Journal articles on the topic '2-staged forced choice'
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Huang, Tang-Hsiu, Tzuen-Ren Hsiue, Sheng-Hsiang Lin, Xin-Ming Liao, Po-Lan Su, and Chiung-Zuei Chen. "Comparison of different staging methods for COPD in predicting outcomes." European Respiratory Journal 51, no. 3 (February 8, 2018): 1700577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00577-2017.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is commonly staged according to the percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 % pred), but other methods have been proposed. In this study we compared the performance of seven staging methods in predicting outcomes.We retrospectively studied 296 COPD outpatients. For each patient the disease severity was staged by separately applying the following methods: the criteria proposed by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), quartiles of FEV1 % pred and z-score of FEV1, quartiles and specified cut-off points of the ratio of FEV1 over height squared ((FEV1·Ht−2)A and (FEV1·Ht−2)B, respectively), and quartiles of the ratio of FEV1 over height cubed (FEV1·Ht−3) and of FEV1 quotient (FEV1Q). We evaluated the performance of these methods in predicting the risks of severe acute exacerbation and all-cause mortality.Overall, staging based on the reference-independent FEV1Q performed best in predicting the risks of severe acute exacerbation (including frequent exacerbation) and mortality, followed by (FEV1·Ht−2)B. The performance of staging methods could also be influenced by the choice of cut-off values. Future work using large and ethnically diverse populations to refine and validate the cut-off values would enhance the prediction of outcomes.
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GRAZIANO-KING, JANINE, and HELEN SMITH CAIRNS. "Acquisition of English comparative adjectives." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 2 (May 2005): 345–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006828.
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Two experiments investigated the acquisition of English comparative adjective forms, Adj+er and more Adj. In Experiment 1, 72 children, four- and seven-years-old, indicated their preferences for the synthetic or periphrastic comparative form for 16 adjectives in a forced-choice judgement task; their responses were compared to those of a group of adults (Graziano-King, 2003). In Experiment 2, a group of 29 children, ranging in age from 5;1 to 10;9, and a group of 11 adults performed a forced-choice judgement task, similar to that of Experiment 1, and an elicited production task, responding to the same 32 adjectives for both tasks. The two studies together support an acquisition trajectory of three stages. In the first stage, children show no preference for either form of the comparative; in the second, they adopt a suffixation rule; and in the third, they abandon the general rule and become conservative learners, eventually reaching the adult target.
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Sheppes, Gal, Susanne Scheibe, Gaurav Suri, and James J. Gross. "Emotion-Regulation Choice." Psychological Science 22, no. 11 (September 29, 2011): 1391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797611418350.
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Despite centuries of speculation about how to manage negative emotions, little is actually known about which emotion-regulation strategies people choose to use when confronted with negative situations of varying intensity. On the basis of a new process conception of emotion regulation, we hypothesized that in low-intensity negative situations, people would show a relative preference to choose to regulate emotions by engagement reappraisal, which allows emotional processing. However, we expected people in high-intensity negative situations to show a relative preference to choose to regulate emotions by disengagement distraction, which blocks emotional processing at an early stage before it gathers force. In three experiments, we created emotional contexts that varied in intensity, using either emotional pictures (Experiments 1 and 2) or unpredictable electric stimulation (Experiment 3). In response to these emotional contexts, participants chose between using either reappraisal or distraction as an emotion-regulation strategy. Results in all experiments supported our hypothesis. This pattern in the choice of emotion-regulation strategies has important implications for the understanding of healthy adaptation.
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Querido, Sophie, Marlies De Rond, Lode Wigersma, Sjoukje van den Broek, and Olle ten Cate. "The Significance of Experiencing Clinical Responsibilities for Specialty Career Choice." Medical Science Educator 30, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40670-019-00832-z.
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Abstract Aim Medical trainees make career choices in the final year of medical school or after graduation, if they do not continue with residency directly. Most Dutch medical students are trained in vertically integrated (VI) curricula, with early clinical experience and a gradual increase in clinical responsibilities. Students in such curricula have been reported to make career choices at an earlier stage than graduates from more traditionally designed curricula. Many Dutch graduates build further clinical experience after graduation as physicians-not-in-training (PNITs) before beginning residency. We explored how students make career choices and whether pre-residency clinical responsibilities influence this choice. Method A qualitative study with a phenomenology approach was used. The authors conducted a longitudinal interview study of medical students with two intervals over a 2-year period. The interview questions covered how trainees establish career preferences and which factors affect preference and choice over time. Results Experiencing clinical responsibility was a key factor for career preference during all interview rounds. Being a PNIT who makes diagnostic and therapeutic decisions, have their own patients and have significant patient care responsibilities creates opportunities to build an image of a future context of employment. Some participants mentioned that their experience of having full responsibility as a PNIT was pivotal in a career preference change. Conclusion Clinical responsibility as a student or a PNIT appears to be important for career preference and choice. The experience of responsibility as a medical doctor forces trainees to reflect on personal needs and to consider which career preference fits best.
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Mintz, Alex, Nehemia Geva, Steven B. Redd, and Amy Carnes. "The Effect of Dynamic and Static Choice Sets on Political Decision Making: An Analysis Using the Decision Board Platform." American Political Science Review 91, no. 3 (September 1997): 553–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2952074.
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Previous studies of political decision making have used only “static” choice sets, where alternatives are “fixed” and are a priori known to the decision maker. We assess the effect of a dynamic choice set (new alternatives appear during the decision process) on strategy selection and choice in international politics. We suggest that decision makers use a mixture of decision strategies when making decisions in a two-stage process consisting of an initial screening of available alternatives, and a selection of the best one from the subset of remaining alternatives. To test the effects of dynamic and static choice sets on the decision process we introduce a computer-based “process tracer” in a study of top-ranking officers in the U.S. Air Force. The results show that (1) national security decision makers use a mixture of strategies in arriving at a decision, and (2) strategy selection and choice are significantly influenced by the structure of the choice set (static versus dynamic).
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Gadzhiev, Dzh N., E. G. Tagiev, N. Dzh Gadzhiev, and R. Yu Shikhlinskaya. "Application of fuzzy mathematical model of decision-making for the selection of optimal surgical tactics in patients with non-tumor obstructive jaundice." Kazan medical journal 99, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2018-439.
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Aim. Creation of a model of fuzzy logic for predicting the risk of postoperative complications and the choice of individual optimal surgical tactics in obstructive jaundice caused by choledocholithiasis. Methods. At the first stage, we determined the most prognostically significant factors affecting the risk of postoperative complications. In accordance with these factors, linguistic variables were introduced: X1 - patient’s age; X2 - duration of jaundice; X3 - temperature; X4 - comorbidities; X5 - the level of liver dysfunction; X6 - CD4+ in the blood; X7 - interleukin-2 in the serum; Y - level of risk. The intervals of their changes were determined. Fuzzi Logic Toolbox Matlab soft was used to achieve the determined aim. The values of input variables were introduced into the model, transformed in the «Phaser» block and then the rule base of the fuzzy inference system was formed by the expert method. As a result, the level of risk is determined and the choice of surgical tactics is made: (1) risk is absent or low (A); (2) doubtful risk (B) - if the risk assessment in the dynamics after preoperative therapy decreases, then tactics A, if the score does not decrease or increases, then tactics C; (3) high and very high risk (C) - an unequivocal choice of stage tactics. Results. According to the defined level of risk, in 92 patients a one-stage procedure was used, while 58 underwent a two-stage intervention. Due to the developed fuzzy mathematical model, forecasting of the optimal choice of surgical tactics is achieved, which significantly improves the results of treatment. Conclusion. The developed fuzzy mathematical model makes it possible to differentiate the choice of surgical tactics for a particular patient and thereby reduce the incidence of postoperative complications from 29.0 to 4.7% and mortality from 11.0 to 1.3%.
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De Villiers, R. "Osteochondritis dissecans in adolescence." South African Journal of Radiology 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2001): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajr.v5i1.1490.
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Osteochondritis dissecans (OD) involves the adolescent radio-capitellar joint and is due to chronic, compressive forces on the capitellum, ultimately causing injuries ranging from an articular cartilage injury to an osteochondral avulsion fracture. Plain films are often negative, while CT, MRI and MR arthrography are the examinations of choice. OD should not be confused with a pseudodefect of the capitellum or Panner's disease. Staging of the lesion is important for its management, which is conservative for stages 1 and 2, while surgery is indicated for stages 3 and 4. Osteoarthritis is a late complication in 50% of patients with advanced disease.
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Spasojevic, M., Aleksa Maricic, and Lidija Rafailovic. "The effect of temperature on structural changes of NI55CO45 amorphous powder." Science of Sintering 36, no. 2 (2004): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos0402105s.
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Cobalt and nickel alloy powders were obtained by electrochemical deposition on a titanium cathode from an ammonium solution of cobalt and nickel sulfate. Powders of a specific chemical structure and composition, particle shape and size were obtained by an appropriate choice of electrolysis parameters, current density, deposit growth rate and solution temperature and composition. Within the current density range of 5 - 450 mAcm-2, the current density did not significantly affect the chemical composition of the powders, but had a significant effect on the particle structure, shape and size. Crystal particles formed at a current density lower than 30 mAcm-2. Amorphous powders were obtained at a current density higher than 50 mAcm-2. Structural changes of the obtained amorphous powder of 55mol.% Ni, 45 mol.% Co, pressed under the pressure of 100 MPa, were investigated by measuring the temperature dependence of electrical resistance in isothermal and non-isothermal conditions varying from room temperature to 750?C. The process of thermal stabilization of defects that appeared during pressing occurred within the temperature range of 200-390?C. The DSC method was used to determine that the powder crystallization process occurred in two stages with peak temperatures of the exothermal maximum in the first and second stage of T1 = 438?C and T2 = 573?C, respectively. A distinct correlation between the change of electrical resistance and the crystallization process was established. The reduction of electrical resistively occurs during each crystallization stage.
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Skochko, Liudmyla, Viktor Nosenko, Vasyl Pidlutskyi, and Oleksandr Gavryliuk. "Influence of parameters of retaining walls and loose soils on the stability of slopes in the new construction of residential complexes." Bases and Foundations, no. 40 (June 4, 2020): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/0475-1132.40.2020.65-75.
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The stability of the slope in the existing and design provisions is investigated, the constructive decisions of retaining walls on protection of the territory of construction of a residential complex in a zone of a slope are substantiated. The stability of the slope when using rational landslide structures is estimated.
The results of the calculation of the slope stability for five characteristic sections on the basis of engineering-geological survey are analyzed. For each of the given sections the finite-element scheme according to the last data on change of a relief is created. The slope was formed artificially by filling the existing ravine with construction debris from the demolition of old houses and from the excavation of ditches for the first houses of the complex. Five sections along the slope are considered and its stability in the natural state and design positions is determined. Also the constructive decisions of retaining walls on protection of the territory of construction of a residential complex as along the slope there are bulk soils with various difference of heights are substantiated. This requires a separate approach to the choice of parameters of retaining walls, namely the dimensions of the piles and their mutual placement, as well as the choice of the angle of the bulk soil along the slope.
The calculations were performed using numerical simulation of the stress-strain state of the system "slope soils-retaining wall" using the finite element method. An elastic-plastic model of soil deformation with a change in soil parameters (deformation module) depending on the level of stresses in the soil is adopted. Hardening soil model (HSM) used. Calculations of slope stability involve taking into account the technological sequence of erection of retaining walls and modeling of the phased development of the pit. The simulation was performed in several stages: Stage 1 - determination of stresses from the own shaft, Stage 2 - assessment of slope stability before construction, Stage 3 - installation of retaining wall piles, Stage 4 - assessment of slope stability after landslides. Based on these studies, practical recommendations were developed for the design of each section of the retaining wall in accordance with the characteristic cross-sections.
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Tretyakova, Iraida N., Maria E. Park, Angelica P. Pakhomova, Irina S. Sheveleva, and Elena N. Muratova. "Induction of somatic embryogenesis in Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) in in vitro culture." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya, no. 54 (2021): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988591/54/1.
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The biotechnology of somatic embryogenesis in in vitro culture is the most promising direction in the reproduction of conifers. The use of this technology makes it possible not only to massively propagate the best genotypes of trees, but also serves a model for studying the structural, physiological and molecular and genetic mechanisms of both somatic and zygotic embryogenesis in conifers. The main aim of this research was to obtain embryogenic cultures (ECs) producing somatic embryos and embryonic suspension mass (ESM) of Picea obovata. The studies were carried out in 2014-2019 on 30 Siberian spruce trees growing in the vicinity of the city of Krasnoyarsk. To detect genotypes competent for somatic embryogenesis, new donor trees were selected every year for the experiment. 3-10 cones were collected from each tree at different stages of embryo development: globular embryo (the first decade of July), the initiation stage cotyledons (second decade of July), the stage of developed cotyledons (third decade of July) and mature embryos (August). Sterilized explants (zygotic embryos at different stages of development) were introduced into in vitro culture on basic media DCR (Gupta PK and Durzan DJ, 1985), ½LV (Litvay JD et al., 1985), MS (Murashige T and Skoog F, 1962) and AI (Tretyakova IN, 2012). All media were supplemented with myo-inositol - 100 mg/L, casein hydrolyzate - 500-1000 mg/L, L-glutamine - 500 mg/L, sucrose - 30 g/L and agar - 7 g/L. Ascorbic acid at a concentration of 400 mg/L was used as an antioxidant. The level of growth regulators was: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) - 2 mg/L and N6 -benzoaminopurine (BAP) - 1 mg/L. For the proliferation of the ESM, DCR and AI basic media containing 2,4-D (2 mg/L), BAP (0.5 mg/L) and sucrose (20 g/L) were used. The pH was adjusted to pH = 5.8. All culture medium and components were sterilized depending on their termolabile properties. Under aseptic conditions, embryos were removed from megagametophytes and inoculated into nutrient media, 10 explants per flask in 25 replicates. The cultures were incubated in the dark at 24 ± 1 °C. Subcultivation to fresh nutrient medium was carried out every 14 days. To control the quality of cell lines (CL) during subculturing, we performed cytological analyzes using temporary preparations (3-5 preparations for each CL). We evaluated the quality of the embryogenicity of the cultures by the presence of even single structures with pronounced polarity - a globular embryo with a suspensor. The results of the study showed that the induction of callus cultures of Siberian spruce is influenced by such factors as the development stage of the explant, the nutrient medium and the genotype of the donor tree. The introduction of P. obovata immature zygotic embryos into in vitro culture at the stage of the globular embryo, both with megagametophytes and extracted from them, turned out to be ineffective. The induction of callus cultures in Siberian spruce was significantly reduced when mature zygotic embryos were introduced into the culture in vitro. The highest response of explants of Siberian spruce was at the stage of developed cotyledons (See Table 1). In the DCR medium, 90% of explants formed callus (See Table 2). The mineral composition of the media did not significantly affect the induction of callus formation in Siberian spruce. The exception was the MS medium, in which callus cultures were formed only in 41% of explants (See Table 2). The growth of callus cultures was most active in the DCR medium. After 6 months of cultivation, 15-32% of calli remained viable (See Table 2). Cytological analysis of callus cultures showed that they include cells of different types (See Fig. 1 and 2). The first type of cells consisted of elongated cells reaching a length of 10 ± 3 μm, others consisted of isodiametric cells with a diameter of 60 ± 3.5 μm. The somatic embryo globule and embryonic tubes were formed from elongated cells. Isodiametric cells were actively dividing and forming callus. Only 3 cell lines (out of 300 cell lines) belonging to two donor trees had an active ability to proliferate. Globular somatic embryos were actively forming in these cell lines (See Fig. 3). An actively proliferating ESM was formed. Thus, we carried out a comprehensive assessment of the factors influencing the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Siberian spruce. The results obtained indicate that for the successful formation of somatic embryos, the determining factor is not only the choice of donor plants, but also the development stage of the explant. We found that the best stage in the development of zygotic embryos when introduced into in vitro culture of Siberian spruce is the stage of immature embryos with formed cotyledons, while the DCR, ½LV and AI nutrient medium supplemented with growth regulators (2.4-D and BAP) is optimal.
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Akhparov, N. N., S. B. Suleimanova, and V. E. Litosh. "Outcomes of esophagoplasty in children (a 14-year experience)." Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery 24, no. 6 (February 18, 2021): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9510-2020-24-6-358-362.
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Introduction. The authors analyze the effectiveness of one-stage esophageal plasty in children. They consider -from different points of view- possible problems accompanying such surgical interventions as well as complications and high mortality.Material and methods. The article summarizes outcomes after esophagoplasty in 61 patient who were at the surgical department of the Center for Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery (Almaty, Kazakhstan) during 2006–2020 (June). Among them there were 24 (38%) children after the first stage of cervical esophagostomy combined with gastrostomy in esophageal atresia; 34 (56%) children had decompensated post-burn esophageal stricture and after ineffective conservative treatment; 1 (2%) patient had esophageal varicose veins because of the portal hypertension syndrome with formed cicatricial esophageal stricture and with high risk for bougienage; 2 (4%) patients had an extended peptic stricture of the esophagus as a complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease (Barrett esophagus).Results. One-stage coloesophagoplasty was performed in 44 (72%) children. Gastroesophagoplasty with the whole stomach transposition was performed in 12 (20%) children with esophageal atresia; in 3 (5%) - replacement for post-burn cicatricial stenosis and in 1 (2%) - because of varicose veins in the esophagus.Conclusion. The choice of esophagoplasty technique should be individualized depending on patient’s general state, on pathological lesions in the esophagus as well as on previous surgeries on the abdominal organs, if any.
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Bülthoff, H. H., S. Edelman, and I. Bülthoff. "Features of the Representation Space for 3-D Objects." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l1105.
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To explore the nature of the representation space of 3-D objects, we studied human performance in forced-choice classification of objects composed of four geon-like parts, emanating from a common centre. The two class prototypes were distinguished by qualitative contrasts (cross-section shape; bulge/waist), and by metric parameters (degree of bulge/waist, taper ratio). Subjects were trained to discriminate between the two prototypes (shown briefly, from a number of viewpoints, in stereo) in a 1-interval forced-choice task, until they reached a 90% correct-response performance level. In experiment 1, eleven subjects were tested on shapes obtained by varying the prototypical parameters both orthogonally (Ortho), and in parallel (Para) to the line connecting the prototypes in the parameter space. For the eight subjects who performed above chance, the error rate increased with the Ortho parameter-space displacement between the stimulus and the corresponding prototype: F1,68=3.6, p<0.06 (the effect of the Para displacement was marginal). Clearly, the parameter-space location of the stimuli mattered more than the qualitative contrasts (which were always present). To find out whether both prototypes or just the nearest neighbour of the test shape influenced the decision, in experiment 2 eight new subjects were tested on a fixed set of shapes, while the test-stage distance between the two classes assumed one of three values (Far, Intermediate, or Near). For the six subjects who performed above chance, the error rate (on physically identical stimuli) in the Near condition was higher than in the other two conditions: F1,89=3.7, p<0.06. The results of the two experiments contradict the prediction of theories that postulate exclusive reliance on qualitative contrasts, and support the notion of a metric representation space with the subjects' performance determined by distances to more than one reference point or prototype (cf Edelman, 1995 Minds and Machines5 45 – 68).
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Cooke, Rosalyn, Alison Rushton, James Martin, Lee Herrington, and Nicola R. Heneghan. "Practicability of lower extremity functional performance tests and their measurement properties in elite athletes: protocol for a systematic review." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e042975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042975.
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IntroductionLower extremity injury (LEI) is highly prevalent and its occurrence increases the risk of future injury in athletic populations. Identifying athletes at risk of injury is the key to target injury-prevention programmes. Functional performance tests (FPT) assess an athlete’s ability to produce and accept forces during movement tasks reflective of those experienced in sport, and are used to identify deficits in physical qualities or neuromuscular control. This review aims to identify FPT which have potential to predict LEI and assess their measurement properties associated with reliability, validity, responsiveness and practicability (interpretability and feasibility).Methods/analysisThis protocol will be reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol and the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments Methodology. The search strategy has two stages: stage 1 will identify lower limb FPT used in athletic populations; and stage 2 will assess the measurement properties of the identified FPT. A sensitive search strategy will use MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and SPORTdiscus databases; from inception to June 2020. Hand searching reference lists, key journals and grey literature will be completed. One reviewer will complete search 1 and data extraction. Two reviewers will complete the search, data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment for search 2. Evidence will be pooled or summarised by individual measurement property by each individual study and grouped by FPT. Meta-analysis using a random effects model with subgroup analysis will be performed where possible. Pooled or summarised results for each FPT in relation to each measurement property will be rated against the criteria for good measurement properties. Two reviewers will assess the overall body of evidence per measurement property per FPT using the modified Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation guidelines. This review will enable clinicians to make an informed choice when selecting FPT.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is required for this review and the results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and submitted for conference presentation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020188932.
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Schofield, A. J., and M. A. Georgeson. "Asymmetric Masking: Luminance Gratings Mask Second-Order Gratings, but Not Vice Versa." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970059.
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Human vision can detect spatiotemporal information conveyed by first-order modulations of luminance and by second-order, non-Fourier modulations of image contrast. Models for second-order motion have suggested two filtering stages separated by a rectifying nonlinearity. We explore here the encoding of stationary first-order and second-order gratings, and their interaction. Stimuli consisted of 2-D broad-band static visual noise sinusoidally modulated in luminance (first-order, LM) or contrast (second-order, CM). Modulation thresholds were measured in a two-interval forced-choice staircase procedure. With increasing noise contrast, first-order sensitivity decreased (owing to masking) but sensitivity to contrast modulation increased. Weak background gratings present in both intervals produced order-specific facilitation: LM background facilitated LM detection (the ‘dipper function’) and CM facilitated CM detection. LM did not facilitate CM, nor vice versa, and this is strong evidence that LM and CM are detected via different mechanisms. Nevertheless, suprathreshold LM gratings masked CM detection, but not vice versa. High-amplitude CM masks had little or no effect on CM or LM detection. A broadly tuned divisive gain-control mechanism applied to the first-order filtering stage has been proposed by Foley (1994 Journal of the Optical Society of America A11 1710 – 1719) to account for masking of luminance gratings, and this might also explain the masking of second-order by first-order stimuli. First-order maskers would drive down the effective contrast of the carrier, thus reducing second-order sensitivity. But for second-order maskers the mean contrast, and hence contrast gain, remained constant, independent of modulation depth. Thus second-order gratings would produce no masking effects, as observed.
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Dolores, Orlando S., Javier M. Layme, and Carlos C. Huaynate. "Nonhost Status of Commercial Sweet Granadilla (Passiflora ligularis) in Peru to Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Anastrepha fraterculus." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 1158–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa026.
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Abstract The host status of sweet granadilla (Passifflora ligularis Juss.) to Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) in Peru was determined. Experiments were conducted in Pasco (Peru) in four different orchards, over 2 yr (2016 and 2017), two orchards per year. Choice (granadilla plus natural host) and no-choice foraging behavior trials were conducted using sleeves under field conditions, and forced infestation was examined in laboratory cages, with five females per fruit. The development time of C. capitata was determined, and the oviposition behavior of C. capitata and A. fraterculus was examined. Three fruit maturity stages of intact (n = 1,320) and punctured (n = 1,320) granadilla fruits were examined. Adult C. capitata (n = 4,418) and A. fraterculus (n = 2,484) were trapped in the orchards, and commercial granadilla fruits (n = 1,940) sampled and dissected. Fruit fly infestation was not found in any intact granadilla fruits. Larvae and pupae were found inside punctured granadilla only in fruits broken after 20 d, and adults only emerged when those pupae were removed from the fruit. Ceratitis capitata development time was longer in punctured granadilla than that in host fruit. In the oviposition test, A. fraterculus and C. capitata did not lay eggs in intact granadilla, and C. capitata laid eggs in punctured fruits but larvae were not found. Because of the resistance mechanisms of the pericarp, commercial fruits of Passiflora ligularis are not a natural host of C. capitata and A. fraterculus in Peru.
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Barsukov, Dmitry B., Alexei G. Baindurashvili, Pavel I. Bortulev, Vladimir E. Baskov, Ivan Y. Pozdnikin, and Andrey I. Krasnov. "Choice of surgical treatment for slipped capital femoral epiphysis with severe chronic displacement of the epiphysis." Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery 8, no. 4 (January 9, 2021): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ptors42298.
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Background. The spatial relationship between the epiphysis and the acetabulum in slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) with severe chronic epiphysis displacement is restored by different corrective extra-articular femoral osteotomies and a standard Dunn procedure. Severe residual deformity of the femoral component of the joint with symptoms of femoroacetabular impingement and a large number of severe ischemic complications forced the surgeons to improve the technique of these surgical interventions. In particular, a modified Dunn procedure was proposed using a low traumatic surgical hip dislocation. However, the selection of surgical treatment in these patients remains a subject of discussion.
Aim. This study aimed to improve the results of treatment in children with SCFE with severe chronic epiphysis displacement.
Materials and methods. Data of preoperative and postoperative clinical and radiological studies of 40 patients (24 male and 16 female) aged 1215 years who were suffering from SCFE with severe chronic epiphysis displacement were analyzed. In all cases, on the lesion side, displacement was found in typical directions (posterior-downward or only posterior), and in the contralateral joint, the disease was still at its initial stage (pre-slip). In group 1 (n = 20 children), a corrective extra-articular femoral (anterior-rotational or rotational-valgus) osteotomy was performed according to the method we have proposed in 2011 [22], and in group 2 (n = 20 children), the modified Dunn procedure that strictly followed our technique was performed. The follow-up period after surgery in both groups ranged from 1 month to 2.5 years.
Results. At 2.5 years after surgery, good anatomical and functional outcomes were observed only in 1 (12.5%) of 8 patients in group 1, while they were observed in 7 (87.5%) of 8 patients in group 2. Poor results were determined by residual epiphyseal displacement (from 22 to 28) and/or step-like transition of the anterior femoral neck surface to the head in 5 (62.5%) children in group 1 and by femoral head avascular necrosis (diagnosed in 6 months after surgery) in 1 (12.5%) child in group 2.
Conclusion. The results allow us to make a preliminary conclusion about the high efficiency of the modified Dunn procedure and the low efficiency of the corrective extra-articular femoral osteotomy in SCFE with severe chronic displacement of the epiphysis. The modified Dunn procedure corrects the pronounced deformity of the femoral component of the affected joint and femoroacetabular impingement in the above-mentioned anatomical situations.
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Barsukov, Dmitry B., Alexei G. Baindurashvili, Pavel I. Bortulev, Vladimir E. Baskov, Ivan Y. Pozdnikin, and Andrey I. Krasnov. "Choice of surgical treatment for slipped capital femoral epiphysis with severe chronic displacement of the epiphysis." Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery 8, no. 4 (January 9, 2021): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ptors42298.
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Background. The spatial relationship between the epiphysis and the acetabulum in slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) with severe chronic epiphysis displacement is restored by different corrective extra-articular femoral osteotomies and a standard Dunn procedure. Severe residual deformity of the femoral component of the joint with symptoms of femoroacetabular impingement and a large number of severe ischemic complications forced the surgeons to improve the technique of these surgical interventions. In particular, a modified Dunn procedure was proposed using a low traumatic surgical hip dislocation. However, the selection of surgical treatment in these patients remains a subject of discussion.
Aim. This study aimed to improve the results of treatment in children with SCFE with severe chronic epiphysis displacement.
Materials and methods. Data of preoperative and postoperative clinical and radiological studies of 40 patients (24 male and 16 female) aged 1215 years who were suffering from SCFE with severe chronic epiphysis displacement were analyzed. In all cases, on the lesion side, displacement was found in typical directions (posterior-downward or only posterior), and in the contralateral joint, the disease was still at its initial stage (pre-slip). In group 1 (n = 20 children), a corrective extra-articular femoral (anterior-rotational or rotational-valgus) osteotomy was performed according to the method we have proposed in 2011 [22], and in group 2 (n = 20 children), the modified Dunn procedure that strictly followed our technique was performed. The follow-up period after surgery in both groups ranged from 1 month to 2.5 years.
Results. At 2.5 years after surgery, good anatomical and functional outcomes were observed only in 1 (12.5%) of 8 patients in group 1, while they were observed in 7 (87.5%) of 8 patients in group 2. Poor results were determined by residual epiphyseal displacement (from 22 to 28) and/or step-like transition of the anterior femoral neck surface to the head in 5 (62.5%) children in group 1 and by femoral head avascular necrosis (diagnosed in 6 months after surgery) in 1 (12.5%) child in group 2.
Conclusion. The results allow us to make a preliminary conclusion about the high efficiency of the modified Dunn procedure and the low efficiency of the corrective extra-articular femoral osteotomy in SCFE with severe chronic displacement of the epiphysis. The modified Dunn procedure corrects the pronounced deformity of the femoral component of the affected joint and femoroacetabular impingement in the above-mentioned anatomical situations.
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Rouse, Steven V., Heather A. Haas, Brian C. Lammert, and Kyle D. Eastman. "Same Book, Different Bookmarks: The Development and Preliminary Validation of the Bible Verse Selection Task as a Measure of Christian Fundamentalism." Journal of Psychology and Theology 47, no. 4 (November 14, 2018): 278–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091647118810789.
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The development and preliminary validation of a new measure of Christian fundamentalism required a multi-stage process. In an initial exploratory study, participants indicated which of a set of Bible verses were most central to their faith, and factor analysis was used to identify verses that appeared to tap a latent dimension of religious fundamentalism (Study 1). These relationships were retested with a new method in a new sample (Study 2), and the items that predicted fundamentalism in both samples were incorporated into a new measure of Christian fundamentalism, the Bible Verse Selection Task (BVST). The forced-choice format of the BVST may be less impacted by social desirability response styles that may affect scores on existing fundamentalism scales (Studies 3 and 4) while preserving useful levels of criterion-related validity (Study 5) and convergent evidence of construct validity (Study 6). These studies provide initial psychometric evidence for the BVST as an internally consistent measure of Christian fundamentalism that predicts scores on other fundamentalism scales and related constructs including traditionalism, authoritarianism, and political conservativism.
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Myoe, Maung Aung. "The NLD and Myanmar's Foreign Policy: Not New, but Different." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 36, no. 1 (April 2017): 89–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341703600104.
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This article argues that although the NLD government continues to adhere to the “independent, active, and non-aligned foreign policy,” the policy will be implemented through multiple tracks in diplomacy with a possibility of stronger focus on people-to-people contacts and multilateralism. The NLD's foreign policy, in terms of objectives and principles, is not new but it is different, as adjustments are made in the realm of diplomacy. The reasons for this lack of foreign policy change or transformation are that (1) the predecessor USDP government has more or less adjusted the country's foreign policy, (2) the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) continues to exercise strong influence over the foreign policy process, (3) the emerging geopolitical environment in the Asia-Pacific region shapes the country's foreign policy choices, and (4) the NLD's leadership style and political mandate provide little room for public access and input in foreign policy decision-making. It is expected that activism in Myanmar's foreign policy will be once again centre stage, with more dynamic diplomacy being conducted through multiple tracks under the NLD government. Aung San Suu Kyi's fame and global influence is perhaps the most important asset and driving force behind Myanmar's return to the world of international diplomacy. Myanmar's foreign policy under the NLD government, while retaining the survival and security of the state at its core, will not aim for the narrow interest of regime survival, but instead for the best interests of both state and society in Myanmar.
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Ortiz, T. A., D. S. Goodin, and M. J. Aminoff. "Neural processing in a three-choice reaction-time task: a study using cerebral evoked-potentials and single-trial analysis in normal humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 1499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.5.1499.
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1. Previous studies have shown that the long latency event-related potentials (ERPs) reflect certain aspects of the sensory discrimination process, although the coupling of these ERPs to the actual discrimination is variable. Indeed, we have previously shown that during a two-choice reaction time task the discrimination is accomplished as a two-stage process, with the more frequently occurring stimulus discriminated at an earlier point than the rarer stimulus. The present paper examines the hypothesis that, in a three-choice reaction time task, the discrimination is similarly organized, i.e., is accomplished with the use of a three-stage process. 2. In the present experiments, we continuously recorded the electrocerebral activity (EEG) from the scalp and the electromyogram (EMG) from the responding muscles in a three-choice reaction time task in 10 strictly right-handed subjects. EEG and EMG responses were subsequently analyzed off-line by aligning them by the onset of either the stimulus (stimulus-synchronized) or the response (response-synchronized) for both correct and incorrect responses. 3. Subjects could be classified as "fast" or "slow" responders based on the mean response-latency to the most frequently occurring of the three tones (Frequent tone). Fast responders to the Frequent tone were also fast responders to the more frequent of the rare tones (the Rare-1 tone). By contrast, the response latency to the Frequent tone did not predict the speed of response to the most rare tone (the Rare-2 tone). 4. In the response-synchronized averages well-formed premovement potentials were present for the correct responses to all three tones. In the case of the Frequent tone, these potentials were symmetrical over the two cerebral hemispheres (as expected because both hands responded to this tone). They began > or = 200 ms before the average onset of the stimulus, suggesting that the preparation to respond preceded the stimulus. In the case of the two rare tones, the amplitudes of these premovement potentials were asymmetrical over the two hemispheres. For the Rare-1 tone, these potentials were lateralized to the hemisphere contralateral to the hand moved. For the Rare-2 tone, however, these premovement potentials were initially lateralized to the ipsilateral hemisphere, indicating that, even when subjects were able to respond rapidly and correctly to this tone, they were anticipating a need to respond with the incorrect hand (in anticipation of the more frequent Rare-1 tone).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Tasseva-Kurktchieva, Mila. "Can production precede comprehension in L2 acquisition?" Second Language Research 31, no. 4 (April 28, 2015): 493–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658315581725.
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So far, the comprehension and production language modes have typically been studied separately in generative second language acquisition research, with the focus shifting from one to the other. This article revisits the asymmetric relationship between comprehension and production by examining the second language (L2) acquisition of the noun phrase in Bulgarian by speakers of English. Drawing on data from a forced choice comprehension task and elicited production task, I show that in some cases production of certain grammatical features may precede the full comprehension of their relevance to the morpho-syntax of the target language. An explanation is sought based on (1) Jackendoff’s (2002) parallel architecture of the linguistics modules, and (2) feature differentiation based on their relevance to syntax proper and semantics. Structural features with no semantic bearing (e.g. [gender]) are argued to be overlooked by the parser in comprehension. Conversely, features with a semantic load (e.g. [number]) are argued to cause an overload in the semantic tier in production. This, in turn, prevents their overt realization. This study sets the stage for future investigations into the phenomenon exploiting more refined methodology, which will allow for teasing apart the theoretical proposal from task effects.
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Villalba, Juan J., and Elizabeth A. Burritt. "Intake of Medusahead by Sheep: Influence of Supplements, Silica and Individual Animal Variation." Invasive Plant Science and Management 8, no. 2 (June 2015): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-14-00072.1.
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Grazing represents a sustainable alternative for the control of medusahead infestations but intake of medusahead by ruminants is typically low. We determined in sheep whether (1) high-energy supplements enhance medusahead intake and preference relative to a treatment without supplementation and (2) individual differences in medusahead intake transfer to individual differences in the ingestion of a silica-containing ration. Groups of lambs (n= 10) were individually penned and randomly assigned to three supplementation treatments: (1) Control (no supplement); (2) Calcium (Ca) Propionate (beet pulp : barley : Ca propionate, 67 : 30 : 3); or (3) Yeast (beet pulp : barley : yeast culture, 65 : 30 : 5). After supplementation, all animals had ad libitum access to medusahead in late vegetative to mid-reproductive (Trial 1), and late-reproductive phenological stages (Trial 2). Medusahead preferences were assessed by offering sheep a choice between medusahead and tall fescue hay. Plant part preferences were assessed by offering a choice between medusahead tops (mostly seedheads and awns) and mid-plant parts (mostly stems + leaves). Intake of medusahead was low and cyclic, declining towards the end of each trial (P < 0.0001) and there were no treatment differences (P > 0.10). Lambs preferred tall fescue hay to medusahead and medusahead tops to mid-plant parts (P < 0.0001). Supplemented lambs gained more weight than control lambs (P < 0.10). Thus, supplemented lambs performed better than nonsupplemented controls without reducing their intake of medusahead. In Trial 3, two new groups of lambs were formed based on their intake of medusahead during Trials 1 and 2 (n= 10). One group consistently ate more medusahead and more of a ration containing silica (alfalfa : silica, 97 : 3) than the other (P < 0.10). A significant and consistent degree of individual variation was measured among lambs—irrespective of treatment—regarding their ability to ingest medusahead and silica. This variation represents a promising option for maximizing use of medusahead by livestock in rangelands.
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Hajizadeh, Negin, Meng Zhang, Meredith Akerman, Nina Kohn, Anna Mathew, Denis Hadjiliadis, Janice Wang, and Martin L. Lesser. "Survival models to support shared decision-making about advance care planning for people with advanced stage cystic fibrosis." BMJ Open Respiratory Research 8, no. 1 (May 2021): e000794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000794.
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BackgroundFor people with advanced stage cystic fibrosis (CF), tailored survival estimates could facilitate preparation for decision-making in the event of acutely deteriorating respiratory function.MethodsWe used the US CF Foundation national database (2008–2013) to identify adult people with incident advanced stage CF (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) ≤45% predicted). Using the lasso method for variable selection, we divided the dataset into training and validation samples (2:1), and developed two multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to calculate probabilities of survival from baseline (T0 model), and from 1 year after (T12 model). We also performed Kaplan-Meier survival analyses.Results4752 people were included. For the T0 model, FEV1; insurance; non-invasive ventilation; supplemental oxygen; Burkholderia colonisation; cirrhosis; depression; dialysis; current smoking; unclassifiable mutation class and cumulative CF exacerbations predicted increased mortality. Baseline transplant evaluation status of ‘accepted, on waiting list’ predicted decreased mortality. For the T12 model, interim decrease in FEV1 >10%, and pulmonary exacerbations additionally increased predicted mortality. Lung transplantation was associated with lower mortality. Of the 4752, 93.5%, 86.4%, 79.7% and 73.9% survived to 1, 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively, without considering any confounding variables. The models had moderate predictive ability indicated by the area under the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (0.787, 95% CI 0.769 to 0.794 for T0 model; and 0.779, 95% CI 0.767 to 0.797 for T12 model).ConclusionWe have developed models predicting survival in people with incident advanced stage CF, which can be reapplied over time to support shared decision-making about end-of-life treatment choices and lung transplantation. These estimates must be updated as data become available regarding long-term outcomes for people treated with CF transmembrane conductance regulator modulators.
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Baležentienė, Ligita, Ovidijus Mikša, Tomas Baležentis, and Dalia Streimikiene. "Seasonal Net Carbon Exchange in Rotation Crops in the Temperate Climate of Central Lithuania." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 1966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071966.
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Intelligent agricultural solutions require data on the environmental impacts of agriculture. In order for operationalize decision-making for sustainable agriculture, one needs to establish the corresponding datasets and protocols. Increasing anthropogenic CO2 emissions into the atmosphere force the choice of growing crops aimed at mitigating climate change. For this reason, investigations of seasonal carbon exchange were carried out in 2013–2016 at the Training Farm of the Vytautas Magnus University (former Aleksandras Stulginskis University), Lithuania. This paper compares the carbon exchange rate for different crops, viz., maize, ley, winter wheat, spring rapeseed and barley under conventional farming. This study focuses on the carbon exchange rate. We measure the emitted and absorbed CO2 fluxes by applying the closed chamber method. The biomass measurement and leaf area index (LAI) calculations at different plant growth stages are used to evaluate carbon exchange in different agroecosystems. The differences in photosynthetically assimilated CO2 rates were significantly impacted by the leaf area index (p = 0.04) during the plant vegetation period. The significantly (p = 0.02–0.05) strong correlation (r = 0.6–0.7) exists between soil respiration and LAI. Soil respiration composed only 21% of the agroecosystem carbon exchange. Plant respiration ranged between 0.034 and 3.613 µmol m−2 s−1 during the vegetation period composed of a negligible ratio (mean 16%) of carbon exchange. Generally, respiration emissions were obviously recovered by the gross primary production (GPP) of crops. Therefore, the ecosystems were acting as an atmospheric CO2 sink. Barley accumulated the lowest mean GPP 12.77 µmol m−2 s−1. The highest mean GPP was determined for ley (14.28 µmol m−2 s−1) and maize (15.68 µmol m−2 s−1) due to the biggest LAI and particular bio-characteristics. Due to the highest NEP, the ley (12.66 µmol m−2 s−1) and maize (12.76 µmol m−2 s−1) agroecosystems sank the highest C from the atmosphere and, thus, they might be considered the most sustainable items between crops. Consequently, the appropriate choice of crops and their area in crop rotations may reduce CO2 emissions and their impact on the environment and climate change.
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Foley, Helene. "Classics and Contemporary Theatre." Theatre Survey 47, no. 2 (September 12, 2006): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557406000214.
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Any discussion of ancient Greek and Roman drama on the contemporary stage must begin with a brief acknowledgment of both the radically increased worldwide interest in translating, (often radically) revising, and performing these plays in the past thirty-five years and the growing scholarly response to that development. Electronic resources are developing to record not only recent but many more past performances, from the Renaissance to the present.1 A group of scholars at the Archive of Performances of Greek and Roman Drama at Oxford—Edith Hall, Fiona Macintosh, Oliver Taplin, and their associates Pantelis Michelakis and Amanda Wrigley—are at the forefront, along with Lorna Hardwick and her associates at the U.K.'s Open University, in organizing conferences and lecture series; these have already resulted in several volumes that aim to understand the recent explosion of performances as well as to develop a more extensive picture of earlier reception of Greek and Roman drama (above all, Greek tragedy, to which this essay will be largely confined).2 These scholars, along with others, have also tried to confront conceptual issues involved in the theatrical reception of classical texts.3 Most earlier work has confined itself to studies of individual performances and adaptations or to significant directors and playwrights; an important and exemplary exception is Hall and Macintosh's recent Greek Tragedy and British Theatre 1660–1914.4 This massive study profits from an unusually advantageous set of archival materials preserved in part due to official efforts to censor works presented on the British stage. Oedipus Rex, for example, was not licensed for a professional production until 1910 due to its scandalous incest theme. This study makes a particular effort to locate performances in their social and historical contexts, a goal shared by other recent studies of postcolonial reception discussed below.5 For example, British Medeas, which repeatedly responded to controversies over the legal and political status of women, always represented the heroine's choice to kill her children as forced on her from the outside rather than as an autonomous choice. Such connections between the performance of Greek tragedy and historical feminism have proved significant in many later contexts worldwide. Work on the aesthetic side of performances of Greek drama, including translation, is at an earlier stage, but has begun to take advantage of important recent work on ancient staging, acting, and performance space.6
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Kuzmanović Elabjer, Biljana, Mladen Bušić, Daliborka Miletić, Mirjana Bjeloš, Borna Šarić, and Damir Bosnar. "Single-Stage Orbital Socket Reconstruction Using the Oversized Dermis Fat Graft and the 22 mm Silicone Orbital Implant after an Extended Enucleation." Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine 2018 (December 4, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8954193.
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We would like to present a surgical technique of orbital socket reconstruction using oversized dermis fat graft and 22 mm silicone orbital implant in a single-stage after extended enucleation in two patients with massive local recurrence of anteriorly located choroidal melanoma previously treated with endoresection. Orbital tissues en bloc were removed leaving conjunctival lining only at the fornices. Simultaneously, the 22 mm silicone sphere was implanted deeply into the orbit and covered with the oversized dermis fat graft of 30 mm in height and 35 mm in length with 20 mm of the fat thickness. The graft was sutured to the residual forniceal conjunctiva with interrupted 6/0 absorbable sutures overlapping conjunctiva with the graft edge for 2 mm to facilitate the epithelization. Epithelization was completed in two months, leaving well-formed fornices with good fitting of the prosthesis. The key point of orbital socket reconstruction after extended enucleation is to restore conjunctival lining prior to volume. Thus, whenever facing a massive volume and conjunctival lining loss, simultaneous insertion of the 22 mm silicone sphere deep into the orbit combined with oversized dermis fat graft is, in our opinion, the method of choice. It proved to be safe and effective with favourable long-term results.
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Ivashkevych, Ernest. "THE PARADIGM OF DIALOGUE INTERACTION AS A WAY OF THE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE TRANSLATOR." Психологія: реальність і перспективи, no. 16 (July 1, 2021): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35619/praprv.v1i16.214.
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In the article we’ve shown that the professional development of the person takes place through qualitative changes that facilitate the emergence of a completely new level of its integrity. The latter involves qualitative changes in the characteristics of the person, the transformation personal characteristics which have already been formed, fairly consistent guidelines, values orientations, motives of behavior under the influence of constantly changing social relations. Also, the professional development of the person is carried out as a result of restructuring its orientation. At the same time, the professional orientation of the person is the result of a contradictory combination of socialization, that is emphasized on the mastery of a person with socially significant experience and culture and provide individualization (the process of the development of intelligence, will, aesthetic taste, creative abilities of the person, etc.). In the process of professional development of the person occurs the formation of the subject’s integrity. This integrity consists of: 1) subordination of all elements of the structure of the personality, the subject’s orientation, which ensures the continuity, the length of all periods of person’s professional development; 2) to acquire the necessary professionally significant qualities, properties and characteristics.
We’ve proved that significant features of the professional formation are found in the process of finding the person’s individual ways of performing professional activity, which is accompanied by the formation of individual personally meaningful (including creative experience), professional self-consciousness, a system of professional motives, personal meanings, values and senses. The analysis of scientific researches, which in one way or another one deals with the problem of professional formation, shows the unity of researchers’ opinions that professional formation is a dynamic process of transformation (or restructuring) personal and professional qualities, characterized by self-determination, self-improvement, self-education, self-actualization, self-realization, actually shaping one’s consciousness. Thus, professional development can be showed as a long process of mastering the profession.
Thus, the analysis of the scientific literature indicates that the process of professional formation can be represented in two ways: the scheme of procedural reproduction (as a temporary sequence of stages, periods, parts) and the structure of professional activity (as a set of ways and means of performing professional activity, when their compliance is not a temporary determination, but a targeted presentation and realization). Professional formation is also understood as the development of person’s professional competence, as a process of mastering the means of solving professional problems and tasks, as well as mastering models of making professionally significant decisions.
We identified the main stages of the professional development of a specialist: a preparatory (pre-university) stage, associated purely with the choice of profession; the initial (university) stage, during which professionally important skills, characteristics and personal traits are formed; the main (postgraduate) stage as a period of the development of personal qualities of the man facilitating his/her full self-realization in the professional activity. At this stage the formation of the professional as a person takes place.
So, we have to admit that the problem of the development of the person of translator is a dynamic process that constantly unfolds in time and space, proceeds from the moments of formation of professional intentions to full realization of oneself in the process of creative professional activity, the main contradiction of which is the contradiction between unique personality traits and objective requirements of the leading professional activities the significance of which is that it should be led to further development of the person. It was emphasized that by realizing himself/herself in the leading professional activity, the person gradually changed, which led to the restructuring of the motives of his/her leading activity, to the formation of new properties, qualities and characteristics of the person, which are extremely important for professional activity in general.
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Sinchikhin, Sergei D., Ekaterina V. Kostenko, and Lusine V. Stepanyan. "Algorithm for management of patients of the period of menopausal transition with recurrence of anomalous uterine bleeding associated with beneficial proliferative changes of endometry." Gynecology 22, no. 3 (July 9, 2020): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2020.3.200196.
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Aim. To compile an algorithm for managing patients during the menopausal transition with a relapse of abnormal uterine bleeding associated with benign proliferative changes in the endometrium and evaluate its outcomes.
Materials and methods. The observation of 150 patients aged 4555 years who had recurrence of abnormal uterine bleeding due to benign proliferative changes of the endometrium. All patients underwent hysteroresectoscopic ablation of the endometrium according to the monopolar coagulation-vaporization technique using Olympus equipment (Japan). The patients were divided into two groups. One group was formed by 98 women who, before hysteroscopic ablation of the endometrium, received hormonal preparations for 14 months, with the help of which suppressive changes in the uterine mucosa up to 34 mm were achieved. The other group consisted of 52 patients of the menopausal transition who did not receive preoperative drug therapy, and the thinning of the endometrium before hysterectomy was performed instrumentally. After hysteroresectoscopy, the period of clinical and instrumental observation was 2 years.
Results. Based on the results of the study, an algorithm has been compiled for the treatment of women during the menopausal transition with abnormal uterine bleeding, including at the first stage a clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination with the selection of a group of patients to be treated by endometrial ablation, and at the second stage, measures for the preoperative thinning of the uterine mucosa, at the third stage performing hysteroresectoscopic ablation of the endometrium; and at the fourth stage dynamic monitoring during ie 2 years. The preoperatively achieved medical atrophy of the endometrium, followed by hysteroresectoscopy, contributes to an improvement of 20.3% in the results of treatment of patients in comparison with mechanical thinning of the endometrium before hysteroresectoscopy. In general, the developed algorithm increases the effectiveness of anti-relapse treatment to 92.8%.
Conclusion. In practical health care, the proposed algorithm should be used, including successive steps. Following the algorithm, a differentiated approach to the choice of therapeutic tactics is carried out, taking into account not only morphological changes in the endometrium, but also the associated gynecological and somatic pathology of the patient, as well as justifying the conduct of preoperative preparation for hysteroresectoscopic ablation of the endometrium and determining the order of subsequent dynamic observation.
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Bailey, Sarah Frances, Elora C. Voyles, Lisa Finkelstein, and Kristina Matarazzo. "Who is your ideal mentor? An exploratory study of mentor prototypes." Career Development International 21, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cdi-08-2014-0116.
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Purpose – One of the main aspects of a mentoring relationship involves the expectations that mentees have of an ideal mentor. However, the traits that mentees envision in an ideal mentor are unclear. The purpose of this paper is to present series of studies examined mentees’ ideas about their ideal mentor’s physical characteristics and mentoring functions. The authors also examined gender and racial (white/nonwhite) differences in ideal mentor preferences. Design/methodology/approach – The two studies examined what mentees envision when they picture their ideal mentor, and whether the ideal mentor prototypes varied by participants’ ethnicity and gender. Study 2 further examined mentees’ ideal mentor characteristics in a forced choice ranking scale and the ideal mentor scale (Rose, 2003). Findings – When asked to describe their ideal mentor’s appearance, participants provided detailed descriptions of the ideal mentor’s features. They also emphasized mentoring characteristics and behaviors, such as guidance. Participants’ preferences for their ideal mentor’s gender and race varied by the question format (open-ended description vs scale).When asked to envision their ideal mentor (Study 2), participants emphasized guidance, interpersonal warmth, and ethical integrity. Other mentoring characteristics and behaviors emerged in the content coding framework. Prototypes of the ideal mentors varied based on ethnicity and gender, but also on how the question was presented. Originality/value – These findings suggest that the ideal mentor prototype involves guidance, understanding, and role modeling ethical values. Like other organizational roles (i.e. leaders), awareness of these traits informs how employees view mentors and what they expect from mentoring relationships. Facilitators of mentoring programs can consider the ideal mentor prototype during the matching process and the initial stages of the mentoring relationship.
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Lundie-Jenkins, G. "Ecology of the rufous hare-wallaby, Lagorchestes hirsutus Gould (Marsupialia : Macropodidae) in the Tanami Desert, Northern Territory.I Patterns of habitat use." Wildlife Research 20, no. 4 (1993): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930457.
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A 2-year study was conducted to investigate two aspects of the local distribution of the rufous harewallaby, Lagorchestes hirsutus, in a region of the Tanami Desert. These were: (a) patterns of habitat use in response to changing environmental conditions and (b) environmental parameters influencing 'local' choice of habitat. Counts of faecal pellets and tracks were used to obtain indices of hare-wallaby activity within occupied sites and to gain an insight into the movements by individuals. Local choice of habitat was analysed by assessment of numerous habitat features at occupied and unoccupied sites in the region. Previous surveys over the greater part of the study area provide evidence of a significant local decline and local contraction of range by L. hirsutus during recent times. Hare-wallabies showed seasonal trends in the relative use of different vegetation systems in response to the relative availability of food items within each habitat. The home ranges of hare-wallabies consisted of two distinct areas of activity: a large sparsely used area within the dense Triodia pungens vegetation and a small concentrated feeding area within the neighbouring caliche system. Hare-wallabies were dependent upon a specialised form of spinifex habitat. Patchiness, hummock size, food diversity and the degree of floral senescence affected suitability for hare-wallabies. Within the Tanami Desert site, suitable combinations of these characters were associated with tight mosaics of different regenerative stages after fire. Fire is therefore clearly implicated as an important force in creating a greater diversity of feeding and sheltering habitats for the hare-wallabies in the otherwise uniform spinifex sandplains. There is an obvious role for the application of controlled burns as a means of managing habitats to favour L. hirsutus in the Tanami Desert.
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Orjonikidze, Nino. "THE PLACE OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM IN THE ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE COUNTRY." Economic Profile 15, no. 20 (December 25, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2020.20.06.
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A market economy is based on economic freedom, which is revealed in freedom of choice. Choice is the main precondition for competition, and competition is the main driving force of economic development. Economic freedom contributes to the development of the economy of country and the well-being of the population the country depends on it. The International Heritage Foundation has been conducting annual surveys since 1995 on the fulfillment of these conditions in 180 countries around the world, including Georgia. The index of economic freedom in Georgia changes every year. A country is considered economically free if it does not restrict individual choice, voluntary exchange, freedom of competition. A necessary condition is the protection of private property. In an economically free society, every person has the full right, at his own discretion and in the conditions of free choice, to achieve his own goals, the state does not interfere in its activities and choices. It should be noted that economic freedom does not mean economic independence. At the present stage of society's development, the economic activities of any economic entity are so intertwined, so dynamic and in-depth, that the notion of economic independence sounds more an anachronistic than a 21st-century achievement.This applies to relations between countries, as well as relations between individuals and legal entities. Economic freedom means, above all, freedom of choice. Index of Economic Freedom (Economic Freedom of the World) is a measure of economic freedom compiled by the Heritage Foundation, a leading center for American policy research and ,,The Wall Street Journal“ . This index has been established since 1995.The world rating of "economic freedom" has a great importance in terms of further attracting investment in the country. The Index of Economic Freedom is based on ten criteria. These are: freedom of business, freedom of trade, fiscal freedom, government costs, monetary freedom, freedom of investment, financial freedom, property rights, freedom from corruption, freedom of labor. The information on the results of survey of the Heritage Foundation "Economic Freedom Index" 2020 is posted on the official website of the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia, according to the survey 2020 of the "Heritage Foundation" Index of Economic Freedom " rating score of Georgia reached a historical maximum - 77.1 points, it was promoted by 4 positions in the world ranking and took the 12th position. Compared to the previous year, Georgia was promoted by 2 positions in the European region - with this result Georgia is in the 6th place among 45 countries in the European region with the status of "mostly free". Total score ofGeorgia exceeds both the regional (69.8 points) and the world average point (61.6 points). In our view, property rights are crucial in this large system of valuation. In terms of private ownership, the benefit or loss is the property of the owner, which gives him an incentive to use the resource efficiently. When a resource is transferred to collective ownership, the responsibilities are dispelled, and the different motives of the owners ultimately make the preservation and reasonable use of that resource less possible. An even worse result is achieved if the asset becomes state-owned, because then the liability for profit and loss is not dispersed but divided among different groups.There are known cases in the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary, where after the end of socialism, the profitability of privately owned companies increased by an average of 77% in just a few years. There are many such stories in the former socialist countries, although privatization is a permanent process in developed countries as well, and the value of privately owned assets around the world has, in fact, been rising every year since the 1980s.
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Poleneni, Sandhya Rao, and Enos C. Inniss. "Array of prediction tools for understanding extent of wall effects on DBP formation in drinking water distribution systems." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 68, no. 6 (July 5, 2019): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2019.002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Stage 2 Disinfectant and Disinfection By-Product (D/DBP) regulations of the United States force water utilities to be more concerned with their distributed water quality. Improved compliance requires understanding of reaction kinetics and wall effects of different distribution materials used on DBP formation. To validate results in a full-scale system, effect of different materials, wall effects, bulk reactions, and water movement is analyzed using simulated distribution system (SDS) tests, material specific simulated distribution system (MS-SDS) tests, pipe loop, and pipe section reactor (PSR); all built using materials from the city of Columbia, Missouri's distribution system. On average, the choice of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and ductile iron can account for as much as 36% difference in trihalomethane (TTHM) formation and 60% difference in chlorine residual decay over time irrespective of the prediction model and operational strategy used. In the case of ductile iron, pipe effect (PE) is <1, which shows that in the ductile iron pipe systems there is a net loss of TTHM yield due to non-TTHM forming chlorine demand imposed by the pipe environment, whereas in PVC pipe, PE is >1. In PVC systems there is an overall increase in TTHM formation as a result of pipe wall surface reactions.
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Кузнецова, Людмила, Lyudmila Kuznetsova, Людмила Осинцева, and Lyudmila Osintseva. "Case-based method of training in the formation of universal competencies of students in educational organizations of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2019, no. 3 (October 15, 2019): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2019-3-188-196.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the formation of universal competences of students in educational institutions of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia using the case-method of teaching. The authors have identified the main synonymous contradictions in the definition of the concept of “universal competence”. The main problems that lie in the choice of means and methods of development and the formation of universal competencies of students are highlighted. The subject of the study was determined the process of formation of universal competencies of students. The basic concepts of the competence approach are considered. It shows what universal competences should be formed in the framework of GEF3 ++ by a specialist in the specialty law enforcement. Disclosed the concept of educational technology, as well as the essence of the case-method of teaching. It schematically shows what the technological stages of the case-method of teaching consist of. An example of one of the mini-projects, which is aimed at the formation of universal competencies of students. Table 1 showed the stages of formation of universal competencies among students, and Table 2 showed the formation of universal competencies of students in a class on the basics of special ATS equipment.
As a result of the study, it can be concluded that, in general, the case method allows to improve the educational process, involve students in the process of live communication, instill autonomy for searching, analyzing, extracting and evaluating information, which contributes to the process of developing universal competences of future police officers. In this paper, the following methods were applied: comparative analysis, case-method of teaching.
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Giard, M. H., and F. Peronnet. "Auditory-Visual Integration during Multimodal Object Recognition in Humans: A Behavioral and Electrophysiological Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11, no. 5 (September 1999): 473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892999563544.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was (1) to provide behavioral evidence for multimodal feature integration in an object recognition task in humans and (2) to characterize the processing stages and the neural structures where multisensory interactions take place. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 30 scalp electrodes while subjects performed a forced-choice reaction-time categorization task: At each trial, the subjects had to indicate which of two objects was presented by pressing one of two keys. The two objects were defined by auditory features alone, visual features alone, or the combination of auditory and visual features. Subjects were more accurate and rapid at identifying multimodal than unimodal objects. Spatiotemporal analysis of ERPs and scalp current densities revealed several auditory-visual interaction components temporally, spatially, and functionally distinct before 200 msec poststimulus. The effects observed were (1) in visual areas, new neural activities (as early as 40 msec poststimulus) and modulation (amplitude decrease) of the N185 wave to unimodal visual stimulus, (2) in the auditory cortex, modulation (amplitude increase) of subcomponents of the unimodal auditory N1 wave around 90 to 110 msec, and (3) new neural activity over the right fronto-temporal area (140 to 165 msec). Furthermore, when the subjects were separated into two groups according to their dominant modality to perform the task in unimodal conditions (shortest reaction time criteria), the integration effects were found to be similar for the two groups over the nonspecific fronto-temporal areas, but they clearly differed in the sensory-specific cortices, affecting predominantly the sensory areas of the nondominant modality. Taken together, the results indicate that multisensory integration is mediated by flexible, highly adaptive physiological processes that can take place very early in the sensory processing chain and operate in both sensory-specific and nonspecific cortical structures in different ways.
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Andronova, N. V., and T. A. Tumaeva. "Plant variety assessment of garden strawberry based on fruit strength." Horticulture and viticulture, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/0235-2591-2021-2-5-12.
Full textAbstract:
This article investigates the possibility of obtaining genotypes of garden strawberry with enhanced fruit strength. The creation of species and varieties with the specified feature is expected to improve the quality, transportability and storability of berries. Experiments were performed in 2015–2020 at the collection and breeding plots of the Kokinsky testing station of the Federal Horticultural Research Centre for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery. 29 species of the domestic and foreign selection, 7 choice species, as well as the hybrid seedlings of 22 crossing combinations and 3 open pollination populations of garden strawberries, were investigated. The aim was to identify sources of increased trength and perspective crossing combinations, affording the highest yield of seedlings with firm fruits. The examination of the fruit strength was performed at the stage of optimal maturity. Berries crushing force was determined using a VR-04MS-2-BR balance by applying pressure to the fruits until the first drop of juice appears. The measurement results were converted into international units, i.e., Newtons (1 kg = 9.8 N). The phenotypic evaluation of varieties and species of garden strawberries based on the fruit strength revealed genotypes with the firmest fruits — Kleri, Darselect, Tenira, Selekta, Polka, Tzaritza, Aquarelle, Irma and the 3-366-9 selection. These varieties yield the fruits, which endure the crashing force of over 10 N. In the hybrid progeny, the fruit strength varied within a wide range, and its significant change within the crossing combinations and populations of open pollination was revealed. The Darselect, Cleri, Irma, Tzaritza varieties are the most valuable seed parents in the transmission of the high strength character. Within the research period, the best crossing combination yielding seedlings with fi m fruits were Alfa×Darselect, Festival Romashka×Darselect, Irma×Lyubava, 3-366-9×Kleri, Nashe Podmoskovye×Irma, Festival Romashka×Kleri and open pollination population of the Kleri, Darselect, Tzariza varieties. 42.2 to 60.3 % of hybrid seedlings yielded fruits with the crushing force of over 10 N, and an average value for the families amounted to 9.6–11.2 N.
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Pankevych, A. I., I. A. Kolisnyk, and A. M. Hohol. "DIFFERENTIATED APPROACH TO THE SURGICAL EXTRACTION OF WISDOM TEETH." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.4.2019.04.
Full textAbstract:
Impaction and malposition of wisdom teeth and associated inflammatory and tumor-like complications occur in 35-50% of the able-bodied population. The operation of surgical extraction of the third molar of the mandible is indicated for these patients and this operation is one of the most common in surgical dentistry today.Alsoasignificant indication for wisdom teeth removaliscrowding of teeth.
The classic operation of surgical wisdom tooth removal, even with careful planning, can be accompanied by different intraoperative and postoperative complications.
Planning of removal of the third lower molar requires an individual approachwith mandatory consideration not only of the tooth position but also the topography of the causative tooth relative to the adjacent tooth and mandibular canal.
Among the surgical procedures which are used to remove wisdom teeth, in addition to the classic surgery extraction, coronectomy and germectomy should be noted.
The purpose of our study was to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques used for surgical extraction of impacted and malposition wisdom teeth.
208 operations regarding the removal of the third lower molars have been performedduring 2016-2019, of which surgical wisdom teeth removal were 213, coronectomies – 23 and germectomies – 29.Patients' ages ranged from 13 to 26 years.
A germectomy was performed in 13-16 years old patient, usually at the stage of a fully formed tooth crown or at the beginning of root formation.
The choice of surgery in patients with fully formed roots was dependent on the ratio of the root of the tooth and mandibular canal, which was evaluated after a preliminary computer examination, taking into account the complexity of the surgery and the prognosis of complications. Acoronectomy operation was performed with the close location of the roots of the wisdom tooth with the mandibular canal, taking into account the risk of the damage of lower alveolar nerve.
Germectomy and surgery of wisdom teeth removal were performed according to the classical method with cutting of mucoperiostal flaps, preparation of bone, if necessary – separation of crown and roots with subsequent removal of the germ or tooth. The crown of wisdom tooth was separated with a coronectomy, (and cut in height with insufficient access) and the tooth crown was removed, leaving the roots in the jaw.
Patients were observed on the next day after surgery, a week later, and as needed. The course of the postoperative period was evaluated: the presence of pain, swelling, complications. The duration of follow-up was up to 2 years.
Conclusions:
To the choice of surgery in patients with impaction and malposition of wisdom teeth should be approached in a differentiated manner, taking into account topographic and anatomical features, including the ratio of the roots of the teeth to the mandibular canal and assessing the risks of possible complications.
Germectomy and coronectomy surgery can be recommended as surgery of choice for orthodontic indications in the treatment of patients with crowded teeth.
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Pardamean Daulay. "Migrasi Terpaksa Masyarakat Korban Bencana: Menelusuri Potret Kelangsungan Hidup Korban Lumpur Lapindo di Desa Kedungsolo Kecamatan Porong Sidoarjo." Talenta Conference Series: Local Wisdom, Social, and Arts (LWSA) 2, no. 1 (November 20, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/lwsa.v2i1.618.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractForced migration for the purpose of saving itself from the dangers of recent disasters is common in Indonesia, such as migration by the victims of the Lapindo mudflow disaster. The Lapindo mudflow disaster did not claim human lives, but slowly the mud disaster had submerged houses and paddy fields, so that residents were forced to move to other areas. This article is a piece of the results of a study conducted to describe the survival of forced migrant victims of the Lapindo mudflow in the destination area. In accordance with these objectives, the research approach that is considered most appropriate is a qualitative approach, and data collection is done through in-depth interviews with several informants in a snowball manner. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively, which began when the researcher collected the data and carried out flowing with three stages, namely; data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions through verification. The results of this study found that the majority of Lapindo mudflow victims chose their destination a short distance from their origin, the choice of migration area based on the decision of family members and the use of kinship social networks. The majority of Lapindo mudflow victims have received compensation for land and paddy fields from PT. Lapindo, but they have difficulty getting rice fields as a substitute for assets (capital) so that changes in household livelihood patterns, which do not depend on life as farmers, but switch jobs in the informal sector, such as selling food, snacks for children, street vendors, becak drivers, and as a VCD trader at the Lapindo mud lake tourism site. The choice of survival strategy is based on several factors, namely; (1) reduced household income and lack of collateral, (2) difficulty in finding work in the destination area, (3) relocation and compensation for Lapindo mud victims' land that has not yet been completed, and (4) strong kinship values and social solidarity among Lapindo mudflow victims.
Migrasi terpaksa (forced migration) untuk tujuan menyelematkan diri dari bahaya bencana belakangan ini jamak terjadi di Indonesia, seperti migrasi yang dilakukan masyarakat korban bencana lumpur lapindo. Bencana lumpur Lapindo, memang tidak merenggut korban jiwa manusia, tetapi secara perlahan-lahan bencana lumpur telah menenggelamkan rumah dan areal persawahan pendduduk, sehingga warga terpaksa pindah ke daerah lain. Artikel ini merupakan sepenggal dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mendeskripsikan kelangsungan hidup migran terpaksa korban lumpur Lapindo di daerah tujuan. Sesuai dengan tujuan tersebut, pendekatan penelitian yang dianggap paling sesuai adalah pendekatan kualitatif, dan pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam terhadap beberapa informan secara snowbal. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara kualitatif yang dimulai sejak peneliti melakukan pengumpulan data dan dilakukan secara mengalir dengan tiga tahapan, yaitu; reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan melalui verifikasi. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa mayoritas korban lumpur lapindo memilih daerah tujuan yang jaraknya dekat dari daerah asal, pilihan daerah migrasi berdasarkan keputusan anggota keluarga dan memanfaatkan jaringan sosial kekerabatan. Mayoritas korban lumpur lapindo sudah menerima uang ganti rugi tanah dan lahan sawah dari PT. Lapindo, tetapi mereka kesulitan mendapatkan sawah sebagai pengganti asset (modal) sehingga terjadi perubahan pola penghidupan rumahtangga, dimana tidak menggantungkan kehidupan sebagai petani, tetapi beralih pekerjaan di sektor informal, seperti jual makanan, jajanan untuk anak-anak, tukang ojeng, supir becak, dan sebagai pedagang VCD di lokasi wisata danau lumpur Lapindo. Pilihan strategi kelangsungan hidup ini dilakukan atas dasar beberpa faktor, yaitu; (1) penghasilan rumah tangga yang mengalami pengurangan dan tidak adanya jaminan, (2) sulitnya memperoleh pekerjaan di daerah tujuan, (3) permasalahan relokasi dan ganti rugi tanah korban lumpur Lapindo yang belum tuntas, dan (4) kuatnya nilai-nilai kekerabatan dan solidarits sosial diantara korban lumpur Lapindo.
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Ahsan, Sunjukta, Nur E. Alam, and Ahmed Salman Sirajee. "Determination of the efficacy of azithromycin on biofilm-forming uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infection samples." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 30, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v30i1.51804.
Full textAbstract:
The ability of E. coli to form complex surface-associated communities, called biofilms, contribute to its resistance and persistence in Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). In the present study, the ability of uropathogenic E. coli (n=30) isolated from UTI patients to form biofilm and the concentration of Azithromycin to inhibit or kill planktonic and biofilm phase bacteria were investigated. Effects of sub-Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Azithromycin on biofilm formation was investigated. An attempt was also taken to identify the quorum sensing molecule released by E. coli in biofilm. Among the 30 isolates, 6 (20%) were very strong, 8 (26.67%) were strong, 13 (43.33%) were moderate and 3 (10%) were weak biofilm producers. MIC and MBC (Minimum bactericidal concentration) of planktonic phase bacteria were determined and compared with MRC (Minimum regrowth concentration) and MBEC (Minimum biofilm eradication concentration) of biofilm population. MIC values ranged between 0.5 μg/ml to greater than 512 μg/ml. MBC values were measured for ten isolates and the range found was between 8-64 μg/ml. It was found that MRC values were 2-256 times greater than MIC values and MBEC values were 16-256 times greater than corresponding MBC values. After subjecting sub MIC Azithromycin levels to 10 selected isolates, 6 lost the ability to form curli fimbriae and 2 lost their capability of motility in planktonic stage, but none of this ability was lost in biofilm stage. Viable cell count of planktonic cells incubated in sub MIC Azithromycin concentration showed significant decrease of cell number whereas the number of planktonic cells without antibiotic increased significantly. In contrast, for biofilm forming cells, no change in cell number was seen with progressing time for either the presence or absence of antibiotic indicating that biofilm formation could not be inhibited by sub MIC concentrations of Azithromycin. It can be implied that Azithromycin is not the proper drug of choice for eradication of biofilm formed by E. coli. The present study failed to identify the quorum sensing molecule released by the test isolates by the method employed.
Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(1): 1-11, 2021 (January)
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Loginova, Irina V., and Maria V. Kharina. "Research of the reducing substances and pH yield kinetics of the wheat straw hydrolysates." Butlerov Communications 63, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-63-8-118.
Full textAbstract:
In low-acid hydrolysis, the temperature, pH, pressure, and the type of hydrolyzed material can have a significant effect on the yield of reducing sugars. The active acidity of the medium can undergo significant changes under the influence of the reaction products. The processes of hydrolytic decomposition can be facilitated by acetic acid, which is formed during the deacetylation of hemicelluloses, as well as the ability of natural biomass to neutralize acids. The level of neutralization potential (buffer capacity) depends on the type of biomass. The influence of the pH on the yield of reducing substances in the process of hydrolysis of wheat straw with dilute sulfurous acid in a wide temperature range is envistigated. The choice of optimal conditions for the release of reducing sugars is complicated by the need to compare the hydrolysis regimes with several interrelated parameters. In order to analyze the influence of different factors, a comparative assessment of the process conditions was carried out, under which the maximum yield of reducing substances was achieved in each series of experiments. The studies have shown that the initial stage of the process is characterized by a decrease in the actual pH level in hydrolysates, and the greatest change is observed in liquid autohydrolysis products. The pH of hydrolysates, depending on the process mode, varies in the range from 1.26 to 4.1, but the highest yield of reducing substances corresponds to pH values of about 2. It is shown that dimensionless values of the maximum concentrations of reducing substances graphically correspond to the given values of the medium.
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Andreassen, Helen. "Hospitality and tourism as a subject in secondary schools: A worthwhile choice or a ‘dumping ground’?" Hospitality Insights 2, no. 1 (June 18, 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/hi.v2i1.30.
Full textAbstract:
The tourism sector is now New Zealand’s number one export earner, contributing 17.4 percent to New Zealand’s total exports of goods and services [1]. In addition, the sector directly employs 8.4 percent of New Zealand’s workforce and a further 6.1 percent are indirectly employed [2]. Given the obvious importance of hospitality and tourism to both the national economy and local communities, one would expect that a potential career in the industry would be something for a young person to aspire to. Sadly, this is not the case, and recent research has found that much of the poor perception of a career in hospitality and tourism stems from the delivery of hospitality and tourism education in New Zealand secondary schools [3].
In the New Zealand secondary school curriculum, secondary students gain New Zealand’s Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) by working towards a combination of achievement or unit standards. The Ministry of Education is the only developer of achievement standards, which are derived from the achievement objectives of the New Zealand Curriculum. Unit standards are developed by industry training organisations [4]. Both hospitality and tourism are deemed to be ‘vocational’ rather than ‘academic’ subjects in the NCEA structure and are delivered as unit standards. In a review of the list of approved subjects for University Entrance (UE) in 2011, only subjects delivered as achievement standards were eligible, hence the removal of hospitality and tourism after the revisions came into effect in 2014 [5].
Students are often introduced to the study of hospitality and tourism at secondary school and therefore their early perceptions of a potential career are formed at this stage. These perceptions can be influenced by several factors, including the position that studying hospitality and tourism does not prepare students for further or higher education as effectively as other subjects might. Criticisms of hospitality and tourism as secondary school subjects include that the curriculum lacks both serious and relevant content and academic rigour. The idea that hospitality and tourism classes are used as a ‘dumping ground’ for the less academically able students is damning. The attitudes of teachers, career advisors, school management and parents also play a significant role in the development of a positive or negative perception of the industry, with some actively discouraging students’ interest. The removal of hospitality and tourism as UE approved subjects has only contributed to this poor perception both by students and the larger community, including parents [3]. There is an evident disparity between the importance of hospitality and tourism to the economy and local communities, and the perception of a career in the industry. Tourism Industry Aotearoa’s People and Skills 2025 report [6] identifies that an extra 36,000 full-time equivalent workers (approx. 47,000 jobs) could be required to service the visitor economy by 2025. The current delivery of hospitality and tourism education in secondary schools does nothing to enhance the perception of the industry, but instead contributes to its struggle for recognition and credibility. To address this disparity, there is an urgent need for discussion and strategic planning by all stakeholders. The government’s current review of the education system, including NCEA, provides this opportunity.
Corresponding author
Helen Andreassen can be contacted at helen.andeassen@aut.ac.nz
References
(1) Tourism New Zealand. About the Industry, 2018. https://www.tourismnewzealand.com/about/about-the-industry/ (accessed Mar 8, 2018).
(2) Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment (MBIE). New Zealand Tourism Dashboard, 2018. https://mbienz.shinyapps.io/tourism_dashboard_prod/ (accessed Mar 8, 2018).
(3) Roberts, M. D.; Andreassen, H.; O’Donnell, D.; O’Neill, S.; Neill, L. (2018). Tourism Education in New Zealand’s Secondary Schools: The Teachers’ Perspective. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2017.1413380
(4) New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA). Standards, 2018. http://www.nzqa.govt.nz/ncea/understanding-ncea/how-ncea-works/standards/ (accessed Apr 26, 2018).
(5) New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA). Processes for Maintaining the Approved Subjects List for University Entrance. http://www.nzqa.govt.nz/qualifications-standards/awards/university-entrance/processes-for-maintaining-the-approved-subjects-list-for-university-entrance/ (accessed Jun 12, 2018).
(6) Tourism Industry Aotearoa. People & Skills 2025, 2015. http://www.tourism2025.org.nz/assets/Uploads/People-Skills-2025.pdf (accessed Mar 8, 2018).
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Islam, Siraj Ul, and Stephen J. Déry. "Evaluating uncertainties in modelling the snow hydrology of the Fraser River Basin, British Columbia, Canada." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 3 (March 29, 2017): 1827–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1827-2017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This study evaluates predictive uncertainties in the snow hydrology of the Fraser River Basin (FRB) of British Columbia (BC), Canada, using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model forced with several high-resolution gridded climate datasets. These datasets include the Canadian Precipitation Analysis and the thin-plate smoothing splines (ANUSPLIN), North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), University of Washington (UW) and Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC) gridded products. Uncertainties are evaluated at different stages of the VIC implementation, starting with the driving datasets, optimization of model parameters, and model calibration during cool and warm phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The inter-comparison of the forcing datasets (precipitation and air temperature) and their VIC simulations (snow water equivalent – SWE – and runoff) reveals widespread differences over the FRB, especially in mountainous regions. The ANUSPLIN precipitation shows a considerable dry bias in the Rocky Mountains, whereas the NARR winter air temperature is 2 °C warmer than the other datasets over most of the FRB. In the VIC simulations, the elevation-dependent changes in the maximum SWE (maxSWE) are more prominent at higher elevations of the Rocky Mountains, where the PCIC-VIC simulation accumulates too much SWE and ANUSPLIN-VIC yields an underestimation. Additionally, at each elevation range, the day of maxSWE varies from 10 to 20 days between the VIC simulations. The snow melting season begins early in the NARR-VIC simulation, whereas the PCIC-VIC simulation delays the melting, indicating seasonal uncertainty in SWE simulations. When compared with the observed runoff for the Fraser River main stem at Hope, BC, the ANUSPLIN-VIC simulation shows considerable underestimation of runoff throughout the water year owing to reduced precipitation in the ANUSPLIN forcing dataset. The NARR-VIC simulation yields more winter and spring runoff and earlier decline of flows in summer due to a nearly 15-day earlier onset of the FRB springtime snowmelt. Analysis of the parametric uncertainty in the VIC calibration process shows that the choice of the initial parameter range plays a crucial role in defining the model hydrological response for the FRB. Furthermore, the VIC calibration process is biased toward cool and warm phases of the PDO and the choice of proper calibration and validation time periods is important for the experimental setup. Overall the VIC hydrological response is prominently influenced by the uncertainties involved in the forcing datasets rather than those in its parameter optimization and experimental setups.
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Ivasiuk, Halyna. "Valuable Orientation of the Germans in Comparison with Other Folks as a Prerequisite of Germany's Foreign Policy." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 39 (June 16, 2019): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2019.39.116-121.
Full textAbstract:
In addition to geopolitical and economic factors, the factor of values also influences the choice of priorities in foreign policy of the state. The study of values is of particular importance for understanding the principles of foreign policy of Germany because these values were often the basis of various actions of the German state on the world stage, and along with the change of system of values in Germany, the formation of the foundations of European unity was formed. Monitoring the system of values in Germany does not lose its relevance in future. The purpose of this study is to analyze the actual values f the Germans and their potential impact on Germany's foreign policy. Accordingly, the main tasks will be: 1) to work out the theoretical and methodological base of the study of values; 2) to analyze current surveys on the values of the Germans; 3) to determine the potential effects of values on Germany's foreign policy. After analyzing the results of the surveys, we can draw out the conclusions about the influence of socio-cultural values on Germany's foreign policy. In the system of values of modern Germans there are both the influences of the historical path of Germany, as well as new trends, driven by the development of Germany and the development of modern world. The transition of Germany to post-materialist values brings new emphases in socio-political processes and, at the same time, new vectors of German foreign policy. Values are one of the prerequisites of Germany's foreign policy and, at the same time, one of its consequences.
Keywords: system of values, Germans’ system of values, Gert Hofstede, Ronald Inglehart, German foreign policy.
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Pidlutskyi, Vasyl, and Oleksandr Lytvyn. "Formation of stress-strain state in the founda-tions of grain drying complexes when chang-ing soil parameters." Bases and Foundations, no. 41 (December 17, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/0475-1132.41.2020.55-63.
Full textAbstract:
The work of the pile foundation of the grain drying complex when changing the parameters of soils determined by laboratory and field methods has been studied. Two variants of calculations with the help of numerical modeling by the finite element method were carried out: 1) using the characteristics of soils, which were determined by laboratory methods; 2) using the characteristics of soils, which are determined by field methods. The stress-strain state of the foundation structures of the grain drying complex is analyzed in the work, namely: redistribution of forces in the piles, subsidence of the foundation structures, bending moments and the area of working reinforcement in the foundation slab.
The paper emphasizes the use of pile foundations for grain drying complexes due to the emergence of many negative factors in the installation of slab foundations. The main ones are: low soil indicators in the upper zone of the soil massif; construction of several silos next to each other, which determines their interaction; uneven loading - unloading of silos; the choice of calculation method, which correctly describes the parameters of the soil and the stages of loading and unloading of silos. The paper also presents problematic issues in the design of pile foundations for grain dryers. The results of the study of the formation of the stress-strain state of the foundation structures at different soil parameters are presented.
The study was conducted in clay soils of solid and semi-solid consistency. The pile foundation is based on hard sandy loams and soft-plastic loams.
The paper shows that with increasing soil parameters of the base decreases the subsidence of the foundation slab. The redistribution of forces between the piles has a similar character, but due to the increased rigidity of the base, the foundation plate transfers the load to the base, so almost all piles are unloaded within 5… 10%. At the same time bending moments in the base plate are reduced that demands reduction of reinforcement by working armature. This allows you to design reliable and economical solutions for pile foundations of grain dryers.
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Zakieva, I. V., M. V. Timerbulatov, T. R. Galimov, and S. R. Tuysin. "Creating an arteriovenous fistula in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5." Kazan medical journal 96, no. 3 (June 15, 2015): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2015-298.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. Comparative assessment of microsurgical and traditional methods for creating an arteriovenous fistula for long-term hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure.Methods. Results of arteriovenous fistula surgeries for creating arteriovenous fistula for long-term hemodialysis in 169 patients with chronic renal failure in the period from 2008 to 2013 were analyzed. The main group included 87 patients in whom arteriovenous fistula was formed by microsurgery. For fistula thrombosis prophylaxis, 40 mg of nadroparin calcium (fraxiparine) was used in this group after surgery as a postoperative bolus, followed by 7 days subcutaneous administration. Arteriovenous fistula in patients of the main group underwent anti-thrombogenic treatment: paravasal tissues and vessel outside were irrigated by 1% sodium chloride methylthioninium (methylene blue) after the main phase of the operation, followed by lysine acetylsalicylate standard solution after 2 minutes. The control group included 82 patients in whom fistula was created conventionally without using microsurgical techniques. For arteriovenous fistula thrombosis prevention, 5000 IU of sodium heparin was used 4 times a day in patients of the control group.Results. In the main group, five cases of fistula thrombosis were observed in patients with diabetes mellitus and two in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. In the control group, arteriovenous fistula thrombosis in the early postoperative period was recorded in 13 patients with diabetes mellitus, in four - with chronic glomerulonephritis, and in one - with polycystic kidney disease. In one (1.15%) patient of the main group and in three (3.66%) in the control group, wound infection associated with inflammatory processes development at the surgical wound was noted.Conclusion. Microsurgical formation of arteriovenous fistula in patients with terminal stage of chronic kidney disease is the method of choice (especially with concomitant diabetes mellitus), allowing to significantly reduce the risk for arteriovenous fistula thrombosis and therefore reduce the number of unsatisfactory results.
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Manouras, Andreas J., Panagiotis B. Kekis, Konstantinos M. Stamou, Manousos M. Konstadoulakis, and Nicholas S. Apostolidis. "Laparoscopic Placement of Oreopoulos–Zellerman Catheters in CAPD Patients." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 24, no. 3 (May 2004): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080402400307.
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Background Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is widely accepted for the management of end-stage renal disease. Various techniques have been described for the insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheters. Lately, with the evolution of laparoscopic surgery, different laparoscopic techniques have also been presented, suggesting the technique is preferable to the open and percutaneous methods. Objective To introduce and evaluate a new laparoscopic technique for insertion of Oreopoulos–Zellerman catheters in CAPD patients. Setting The study was carried out in the First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Athens University Medical School, Hippokration Hospital. Patients and Methods Between November 2000 and March 2002, the technique was applied in 20 consecutive patients (mean age 62 years, range 54 – 70 years) with end-stage renal disease. During this technique, a 10-mm trocar is placed just below the umbilicus for the optics and a 5-mm trocar is placed in the right lower quadrant. With the help of a 10-mm trocar, a tunnel is formed in the standard paramedian position on the left side, 2 – 3 cm below the plane of the umbilicus, for the insertion of the peritoneal catheter. A laparoscopic needle (GraNee needle; R-Med, Oregon, Ohio, USA) is used for the closure of the 10-mm trocar-induced peritoneal and fascia defect using a purse-string suture. The catheter is advanced into the abdomen under direct vision and guided toward the Douglas pouch. The subcutaneous tunnel and the patency test of the catheter are performed as the last main steps in our procedure. One surgeon undertook all procedures. Results All procedures were completed laparoscopically. The mean operative time was 30 minutes (range 25 – 40 minutes). There was no intraoperative complication or surgical mortality. One patient developed leakage at the catheter exit site 3 days after surgery; it was corrected under local anesthesia. During a mean follow-up time of 17 months (range 12 – 28 months), 1 patient required catheter removal due to fungal peritonitis. Conclusion Laparoscopic insertion of the Oreopoulos–Zellerman catheter is a simple, quick, and safe method. We believe future experience will encourage the laparoscopic technique as the method of choice.
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Blundell, J. E., R. J. Stubbs, D. A. Hughes, S. Whybrow, and N. A. King. "Cross talk between physical activity and appetite control: does physical activity stimulate appetite?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, no. 3 (August 2003): 651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2003286.
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Physical activity has the potential to modulate appetite control by improving the sensitivity of the physiological satiety signalling system, by adjusting macronutrient preferences or food choices and by altering the hedonic response to food. There is evidence for all these actions. Concerning the impact of physical activity on energy balance, there exists a belief that physical activity drives up hunger and increases food intake, thereby rendering it futile as a method of weight control. There is, however, no evidence for such an immediate or automatic effect. Short (1–2 d)-term and medium (7–16 d)-term studies demonstrate that men and women can tolerate substantial negative energy balances of ≤4MJ energy cost/d when performing physical activity programmes. Consequently, the immediate effect of taking up exercise is weight loss (although this outcome is sometimes difficult to assess due to changes in body composition or fluid compartmentalization). However, subsequently food intake begins to increase in order to provide compensation for about 30% of the energy expended in activity. This compensation (up to 16 d) is partial and incomplete. Moreover, subjects separate into compensators and non-compensators. The exact nature of these differences in compensation and whether it is actually reflective of non-compliance with protocols is yet to be determined. Some subjects (men and women) performing activity with a cost of ≤4 MJ/d for 14 d, show no change in daily energy intake. Conversely, it can be demonstrated that when active individuals are forced into a sedentary routine food intake does not decrease to a lower level to match the reduced energy expenditure. Consequently, this situation creates a substantial positive energy balance accompanied by weight gain. The next stage is to further characterize the compensators and non-compensators, and to identify the mechanisms (physiological or behavioural) that are responsible for the rate of compensation and its limits.
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Kovba, Daria. "Eugenics as a direction of scientific thought and practice of human selection in the late 19th — early 21st centuries." Socium i vlast 4 (2020): 07–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2020-4-07-19.
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Introduction. The article raises the problem of eugenics as a direction of scientific thought and practice of improving the human species. The modern advances in reproductive medicine, the development of biology, the emergence of methods for editing the human genome have updated the debate around eugenics. The aim of the work is a comprehensive study of the discourse and practice of eugenics in the period of the 19th — 21st centuries. This aim involves solving a number of tasks: 1) analysis of the historical context and prerequisites for the eugenics emergence; 2) the study of the institutionalization and practical implementation of its ideas in Western countries in the period until the end of World War II; 3) research on the position of eugenics after the war and the transition of discussions to the mainstream of genetics, bioethics, transhumanism; 4) study of the modern discourse of eugenics, ethical issues and the degree of government intervention in population reproduction. Methods. The author uses the historical-retrospective method, which makes it possible to comprehensively consider the context of the emergence and development of eugenics, the comparative method (when comparing the characteristic features of the «old» (authoritarian, forced) and «new» (democratic, based on personal choice) eugenics), the institutional approach ( when identifying the main institutions involved in the development, dissemination, implementation of the ideas of eugenics) and a discursive approach (to study modern discussions about the «new» eugenics and related ethical problems). Scientific novelty of the research. A comprehensive study of eugenics has been carried out, a connection has been established between the «old» and «new» eugenics, and their similarities and differences have been investigated. Results. The need to distinguish eugenics as a theory of human selection and as a practice has been proven, and the latter, depending on the political, cultural and socio-economic situation in the country, can take a variety of forms: from counseling and preventive measures to racial cleansing. It was found that population growth, urbanization, mass migration, instability in society, combined with the ideas of modernism about social order by the forces of science and technology, contributed to the spread of eugenics ideas in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. After the Nuremberg trials, the concept under study temporarily dropped out of scientific discourse. The article examines in detail the socio-economic and other preconditions that contributed to the revival of interest in eugenics in the 60s of XX century and at the present stage. It is shown that today part of the discussion has shifted to the mainstream of genetics, bioethics and transhumanism. Conclusions. It has been established that discussions about eugenics run up against the problem of breeding control, which means that they raise the question of who should perform selection, how, what are its criteria. The ethical aspects of introducing control are complicated by the fact that perceptions of the «norm» and the degree of permitted interference depend on the particular society.
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Panova, T. I., A. K. Bortnikova, and O. I. Myronenko. "DRINKING AND HEDONIC BEHAVIOR OF ALCOHOLIZED RATS." Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU) 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/2664-4738.1.2021.01.
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Relevance. To relieve alcohol withdrawal syndrome, intravenous infusion of glucose and antidotes to neutralize ketone bodies is used. But after treatment, the craving for alcohol remains, and relapses of alcohol consumption are observed in 60-90% of patients. It remains unclear if there is a connection between hypoglycemia, ketosis, on the one hand, and the craving for alcohol consumption, on the other hand.
Objective: to find out the effect of glycemic level normalization and prolonged maintenance of normal blood glucose concentration on ethanol consumption in alcoholized rats. At the same time, we have chosen two alternative ways to eliminate hypoglycemia: 1) by providing animals with unlimited access to a water trough filled with glucose solution; 2) by forced feeding of animals with a high-carbohydrate diet.
Materials and methods. 70 rats were housed in the individual cages. First, two water troughs were placed in each cage for one week: the first one was filled with pure water and another one contained 5% glucose solution. Second, forced alcoholization of rats was performed by leaving one trough filled with 10% ethanol solution in each cage. Duration of alcoholization was different: 3 weeks for the 1st group of rats (n=20), 6 weeks for the 2nd group of animals (n=20), and 16 weeks for the 3rd group of rats (n=20). Animals of the control group (n=10) received pure water. Third, after forced alcoholization, animals of the experimental groups had free access to three different troughs for three weeks: the first trough was filled with pure water, the second one – with 5% glucose solution, and the third one contained 10% ethanol solution. Rats of the control group were able to choose between water and 5% glucose solution. At the third stage, animals of the experimental groups were divided into two subgroups with 10 rats in each one. Animals of one of the subgroups from each experimental group were kept on a high-carbohydrate diet: they were administered 1 ml of 40% starch kissel (2.0 g/kg, in terms of glucose) per os 3 times a day. The volumes of all consumed fluids were recorded daily throughout the experiment. The results were processed using the MedStat program.
Results. Healthy rats drank 2.5±0.6 ml of water and 1.6±0.6 ml of glucose solution per 100 g of body weight daily. In the first 7 days of forced alcoholization, the animals drank 3.1±0.7 ml of ethanol solution per 100 g of body weight. By the end of the third week, consumption of ethanol solution increased up to 4.9±0.8 ml per 100 g of body weight (p<0.001), which indicated development of adaptation. By the end of the sixth week, there was a prominent elevation of ethanol consumption up to 6.4±0.9 ml per 100 g of body weight, and the total volume of consumed alcohol solutions was 1.3 times higher than that of the third week (p<0.001). At the sixth week of observation, alcohol intake reached its climax, since further alcoholization up to 16 weeks did not lead to any changes in drinking behavior (p=0.712). We consider that the minimal duration of forced alcoholization is 6 weeks. During the process of alcoholization, the total daily consumption of fluids by animals was increasing, compared to healthy rats, and, by the end of the 16th week, it exceeded the indicator of healthy rats by 1.8 times. In alcoholized rats, glucose loses its hedonic properties. By the end of the 16th week of alcoholization, under the condition of free choice of drinks, glucose consumption was 8 times lower than that of in healthy animals. Rats consumed less ethanol if they were receiving an additional high-carbohydrate diet. The duration of metabolic correction with a starch solution is important: the longer it is, the less alcohol craving will be.
Conclusions. Alcohol-dependent rats reject the glucose solution offered as a drink. But prolonged and forced administration of glucose leads to a decrease in alcohol consumption.
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Nikolaienko, Tetiana, Viktoria Babanina, and Tetiana Bohdanevych. "Special Confiscation as a Measure of Criminal Law under Ukrainian Legislation." Journal of Politics and Law 14, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n1p19.
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The article is devoted to the study of special confiscation as a measure of criminal law, other than punishment, which was introduced into the legislation of Ukraine on the way of transformation and reformation of the institution of confiscation of property. The study found that the emergence of special confiscation was dictated primarily by Ukraine's choice of European integration and the need to fulfil its obligations to bring domestic criminal law in line with European standards and international legal practice in combating crime.
The article notes that today the confiscation of property remains one of the most controversial measures of criminal law in both domestic and foreign law. Traditionally, in the criminal law of Ukraine, this measure played the role of one of the types of punishment. However, at the present stage of development of criminal law, the legal regulation of forced confiscation of property has undergone significant changes. Currently, this is not only a form of criminal liability, but also different from the latter, another measure of criminal law, which manifests itself in three forms, namely as: 1) special confiscation of property of an individual; 2) confiscation of property of a legal entity; 3) special confiscation of property in respect of a legal entity.
The article analyzes the provisions of the current criminal legislation of Ukraine on the regulation of special confiscation as another measure of criminal law and considers the main problematic aspects of this institution in the doctrine of criminal law of Ukraine.
The correlation between general confiscation and special confiscation was revealed in the article. The conclusion was drawn that these two types of confiscations are different in legal nature. Confiscation of property is a type of additional punishment, and special confiscation of property is an independent type of other measures of a criminal law nature. The main difference between the investigated institutions is that their application seizes property of different nature, namely: the subject of confiscation of property is property that belongs to the convict on the right of ownership, and in the case of special confiscation, property related to the commission of a crime is subject to confiscation.
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Volokhova, Valentina I., Marina I. Koshenova, and Denis M. Shabanov. "Study of psychological time dynamics at the age of youth." Vestnik of Samara State Technical University Psychological and Pedagogical Sciences 17, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vsgtu-pps.2020.4.7.
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This paper presents the current trends analysis of research into the psychological time of personality in foreign and domestic psychology, justified the need to study the dynamics of psychological time at the period of youth at conditional points of bifurcation associated with the forced need to make personal choices: in early and late youth. The reasonability of investigating the relationship of psychological time with personal identity as a predictor of self-realisation or maladaptation of personality at the stage of youth is shown. The pilot study presented in this work is aimed at identifying differences in the content characteristics and structure of psychological time in early and late youth. The ascertaining experiment was conducted with two groups (the total number of participants is 50 people). Diagnostic toolkit: the technique of F. Zimbardo on the time perspective (ZTPI), adapted by A. Syrtsova, the technique Time Experience Scale by E.I. Golovakhi, A.A. Kronik, as well as the technique Identity Status according to Marcia in the modification of the questionnaire G. and R. Aminev. Methods of mathematical statistics: t-Students criterion for independent samples and Pearsons index of linear correlation. The data obtained in the pilot study made it possible to draw conclusions that 1) the meaningful characteristics of psychological time in different periods of youth are not identical, 2) the characteristics of psychological time significantly correlate with the status of personality identity, and such a relationship is more important precisely in the period of early adolescence. The obtained data provided an opportunity to clarify the further direction of research and to outline the necessary ways of psychological support of the person during his youth in the conditions of modern social reality. For the prevention of maladaptation and destructive realization of the personality in the period of youth, targeted work is proposed with the psychological time of the personality, with the adoption of the past and the planning of the future, the determination of priorities, goal setting and the formation of temporal competence.