. The three studies consisted of 2,764 steers in 40 pens, with an initial body weight (BW) of 271 kg. Treatments consisted of Revalor-IS [80 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA), 16 mg estradiol (E2)] administered on arrival, followed by Revalor-200 (200 mg TBA, 20 mg E2) terminal implant (IS/200) or Revalor-XS (80 mg TBA, 16 mg E2 uncoated; 120 mg TBA, 24 mg E2 coated; 200 mg TBA, 40 mg E2 total) on arrival followed by Revalor-200 terminal implant (XS/200). Steers were fed to equal days-on-feed (DOF) within study and averaged 210 DOF. Steers within treatment were re-implanted at same DOF in two studies (Day 124 on average followed by an 81-day terminal implant window). In the third study, IS/200 steers were implanted on Day 120 and XS/200 steers on Day 140 of the 217-day study. Final BW averaged 635.6 and 638.3 kg for IS/200 and XS/200, respectively (P = 0.21). There were no differences (P > 0.26) in DMI, ADG and Gain:Feed between treatments. Hot carcass weight tended (P = 0.07) to be greater with XS/200 (412.7 kg) compared with IS/200 (409.1 kg). Ribeye area was greater (P < 0.01) and fat thickness tended (P = 0.06) to be lower with XS/200 compared with IS/200. Distributions of USDA quality grades were not affected (P = 0.26) by treatment. Distributions of USDA yield grades (YG) were affected (P = 0.01) by treatment with a shift toward more YG 1 and 2 carcasses with XS/200 and more YG 4 and 5 carcasses with IS/200. This analysis indicates that using Revalor-XS as an initial implant leads to greater carcass weight and ribeye area and lower YG when compared with Revalor-IS.
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Böhm, A., and S. Hoy. "Untersuchungen zum Einfluß der Geburtsmasse auf die Lebendmasseentwicklung von Hundewelpen bis zum 20. Lebenstag." Archives Animal Breeding 43, no. 6 (October 10, 2000): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-43-655-2000.
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Abstract. Title of the paper: Investigations on influence of birth weight on live weight development up to 20th day of age in dog pups Investigations with 102 litters and 715 alive born and 581 individually controlled up to 20th day of age dog pups have shown a highly significant influence of birth weight (x) on weight at the end of third week of age (y) (r = .457; y = 299.9 + 1.99x; p < 0.01). Birth weight of pups died (281 g) was highly significant lower compared to pups who were not lost up to 20th day of age (328 g). Pups with birth weight of more than 451 g reached without losses live weight at day 20 of age which was appr. twice higher compared to pups with birth weight of less than 200 g. Those pups with low birth weight (< 200 g) had a percentage of losses of 83.3 %. Increasing litter size leads to highly significant reduce both in birth weight from 361 to 396 g (litter size = 2 to 5) to 286 g (litter size = 12) and live weight at day 20 of age from 1292 g (litter size = 3) to 748 g (litter size =11). Male dog pups had a less higher live weight compared to female siblings at all points.
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Brand, T. S., F. Franck, A. Durand, and J. Coetzee. "Use of varying combinations of energy and protein sources as supplementary feed for lambing ewes grazing cereal stubble." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 1 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea95168.
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Summary. Three feeding trials compared production of lambing ewes grazing stubbles and fed different combinations of energy and protein supplements as loose licks. Each experiment had 2 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Experiment 1 compared urea (12.5 g/ewe. day) with fish meal (100 g/ewe. day) when fed with molasses (100 g/ewe. day) for 38 days during late pregnancy. Fish meal increased liveweight gain (from 2.0 to 5.7 kg) and wool growth (20%) but urea had no effect. In experiment 2, urea (12.5 g/ewe. day) was fed in combination with molasses (200 g/ewe. day) or barley meal (200 g/ewe. day) for 63 days during late pregnancy (last 6 weeks) and early lactation. Ewes supplemented with the barley–urea combination gained 5.6 kg during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy compared with 0.40 kg for barley and the 1.02 and 1.34 kg weight loss for ewes receiving molasses and the molasses–urea combination, respectively. Experiment 3 compared urea (12.5 g/ewe. day) with sweet lupin meal (106 g/ewe. day) when fed with barley meal (200 g/ewe. day) for 56 days during late pregnancy (last 4 weeks) and lactation. Sweet lupin meal improved the liveweight change of ewes during pregnancy (from 160 to 200 g/ewe. day) as well as the birth weight of lambs (400 g) but urea had no effect. The performance of lambing ewes grazing low-quality pasture at a high stocking density (>4.5 ewes/ha) for a long period (>130 days) can be improved by relatively low amounts of supplements such as fish meal, sweet lupin meal and barley–urea.
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Kuhlers, D. L., and S. B. Jungst. "Mass selection for increased 200-day weight in a closed line of Duroc pigs." Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 2 (1991): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1991.692507x.
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Kuhlers, D. L., and S. B. Jungst. "Mass selection for increased 200-day weight in a closed line of Landrace pigs." Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 3 (1991): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1991.693977x.
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Papadopoulou, Eleni, Jérémie Botton, Anne-Lise Brantsæter, Margaretha Haugen, Jan Alexander, Helle Margrete Meltzer, Jonas Bacelis, Anders Elfvin, Bo Jacobsson, and Verena Sengpiel. "Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and childhood growth and overweight: results from a large Norwegian prospective observational cohort study." BMJ Open 8, no. 3 (March 2018): e018895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018895.
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ObjectivesTo study the association between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and the child’s weight gain and overweight risk up to 8 years.DesignProspective nationwide pregnancy cohort.SettingThe Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.ParticipantsA total of 50 943 mothers recruited from 2002 to 2008 and their children, after singleton pregnancies, with information about average caffeine intake assessed at mid-pregnancy.Outcome measureChild’s body size information at 11 age points from 6 weeks to 8 years. We defined excess growth in infancy as a WHO weight gain z-score of >0.67 from birth to age 1 year, and overweight according to the International Obesity Task Force. We used a growth model to assess individual growth trajectories.ResultsCompared with pregnant women with low caffeine intake (<50 mg/day, 46%), women with average (50–199 mg/day, 44%), high (≥200–299 mg/day, 7%) and very high (≥300 mg/day, 3%) caffeine intakes had an increased risk of their child experiencing excess growth in infancy, after adjustment for confounders (OR=1.15, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.22, OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.45, OR=1.66, 95% CI 1.42 to 1.93, respectively). In utero exposure to any caffeine was associated with higher risk of overweight at age 3 years and 5 years, while the association persisted at 8 years, only for very high exposures. Any caffeine intake was associated with increased body mass index from infancy to childhood. Children prenatally exposed to caffeine intake >200 mg/day had consistently higher weight. Very high caffeine exposures were associated with higher weight gain velocity from infancy to age 8 years.ConclusionAny caffeine consumption during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of excess infant growth and of childhood overweight, mainly at preschool ages. Maternal caffeine intake may modify the overall weight growth trajectory of the child from birth to 8 years. This study adds supporting evidence for the current advice to reduce caffeine intake during pregnancy.
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Martín, Natalia, Nicola Schreurs, Stephen Morris, Nicolás López-Villalobos, Julie McDade, and Rebecca Hickson. "Sire Effects on Post-Weaning Growth of Beef-Cross-Dairy Cattle: A Case Study in New Zealand." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122313.
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Little is known about the growth performance of beef sires used over dairy cows in New Zealand. This experiment aimed to evaluate the growth of Angus and Hereford sires via progeny testing of beef-cross-dairy offspring born to dairy cows and grown on hill country pasture. Live weights at 131, 200, 400, 600 and 800 days were analysed from a dataset of 5208 records from 1101 progeny of 73 sires. The means of the progeny group means for live weight were 118.6 kg at 131 days, 159.1 kg at 200 days, 284.2 kg at 400 days, 427.0 kg at 600 days and 503.6 kg at 800 days, and the overall daily growth rate was 0.58 kg/day from 131 to 800 days. The sire affected (p < 0.05) the live weight of their progeny at all ages. Differences in live weights between the lightest and heaviest progeny group means increased from 19 kg at 131 days to 90 kg at 800 days. Even though growth of calves was likely restricted to 200 days, live weight at 200 days explained 51–56% of the variation in live weights at 400 and 600 days (p < 0.05). Thus, the use of beef sires selected for growth has the potential to increase the live weight of cattle born on dairy farms for meat production.
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Touraine, Ph, P. Birman, F. Bai-Grenier, C. Dubray, F. Peillon, and D. Joubert(Bression). "Chronic treatment by the calcium channel blocker ± PN 200-110 in the rat counteracts the stimulations of pituitary weight, prolactin release and pituitary C-kinase activity induced by a chronic estradiol treatment, in vivo." Acta Endocrinologica 122, no. 3 (March 1990): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1220403.
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Abstract In order to investigate whether a calcium channel blocker could modulate the protein kinase C activity in normal and estradiol pretreated rat pituitary, female Wistar rats were treated or not (controls) with ± PN 200-110 (3 mg · kg−1 · day−1, sc) for 8 days or with estradiol cervical implants for 8 or 15 days, alone or in combination with PN 200-110 the last 8 days. Estradiol treatment induced a significant increase in plasma prolactin levels and pituitary weight. PN 200-110 administered to normal rats did not modify these parameters, whereas it reduced the effects of the 15 days estradiol treatment on prolactin levels (53.1 ± 4.9 vs 95.0 ±9.1 μg/l, p<0.0001) and pituitary weight (19.9 ± 0.4 vs 23.0 ± 0.6 mg, p <0.001), to values statistically comparable to those measured after 8 days of estradiol treatment. PN 200-110 alone did not induce any change in protein kinase C activity as compared with controls. In contrast, PN 200-110 treatment significantly counteracted the large increase in soluble activity and the decrease in the particulate one induced by estradiol between day 8 and day 15. We conclude that PN 200-110 opposed the stimulatory effects of chronic in vivo estradiol treatment on plasma prolactin levels and pituitary weight and that this regulation was related to a concomitant modulation of the protein kinase C activity.
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Sawyer, GJ, DJ Barker, and RJ Morris. "Performance of young breeding cattle in commercial herds in the south-west of Western Australia. 3. Calf growth, dystocia, and their relationship with production and fertility measurements in first-calf heifers." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 4 (1991): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910455.
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The preweaning growth of the progeny from 2531 first-calf heifers calving on commercial properties in the south-west of Western Australia was studied over 5 years. Animals included the progeny of Angus sires mated to Angus, Angus x Friesian, Simford, Hereford and Beef Shorthorn crossbred heifers; the progeny of Hereford sires mated to Hereford, Hereford x Friesian, and Beef Shorthorn crossbred; and those of Devon crossbred, Simford or Wokalup multibreed heifers mated inter se. Calves were born between mid January and July of each year and date of birth, calving information and calf growth through to weaning at an average age of 230 days were recorded. Data recorded on the calves' dams included regular liveweight and condition score assessment and the date of second calving. Angus-sired calves were lighter at birth than Hereford-sired calves; breed means ranged from 25.1 kg for purebred Angus to 33.2 kg for Wokalup multibreeds, with male calves weighing 1.4 kg more than females at birth. Calf birth weight was positively and linearly related to weight of dam at the beginning of joining. Breed of calf, sex of calf, year of birth, day of the year born, liveweight and liveweight change of the dam at the beginning of rejoining all significantly influenced calf growth, with up to 64% of variation accounted for. At 50 days of age, Devon crossbreds, Simfords and Wokalup multibreeds were significantly heavier than crossbred Hereford or Angus calves, and this trend persisted until weaning. The average growth rate to 200 days of Angus calves was 0.113 kg/day slower, and Hereford calves 0.77 kg/day slower, than the average growth rate of their respective crossbred calves. Heaviest 200-day weights were found in Devon crossbred (235 kg), Simford (221 kg) and Wokalup multibreed (219 kg) calves. A strong seasonal influence on calf growth was detected. Each 1 day increase in calf age in calves born between mid January and June resulted in 0.29 kg extra liveweight at 100 days and 0.68 kg extra liveweight at 200 days of age. Overall, the liveweight of the dam at the beginning of re-joining was positively associated with calf growth, with 0.119 kg of calf liveweight/kg dam liveweight at 100 days and 0.123 kg at 200 days. There was less effect of dam liveweight in Herefords and Hereford x Friesians on calf growth to 200 days, but this relationship was closer in faster growing and later maturing breeds, including Angus x Friesian, Simford, and Wokalup multibreed. The dairy crossbreeds generally lost weight at the beginning of re-joining, resulting in a negative association between this weight change and calf growth to 100 days. No assistance was required in 93% of calvings and the highest incidence of dystocia corresponded with the highest birth weight calves in Wokalup multibreeds. The most common calving difficulty was an apparently slow birth where no assistance was given, resulting in a stillborn calf. Male calves experienced 3 times the level of dystocia recorded for female calves. There was no association detected between dystocia and dam liveweight subsequent to calving. The study highlighted the importance of dam breed, liveweight and condition of the dam and timing of calving as important influences on the growth of progeny reared by first-calf heifers.
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Fatmaningrum, Widati, and Woro Setia Ningtyas. "Mung bean sprout extract suppresses Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) effect on the reproductive hormones (FSH and Estrogen) in female Wistar rats." Majalah Obstetri & Ginekologi 27, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mog.v1i12019.24-27.
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of mung bean sprout extracts on Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen hormone in female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to monosodium glutamate (MSG).Materials and Methods: This true experimental study was conducted by using post-test only control group design in the laboratory for animal experimentation of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Airlangga University in which Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 2 months weighing 150-200 grams were used in this experiment. The samples comprised of 5 rats distributed in each group, totaling 7 groups. I Control Group (P1) was provided with Aquades for 37 days; II (P2) was provided with Aquades for 7 days + MSG 0.03 mg/g of weight on day 8-37; III (P3) was provided with extract of mung bean sprouts 72mg/200g of weight on day 1-37 + MSG 0,03mg/g of weight; IV (P4) was provided with extract of mung bean sprouts 144mg/200g of weight on day 1-37 + MSG 0.03mg/g of weight; V (P5) was provided with Aquades for 7 days + MSG 0.7 mg/g of weight on day 8-37; VI (P6) was provided with extract of mung bean sprouts 72mg/200g of weight on day 1-37 + MSG 0.7mg/g of weight; VII (P7) was provided with extract of mung bean sprouts 144mg/200g of weight on day 1-37 + MSG 0.7mg/g of weight.Serum samples were taken for Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Estrogen with ELISA method. Data analysis to test the differences between groups was done by using one way Anova statistical test.Results: MSG dosage 0,03mg/gBB or 0,7mg/g BB was significant difference in FSH (p = 0,011) and estrogen (p = 0,008).Conclusion: obtained from this research that giving green bean sprout extract influence to the level of FSH and estrogen hormone.
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Heker Junior, Julio Cezar, Mikael Neumann, Robson Kyoshi Ueno, Margarete Kimie Falbo, Sandra Galbeiro, André Martins de Souza, Bruno José Venancio, Leslei Caroline Santos, and Eloize Jaqueline Askel. "Effect of monensin sodium associative to virginiamycin and/or essential oils on the performance of feedlot finished steers." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 1 (February 16, 2018): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n1p261.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the associative effect of monensin sodium to virginiamycin and/or essential oils on performance, consumption of nutrients and dry matter, apparent digestibility, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics of feedlot finished steers. The experiment lasted 106 days with 10 days of adaptation and 96-day trial, and had 32 crosses angus steers, average age 12 months and average weight of 376 kg, divided into 16 stalls, the weighing took place every 21 days and at the end of the experiment. The treatments consisted of the combination of the following additives to the diet included: Monensin sodium, 200 mg day-1 (MO); Monensin sodium, a dose of 200 mg day-1 + essential oil dose of 1.5g day-1 (MO+EO); Monensin sodium, a dose of 200 mg day-1 + virginiamycin, 200 mg day-1 (MO+VI); Monensin sodium, 200 mg day-1 + essential oil dose of 1.5g day-1 + virginiamycin day, 200 mg day-1 (MO+EO+VI), each treatment had four repetitions, where each repetitions consisted of a bay with two animals. The MO+VI association in relation to MO only increase in average daily gain (ADG) of 24.44%, 22.35%, 21.10% and 17.31% in weighing 42, 63, 84 and 96 days, similar the combination of MO+EO+VI which provided an improvement of 21.94%, 13.59%, 15.45% and 14.75% respectively in the same weightings. The daily carcass gain and carcass overall gain were higher in associations MO+VI and MO+EO+VI and provided an average gain of 16.67 kg more compared to MO and MO+EO. In the parameters feed efficiency, dry matter intake and nutrient expressed in kg day-1 and percentage of live weight were not observed differences (P > 0.05) between treatments. Data on apparent digestibility, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics did not show statistical difference between treatment, except for fat thickness which was higher when associated with any of the additives to the MO, and farm weight was higher in associations containing VI. Associating MO+VI or MO+EO+VI proved to be best in this work compared to MO+EO or only MO in the diets of steers in termination.
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Bennett, G. L., and K. E. Gregory. "Genetic (co)variances among birth weight, 200-day weight, and postweaning gain in composites and parental breeds of beef cattle." Journal of Animal Science 74, no. 11 (1996): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1996.74112598x.
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Tonolo, G., A. Soro, P. Madeddu, C. Troffa, M. G. Melis, G. Patteri, P. P. Parpaglia, G. Sabino, M. Maioli, and N. Glorioso. "Effect of chronic intracerebroventricular dexamethasone on blood pressure in normotensive rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 264, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): E843—E847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1993.264.6.e843.
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We report herein the effects of long-term intracerebroventricular (icv) dexamethasone in normotensive rats. Dexamethasone (0.002, 0.02, 0.2, and 2.0 micrograms/day) or its vehicle (0 microgram/day, n = 8 each group) was infused icv via subcutaneous miniosmotic pumps (Alzet 2002) for 24 days in male conscious Wistar rats (weight range 190-240 g). Eighteen Wistar rats (weight range 200-230 g) received either vehicle or dexamethasone (0.2 and 2 micrograms/day) subcutaneously (sc) for 24 days. Systolic blood pressure (SBP, tail cuff) and body weight were recorded two times a week in the trained conscious rats. Dexamethasone (0.2 micrograms/day icv) exerted a progressive significant decrease in SBP over 24 days compared with both rats receiving vehicle and to pretreatment values (108 +/- 4 vs. 122 +/- 4 and 120 +/- 2 mmHg, P < 0.01). As previously reported, a significant increase in SBP was observed after 6 days in rats given 2 micrograms/day sc dexamethasone compared with both rats receiving vehicle and to pretreatment values (150 +/- 4 vs. 122 +/- 2 and 120 +/- 2 mmHg, P < 0.01 for both). Thereafter, SBP remained at plateau for the entire experiment. A similar significant decrease in body weight gain with age was observed in rats given icv or sc dexamethasone. Our data suggest that the glucocorticoid receptors exert opposite effects on blood pressure when stimulated at the brain level instead of at the peripheral vascular level.
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Supakorn, China, Clay A. Lents, Xochitl Martinez, Jeff Vallet, R. Dean Boyd, Gary Rohrer, Ashley DeDecker, and Kenneth J. Stalder. "352 Associations between day one piglet serum immunocrit ratio and subsequent growth during gilt development." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.258.
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Abstract Colostrum intake affects gut development in the neonatal piglet. The pig’s subsequent growth performance and viability may be affected by colostrum intake. Immunoglobulin uptake can be effectively estimated from the piglet’s immunocrit ratio (IR). The objective of this study was to determine the association between IR and growth performance from weaning to 200 days. Associations between serum IR measures and subsequent growth performance such as body weight, backfat thickness, caliper reading, and flank-to-flank distance at weaning (WW), 100, 142, 160, and 200 days, average daily gain (ADG) between weaning to 100 days (ADG1), and ADG between 100 to 200 days (ADG2) were evaluated. The IR measures were collected from 2,715 female piglets on Day 1 at Circle 4 Farms, Milford, UT and measured by USMARC. The IR evaluation was divided into 5 groups: lowest (0.05 < IC; n = 90), low (0.05 ≤ IC < 0.1; n = 362), medium (0.1 ≤ IC < 0.15; n = 1,314), high (0.15 ≤ IC < 0.2; n = 949), and highest (IC ≥ 0.2; n = 141), respectively. Weaning weight, subsequent growth performance, and ADG least square mean for each IR category were analyzed using PROC GLM and PDIFF option for mean comparisons. Fixed effects for post-weaning growth traits were contemporary group (week x room), development diet, and birth weight category. Development diet was not included in the model for WW. Gilts from high and highest IR had significantly (P < 0.05) greater weaning weight (6.5 ± 0.1 kg and 6.5 ± 0.1 kg, respectively), backfat thickness, caliper reading, and flank-to-flank distance at 100 to 200 days, ADG1 (0.45 ± 0.004 kg/day and 0.45 ± 0.007 kg/day, respectively) and ADG2 (0.79 ± 0.005 kg/day and 0.81 ± 0.001 kg/day, respectively) when compared to gilts from lowest IR (5.9 ± 0.2 kg for WW, 0.39 ± 0.008 kg/day for ADG1, and 0.75 ± 0.01 kg/day for ADG2). These data support the concept that neonatal piglet colostrum intake results in improved subsequent growth performance.
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B., Poźniak, Yuan H., J. Yi, Guo C., Deng S., Zhu L., Y. Lu, Yang Y., and Świtała M. "Influence of salicylate administration on weight gain and serum biochemical parameters in broiler chickens." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 66, no. 10 (2010): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.432.
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The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different doses of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and sodium salicylate (SS) administration on weight gains and serum biochemical parameters in broiler chickens. This study was performed to investigate the safety of ASA and SS in chickens in conditions of moderate overdose. Seventy five broiler chickens (Sanhuangji breed) were divided into control and experimental groups. The chickens were administered orally with ASA or SS in the following daily doses: 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 20 days. In the course of the experiment weight gains were recorded. On day 14 and day 20 the chickens were sampled for blood biochemical analysis. Investigated parameters included serum total protein, albumin, uric acid, creatinine, potassium, sodium and calcium contents as well as alanine transaminase activity. After the last samplings the chickens were dissected and liver and kidney to body weight ratios were recorded. It was demonstrated that SS at a dose of 200 mg/kg increased serum total protein level. ASA increased serum proteins at a dose of 100 mg/kg but not at a higher dose. At the dose of 200 mg/kg ASA increased the kidney to body weight ratio. In all salicylate treated groups the liver weights were lower as compared to the control. No clinical manifestations of intolerance were observed. It is assumed that chickens tolerate ASA and SS well, even in doses producing distinct side effects in several mammalian species.
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Terrill, James B., Merrel Robinson, Gary W. Wolfe, and Leonard H. Billups. "The Subacute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity of 1,3-Dichloropropane in the Rat." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 10, no. 4 (July 1991): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819109078640.
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1,3-Dichloropropane (DCP) was administered by gavage for 14 and 90 days to male and female Sprague-Dawley-derived rats (10/sex/group). In the 14-day study using dose levels of 200, 600, and 1800 mg/kg/day, all high-dose group animals died, and none died in the other two treatment groups. Other signs associated with treatment in high-dose animals included languid behavior, salivation (also seen in middose group animals), dyspnea, and prostration. No differences were found between animals in the low-dose or middose groups compared to the control animals for body weight, food consumption, hematology, and gross postmortem and histopathology data. Total protein and albumin blood levels were increased for low-dose and middose females, and middose females, respectively. The clinical chemistry findings appeared to be treatment-related, since they were accompanied by significantly increased liver weights (absolute and relative; both sexes of middose animals) and kidney weights (absolute and relative; middose males). The dose levels used in the 90-day study, chosen on the results of the 14-day study, were 50, 200, and 800 mg/kg/day. All animals survived to termination. Males in the high-dose group exhibited a significant decrease in body weight, whereas females in this group exhibited urine-stained fur. No treatment-related effects were found in food consumption or hematology data. Alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase (males only), albumin, and total protein for high-dose group animals were increased. These findings were accompanied by increases in liver weight for low-dose (females only), middose, and high-dose animals and kidney weights for middose and high-dose group animals. Microscopic evaluations revealed centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy for the high-dose group animals and an exacerbation of chronic progressive nephropathy for middose (males only) and high-dose animals.
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Mueller, RS, and SV Bettenay. "A proposed new therapeutic protocol for the treatment of canine mange with ivermectin." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 35, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-35-1-77.
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Ivermectin was used orally for the treatment of generalized demodicosis or scabies in 222 dogs. The dose was increased gradually from 50 microg/kg body weight on day one, 100 microg/kg body weight on day two, 150 microg/kg body weight on day three, 200 microg/kg body weight on day four, to the final dose of 300 microg/kg body weight on day five. This dose was continued daily until resolution for demodicosis and given four times at seven-day intervals for scabies. Two patients developed clinical ivermectin toxicity after two and 10 days, respectively, and recovered once the drug was discontinued. A gradual increase of the ivermectin dose into the therapeutic range and thorough monitoring of patients during treatment are recommended when using this drug to treat patients with generalized demodicosis or scabies.
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Horst, C., A. Harneit, H. J. Seitz, and H. Rokos. "3,5-Di-iodo-l-thyronine suppresses TSH in rats in vivo and in rat pituitary fragments in vitro." Journal of Endocrinology 145, no. 2 (May 1995): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1450291.
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Abstract 3,5-Di-iodo-l-thyronine (T2) is a naturally occurring metabolite of thyroxine (T4). Contrary to earlier findings, T2 has recently been shown to have rapid effects in rat liver and in mononuclear blood cells. In the experiments described here, T2 was tested to determine whether it has a TSH suppressive effect in rats in vivo and in rat pituitary fragments in vitro. In experiments over 2 weeks in rats in vivo, low doses of T2 (20–200 μg/100 g body weight per day) had no significant influence on body and organ weights, but significantly decreased TSH and T4 serum concentrations. At 200 μg/100 g per day, T2 suppressed TSH to 43% and T4 to 29% of control levels. At 1–15 μg/100 g per day, 3,5,3′-tri-iodo-l-thyronine (T3), used as a comparison to T2, had significant effects on TSH and T4 levels, and also on body weight. Fifteen μg T3/100 g per day decreased TSH to 44%, T4 to 25%, and body weight to 59% of control levels. In experiments over 3 months in rats in vivo, a low dose (25 μg/100 g per day) of T2 suppressed TSH to 60% and T4 to 57% of control levels and had no significant influence on other parameters. Conversely, 0·1 μg/100 g per day T3 had significant effects on body and organ weights as well as pellet intake, but a less pronounced TSH suppressive effect: TSH concentrations were unchanged and T4 concentrations were down to 80% of control values. In rat pituitary fragments in vitro, a clear suppression of TSH secretion after a TRH pulse was demonstrated. To summarise, T2 is a specific agonist in the negative feedback mechanism on TSH secretion at the pituitary level without other apparent thyromimetic effects. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 145, 291–297
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Zheng, Yulong, Eun-Hye Lee, Ji-Hyun Lee, Gyo In, JongHan Kim, Mi-Hyang Lee, Ok-Hwan Lee, and Il-Jun Kang. "Preclinical Research on a Mixture of Red Ginseng and Licorice Extracts in the Treatment and Prevention of Obesity." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 2744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092744.
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The anti-obesity effects of RL (a 3:1 mixture of Panax ginseng saponin fractions and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extracts) on 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C57BL/6J obese mice were evaluated at different concentrations. We investigated the anti-obesity effects of RL through lipid accumulation inhibition rate, serum lipid composition analysis, adipose tissue size, adipogenic transcription factors and AMPK pathway. RL inhibited the lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 50–200 μg/mL without cytotoxicity (50–400 μg/mL). Oral administration of RL at the highest concentration (400 mg/kg/day) did not cause significant liver toxicity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. RL stimulated adiponectin secretion in a dose-dependent manner and primarily mediates the AMPK pathway to inhibit triglyceride synthesis and attenuate adipocyte hypertrophy. RL significantly reduced weight in obese mice, but none of the body weight, adipose tissue weight, serum triglyceride level, and AMPK pathway activation degree showed any difference between dosing concentrations of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day. Therefore, 200 mg/kg/day of RL is the optimal preclinical concentration, which can be a reference concentration for conversion into a human clinical trial dose.
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., Emsutrisna, Fahrizal Aria Sahadewa, and Ikbar Ardiansyah. "EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF TINOSPORA CRISPA L FROM INDONESIA IN ALLOXAN INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i8.17592.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Tinospora crispa L. (Bratawali).Methods: Twenty four male rats wistar strain were divided into four groups. The serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of rats were measured (day 0). Rats then were injected by alloxan monohydrate at doses of 120 mg/200 bw (g) intraperitoneally. Four days later, the serum ALT and AST of rats were measured (second measurement/day 4) and then were treated by extract appropriate their groups. Group 1 was treated by 2 ml of distilled water orally; group 2,3 and 4 were treated by 70% ethanolic extract of T. crispa L. (EETC) at dose of 100; 200 and 400 mg/200 bw (g)/day respectively orally. After 10 d treatment, serum ALT and AST were measured (third measurement/day 14). At the end of this treatment, all rats were killed for histopathologic examination of their liver. The histopathologic examination was performed to assess the number of pyknotic nuclei, karyorrhexis nuclei and karyolysis nuclei.Results: The result of this study showed that the ethanolic extract of T. crispa L at dose of 100 and 200 mg/200gbw can reduce blood ALT and AST significantly (P<0.05). From the histopathological examination, it was found that the number of pyknotic nuclei, karyorrhexis nuclei and karyolysis nuclei of EETC at doses of 100 and 200 mg/200 body weight (g) lower than negative control.Conclusion: The present study shows that the 70% EETC at dose of 100 and 200 mg/200 body weight (g) has hepatoprotective effect against alloxan induced liver damage.
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Kuhlers, Daryl L., and Steve B. Jungst. "Correlated responses in reproductive and carcass traits to selection for 200-day weight in Duroc swine2." Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 2707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1992.7092707x.
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Kuhlers, D. L., and S. B. Jungst. "Correlated responses in reproductive and carcass traits to selection for 200-day weight in Landrace pigs2." Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1993.713595x.
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Andrade, Carla De, Vivian Vezzoni de Almeida, Maicon Sbardella, Danilo Do Prado Perina, Fabiane De Lima Silva, Bernardo Berenchtein, Leandro Batista Costa, and Valdomiro Shigueru Miyada. "Performance and intestinal health of weanling pigs fed with dietary nucleotides." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 4 (August 30, 2016): 2181. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n4p2181.
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Previous studies reported benefits to growth performance, intestinal histology and reduced diarrhea for pigs supplemented with nucleotide additive as a replacement to antimicrobial growth promoters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nucleotide levels on performance, occurrence of diarrhea, relative weight of organs, intestinal histology, and intestinal microbiota of weanling pigs. One hundred and sixty 21-d weaned pigs (6.43 ± 0.71 kg BW) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with five treatments, eight replications per treatment and four animals per pen (experimental unit). The treatments were basal diet with 120 ppm of chloro-hydroxyquinoline (antimicrobial), and basal diet with 0 (control), 100, 150, or 200 ppm of nucleotides. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain to feed ratio (G:F), and occurrence of diarrhea were calculated from day 1 to 14, day 14 to 34, and day 1 to 34 of the experiment. A day after the end of the experiment, one animal from each pen was slaughtered to evaluate the relative weight of organs, intestinal histology, and intestinal microbiota. From day 1-14 and day 14-34 of the experiment, performance was not affected by the treatments. For the total experimental period (day 1-34), increasing the dietary concentrations of nucleotides linearly improved the final body weight and average daily gain. Salmonella spp. was detected only in the control treatment, without affecting the other microorganisms. Pigs fed with antibiotic had a lower occurrence of diarrhea from day 1-14 compared to pigs fed with nucleotide treatments. Although increasing the occurrence of diarrhea in the first 14 days, dietary nucleotides added up to 200 ppm, improve the final body weight and average daily gain at 34 days post weaning. Nucleotides and antimicrobial not shown beneficial effects on organ weights, and intestinal histology of nursery pig, however, are able to decrease the population of Salmonella spp. at small intestine.
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Klivanskaya-Krol, E. "The relationship between the so-called. "Physiological weight loss" and feeding the newborn baby." Kazan medical journal 20, no. 3 (August 11, 2021): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj76468.
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When observing the development of a newborn, we at first encounter from. vases. "Physiological weight loss" of it, expressed in the fact that in the first 3 days the baby loses weight on average 150-200 grams. so that by the 7-10th day his weight reaches the original figure (Budin'a type).
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Adebiyi, Olubodun A., Danladi A. Ameh, Elewechi Onyike, and Dorcas B. James. "Acute and Chronic Toxicity Studies of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Merremia Tridentata (Linn) Hallier F." European Journal of Advanced Chemistry Research 2, no. 3 (July 14, 2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejchem.2021.2.3.62.
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The acute and chronic toxicity evaluation of Ethanol leaf extract of Merremia tridentata (Linn) Halier F. (MTELE) was carried out on albino wistar rats. Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity profile of the extract were determined using standard methods. The animals were assigned into groups and administered varying doses of MTELE (100, 200, 400 mg/kg body weight and 0.2 ml of distilled water) for a period of hundred days (fourteen weeks). The body weight, relative organ weight, haematology, serum biochemical indices and histopathological studies of the liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and lungs were appropriately carried out to determine propensity of possible toxicity. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids while anthraquinone and cyanogenic glycosides were absent. The median lethal dose LD50 was estimated as 2200 mg/kg body weight. There was significant (p<0.05) reduction in the percentage change in body weight of rats administered 200 and 400 mg/kg/day dose of the extract for 100days when compared to the control group. Moreover, there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the relative weight of the spleen of rats and significant (p<0.05) increase in the relative weight of the liver, kidney, heart and lungs of rats administered 400 mg/kg/day dose. All serum biochemical parameters studied showed significant (p<0.05) increase in group administered 400 mg/kg body weight dose while alkaline phosphatase, aspartate amino transferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogesase and potassium ion showed significant increase (p<0.05) in the group administered 200 mg/kg/day. There is no significant change in hematological parameters like RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, monocytes, basophils, MCV, MCH, MCHC, in the extract treated animals except the lymphocyte that showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction only in the group treated with 400 mg/kg body weight dose. Administration of MTELE at 200 mg/kg body weight did not occasioned any histo-architectural change in the liver and spleen but caused varying degree of remarkable histological derangement in the other tissues. Furthermore, there were remarkable pathologies in the liver, kidney, spleen, heart and lungs ranging from vascular congestion, haemorrhage, fibrosis, to renal and myocardial damage in the group treated with 400 mg/kg/day dose for hundred days. However, 100 mg/kg body weight dose showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in all the parameters evaluated indicating safety at this dosage. Ethanol leaf extract of Merremia tridentata (Linn) Halier F. (MTELE) may not be safe at chronic administration even at dosage as low as 200 mg/kg body weight. The plant should be cautiously employed to avoid unwarranted complication on long term administration.
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Yang, Lee Wei, Santosh Fattepur, Kiran Chanabasappa Nilugal, Fadli Asmani, Eddy Yusuf, Mohd Nizam Abdul Ghani, and Ibrahim Abdullah. "NEUROPROTECTION OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L. AGAINST DIABETIC NEUROPATHY." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 15 (October 3, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11s3.30023.
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Objective: The present study was designed to determine the neuroprotective effect of Abelmoschus esculentus L. on alloxan-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats.Methods: Diabetes was induced in rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (130 mg/kg b.w). The ethanol extract of A. esculentus L. at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight was administered at single dose per day to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 21 days. The fasting blood glucose was screened in the intermittent on day 0, day 14, and day 21. Behavioral tests such as thermal hyperalgesia test and rotarod performance test were performed to assess the thermal sensitivity and muscle grip strength. At the end of the study period, experimental animals were sacrificed and sciatic nerve tissues were obtained for histopathological investigation.Results: Animals treated with A. esculentus L. extarct at a dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight significantly reduced (p<0.05) in hyperglycemia and thermal hyperalgesia and significantly increased (p<0.05) in rotarod performance. The sciatic nerve fiber of diabetic rats receiving 200 mg/kg of body weight of A. esculentus L. extract also shows no swelling of nerve fibers, and lesser demyelination was observed.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that A. esculentus L. exhibits significant antidiabetic and neuroprotective effect against alloxan-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats.
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KAHONO, JUDO YUSTANTO, KISRINI KISRINI, and YUL MARIYAH. "The effect of meniran herbs extract (Phyllantus niruri) to triglycerides blood level in wistar rats." Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry 10, no. 1 (February 6, 2012): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f100104.
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Kahono JY, Kisrini, Mariyah Y. 2012. The effect of meniran herbs (Phyllantus niruri) extract to blood triglyceride level in rats. Biofarmasi 10: 23-27. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of meniran herbs (Phyllantus niruri L.) extract to blood triglycerides level in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). This experiment was a laboratory experiment with pre and post-test with a control group design. The samples were 30 male Wistar rats with ±200 gram of body weight and ±2 months old. The samples were divided into five groups by using a purposive random sampling technique and each group consisted of six rats. Group I as a negative control, group II as a positive control, and groups III, IV and V as meniran herbs extract groups with first dose, second dose, and third dose. All rats were simultaneously given with hyperlipemic feed. Group II was simultaneously administered with Cholvastin 0.5 mg/200 grams body weight/day. Groups III, IV and V were simultaneously treated with meniran herbs extract at dose of 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg/200 grams body weight/day. The total period of this experiment was 21 days. At the day 1st and 21st, blood was collected from rat orbital venous plexus. Serum was analyzed for their pre and post-test blood triglycerides. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post-hoc test. The value of p=0.002 (p<0.05) showed there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test in delta means of blood triglycerides level among groups. Meniran herbs extract had a significant triglycerides lowering effect against blood triglycerides level of Wistar rats. The most potential of meniran herbs extract dose was 100 mg/200 gram body weight/day.
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Reis, Helena de Souza, Caroline Medeiros Castro, Ana Caroline Ramos Teles Silva, Thais Gomes Araújo Sousa, André Morais Moura, and Alex Lopes Silva. "GROWTH EVALUATION OF CROSSBRED HOLSTEIN×GYR CALVES AND HEIFERS RAISED IN TROPICAL CONDITIONS." REVISTA ENGENHARIA NA AGRICULTURA - REVENG 28 (December 23, 2020): 530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v29i1.11558.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate growth and body development of crossbred Holstein×Gyr calves and heifers raised in tropical conditions. Thirty-two crossbred heifers (Holstein×Gyr) aged between 1 and 1314 days were used. For assessing the animals’ body weight, the heifers were weighed once a week with a chest tape for weighing cattle, using the specification for medium breeds recorded on the tape itself. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. Body weight data were analyzed using linear regression as a function of age, using the R software. We could observe that animals less than 200 days old had a performance estimate of approximately 0.517 kg day-1, while after at 200 days of life, the estimated weight gain was 0.237 kg day-1. Heifers had a higher growth rate before 200 days of age than after this age, which can affect the age at the first calving of the herd. Thus, as the age for the first breeding is linked to the weight of the live animals, the delay in the growth of the calves becomes detrimental to the breeding.
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Martínez, Yordan, Edison Altamirano, Victoria Ortega, Patricio Paz, and Manuel Valdivié. "Effect of Age on the Immune and Visceral Organ Weights and Cecal Traits in Modern Broilers." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030845.
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This study aimed to determine the effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. 200 male Ross® 308 broilers were randomly selected, then 20 broilers were slaughtered every day (up to 10 days old) after six hours of fasting. All the organs measured had a progressive increase in absolute weight as the days progressed, apart from the spleen, which decreased its absolute weight on day 5, even though on day 10 it showed the highest values. Moreover, the small intestine relative weight increased from the fourth to the ninth day and was correlated (p ≤ 0.05) with the relative weight of the proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, and cecum, although without statistical association with the of the heart. There was a correlation between the cecum relative weight and the cecal lactic acid bacteria, and between the primary lymphoid organs. The pH (from 5.74 to 7.40) and cecal lactic acid bacteria (from 6.11 to 8.79 log 10 CFU/g) changed according to the age of the broilers. The results could contribute to the understanding of the physiology and intestinal microbiology of the first 10 days old of modern broilers, which is crucial to improve the genetic expression of these animals.
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Moradi, Arash, Soudabeh Moradi, and M. Reza Abdollahi. "Influence of feed ingredients with pellet-binding properties on physical pellet quality, growth performance, carcass characteristics and nutrient retention in broiler chickens." Animal Production Science 59, no. 1 (2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17109.
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The influence of inclusion of pellet binder on physical pellet quality, growth performance, carcass characteristics and total tract apparent retention of nutrients was examined. Broiler starter (Days 1–21, pellet diameter: 2.5 mm) and finisher (Days 22–42, pellet diameter: 4 mm) diets were formulated and then allocated to one of the seven treatments including control diet, and diets including sodium bentonite (10 and 20 g/kg), wheat gluten (10 and 20 g/kg) and wheat (100 and 200 g/kg). All ingredients used as a pellet binder significantly (P < 0.05) increased the pellet-durability index compared with control diet. Wheat gluten and wheat at both inclusion rates were significantly (P < 0.05) more efficient than was sodium bentonite in improving pellet hardness. From Day 1 to Day 42, chickens fed 10 g/kg wheat gluten and 100 and 200 g/kg wheat gained significantly (P < 0.05) more weight than did control. During starters, birds fed 200 g/kg wheat showed the highest feed intake (P < 0.05). On Day 42, all the pellet binders resulted in a heavier heart weight than in the control (P < 0.05). At Day 21, the length of ileum was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in birds fed 10 and 20 g/kg sodium bentonite, 10 g/kg wheat gluten and 200 g/kg wheat, but at Day 42, it was greater in birds fed 20 g/kg wheat gluten and 200 g/kg wheat than in those fed the control diet. Inclusion of wheat gluten (10 and 20 g/kg) and wheat (100 and 200 g/kg) increased (P < 0.05) fat apparent retention. Birds fed 20 g/kg wheat gluten had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher total tract apparent retention of crude fibre, also calcium apparent retention improved by wheat gluten inclusion at concentrations of 10 and 20 g/kg compared with control (P < 0.05). Overall, inclusion of 10 g/kg wheat gluten, and 100 and 200 g/kg of wheat improved physical pellet quality and weight gain in broilers.
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Safrida, Safrida, and Mustafa Sabri. "Effect of Carica papaya L. Stem Bark Extracts on Cholesterol Concentration in Rats Induced with Streptosozin." E3S Web of Conferences 151 (2020): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015101011.
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This study was designed to determine the effect of Carica papaya L. stem bark extracts on cholesterol concentration in rats induced with glibenclamide. A completely randomized design was used for the experiment which consisted of 6 treatment groups, each group consisted of four rats, as follows:1) KN (negative control, non-diabetic rats); KP, diabetic rats given glibenclamide 10 mg/kg body weight; EP 1, diabetic rats given 0 mg/kg body weight/day extract; EP2, diabetic rats given 100 mg/kg body weight/day extract; and EP3, diabetic rats given 200 mg/kg body weight/day extract, EP4, diabetic rats given 300 mg/kg body weight/day extract for 28 day. The results showed that C. papaya L. stem bark extract decreased (P<0.05) cholesterol levels in diabetic rats. It was concluded that C. papaya L. stem bark extract had potential as anti-hypercholesterolemic in diabetic rats.
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Nafeaa, Abeer, Souad Abd Elfattah Ahmed, and Said Fat Hallah. "Effect of Feed Restriction during Pregnancy on Performance and Productivity of New Zealand White Rabbit Does." Veterinary Medicine International 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/839737.
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This study aimed to evaluate effect of stage of feed restriction on performance and productivity of pregnant does. New Zealand white female rabbits were randomly divided into three groups. Control group was provided daily with 185 g of food increased to 200 g from the 15th day of gestation. was offered daily a restricted amount of food (60% restriction, 111 g) for the first half of pregnancy and then offered 200 g of food daily till parturition. was provided with 185 g of food daily through the first half of pregnancy and then offered daily a restricted amount of food (60% restriction, 120 g) for the second half. After parturition, food was providedadlibitum. Maternal body weights, litter size, litter weight, and average body weight of kits at kindling of showed no change, whereas showed significant reduction in the weights of does at the 4th week of pregnancy and at kindling. The birth weight and weaning weight of were significantly reduced. The highest mortality was recorded in kits of . No significant differences in blood parameters or serum prolactin were observed. The serum protein was significantly reduced .
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Lionikas, A., D. A. Blizard, G. S. Gerhard, D. J. Vandenbergh, J. T. Stout, G. P. Vogler, G. E. McClearn, and L. Larsson. "Genetic determinants of weight of fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle in 500-day-old mice of the C57BL/6J and DBA/2J lineage." Physiological Genomics 21, no. 2 (April 14, 2005): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00209.2004.
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C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) strains and two derivative populations, BXD recombinant inbred strains (BXD RIs) and B6D2F2, were used to explore genetic basis for variation in muscle weight at 500 days of age. In parallel with findings in 200-day-old mice (Lionikas A, Blizard DA, Vandenbergh DJ, Glover MG, Stout JT, Vogler GP, McClearn GE, and Larsson L. Physiol Genomics 16: 141–152, 2003), weight of slow-twitch soleus, mixed gastrocnemius, and fast-twitch tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles was 13–22% greater ( P < 0.001) in B6 than in D2. Distribution of BXD RI strain means indicated that genetic influence on muscle weight (strain effect P < 0.001, all muscles) was of polygenic origin, and effect of genetic factors differed between males and females (strain-by-sex interaction: P < 0.01 for soleus, EDL; P < 0.05 for TA, gastrocnemius). Linkage analyses in B6D2F2population identified QTL affecting muscle weight on Chr 1, 2, 6, and 9. Pleiotropic influences were observed for QTL on Chr 1 (soleus, TA), 2 (TA, EDL, gastrocnemius), and 9 (soleus, TA, EDL) and were not related to muscle type (fast/slow-twitch) or function (flexor/extensor). Effect of QTL on Chr 9 on soleus muscle was male specific. QTL on Chr 2 and 6 were previously observed at 200 days of age, whereas QTL on Chr 1 and 9 are novel muscle weight QTL. In summary, muscle weight in B6/D2 lineage is affected by a polygenic system that has variable influences at different ages, between males and females, and across muscles in a manner independent of muscle type.
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Kim, Hyeon-Young, Tae Rim Kim, Sung-Hwan Kim, In-Hyeon Kim, Je-Oh Lim, Jun Hong Park, Sungil Yun, In-Chul Lee, Han-Oh Park, and Jong-Choon Kim. "Four-Week Repeated Intravenous Dose Toxicity of Self-Assembled-Micelle Inhibitory RNA-Targeting Amphiregulin in Mice." International Journal of Toxicology 40, no. 5 (July 21, 2021): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10915818211031241.
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The present study investigated the potential subchronic toxicity of self-assembled-micelle inhibitory RNA-targeting amphiregulin (SAMiRNA-AREG) in mice. The test reagent was administered once-daily by intravenous injection for 4 weeks at 0, 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg/day doses. Additional recovery groups (vehicle control and high dose groups) were observed for a 2-week recovery period. During the test period, mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross pathology, organ weight, and histopathology were examined. An increase in the percentages of basophil and large unstained cells was observed in the 200 and 300 mg/kg/day groups of both sexes. In addition, the absolute and relative weights of the spleen were higher in males given 300 mg/kg/day relative to the concurrent controls. However, these findings were considered of no toxicological significance because the changes were minimal, were not accompanied by other relevant results (eg, correlating microscopic changes), and were not observed at the end of the 2-week recovery period indicating recovery of the findings. Based on the results, SAMiRNA-AREG did not cause treatment-related adverse effects at dose levels of up to 300 mg/kg/day in mice after 4-week repeated intravenous doses. Under these conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the SAMiRNA-AREG was ≥300 mg/kg/day in both sexes and no target organs were identified.
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Vera, R. R., C. A. Ramírez, and H. Ayala. "Reproduction in continuously underfed Brahman cows." Animal Science 57, no. 2 (October 1993): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100006796.
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AbstractThis experiment examined the effects of sustained levels of undernutrition applied to grazing Brahman heifers on subsequent lifetime reproductive performance. Weaned heifers were raised to a target weight of 270 kg at three different stocking rates to obtain contrasting weight gains (0·097 kglday, L = low; 0·215 kg/day, M = medium; 0·259 kg/day, H = high). They were then subjected to common grazing in a low-quality Brachiaria humidicola pasture, where mean weight changes ranged between -0.100 and +0·300 kg/day depending upon season and physiological condition. Differences in age at first calving between L and the other treatments (200 days) were maintained in subsequent calvings. Calf weaning weights were higher in L and M than in H. The mean weight of calf weaned per cow per year was higher in M than in either L of H. Cow weight at conception increased with parity, and was higher in L than in the other treatments. Similar trends were observed for the dam's weight preand post calving, and at weaning. This trend was associated with higher weight loss during lactation in I..We conclude that in tropical grazing systems that allow only low growth rates, differences established early in reproductive life may become perpetuated for the lifetime of the animal. Management implications in the context of extensive tropical grazing systems are discussed.
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Marsh, S. P., and D. Pullar. "Production and carcase traits of progeny sired by Limousin bulls with high and below average beef values." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008498.
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Pedigree beef cattle breeders who record with the Signet Beefbreeder service have their records analysed by a Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP). BLUP uses the records (weights and measurements) that have been recorded, for the individual and related animals, to determine the likely performance of an individual’s progeny. The analysis calculates Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) for several traits of economic value, which are the assessments of genetic merit of the animal. EBVs are calculated for 200 day weight, 400 day weight, fat depth, muscle depth and muscle score. An economic assessment, or index, is calculated using this data, called the Beef Value. The objective of this experiment was to compare the performance of dairy-bred beef calves sired by bulls with either a high (top 10% of breed) or below average (bottom 25%) Beef Value.
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Ziegler, Julian O., Christoph Maas, Wolfgang Bernhard, Joerg Arand, Christian F. Poets, and Axel R. Franz. "Retrospective cohort analysis on pancreatic enzyme substitution in very low birthweight infants with postnatal growth failure." Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition 103, no. 5 (November 9, 2017): F485—F489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313278.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of pancreatic enzyme substitution (PES) in selected very low birthweight (VLBW) infants with poor postnatal growth despite intensified nutritional support.DesignRetrospective historic cohort study with matched controls.SettingSingle level III neonatal intensive care unit.PatientsInfants with a gestational age at birth <32 weeks and birth weight <1500 g born between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2014 (n=26) who received PES for restricted postnatal growth despite intensified enteral nutritional support in comparison with infants matched for birth weight, birth year, gestational and postnatal age (n=52).InterventionsPES 15–93 mg/g fat with enteral feeds.Main outcome measuresThe difference in SD score (SDS) differences for weight during the 7 days before and after onset of PES and weight gain in g/kg/d. Data are presented as median (P10–P90).ResultsGestational age was 26.6 (24.4–29.9) weeks in enzyme substituted versus 26.4 (24.7–29.9) weeks in matched controls, and birth weight was 648(420–950)g versus 685(453–949)g. SDS differences for weight improved after onset of PES by 0.18(−0.12 to 0.53) in PES infants versus −0.04(−0.31 to 0.44) in controls. Weight gain increased in the PES group from 13.6 (4.2–22.9) g/kg/day in the week before to 19.0 (10.9–29.1) g/kg/day in the week after the onset of PES. There was no difference in weight gain in substituted subgroups receiving formula/pasteurised human milk versus unpasteurised human breast milk or who had pancreatic-specific elastase-1 concentrations in stool >200 µg/g versus≤200 µg/g. No adverse effects were noted.ConclusionsPES in selected VLBW infants with growth failure despite intensified enteral nutritional support was associated with a significant increase in weight gain in the first 7 days of PES.k
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Situmorang, Putri Cahaya, Syafruddin Ilyas, and Salomo Hutahaean. "Study of Combination of Nanoherbal Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) and Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) Effects in the Expression of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Heat Shock Protein-70 (HSP70) and Placental Histology of Preeclamptic Rats." Pharmaceutical Sciences 25, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ps.2019.37.
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Background: Pre-eclampsia (PE) contributes to the second cause of maternal death in Indonesia. Andaliman is a typical spice of the Batak ethnic in Northern Sumatera Province, Indonesia. This study aimed to explore the potential of novel herbal medicine compound of nanoherbal andaliman and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) as PE treatment. Methods: Nanoherbal andaliman was generated using High-energy Milling (HEM). The treatments were divided into the following five groups: K- (control): pregnant rats; K+: PE model rats; P1: PE model rats + 0.45 g of EVOO/200 g BW on the 13th–19th day of pregnancy; P2: PE model rats + nanoherbal andaliman 100 mg/200 g BW on the 13th– 19th day of pregnancy; and P3: PE model rats + combination of 0.45 EVOO/200 g BW and nanoherbal andaliman 100 mg/200 g BW on the 13th–19th day of pregnancy. Rats were dissected on the 20th day of pregnancy. The observed parameters were blood pressure, proteinuria, malondialdehyde (MDA), Heat Shock Protein-70 HSP-70 and histology of placenta. Results: A significant difference was noticed (p<0.05) in blood pressure, proteinuria, foetal weight, haematocrit, erythrocytes and trophoblastic cells after the administration of combined nanoherbal andaliman and EVOO. No significant differences in placental weight, foetal number, leukocytes, MDA and HSP-70 were found (p>0.05). Conclusion: The combination of nanoherbal andaliman and EVOO decreased systolic blood pressure and induced the expression of MDA and HSP-70, as well as placental histology of pre-eclamptic rats.
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Foltyn, Marian, Vojtěch Rada, Martina Lichovníková, and Eliška Dračková. "Effect of corn DDGS on broilers performance and meat quality." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 1 (2013): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361010059.
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The effects of graded levels of corn distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) as partial replacement for soybean meal in diets for broilers were observed. In the first experiment 900 males of ROSS 308 were used and they fed diets with 0, 60, 120 and 180 g/kg DDGS in grower diets (Control group, D6, D12 and D18) from 9th to 35th day of age. In the second experiment 800 broilers both sex of COBB 500 were used and they fed diets with 0 and 200 g/kg DDGS in grower diets (Control group and D20) from 9th to 35th day of age. Until age 30th day there were not significant differences among the groups in live weight in the first experiment. But at 35th day of age the live weight of chickens fed 60 and 120 g/ kg DDGS (2498.5 g and 2496.3 g) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in Control group (2425.9 g, without DDGS). In the second experiment, from 23th to 35th day of age significantly higher (P < 0.05) live weight had group fed diet without DDGS in comparison with chickens fed 200 g/kg DDGS. The difference between groups at 35th day of age was 75.7 g. Feed conversion ratio was similar in all groups in both experiments. There was not observed significant effect of DDGS on weight and proportion of abdominal fat. Feeding DDGS had significant effect (P < 0.05) on decrease the lightness (L*) of breast meat in the first experiment, which was not confirmed in the second experiment.
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Adelusi, O. O., A. O. Oni, R. Y. Aderinboye, O. M. Arigbede, and C. F. I. Onwuka. "Effects of coconut oil on the weight and blood status of grazing cattle fed concentrate as supplementary feed." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i2.535.
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This study was conducted to determine the effect of coconut oil inclusion on thesupplementary feed intake, weight gain, haematology and serum biochemistry of grazing cattle. Twenty-five (25) White Fulani cattle weighing 138±2.21 kg were randomly allotted to five treatment groups of coconut oil administration (0 g/day, 50 g/day, 100 g/day, 150 g/day and 200 g/day) in a completely randomised design. The animals were grazed for 84 days and supplemented with concentrate throughout the experimental period. Data on feed intake, weight gain and blood profile of cattle were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. Results obtained showed that coconut oil did not affect (P>0.05) the supplementary concentrate intake of grazing cattle. Lower (P<0.05) weight gain was observed with animals fed coconut oil at 50 g/day (9.64 kg) but increased to 17.64 kg with 150 g/day. Packed cell volume, haemoglobin and white blood cells were not affected (P>0.05) by coconut oil. Thehighest (P<0.05) red blood cell (6.91×10 /L) and platelet counts (67.00×10 /L) wererecorded at 150 g/day coconut oil. Total cholesterol, HDL and LDL values were increased (P<0.05) with increasing levels of coconut oil. Values obtained for HDL (166.00 mg/dL to 145.15 mg/dL) and LDL (135.00 mg/dL to 88.40 mg/dL) decreased when the level of oil was increased from 150g/day to 200g/day. Administering coconut oil up to 150 g/day is recommended as it increases the body weight gain of cattle and maintain the normal PCV and haemoglobin concentration of the animals
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van Lingen, R. A., J. B. van Goudoever, I. H. T. Luijendijk, J. L. D. Wattimena, and P. J. J. Sauer. "Effects of early amino acid administration during total parenteral nutrition on protein metabolism in pre-term infants." Clinical Science 82, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0820199.
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1. We investigated the effects of starting amino acid administration on post-natal day 2 on protein turnover and nitrogen balance in appropriate-for-gestational-age, very-low-birth-weight infants. Eighteen infants were divided into two groups. Group A received from day 2 onwards an amino acid solution, whereas group B started on this solution after day 4. Both groups were exclusively parenterally fed, 200 kJ day−1 kg−1 on post-natal days 3 and 4. Group A (birth weight 1.5 ± 0.3 kg) received 4.6 g of glucose, 1.9 g of fat and 2.3 g of amino acids day−1 kg−1 body weight. Group B (birth weight 1.4 ± 0.2 kg) received 7.0 g of glucose and 1.9 g of fat day−1 kg−1 body weight. 2. At post-natal day 3, a primed constant infusion of 3 mg of [15N]glycine day−1 kg−1 was given. Protein flux, protein synthesis and protein breakdown were calculated from the 15N enrichment in urinary ammonia. In five out of nine infants in group B no plateau of 15N enrichment in urinary urea could be detected, whereas in group A two out of nine infants did not reach a plateau. For this reason we did not use the end product urea for our calculations. 3. The administration of the amino acids resulted in a higher protein flux (6.9 ± 1.5 g day−1 kg−1 versus 5.2 ± 0.9 g day−1 kg−1) and a higher protein synthesis rate (6.0 ± 1.4 g day−1 kg−1 versus 4.6 ± 0.8 g day−1 kg−1) in group A. There was no statistically significant difference in protein breakdown. The administration of amino acids reversed a negative protein balance (−0.6 ± 0.2 g day−1 kg−1) into a positive one (1.4 ± 0.2 g day−1 kg−1. No adverse effects of the amino acid infusion were seen. 4. We conclude that the early introduction of amino acids has, even at this relatively low energy intake of 200 kJ day−1 kg−1, a positive effect on protein balance by increasing protein synthesis.
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Aragaw, Tezera Jemere, Dessie Tegegne Afework, and Kefyalew Ayalew Getahun. "Antimalarial Activities of Hydromethanolic Crude Extract and Chloroform Fraction of Gardenia ternifolia Leaves in Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (December 29, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6674002.
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Background. Gardenia ternifolia is utilized in traditional medicine of Ethiopia for malaria treatment and possessing in vitro antimalarial activity. However, no in vivo study was conducted to substantiate the claim. The aim of this study was to judge the antimalarial activity of Gardenia ternifolia extract in vivo in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Methods. Plasmodium berghei was inoculated to healthy mice, and hydromethanolic crude extract and chloroform fraction of G. ternifolia leaves at 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day were administered. Percent parasitemia inhibition, percent change in bodyweight, hemoglobin level, and mean survival time were determined. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey HSD test with IBM SPSS software version 20.0 statistical package and P < 0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results. The chemosuppressive test of hydromethanolic crude extract at 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day ranged from 27.09% to 67.72%, and chloroform fraction had 35.21%–78.19% parasitemia suppression, respectively. For curative test on day 5, hydromethanolic crude extract at 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day ranged from 25.58% to 48.76%, chloroform fraction at 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day and chloroquine base at 10 mg/kg showed 46.36%–74.42% and 92.87% percent parasitemia inhibition, respectively, and also the results to both tests were highly significant ( P < 0.001 ) compared to the negative control. Maximum effects on chemosuppressive, curative, prevention of weight loss, and reduction in hemoglobin were observed at higher doses of the hydromethanolic crude extract and chloroform fraction. Conclusion. From this study, hydromethanolic crude extract and chloroform fraction of G. ternifolia leaves have shown promising antimalarial activity. The findings support the traditional claim of G. ternifolia leaves for malaria treatment; however, species variation could also limit such a straightforward extrapolation of the findings of this study in humans.