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Dissertations / Theses on the topic '2-N'

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Published: 25 January 2025

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1

Bermúdez, Hermida Marta Maria. "Estudio Estructural de nylons N, 2/N y N,N+2." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6459.

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El trabajo realizado en la Tesis tiene como objetivo general el estudio estructural de nylons fundamentalmente mediante la difracción de rayos-x y la microscopía electrónica. Los nylons estudiados se agrupan en tres familias:

a) Nylons n con elevado número de metilenos: nylon 12 y nylon 16. El nylon 16 ha sido sintetizado y caracterizado por primera vez.

b) Nylons 2/n: nylon 2/12 y nylon 2/16. Síntesis y caracterización de ambos productos siguiendo el método general de síntesis de nylons 2/n.

c) Nylons (n, n+2): Nylons 4,6, 6,8, 8,10 3,5 y 5,7. Se ha realizado la síntesis de todos ellos excepto del nylon 4,6 el cuál se ha estudiado a partir de una muestra comercial (DSM, Holanda).

Se han determinado las condiciones experimentales apropiadas para la preparación selectiva de las formas alfa y del nylon 12 en monocristales y películas. Los datos cristalográficos registrados para la fase y están en total acuerdo con la estructura descrita en la literatura. Los datos obtenidos para la fase alfa nos llevan a proponer para
esta forma una estructura triclínica basada en un modelo de empaquetamiento de láminas progresivo.

Se ha llevado a cabo la síntesis del nylon 16 mediante policondensación térmica del ácido 16- aminohexadecanoico y efectuado su caracterización físico química. Presenta una Tf de 164 C. El análisis estructural se ha realizado sobre cristales crecidos en disolución y se determina una forma y.

Se han sintetizado las copoliamidas 2/12 y 2/16 por condensación de ésteres activos y posterior postpolicondensación en estado sólido. Presentan Tf a 230 y 215 C respectivamente. El nylon 2/12 presenta dimorfismo mientras que en el 2/16 sólose ha observado la forma II; la forma II tiene una estructura pseudohexagonal con cadenas en conformación de hélices 6 y puentes de hidrógeno dirigidos en tres direcciones a 120 ; la forma I es minoritaria y sólo se observa bajo condiciones especiales.

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2

de, lechtenf@itp uni-hannover. "N=(2$|$2) Supersymmetric Toda Lattice Hierarchy in N=(2$|$2) Superspace." J. Nonlinear Math. Phys. 8 (2001) 183-195, 2000. ftp://ftp.esi.ac.at/pub/Preprints/esi913.ps.

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3

Nigond, Laurence. "Propriétés extractantes des N,N,N',N'-tétraalkyl, alkyl-2, propanediamides-1,3 /." Gif-sur-Yvette : Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35549711h.

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4

Vinhato, Elisângela. "Análise conformacional das 2-feniltio, 2-fenilsulfinil e 2-fenilsulfonil-N,N-dietilacetamidas e 2-feniltio, 2-fenilsulfinil e 2-fenilsulfonil-cicloexanonas 4\'-substituídas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46135/tde-10062008-141011/.

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A presente tese trata da síntese e a análise conformacional de seis séries de compostos: 2-feniltioN;N-dietilacetamidas 4\'-substituídas (I); 2-fenilsulfinil-N,N-dietilacetamidas 4\'-substituídas (II); 2-fenilsulfonil-N,N-dietilacetamidas 4\'-substituídas (III); 2-feniltio-cicloexanonas 4\'-substituídas (IV); 2-fenilsulfonil-cicloexanonas 4\'-substituídas (V); 2-fenilsulfinil-cicloexanonas 4\'substituídas (IV). O estudo conformacional foi realizado por intermédio das espectroscopias no IV e RMN de hidrogênio, apoiados por cálculos teóricos. A análise de vCO no infravermelho para as séries I, II e III, de forma geral, se correlaciona bem com os cálculos em HF e B3LYP os quais demonstram a ocorrência de duas conformações estáveis para os compostos da série (I), tendo o confôrmero gauche mais estável em relação ao confôrmero cis. O efeito dos substituintes da série (I), observado experimentalmente, é mais concordante com os resultados calculados em B3LYP do que em HF. Com relação à série (II), há apenas uma conformação estável, ou seja, a cis, no gás e em solventes de diferentes polaridades. A série (III) apresentou a existência de três conformações estáveis, sendo duas conformações gauche de maior estabilidade que a terceira conformação cis (no gás e no solvente de baixa polaridade: CCl4). Nas séries das cicloexanonas (IV, V e VI) a análise de vCO no infravermelho e RMN de hidrogênio apresentou a conformação axial como preferencial em CCl4, sendo que esta preferência passou para equatorial em CH3CN (CD3CN). Os cálculos ab initio (HF) reproduziram o resultado experimental em CCl4, apenas para os derivados 2-fenilsulfonil-cicloexanonas 4\'-substituídas (V). Por outro lado, para estas cicloexanonas (IV - VI) os cálculos em B3LYP estão mais concordantes com os dados experimentais. O método NBO (Natural Bond Orbital) confirmou que as conformações gauche das séries (I, II e III) são estabilizadas por pelas interações: nN/π*C=O, πC=O/σ*C-S, σC-S/π*C=O, n(S)/π*C=O, π*C=O/σ*C-S, e as séries (IV, V e VI) pelas interações πC=O/σ*C-S, σC-S/π*C=O, n(S)/π*C=O, π*C=O/σ*C-S. Em contraste, estes resultados de NBO demonstraram também a importância das interações: nO(CO)/σC-S, nO(CO)/σ*S-O e nO(CO)/σ*C-H para a estabilização da conformação cis. Adicionalmente, a análise das cargas calculadas sugeriu a participação de interações Coulombicas na estabilização das conformações cis e gauche. Para todas as séries de compostos (I - VI), os cálculos incluindo o efeito do solvente (Onsager e PCM), para alguns compostos representativos, facilitaram a atribuição de cada conformação em solução.
This thesis reports the synthesis and conformational analysis of six sedes of compounds: N,N diethyl-2-[( 4-substituted)phenylthio] acetamides (I); N,N-diethyl-2-[(4-substituted)phenylsulfinyl] acetamides (II); N,N-diethyl-2-[(4-substituted)phenylsulfonyl] acetamides (III); [4 = OMe, Me, H, Cl, Br and N02]; 2-[(4-substituted)phenylthio] cyclohexanones (IV); 2-[(4-substituted)phenylsulfonyl] cyclohexanones (V) and 2-[(4-substituted)phenylsulfinyl] cyclohexanones (VI), [4 = OMe, H and N02]. The conformational study was performed through the IR and 1H NMR spectroscopies, supported by theoretical calculations. The vCO infrared analysis for the series I, II and III in general matches well with the HF and B3LYP calculations which showed the occurrence of two stable conformations for compounds of series (I), being the gauche the most stable and the cis the second one. As for the substituent effect of series (I), the agreement between the experimental results with B3LYP is better than with HF. calculations. Considering the serries (II), there is only one stable conformation, the cis one, in gas and in solvents of different polarity. The series (III) showed the existence of three stable conformations, being the two gauche the most stable and the cis the least stable (both in the gas and in the low polarity solvent, CCl4). In the cyclohexanones series (IV, V and VI) the vCO infrared and 1H NMR analyses showed a preference for the axial conformation, in CCl4, changing the preference to equatorial one in CH3CN (CD3CN). The ab initio (HF) calculations reproduced the experimental preference, in CCl4, for the 2-[(4-substituted)phenylsulfonyl] cyclohexanones only. On the other hand, for these cyclohexanones (IV-VI) the B3LYP calculations improved the agreement with the experimental data. The NBO (Natural Bond Orbital) method confirmed that the gauche conformations of the series (I, II and III) are stabilized by: nN/π*C=O, πC=O/σ*C-S, σC-S/π*C=O, n(S)/π*C=O, π*C=O/σ*C-S, and for the series (IV, V and VI) by the interactions: πC=O/σ*C-S, σC-S/π*C=O, N(S)/π*C=O, π*C=O/σ*C-S. In contrast these NBO results also revealed the importance of the interactions nO(CO)/σ*C-S, nO(CO)/σ*S-O and nO(CO)/σ*C-H for the stabilization of the cis conformation. Additionally, the calculated charge analysis suggested the stabilization of both cis and gauche conformations due to Coulombic interactions. The inclusion of the solvent effect in the computations (Onsager and PCM methods) for some representative compounds of series (I-VI) facilitated the conformer attribution in solution.

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5

Duffy, Kirby Timothy Hennessy. "N metabolism and its effects on N¦2 fixation, CO¦2 and O¦2 exchange in legumes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ36024.pdf.

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6

Sauthier, Mathieu. "1,2-diiminophosphoranes et 2-'2-pyridyl)phospholes : : nouveaux ligands N,N et P,N pour la catalyse homogène." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10040.

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Nous décrivons la synthèse de nouveaux ligands N,N chiraux : les 1,2-diiminophosphoranes. La chimie de coordination de ces ligands dépend de la nature du squelette carboné. Leur utilisation pour la réaction de substitution allylique catalysée par le palladium a permis d'obtenir de bons excès énantiomériques. Ils ont été utilisés pour la préparation de complexes de nickel qui s'avèrent être des catalyseurs très actifs pour la réaction d'oligomérisation de l'éthylène. Nous avons également préparé de nouveaux ligands mixte P,N : les 2-(2-pyridyl)phospholes. Ces composés se comportent comme des chélates vis à vis du palladium et du ruthénium. Les complexes cationiques du palladium sont actifs pour la copolymérisation éthylène-monoxyde de carbone. Les 2,5-di(2-pyridyl)phospholes possèdent une chimie de coordination très originale et conduisent à la formation de systèmes bimétalliques possédant une phosphine pontante symétrique.

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7

Jünemann, Klaus. "Symmetrien des N=2 Strings." [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=956853765.

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8

Klemm, Hanno. "N=2 superconformal boundary states." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423078.

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9

Cerda, Cavieres Christopher David. "Síntesis de Derivados N-Benzoil-2-(2-Nitrofenil)-1-Hbenzimidazoles. Desarrollo de Metodologías Analíticas y Caracterización Fisicoquímica de N-(p-Flúor)-Benzoil-2-(2-Nitrofenil)-Benzimidazol y N-(p-Nitro)-Benzoil -2-(2 Nitrofenil)-Benzimidazol." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105700.

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La presente Memoria se orientó al estudio y caracterización electro-analítica de una serie de derivados N-(4-R-benzoil)-2-(2-nitrofenil)-1-H-benzimidazoles como sustratos de interés biológico. Los compuestos estudiados fueron sintetizados a partir de 2-(o-nitrofenil)-benzimidazol, generado por condensación entre 1,2-diamino-benceno y 2-nitrobenzaldehído. Posterior reacción del benzimidazol con una serie de cloruros de aroílo, generó la serie de cuatro N-(4-R-benzoil)-2-(2-nitrofenil)-1-H-benzimidazoles en buen rendimiento (R = NO2, Cl, F), con la excepción del producto denominado PMNB (R = OCH3), que obtuvo un rendimiento promedio de un 5%. Los estudios analíticos posteriormente a la síntesis, fueron desarrollados para los compuestos denominados PNB (R= NO2) y PFNB (R= F) y correspondieron al desarrollo y la puesta punto de metodologías analíticas reproducibles y selectivas, y su posterior aplicación en la caracterización de éstos. Dichos estudios se llevaron a cabo usando las técnicas de polarografía de pulso diferencial (PPD), polarografía tast (PTAST), espectrofotometría UV-Vis y cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia (HPLC). En una primera etapa se llevó a cabo el estudio de influencia del pH por PPD y PTAST, el que por razones de estabilidad fue realizado en un rango de pH entre 2,0 hasta 8,2 para ambos compuestos. En este rango de pH, PFNB y PNB exhibieron dos y tres señales de reducción respectivamente: una señal principal (dos en el caso de PNB) debida a la reducción del grupo nitro y una secundaria, probablemente correspondiente al enlace azometino presente en el anillo benzimidazólico. Ambas señales son dependientes de pH, desplazándose hacia potenciales más negativos mientras más alcalino es el pH. En una segunda etapa se desarrollaron tres metodologías analíticas para la cuantificación de los compuestos en estudio (PPD, HPLC y espectrofotometría UV-Vis), las cuales exhibieron valores adecuados de reproducibilidad (CV< 4,5%) y repetibilidad (CV< 4%), presentando linealidad en un amplio rango de concentración (4,0×10-6 M a 1,0×10-4 M) para ambos compuestos. Por espectrofometría UV-Vis se determinaron las constantes de acidez para cada compuesto, debidas al nitrógeno ubicado en la posición 3 del anillo imidazólico, en ambos casos. Los valores de pKa determinados fueron de 4,79 ± 0,06 para PNB y 4,86 ± 0,06 para PFNB. Utilizando la técnica de HPLC se determinaron los coeficientes de partición respectivos, presentando valores de log P de 2,77 para PNB y de 3,18 para PFNB. Además, por medio de la técnica de PPD se llevó a cabo un estudio preliminar de estabilidad para PNB a pH 3,0 y a temperatura ambiente, observándose que el decaimiento se ajusta a una cinética de seudo orden cero (k= 1,9571×10-7 M/min), con una vida media de alrededor de 4 horas para una concentración inicial de 1×10-4 M.

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10

Gourmelen, Stéphane. "Théories superconformes d = 2, N = 2 et superalgèbres w." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10360.

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L'etude des theories (super) conformes en dimension 2 se situe a la croisee de deux grands domaines de la physique theorique: l'invariance conforme et la supersymetrie. Leur champ d'applications touche a divers sujets: theories de (super) cordes, phenomenes critiques, systemes integrables, (super) algebres w. Nous traitons des extensions supersymetriques n = 2 des theories conformes dans un formalisme non metrique. Les supersurfaces de riemann (ssr) de type (2,0) et (2,2) sont definies et leurs structures complexes parametrees par des superchamps de beltrami. Definie sur une telle ssr, une theorie de champs superconforme possede une invariance locale liee aux diffeomorphismes et a une symetrie de jauge u(1). L'etude de ces symetries est menee dans le formalisme de brs et appliquee au calcul des anomalies quantiques. Les actions de modeles sigma sont construites sur les ssr (2,0) et (2,2). En outre, nous parametrons les structures projectives des ssr n = 2 grace a une connexion schwarzienne dont l'introduction permet de construire les operateurs superdifferentiels covariants sous les transformations superconformes et globalement definis sur la ssr. Ceux-ci sont classifies et leur ecriture matricielle nous mene, grace a des conditions de courbure nulle, a l'etude des superalgebres w dans le formalisme des superchamps n = 2.

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Wilkinson, Stephen Kidman. "Low-energy N=1 supergravity and N=2 supersymmetry models." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:97d393e8-6dd0-454a-a36b-e72f8f03369c.

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Firstly, scalar quark mass matrices are calculated for a non-minimal SU₅ N=l supergravity theory with realistic fermion masses. The squark mixing matrices, analogues of the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrices for quarks, are also calculated and have significant off-diagonal entries. Thus, there are non-zero flavour-changing gaugino interactions between 'up' quarks and 'up' squarks in the non-minimal model. This is in contrast to the case for minimal SU₅ . It is shown that in the non-minimal model flavour-changing gluino interactions contribute to the proton decay modes p → μ⁺K⁰, ῡ_μK⁺ at about the same rate as the mode p → ῡ_μK⁺ mediated by Wino exchange. Contributions to the K_L-K_S mass difference from flavour-changing gluino and wino interactions are small. Secondly, for a finite N=2 globally supersymmetric theory it is shown that the set of finiteness-preserving soft operators previously derived by Parkes and West is incomplete. The complete set of 1-loop finite operators is derived by a graphical analysis, and it is shown that most of these preserve finiteness to all orders. The low-energy N=2 model of Del Aguila et al. is reviewed, and it is shown that new constraints on the τ-neutrino mass require an unnaturally high scale of supersymmebry breaking in the model.

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Rodrigues, Letícia Valvassori. "[2] [N,N,N ,N -tetraalquilsuccinamida] rotaxa [1,7,14,20-tetraaza-2,6,15,19-tetraoxo-3,5,9,12,16,18,22,25-tetrabenzocicloexacosano]: Síntese e Estrutura." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10601.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work presents the synthesis of five new planned [2]rotaxanes whith thread derivates succinamide [R1R2NC(O)CH2CH2C(O)NR1R2, where R1 = R2 = Pr, i-Pr, Bu, i-Bu e R1 = CH2Cy e R2 = CH2Ph]. The compounds were obtained by a five-component clipping reaction. Several studies have been conducted with these compounds such as: deslipping reactions, structural analysis, molecular dynamics by using solution 1H NMR spectroscopy and intra and intermolecular interactions using Hirshfeld surface. From these results, it was observed that the deslipping reaction was highly effective when microwave irradiation was employed and the reaction has shown to be an efficient model for the synthesis of macrocycles. Moreover, it was possible to calculate the rotational energy barrier of the macrocycle around the thread of [2]rotaxanes. In addition, when the Hirshfeld surface was used, it was possible to demonstrate all of the non-covalent interactions between the submolecular components as well as the intermolecular interactions of [2]rotaxane.
Este trabalho apresenta a síntese planejada de cinco novos [2]rotaxanos com filamentos lineares derivados da succinamida [R1R2NC(O)CH2CH2C(O)NR1R2, onde R1 = R2 = Pr, i-Pr, Bu, i-Bu e R1 = CH2Cy e R2 = CH2Ph]. A síntese dos compostos foi realizada através de uma reação cinco componentes utilizando o método clipping. Diversos estudos foram realizados com esses compostos, como: dissociação dos subcomponentes moleculares (deslipping), estruturais, de dinâmica molecular utilizando RMN de 1H em solução e das interações inter/intramolecular utilizando superfície de Hirshfeld. Através dos resultados foi possível verificar que a reação de deslipping foi altamente eficiente quando utilizado irradiação de micro-ondas, sendo um ótimo modelo para a síntese de macrociclos. Além disso, foi possível calcular a energia da barreira rotacional do macrociclo ao redor do filamento linear para os [2]rotaxanos em questão. Com a utilização da superfície de Hirshfeld foi possível demonstrar todas as interações intra e intermoleculares para os [2]rotaxanos.

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Колташев, Д. В. "Физико-химические и флотационные свойства N-(2-гидроксиэтил)- и N, N-ди (2-гидроксиэтил) алкиламинов : автореф. дис. … канд. хим. наук : 02.00.04." Thesis, б. и, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/18216.

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14

Niemeyer, Bernd. "N=2 strings und selbstduale Feldtheorien." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962822698.

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15

Stolpe, Amanda. "Multicomponent n = 2 Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskites." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Oorganisk kemi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-453468.

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Lovri?, Miroslav. "L(n+1/2)-curvature pinching /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487681148541457.

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17

Erbin, Harold. "Trous noirs en supergravité N = 2." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066367/document.

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La solution des équations d'Einstein–Maxwell décrivant le trou noir le plus général a été découverte par Plebański et Demiański en 1976. Cette thèse accomplit plusieurs étapes en vue d'intégrer une généralisation de cette solution en supergravité jaugée N = 2. Le contenu bosonique de cette dernière comprend la métrique assortie de champs de jauge et de deux types de champs scalaires (appelés scalaires-vecteurs et hyperscalaires); cela implique qu'il est beaucoup plus compliqué de trouver une solution générale et l'on doit se restreindre à des classes particulières de solutions ou bien utiliser des algorithmes pour générer des solutions.Dans la première partie de cette thèse nous approchons ce problème grâce à la première stratégie en nous restreignant aux solutions BPS.Dans un premier temps nous étudions les jaugeages abéliens qui impliquent les hyperscalaires afin de comprendre quelles sont les conditions nécessaires pour obtenir des vides N = 2 adS4 ainsi que des géométries de proche-horizon associées à des trous noirs statiques.Par la suite nous décrivons une solution générale et analytique pour des trous noirs (extrémaux) 1/4-BPS qui possèdent une masse, une charge de NUT, des charges dyoniques et des champs scalaires non-triviaux dans le contexte de la supergravité N = 2 jaugée à la Fayet–Iliopoulos.Dans la seconde partie nous obtenons une extension de l'algorithme de Janis-Newman afin de prendre en compte tous les champs bosoniques de spin inférieur à 2, les horizons topologiques et le cas des autres dimensions.Ainsi cela met à disposition tous les outils nécessaires pour appliquer cet algorithme à la supergravité (jaugée ou non)
The most general black hole solution of Einstein–Maxwell theory has been discovered by Plebański and Demiański in 1976.This thesis provides several steps towards generalizing this solution by embedding it into N = 2 gauged supergravity.The (bosonic fields of the) latter consists in the metric together with gauge fields and two kinds of scalar fields (vector scalars and hyperscalars); as a consequence finding a general solution is involved and one needs to focus on specific subclasses of solutions or to rely on solution generating algorithms. In the first part of the thesis we approach the problem using the first strategy: we restrict our attention to BPS solutions, relying on a symplectic covariant formalism. First we study the possible Abelian gaugings involving the hyperscalars in order to understand which are the necessary conditions for obtaining N = 2 adS4 vacua and near-horizon geometries associated to the asymptotics of static black holes.A preliminary step is to obtain covariant expressions for the Killing vectors of symmetric special quaternionic-Kähler manifolds. Then we describe a general analytic solutions for 1/4-BPS (extremal) black holes with mass, NUT, dyonic charges and running scalars in N = 2 Fayet–Iliopoulos gauged supergravity with a symmetric very special Kähler manifold. In the second part we provide an extension of the Janis–Newman algorithm to all bosonic fields with spin less than 2, to topological horizons and to other dimensions. This provides all the necessary tools for applying this solution generating algorithm to (un)gauged supergravity, and interesting connections with the N = 2 supergravity theory are unravelled

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Balie, Isaac Henry Theodore 1948. "Die 2 1/2 eeu van Genadendal : 'n kultuurhistoriese ondersoek." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/65102.

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19

Luneau, Dominique. "Complexes polynucleaires du manganese avec des ligands a sites donneurs n::(4)o::(2), n::(6)o::(2) et n::(2)o::(3) : approches structurales et proprietes magnetiques." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30253.

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I. Mise en sevidence de trois de types de complexes de mn avec les coordinats macrocycliques a sites donneurs n::(4)o::(2) :1) couplage ferromagnetique entre ions du complexe dinucleaire, 2) complexes dinucleaires a pont acetate, formant des chaines a couplage antiferromagnetique entre ions de l'entite dinucleaire, 3)complexes tetranucleaires avec deux entites dinucleaires reliees par des ponts oxygene d'alcoolate et deux types d'interactions antiferromagnetiques. Ii. Pour les coordinats a sites donneurs n::(6)o::(2), observation de deux complexes suivant qu'une ou deux fonctions alcool sont deprotonnees, avec une nuclearite superieure a 2. Iii. Avec le coordinat acyclique a sites donneurs n::(2)o::(3), formation d'un complexe a 6 unites dinucleairs pontees par les oxygenes phenolate des coordinats, 4 oxygenes hydroxy et 2 anions acetate pour former un agregat a 12 ions de mn presentant une interaction antiferromagnetique. Discussion de l'interet de ces complexes pour la recherche de modeles du site d'oxydation de l'eau en photosynthese

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Weidemann, Wenke. "Neue Eigenschaften der UDP-N-Acetylglukosamin 2-Epimerase, N-Acetylmannosamin-Kinase." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2007/45/index.html.

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21

Martin, Joshua. "Representations of (n,n,1) pretzel knot groups into SU(2)." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433283.

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22

Rodgers, Jennifer A. "Cation ordering in n=1 and n=2 Ruddlesden-Popper phases." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400251.

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23

Cardoso, Gabriel Lopes, Bernard de Wit, Juerg Kaeppeli, Thomas Mohaupt, and mohaupt@itp stanford edu. "Stationary BPS Solutions in $N=2$ Supergravity with $R^2$-Interactions." ESI preprints, 2000. ftp://ftp.esi.ac.at/pub/Preprints/esi957.ps.

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24

VIALLET, GUILLEN VIRGINIE. "Synthese, etudes structurales et physico-chimiques de monocristaux d'oxydes supraconducteurs hgba#2ca#n#-#1cu#no#2#n#+#2#+#." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA112041.

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La technique d'amalgamation par l'or dans des tubes de quartz scelles sous vide que nous avons developpee au laboratoire a permis d'obtenir des monocristaux submillimetriques de bonne qualite des trois premiers membres hg-1201, hg-1212 et hg-1223 de la serie des supraconducteurs a base de mercure hgba#2ca#n#-#1cu#no#2#n#+#2#+#. Nous avons egalement synthetise et etudie des monocristaux de hg-1223 substitues par de l'or, du plomb et du vanadium. Nous avons etabli la structure detaillee des composes hg-1201 et hg-1223 par diffraction des rayons x sur monocristaux. L'oxygene excedentaire responsable des proprietes supraconductrices, present en faible quantite, n'occupe qu'un seul site, au centre du plan basal forme par les atomes de mercure. Dans le compose hg-1223, le site du mercure est partiellement occupe et ce defaut est compense par une substitution par du cuivre. Nous avons egalement observe des defauts d'intercroissance dans des monocristaux de hg-1212 et hg-1223. Nous avons determine le diagramme de phase (, t, p(o#2)) des composes hg-1201 et hg-1223 par thermogravimetrie en atmosphere controlee entre 150 et 500c dans des conditions d'equilibre thermodynamique. Cette etude a revele que le processus d'intercalation et de desintercalation de l'oxygene n'etait pas completement reversible a basse temperature contrairement aux oxydes classiques. Les diagrammes de phase reliant la tc a sont tres differents pour les deux composes. Dans le cas de hg-1201, la temperature critique presente une variation proche d'une loi parabolique, avec une tc optimale de 96 k (0. 10) et l'on couvre une gamme etendue de tc dans les regions de sur et sousdopage. Dans le compose hg-1223, la tc croit de facon lineaire avec la teneur en oxygene jusqu'a la tc optimale de 135 k (0. 19) et ne diminue que de 2 k dans le regime surdope. Enfin, l'obtention de monocristaux de taille suffisante a rendu possible la determination de certaines grandeurs physiques caracteristiques de ces materiaux fortement bidimensionnels.

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25

Geyser, Anna Barbara. "1 & 2 Kronieke as 'n magsteks." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05242006-144255/.

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26

Pierrette, Raimbault Sophie Marie. "Dynamic Resolution of N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489677.

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27

Purdy, Robert. "Renormalisation of N=1/2 supersymmetric theories." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540013.

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28

Davila, Patiño Carla. "Mercado de abastos N° 2 de Surco." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/657051.

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El proyecto se enfoca en diseñar el Mercado N.2 en el distrito de Santiago de Surco, este es el más importante de Lima Centro, en el que los usuarios que lo concurran no solo vayan a comprar, si no también, se les pueda brindar un valor agregado y deje de ser solo un mercado convencional, como talleres, cafés, bares, plazas, entre otros. Esto logrará que el mercado deje de ser un lugar de paso, convirtiéndose así en un lugar de permanencia, evitando que este de la espalda a su entorno y revitalizando aún más la zona comercial en la que se encuentra tanto de día como de noche, además incrementará la seguridad por su uso. Logrando que el mercado se convierta en un espacio integrador y polivalente.
The project focuses on design the N.2 Market in the district of Santiago de Surco, this is the most important in Lima Center, in which the users who attend it will not only buy, but also, can provide them an added value and stop being just a conventional market, such as workshops, coffee shop, bars, squares, among others. This will make the market cease to be a place of passage, thus becoming a place of permanence, preventing its back to its surroundings and revitalizing even more the commercial area in which it is both day and night, in addition It will increase safety by its use. Making the market become an integrating and versatile space.
Tesis

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29

ALTAMIRA, Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas. "Boletín diario de información científica N° 2." Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas ALTAMIRA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/651716.

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30

Angele, Bernhard, Timothy J. Slattery, Jinmian Yang, Reinhold Kliegl, and Keith Rayner. "Parafoveal processing in reading: Manipulating n+1 and n+2 previews simultaneously." Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5712/.

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The boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) with a novel preview manipulation was used to examine the extent of parafoveal processing of words to the right of fixation. Words n+1 and n+2 had either correct or incorrect previews prior to fixation (prior to crossing the boundary location). In addition, the manipulation utilized either a high or low frequency word in word n+1 location on the assumption that it would be more likely that n+2 preview effects could be obtained when word n+1 was high frequency. The primary findings were that there was no evidence for a preview benefit for word n+2 and no evidence for parafoveal-on-foveal effects when word n+1 is at least four letters long. We discuss implications for models of eye-movement control in reading.

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31

Eden, Burkhard. "Correlation functions in N=2 and N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312972.

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32

Delamotte, Bertrand. "De N = 1 à N = 2 : les harmoniques plus hautes du superespace." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10094.

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Les theories supersymetriques n egale deux n'ont recu que recemment un formalisme hors couche de masse satisfaisant avec le superespace harmonique. Cette stese passe en revue la construction de ce superespace et les theories que l'on peut y formuler. Elle aborde egalement la phenomenologie des theories n egales un en dimension six

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33

Conant, James Roger. "A knot bounding a grope of class n is [n/2]- trivial /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9970650.

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34

Rousseau, Valérie. "Decharges microondes en impulsion en melange n#2/o#2 type air." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112406.

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Le sujet de cette these porte sur l'etude de decharges microondes, creees en impulsion, dans des melanges de type air. La premiere partie est consacree a une etude bibliographique sur le claquage et la propagation d'impulsions microondes dans l'air, des annees 50 jusqu'a nos jours. La seconde partie est consacree a l'etude experimentale d'une decharge creee par onde de surface (1. 1 ghz), en impulsion (microsec), en melange n#2/o#2 (80/20). Le chapitre 1 presente les diagnostics spectroscopiques et microondes utilises, resolus en temps, permettant de coupler formation du plasma et propagation de l'onde. Caracterisation du plasma et etude de sa formation font l'objet du chapitre 2. Un diagnostic d'interferometrie microonde fournit une estimation de la densite electronique au gap et de la frequence de collision electron-neutre pour le transfert de la quantite de mouvement (respectivement 8 10#1#4 cm#-#3 et 3 10#1#0 s#-#1, pour 10 torr et 20 kw de puissance crete). Il est montre que la formation temporelle de la colonne de plasma est regie par la vitesse d'un front d'ionisation, etroitement liee a la vitesse du front d'onde. Apres avoir degage deux regimes de fonctionnement de la decharge (cas de l'impulsion isolee et limite du cas continu), l'ensemble des resultats experimentaux permet de proposer une interpretation de la formation de la colonne. Dans le chapitre 3 est presentee une etude sur l'influence de la frequence de repetition des impulsions (de l'ordre du khz), puis sur la temperature du gaz, mesuree par spectroscopie d'emission resolue en temps. Il est mis en evidence une forte augmentation de celle-ci pendant la duree de l'impulsion, ainsi qu'une difference en debut d'impulsion fonction de la frequence de repetition. Les effets multipulse observes sont ainsi interpretes en terme de variation de la densite de neutres, due a des variations de temperature du gaz

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35

Bascoy, Marta L. "N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene binding sites on [phi] X174 and SV40." FIU Digital Commons, 1991. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1429.

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Restriction enzyme inhibition and lambda exonuclease studies indicate that carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2 aminofluorene (AAAF) binds to sequences on ɸX174 RF and SV40 plasmids DNA that are similar to the eight preferred binding sites previously located on pBR 322. Both DNAs were digested with enzyme Hinf I and resultant fragments 32P end-labeled. Labeled fragments were reacted with the carcinogen to give one to sixteen bound moieties per DNA. Fragments were isolated and restriccion enzyme and lambda exonuclease inhibition assays were performed. Inhibition detected occurred at selected sites and was not specific for a certain enzyme or certain size of recognition sequence. Results of these assays allow mapping of the location of high affinity binding sites of the carcinogen on both DNAs. All sites have common sequence elements: the presence of either the sequence T(G/C)TT(G/C) or the sequence T(G/C) CTT(G/C).

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36

Wieland, Heinrich [Verfasser]. "Charakterisierung funktioneller Aminosäuren der UDP-N-Acetylglucosamin-2-Epimerase-N-Acetylmannosaminkinase / Heinrich Wieland." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1026069467/34.

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37

Grant, Kevan Michael. "Synthesis Of 2-substituted N-heterocycles via asymmetric organocatalysed intramolecular N-conjugate addition." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41244/.

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This thesis describes the use of cinchona derived squaramide catalyst 27 in the asymmetric intramolecular N-conjugate addition of nitrogen nucleophiles with a,B-unsaturated carbonyls. The first chapter describes investigation of intramolecular N-conjugate addition reactions of sulfonamides with aromatic ketones, esters, thioesters and amides generating chiral 2-substituted piperidines, morpholines and oxazinanes. The squaramide catalyst 27 was found to efficiently catalyse the reaction, good yields of cyclic products were obtained with excellent enantioselectivities. Further modification of these products towards natural and drug targets is outlined. A possible mechanism based on observed stereochemistry and in silico modelling of transition states is proposed. The second chapter describes investigation of altered substrates formed by varying functionality linking the a,B-unsaturated carbonyl to the nitrogen nucleophile. For example, 4-Substitued 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazin-2-ones and cyclic sulfamates were synthesised this way, but unfortunately enantioselectivity was poor in this case. Finally the influence of chiral substrates on asymmetric cyclisation was investigated during the synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted pyrrolidines. It was found that the intrinsic diastereoselectivity of the cyclisation is difficult to overcome using asymmetric organocatalysis.

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38

Yang, Xinwei. "Synthesis and characterization of ruthenium complexes with (N-N)(P-P) and (N-P)2 donor sets." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/114187.

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Since the discovery of nonlinear effects, both the theory and measurement techniques have been developed significantly, especially since the invention of the laser. However, structure-NLO property relationships for organometallics as well as their NLO mechanisms are far less explored than those of organic molecules and inorganic salts. The greater flexibility and exceptionally large NLO responses of organometallic compounds attracts chemists to this field. Modification of coordinated co-ligands in organometallic systems has influence on the NLO merit by introducing new electronic charge-transfer transitions, oxidation state and coordination sphere of the metal centers. In this work, the donor sets of the ruthenium complexes were modified from the most investigated (P-P)(P-P) to (N-N)(P-P) and (N-P)2 and a series of ruthenium complexes were synthesized and characterized. In Chapter 2, the study of the Ru(N-N)(P-P) complexes is detailed. Three bidentate diphosphine ligands (dppe, dppb and dppf) and one diimine ligand (tert-Bu-bpy) were selected for this study as the diphosphine and diimine ligands, respectively. Ruthenium halide and mono-alkynyl complexes were obtained successfully. Their optical, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties were examined and are discussed. The formation of eta3- and eta1-butenynyl complexes was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Attempts towards bis-alkynyl complexes were made, but no conclusive evidence could be obtained to confirm the successful synthesis of this species. In Chapter 3, the focus of the work is the study of ruthenium complexes with a (N-P)2 donor set. Two iminophosphine ligands, 2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine (PPh2py) and 8-(diphenylphosphino)quinoline (PPh2qn), were selected for this study. The cis-RuCl2(N-P) complexes and the corresponding dimers were synthesized and characterized. Their optical and electrochemical properties were measured and are discussed. In Chapter 4, the quadratic and cubic nonlinear optical properties of organometallic complexes were explored by hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) and frequency-depentdent Z-scan techniques, respectively. The first hyperpolarizabilities of the ruthenium halide and mono-alkynyl complexes described in Chapter 2 were determined by HRS measurements. The second hyperpolarizabilities of some organometallic complexes synthesized by the Humphrey group and the collaborators were measured by the Z-scan technique.

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39

Orellana, Bustos María José. "Estudio de estabilidad hidrolítica de N-(p-clorobenzoil)-2-(o-nitrofenil)-benzimidazol y N-(p-flúorbenzoil)-2-(o-nitrofenil)-benzimidazol." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105315.

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40

Silva, Wagner André Vieira da. "(S)-2-hidroxipropanoato de 2-N, N-dimetilaminoetila: síntese e investigação da atividade organocatalítica na reação de Morita-Baylis-Hilman." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7079.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2697470 bytes, checksum: 43857465b95f5bc745fef7fb91591233 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-28
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study was performed in order to synthesize and evaluate a new chiral tertiary amine, (S)-2-hydroxypropanoate 2-N, N-dimetilaminoetila according to the concept of multifunctional catalyst, which allows one same molecule presents various characteristics such as Bronsted acid and Lewis base. Allied to the interests of organocatalysis of simplicity and low operating costs, resulting in products that do not have contaminants like metals, designed in order to be able to catalyze / promote the reaction of Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH). The synthesis was performed starting from cheap raw materials and good commercial availability, S-lactic acid and 2-N, Ndimetilaminoetan-1-ol in one step reaction (98%). Based on current mechanistic proposal of the MBH reaction, the mechanism of Cantillo and Kappe, we investigated the reaction conditions, where there is a hydrogen transfer in aprotic media and also in the presence of phenols as additives, checking the influence speeds, reaction yields and asymmetric induction. We investigated the reaction between pnitrobenzaldehyde and acrylonitrile as reaction MBH pattern, varying experimental conditions such as solvent, quantity of (S)-2-hydroxypropanoate 2-N, Ndimetilaminoetila time, temperature and addition of phenolic additives. In addition, a new method was developed for the separation of enantiomers for the racemic compound antiparasitic 2 - [Hydroxy (4-nitrophenyl) methyl] acrylonitrile by gas chromatography with high resolution capillary columns packed with chiral phases. Chemical yields were obtained 2 - [hydroxy (4-nitrophenyl) methyl] <1 to 98% and enantiomeric excesses up to 20.5%. Mechanistic aspects are discussed in this paper, based on the results and computations, using the theory DFT and QTAIM.
Este trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de sintetizar e avaliar uma nova amina terciária quiral, o (S)-2-hidroxipropanoato de 2-N,N-dimetilaminoetila de acordo ao conceito de catalisador multifuncional, o qual permite que uma mesma molécula apresente várias características como os de ácido de Bronsted e base de Lewis. Aliado aos interesses da organocatálise de simplicidade e baixo custo operacional, resultando em produtos que não apresentam metais como contaminantes, projetamos no intuito de ser capaz de catalisar/promover a reação de Morita-Baylis-Hilman (MBH). A síntese de foi efetuada a partir de matérias-primas baratas e de boa disponibilidade comercial; o ácido S-lático e o 2-N,Ndimetilaminoetan- 1-ol em uma etapa reacional (98%). Baseado na atual proposta mecanística da reação de MBH, o mecanismo de Cantillo e Kappe, foram investigados as condições reacionais, onde há a transferência de hidrogênio em meio aprótico e também na presença de fenóis como aditivos, verificando a influência nas velocidades, rendimentos de reação e indução assimétrica. Investigamos a reação entre o p-nitrobenzaldeído e a acrilonitrila como reação de MBH padrão, variando condições experimentais como: solvente, quantidade do(S)-2-hidroxipropanoato de 2-N,N-dimetilaminoetila, tempo, temperatura e adição de aditivos fenólicos. Em adição, foi desenvolvido um novo método de separação de enantiômeros para o composto racêmico antiparasitário 2-[Hidroxi(4-nitrofenil)metil] acrilonitrila via cromatografia gasosa com colunas capilares de alta resolução empacotadas por fases quirais. Foram obtidos rendimentos químicos do 2-[Hidroxi(4- nitrofenil)metil] <1 à 98% e excessos enantioméricos até 20,5%. Aspectos mecanísticos são discutidos neste trabalho, baseados nos resultados obtidos e em cálculos computacionais, usando a teoria DFT e QTAIM.

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41

Gaulon-Nourry, Catherine. "Les N-vinyl-2-oxazolidinones, nouveaux diénophiles en hétérocycloaddition [4+2] : application à la synthèse asymétrique de N-glucosides originaux." Le Mans, 2003. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2003/2003LEMA1010.pdf.

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Notre travail a consisté à étudier la réactivité inédite des N-vinyl-2-oxazolidinones en tant que diénophiles en hétérocycloaddition [4+2] à demande inverse. Après avoir mis au point une méthode simple et efficace pour synthétiser les N-vinyl-2-oxazolidinones, leur réactivité a été étudiée vis-à-vis de divers hétérodiènes activés de type a-cétoester ß,?-insaturé. En présence d'une quantité catalytique d'Eu(fod)3 et au reflux du cyclohexane, les cycloadditions ont conduit à des dihydropyranes fonctionnalisés originaux avec un rendement élevé, une endo-sélectivité quasiment totale et une diastéréosélectivité faciale excellente. L'aménagement fonctionnel stéréocontrôlé du produit de cycloaddition a permis de synthétiser des dérivés de sucres originaux diastéréomériquement purs, de structure N-(2-déoxy-glucosyl)oxazolidinone. Enfin, des résultats préliminaires concluants ont été obtenus lors de la cycloaddition [3+2] opposant la N-vinyloxazolidinone et la N-benzyl- -éthoxycarbonylnitrone
Our project was to study the reactivity of N-vinyl-2-oxazolidinones as new dienophiles in inverse demand [4+2] heterocycloaddition. Having finalised an easy-made and efficient procedure to synthesize N-vinyl-2-oxazolidinones in high yields, we studied their reactivity towards various ß,?-unsaturated a-ketoesters as heterodienes. Under Eu(fod)3 catalysis in refluxing cyclohexane, the cycloadditions afforded original functionnalized dihydropyranes in good yields, moreover dispaying both high endo-selectivity and facial diastereoselectivity. The stereocontrolled transformation of the cycloaddition product let us synthesize original diastereomerically and enantiomerically pur sugar derivatives, possessing the N-(2-deoxy-glucosyl)oxazolidinone structure. Finally, promising preliminary results were obtained from the [3+2] cycloaddition between N-vinyloxazolidinone as a new dipolarophile and N-benzyl- -ethoxycarbonylnitrone, thus opening a new application field for N-vinyloxazolidinones

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42

Dani, Ines. "ECR-Plasmadiagnostik im System Ar-H 2 -N 2 -TMS und Charakterisierung der entstehenden SiC x N y :H-Schichten." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10424168.

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43

Theis, Ulrich Clemens. "N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories with nonpolynomial interactions." [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=957843631.

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44

Spendig, Bernd. "Der N=2-String auf nicht trivialen Hintergründen." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966096029.

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45

de, lechtenf@itp uni-hannover. "Hidden Symmetries of the Open N=2 String." Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 16 (2001) 303-329, 2000. ftp://ftp.esi.ac.at/pub/Preprints/esi909.ps.

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46

Altinsoy, Sule. "Polymerization And Characterization Of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611238/index.pdf.

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N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, NVP, was polymerized by &
#56256
&
#56394
-radiation in the presence of atmospheric oxygen and under vacuum at different periods. Polymerization also conducted by using chemical initiator, &
#56256
&
#56466
-Azoisobutyronitrile, AIBN, in bulk at different temperatures and times. The activation energy for polymerization was found from Arrhenius plot as 31,8 kJ/mol. By using the Fox-Flory equation T&
#56256
&
#56394
and k values calculated for each polymerization methods. The polymer obtained was white gel type. The different types of polymer obtained were investigated by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, DSC, TGA and viscosity measurement methods. According to the FT-IR and NMR results, the polymerizations proceeded via vinyl group. As expected, solution viscosity measurements and DSC results showed that the glass transition temperature of polymer increases with increasing molecular weight.

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47

Morgan, Paul M. "The mechanism of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ34592.pdf.

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48

Sala, Rafael F. "Mechanistic studies on UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0023/NQ38970.pdf.

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49

Elliott, Joshua Wright 1980. "Three dimensional N = 2 supersymmetry on the lattice." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97947.

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We show how 3-dimensional, N=2 supersymmetric theories, including super QCD with matter fields, can be put on the lattice with existing techniques, in a way which will recover supersymmetry in the small lattice spacing limit, with O(a) lattice spacing suppressed SUSY breaking effects.

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50

Stephenson, Philip Charles Robertson. "Subgroups of some (2, 3, n) triangle groups." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1992. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3054/.

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Abstract:

As an abstract group, the (2,3,n) triangle group has the presentation mit _n = < x,y : x^2 = y^3 = (yx)^n = 1 > This thesis is concerned with subgroups of finite index in mit 9, mit _11 and mit 13. With a subgroup of finite index, u, in the (2,3,11) triangle group, we associate a quintuple of non-negative integers (u,p,e,f,g), with u 1 and 5u = 132(p - 1) + 33e + 44f + 60g. We show in Theorem 1.4.6 that each quintuple, satisfying the conditions, corresponds to a subgroup of mit 11. With a subgroup of finite index, u, in the (2,3,12) triangle group, we associate a quintuple of non-negative integers (u,p,e,f,g), with u 1 and 7u = 156(p - 1) + 39e + 52f + 72g. We show in Theorem 3.3.6 that each quintuple, satisfying the conditions, corresponds to a subgroup of mit 13. With a subgroup of finite index, u, in the (2,3,9) triangle group, we associate a sextuple of non-negative integers (u,p,e,f,g1,g3) with u 1, u = f (mod 3) and u = 36(p - 1) + 9e + 12f + 16g_1 + 12g_3. We show in Theorem 2,3,9 that each sextuple, satisfying the conditions, corresponds to a subgroup of mit 9 with the following exceptions: (a) (12n+ 9,0,1,0,0,n+ 3), V n 0 (b) (24,0,0,0,0,5) (c) (24,0,0,0,3,1) (d) (24,0,0,3,0,2) Coset diagrams are used extensively in the proofs, although to prove exception (a) for mit 9, we make use of Hauptmodul equations (see [1] and [23]). Computer programs were developed to generate all quintuples satisfying the relevant conditions for (2,3,110 subgroups for u 101, all quintuples satisfying the relevant conditions for (2,3,13) subgroups for u 110, and all sextuples satisfying the relevant conditions for (2,3,9) subgroups for u 38. These programs and their output are presented in the Appendices. We show in Theorem 1.2.2 that quintuples, which satisfy the relevant (2,3,11) conditions, exist for each u 99. We show in Theorem 2.2.1 that sextuples, which satisfy the relevant (2,3,9) conditions, exist for each u 36. We show in Theorem 3.2.1 that quintuples, which satisfy the relevant (2,3,13) conditions, exist for each u 104.

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