Journal articles: '2-Methylisoborneol (MIB)'

1

Izaguirre, G., R. L. Wolfe, and E. G. Means. "Bacterial Degradation of 2-Methylisoborneol." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0244.

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2-Methylisoborneol (MIB) is a musty-odored compound occurring in natural waters that is difficult to remove by conventional water treatment methods. Biodegra-dation may be an alternative for its removal from drinking water. Studies were undertaken to determine the conditions enhancing MIB degradation and to isolate and identify the bacteria responsible. MIB degraders were enriched using mg/l levels of the compound, in a defined mineral medium, inoculated with water and sediment samples from reservoirs where MIB is seasonally produced. Cultures that degraded MIB were isolated and enumerated. Degradation occurred only in mixed cultures. MIB supported growth as sole carbon source at 1-6.7 mg/l. MIB at 10 µg/l was also degraded in sterile lake water inoculated with washed bacteria. The degradation of MIB at both µg/l and mg/l levels took from 7 days to more than 2 weeks.

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Eaton, Richard W., and Peter Sandusky. "Biotransformations of 2-Methylisoborneol by Camphor-Degrading Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 3 (December 5, 2008): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02126-08.

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ABSTRACT Many camphor-degrading bacteria that are able to transform 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) have been identified. Three of these strains have been examined in detail. Rhodococcus ruber T1 metabolizes camphor through 6-hydroxycamphor but converts 2-MIB to 3-hydroxy-2-MIB. Pseudomonas putida G1, which metabolizes camphor through 5-hydroxycamphor, converts MIB primarily to 6-hydroxy-2-MIB. Rhodococcus wratislaviensis DLC-cam converts 2-MIB through 5-hydroxy-2-MIB to 5-keto-2-MIB. Together, these three strains produce metabolites resulting from hydroxylation at all of the three available secondary carbons on the six-member ring of 2-MIB.

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Jeong, Ju-Yong, Sang-Hoon Lee, Mi-Ra Yun, Seung-Eun Oh, Kyong-Hee Lee, and Hee-Deung Park. "2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB) Excretion by Pseudanabaena yagii under Low Temperature." Microorganisms 9, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122486.

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Outbreaks of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) contamination in drinking water sources cause inconvenient odor issues in the water distribution system. In this study, microscopy-based isolation with physiological and molecular phylogenetic characterization were performed to investigate and characterize the 2-MIB odor producers that caused an odor problem in the freshwater system of the North Han River in the autumn of 2018. A benthic cyanobacterium was isolated from 2-MIB odor-issue freshwater samples and was found to be phylogenetically affiliated with Pseudanabaena yagii (99.66% sequence similarity), which was recorded in South Korea for the first time. The 2-MIB synthesis gene sequences from the odor-issue freshwater samples showed 100% similarity with those in the P. yagii strains. Protein sequences of 2-MIB synthase observed in the genome of the isolated strain showed structural and functional characteristics similar to those observed in other Pseudanabaena species. The 2-MIB production rate increased slowly during mat formation on the vessel wall; however, it rapidly increased after the temperature dropped. The 2-MIB gene was continuously expressed regardless of the temperature changes. These results suggest that the 2-MIB odor issue in the North Han River might be caused by the release of 2-MIB from the mat-forming P. yagii species in a low-temperature freshwater environment.

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Sumitomo, H. "Biodegradation of 2-Methylisoborneol by Gravel Sand Filtration." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0052.

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2-Methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin produced by blue-green algae were successfully removed in a new gravel filter plant. Small amounts of sludge were sampled from the filter layer and the bacteria able to decompose MIB were isolated from the sludge samples. By-products of the MIB degradation by these bacteria were also investigated. Among these bacteria, efforts were mainly focused on Pseudomonas fluorescens. The components of cell free extracts of this bacterium were studied in order to verify the biological reactions in vitro. 2-Methylenebornane, 2-methyl-2-bornene and isomers of these compounds were found to be a part of the by-products of the MIB degradation in the gravel filter.

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Elhadi, S. L. N., P. M. Huck, and R. M. Slawson. "Removal of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol by biological filtration." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0586.

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The quality of drinking water is sometimes diminished by the presence of certain compounds that can impart particular tastes or odours. One of the most common and problematic types of taste and odour is the earthy/musty odour produced by geosmin (trans-1, 10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol) and MIB (2-methylisoborneol). Taste and odour treatment processes including powdered activated carbon, and oxidation using chlorine, chloramines, potassium permanganate, and sometimes even ozone are largely ineffective for reducing these compounds to below their odour threshold concentration levels. Ozonation followed by biological filtration, however, has the potential to provide effective treatment. Ozone provides partial removal of geosmin and MIB but also creates other compounds more amenable to biodegradation and potentially undesirable biological instability. Subsequent biofiltration can remove residual geosmin and MIB in addition to removing these other biodegradable compounds. Bench scale experiments were conducted using two parallel filter columns containing fresh and exhausted granular activated carbon (GAC) media and sand. Source water consisted of dechlorinated tap water to which geosmin and MIB were added, as well as, a cocktail of easily biodegradable organic matter (i.e. typical ozonation by-products) in order to simulate water that had been subjected to ozonation prior to filtration. Using fresh GAC, total removals of geosmin ranged from 76 to 100% and total MIB removals ranged from 47% to 100%. The exhausted GAC initially removed less geosmin and MIB but removals increased over time. Overall the results of these experiments are encouraging for the use of biofiltration following ozonation as a means of geosmin and MIB removal. These results provide important information with respect to the role biofilters play during their startup phase in the reduction of these particular compounds. In addition, the results demonstrate the potential biofilters have in responding to transient geosmin and MIB episodes.

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Kawamura, G., K. Anraku, Y. Hisatomi, T. Matsuoka, and T. Motohiro. "Chemical perception and behavioral response of freshwater fish to 2-methylisoborneol." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 11 (June 1, 1995): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0428.

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The substance 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) often affects aquatic organisms and causes problem of off-flavours in fish. In order to know how fish become tainted with MIB, response and chemical sensitivity of three freshwater fishes to MIB were examined behaviorally and electrophysiologically. The electrocardiographic tests showed that the threshold of detection for this compound was 4.8 × 10−5 ngl−1 for the Nile tilapia and 2.1 × 10−5 ngl−1 for the rainbow trout. Fish whose olfactory rosettes were removed also showed the cardiac response to MIB, but the threshold increased by 3 and 5 orders of magnitude in the Nile tilapia and rainbow trout respectively. The recordings of neural response of the olfactory tract of the carp to MIB solutions showed the olfactory threshold at a concentration of 4 × 10−8 ngl−1. In behavioral tests in tanks, MIB solutions did not attract these fishes and evoked no avoidance in these fishes. It was concluded that, while freshwater fishes are extremely sensitive to MIB, they would not escape from waters contaminated with MIB and thus easily be tainted with MIB.

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Shao, Xia, and Kang Du. "Biodegradation of 2-methylisoborneol by enzyme separated from Pseudomonas mandelii." Water Supply 20, no. 6 (May 20, 2020): 2096–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.100.

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Abstract As a kind of odorous substance, 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) is difficult to be degraded naturally. Some isolated strains of bacteria can degrade 2-MIB effectively. In this study, a strain of bacteria which can remove 2-MIB from drinking water efficiently was obtained from activated carbon in a filter, and was identified to be Pseudomonas mandelii based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Pseudomonas mandelii was not sensitive to the initial concentration of 2-MIB, and could tolerate a rather high concentration of 2-MIB. The best growth conditions for this degrader were 25–35 °C and initial pH of 7. The concentration of 2-MIB in mineral salt medium was reduced from 2 mg/L to 471.9 μg/L by Pseudomonas mandelii in 20 d after incubation. Nineteen bands of degrading enzyme were isolated from Pseudomonas mandelii, one of which was identified as a NAD-dependent dehydratase. It was found that 2-methyl-2-bornene was the metabolite in the presence of both the Pseudomonas mandelii and the isolated enzymes, indicating that NAD-dependent dehydratase might be involved in the biodegradation process or cooperate with other enzymes in the metabolic process to complete the dehydration process of 2-MIB.

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8

Oikawa, E., A. Shimizu, and Y. Ishibashi. "2-methylisoborneol degradation by the cam operon from pseudomonas putida PpG1." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 11 (June 1, 1995): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0407.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) degradation is coded on the chromosomal DNA or on the plasmid DNA. Result of these studies indicated the genes in Pseudomonas spp. responsible for this degradation may be located in the chromosomal DNA. Moreover, since the structure of MIB is similar to camphor, the cam operon which can decompose camphor was tested for decomposition of MIB. The cam operon consists of five parts; camD,C,A,B and camR. Each gene plays a different note; camR as it is a repressor of expression. The whole cam operon could decompose MIB by much the same pathway as camphor. Overexpressed recombinant plasmids were also constructed to reduce MIB, which was effectively degraded by deleted camR strains.

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Brownlee, B., C. Marvin, G. MacInnis, M. Charlton, and S. Watson. "Interlaboratory comparison of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in municipal tap water." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 5 (March 1, 2007): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.161.

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An interlaboratory comparison (“round-robin”) for geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) was carried out between six laboratories of the Ontario Water Works Research Consortium (OWWRC). Municipal tap water was found to be a suitable medium for distribution of samples. To test stability, geosmin and MIB were added to tap water and stored at 2–4°C. Under these conditions, geosmin concentrations declined by approximately 5% per month for the first 2 months. MIB concentrations were stable over a 158-day period. Three round-robins were carried out individually in 2001, 2003 and 2004. Two levels of geosmin and MIB were used: nominally 10 and 100 ng/l. In 2003 the relative standard deviation for all six participating laboratories were 34, 21, 21 and 22% for low and high level MIB, and low and high level geosmin, respectively. For all but MIB at the low level, there was a marked improvement in agreement between laboratories from 2001 to 2004. However, we recommend use of common analytical standards in order to potentially further reduce interlaboratory variability.

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Wu, Yuan Yuan, Hai Yan, Xiao Lu Liu, Qian Qian Xu, Xue Yao Yin, and Ning Ning Yang. "Isolation of a Novel Bacterium for the Efficient Biodegradation of 2-Methylisoborneol." Advanced Materials Research 647 (January 2013): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.647.344.

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2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB) is one of typical odorants in potable water sources, which is hardly removed by conventional water treatment process. A large number of studies have shown it is bio-degradable, but theory of biodegradation is not explicit. In this study, a promising bacterial strain for biodegrading 2-MIB was successfully isolated from a bioreactor for the efficient biodegradation of 2-MIB and identified as Arthrobacter ureafaciens-YW with 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological analysis, which is not previously reported. 35% of 2-MIB was biodegraded in 2 d at initial 2-MIB concentration of 50 μg/L. In addition, in the presence of nicotinamide of 20 mmol/L, the rate of 2-MIB biodegradation by A. ureafaciens-YW can be increased by 5%. This study is very important in the basic research and application in the efficient removal of 2-MIB from potable water sources.

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11

Watanabe, T., Y. Amano, and M. Machida. "Screening of powdered activated carbons to remove 2-methylisoborneol for drinking water." Water Supply 12, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.134.

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A 95% confidence interval was estimated from 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) numbers, as an index of adsorption capacity described in this article, for 31 different powdered activated carbons (PACs) used for drinking water purification. The seven PACs selected in this study were chosen as five of them were within the 95% confidence interval and the other two PACs were not. The PACs were assessed based on previous studies, which represented the relationships between 2-MIB adsorption capacity and surface area, pore distribution, bulk oxygen content and surface oxygen functional groups. From the results, we assumed the 2-MIB adsorption mechanism and studied relationships between 2-MIB number and ash content of PAC or pH value of PAC slurry. It was shown that the 2-MIB number correlated with the ash content and the pH value. Easily measurable ash content and pH values would help a water supplier briefly screen PACs for removing 2-MIB at a water purification facility.

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12

Ishida, H., and Y. Miyaji. "Biodegradation of 2-Methylisoborneol by Oligotrophic Bacterium Isolated from a Eutrophied Lake." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0061.

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2-Methylisoborneol (MIB) is one of several causative compounds responsible for musty odor problems of drinking water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinetics of MIB biodegradation and utilization of other organics by Bacillus sp. This bacterium was isolated from the backwash water of a rapid sand filter used to treat water from Lake Kasumigaura. The isolated organism was an oligotrophic bacterium that can grow on a medium containing 0.1 mg/l of MIB as a sole carbon source. A laboratory experiment showed that a biofilm reactor seeded with the cells of this bacterium continuously removed approximately 90 % of 600 ng/l MIB.

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13

Izaguirre, G., and W. D. Taylor. "Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol production in a major aqueduct system." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 11 (June 1, 1995): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0398.

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The California Aqueduct supplies water from Northern California to Southern California, dividing into the West and East branches above Pyramid Lake. In July and August 1990, elevated geosmin levels (10-48 ng/l) occurred in the East Branch of the aqueduct, which extends along the southern edge of the Mojave Desert. The geosmin episode was associated with attached algal growths on the sides of the aqueduct. A geosmin-producing cyanobacterium, possibly a Microcoleus sp., was isolated from both water and periphyton. In the summer of 1991, elevated levels of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) occurred in the East Branch of the aqueduct (up to 78 ng/l), along with lower levels of geosmin. In July 1992, a recurrence of MIB production led to a severe off-flavor problem for a water agency that receives water directly from the aqueduct, resulting in numerous complaints from consumers. In both episodes, a Lyngbya sp. was isolated from periphyton and mud collected near the water's edge. These isolates were strong MIB producers in culture, yielding 240 and 260 μg/l, respectively. Beginning in 1992, a second, relatively weak MIB producer, a Hyella sp., was isolated from membrane-filter plates inoculated with aqueduct water. These off-flavor episodes - associated with low flows during a drought period - showed that previously untainted water sources can be affected by these problems when conditions change.

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Vik, E. A., R. Storhaug, H. Naes, and H. C. Utkilen. "Pilot Scale Studies of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol Removal." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0247.

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Water blooms of O.bornettii, a producer of off-flavour compounds, occasionally occur in Lake Mjoesa. Accordingly a new water works is planned to alleviate the associated taste and odour problems. A pilot plant was constructed in 1985 and a continuous water treatment study was performed over a one year period. Granular activated carbon (GAC) was compared with ozonation-GAC. Filtrasorb-400 was used and the empty-bed contact-time of the GAC-filters was 21 min. The ozone dosage varied from 2 to 5 mg O3/l. To simulate water blooms, commercially produced geosmin and 2-methyliso-borneol (MIB) were added to the water in concentrations from 10 to 190 ng/l. A slightly higher TOC-uptake was seen in the ozonation-GAC combination. This may indicate that the ozonation process is forming organic oxidation products that are competing with the geosmin and MIB for adsorption sites in the GAC-filter.

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Kim, Hyunook, Youngmin Hong, Byung-In Sang, and Virender K. Sharma. "Application of SPE followed by large-volume injection GC/MS for the analysis of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in water." Analytical Methods 7, no. 16 (2015): 6678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay01138h.

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A new method comprising solid phase extraction (SPE) and subsequent large volume injection-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (LVI-GC/MS) was developed to analyze 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin in water.

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Yagi, Masakazu, Susumu Nakashima, and Shigeki Muramoto. "Biological Degradation of Musty Odor Compounds, 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin, in a Bio-Activated Carbon Filter." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0250.

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The musty odor compounds, 2-methylisoborneol(MIB) and geosmin, were degraded during filtration within a bio-activated carbon filter seeded with Bacillussubtilis. More than 50% of both compounds adsorbed on the carbon were degraded.

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Guo, Xiao-Pin, Peng Zang, Yong-Mei Li, and Dong-Su Bi. "TiO2-Powdered Activated Carbon (TiO2/PAC) for Removal and Photocatalytic Properties of 2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB) in Water." Water 13, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121622.

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2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) is a common taste and odor compound caused by off-flavor secondary metabolites, which represents one of the greatest challenges for drinking water utilities worldwide. A TiO2-coated activated carbon (TiO2/PAC) has been synthesized using the sol-gel method. A new TiO2/PAC photocatalyst has been successfully employed in photodegradation of 2-MIB under UV light irradiation. In addition, the combined results of XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR and UV-Vis suggested that the nano-TiO2 had been successfully loaded on the surface of PAC. Experimental results of 2-MIB removal indicated that the adsorption capacities of PAC for 2-MIB were higher than that of TiO2/PAC. However, in the natural organic matter (NOM) bearing water, the removal efficiency of 2-MIB by TiO2/PAC and PAC were 97.8% and 65.4%, respectively, under UV light irradiation. Moreover, it was shown that the presence of NOMs had a distinct effect on the removal of MIB by TiO2/PAC and PAC. In addition, a simplified equivalent background compound (SEBC) model could not only be used to describe the competitive adsorption of MIB and NOM, but also represent the photocatalytic process. In comparison to other related studies, there are a few novel composite photocatalysts that could efficiently and rapidly remove MIB by the combination of adsorption and photocatalysis.

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Feng, Hai-Na, Manuel Petroselli, Xing-Hua Zhang, Julius Rebek, Jr, and Yang Yu. "Cavitands: capture of cycloalkyl derivatives and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) in water." Supramolecular Chemistry 31, no. 3 (January 9, 2019): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10610278.2018.1564830.

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Zimmerman, W. J., C. M. Soliman, and B. H. Rosen. "Growth and 2-methylisoborneol production by the cyanobacterium Phormidium LM689." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 11 (June 1, 1995): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0433.

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Growth and production of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) was characterized in the cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. LM689 isolated from Lake Mathews, California, USA. The effects of: 1) uptake of several organic amendments related to pigment biosynthesis, 2) Fe availability, and 3) copper algicides were examined. Growth was estimated by total chlorophyll and soluble protein accumulation. Pyruvate additions up to 1250 mM did not effectively alter biomass accumulation. Mevalonic lactone increasingly stimulated (protein) growth but not MIB output at the same range of concentrations. Geraniol did not inhibit overall cyanobacterial growth when added to 300 μM, but did slightly decrease chlorophyll accumulation. Farnesol exhibited an antibiotic effect at all concentrations from 10 to 100 μM. Phormidium was tolerant to 1 ppm Cu+2 added as copper sulfate or as chelated copper. Siderophore production and growth in Fe and chelator-free medium was also demonstrated.

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20

Sumitomo, H., Y. Ohmura, S. Ito, and R. Takaya. "Odor Decomposition by an Immobilized Crude Enzyme." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0238.

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A crude enzyme or protein which can decompose 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) was isolated by ultrasonic methods from a yeast of the Candidasp. The ability of this enzyme to decompose MIB was investigated under different chemical conditions and the effects of glucose, ethanol, and adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) on this decomposition reaction were tested empirically. The crude enzyme was immobilized in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) disk, which was used to study the decomposition of MIB at the laboratory scale.

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Sumitomo, H. "Odor Decomposition by the Yeast Candida." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0237.

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Several microorganisms which can decompose 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) were isolated from a slow sand filter. A yeast of the Candidasp. (Candida), which has rather limited ability to decompose MIB, was used as an effective microorganism, because of its safety and convenience of handling in the laboratory. After measuring the ability of the yeast to decompose MIB in a liquid medium, it was immobilized in a gel produced from 10% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Several materials, such as plastic and glass, were coated with the immobilized yeast, and were used in experiments on the decomposition of MIB.

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Tung, S. C., T. F. Lin, I. C. Tseng, and H. M. Lin. "Identification of 2-MIB and geosmin producers in Feng-Shen reservoir in south Taiwan." Water Supply 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.050.

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Musty and earthy odor are present in the source water of Feng-Shen waterworks (FSW) in south Taiwan all year round. Although 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin are responsible for the musty and earthy odor, respectively, the possible odor producers remained unknown. In this study, actinomycetes that produce 2-MIB and geosmin were studied. Based on the 16S rDNA sequence, three species were identified after comparison with the GenBank database at the NCBI. The three species are Streptomyces malaysiensis as a 2-MIB and geosmin producer, Streptomyces caelestis as a 2-MIB producer, and Streptomyces roseoflavus as a geosmin producer. For S. malaysiensis and S. caelestis, the production of MIB and/or geosmin was increased with incubation temperature (20–30 °C) in starch–glutamate broth medium. The optimal MIB, geosmin and biomass occurred at 30 °C. The maximal geosmin/biomass (G/B) and/or MIB/biomass (M/B) also occurred at 30 °C, and sporulating cultures contained more geosmin and/or MIB than nonsporulatig cultures.

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Johnsen, Peter B., and Steven W. Lloyd. "Influence of Fat Content on Uptake and Depuration of the Off-flavor 2-Methylisoborneol by Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 2406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-266.

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Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) of different tissue fat contents (0.5–11.0%) were held in water containing approximately 0.5 μg/L of the off-flavor compound 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) for various times. A new analytical method was developed to quantify tissue burdens of MIB. Fish showed significant bioconcentration of MIB after 2 h and equilibrium by 24 h. The fatter fish (> 2.5% muscle fat) accumulated nearly three times more MIB than lean fish (< 2%). Purging fish in MIB-free water indicated that leaner fish depurate faster (8 h) than fatter fish (48 h). Fat content had more influence in determining the time for return to acceptable flavor than initial MIB concentration. Managing catfish production to harvest leaner fish could minimize the impact of off-flavor on fish producers.

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Ma, Xiao Yan, Nai Yun Gao, Jun Li, and Chen Chen. "Adsorption of 2-Methylisoborneol in Drinking Water by Different Granular Carbons." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2981.

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Three kinds of granular carbon made from different materials of coal, coconut shell and jujube seed were evaluated for adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol in drinking water by equilibrium isotherm simulation. Results showed that Freundlich isotherm can more suitable to describe the adsorption of these three kinds of carbon. For coal-based, coconut shell and jujube seed carbon, the largest adsorption capacity of 2-MIB were 2225.0，3152.8 and 1E-07（ng/g）(L/ng)n respectively in pure water, and in raw water they were 559.6，612.5 and 6E-28（ng/g）(L/ng)n respectively, about one-fifth of those in pure water. Among the selected carbons, coconut shell carbon had the largest adsorption capacity, followed by coal-based and jujube seed carbon which can hardly absorb 2-MIB.

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Izaguirre, G. "A Copper-Tolerant Phormidium Species from Lake Mathews, California, That Produces 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0055.

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A benthic Phormidium sp. was isolated in 1988 from Lake Mathews, a source-water reservoir in southern California with a long history of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) problems. Unialgal cultures were analyzed by salted closed-loop stripping analysis (CLSA) and gas chromatography (GC), which confirmed the presence of MIB at levels of up to 280 µg/l. Geosmin was also found at 2-36 µg/l. Resurgence of the alga following copper sulfate (CuSO4) applications suggested resistance to the algicide. Laboratory experiments showed that the Phormidium was relatively tolerant of copper (surviving at least 3 mg/l of cupric ion after a 1-day exposure) in filtered lake water. The organism also survived 4 mg/l of copper for one day in a variety of sediment samples. This organism was implicated in the longest MIB episode in Lake Mathews, where MIB remained above historical background levels through the winter of 1989-1990. The Phormidium has apparently become the principal MIB producer in Lake Mathews, supplanting Oscillatoriacurviceps after 10 years.

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Glykioti, Maria-Lito, Evangelia Yiantzi, and Elefteria Psillakis. "Room temperature determination of earthy-musty odor compounds in water using vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction." Analytical Methods 8, no. 45 (2016): 8065–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ay02210c.

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This work proposes non-equilibrium headspace solid-phase microextraction sampling under reduced pressure conditions (Vac-HSSPME) for extracting at room temperature two of the most common earthy-musty odor compounds found in water samples (2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin).

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Olsen, Brianna K., Michael F. Chislock, Anja Rebelein, and Alan E. Wilson. "Nutrient enrichment and vertical mixing mediate 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin concentrations in a drinking water reservoir." Water Supply 17, no. 2 (September 24, 2016): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.159.

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Few ecosystem-level studies have experimentally determined the physicochemical and biological factors that mediate concentrations of off-flavor compounds in drinking water reservoirs. Consequently, the watershed-scale mechanisms determining production of these compounds are still poorly understood. In a recent study, the addition of both nitrogen and phosphorus significantly increased 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). Not surprisingly, MIB was correlated with cyanobacterial abundance (a well-known producer of off-flavor compounds); however, MIB was most strongly correlated with diatom abundance. To empirically test for differences in the production of two important off-flavor compounds, specifically MIB and geosmin, by either cyanobacteria or diatoms, we conducted a fully factorial experiment that manipulated two factors that typically promote cyanobacteria (nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization) or diatoms (vertical mixing of the water column). As predicted, fertilization promoted cyanobacteria, and vertical mixing favored diatoms. Interestingly, the production of geosmin was rapid and consistent with an increase in cyanobacteria while MIB production increased later in the experiment when cyanobacterial biovolume tended to decline and diatom biovolume increased. Based on our current and previous studies, MIB and geosmin production is associated with cyanobacteria, but the direct or indirect influence of diatoms on production should not be ignored.

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Ding, Zhen, Shifu Peng, Yuqin Jin, Zhoubin Xuan, Xiaodong Chen, and Lihong Yin. "Geographical and Seasonal Patterns of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Environmental Water in Jiangsu Province of China." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/743924.

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This study was conducted to obtain the basic data of two common odorants—geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (GSM and 2-MIB)—in environmental water. More specifically, the headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) was applied to determine the levels of GSM and 2-MIB in water samples, and the samples were collected depending on water sources, conventional treatment processes, and seasons. The significant difference was shown for the 2-MIB levels of source waterP<0.05, the concentrations of GSM and 2-MIB decreased significantly as treatment process of tap water moved forward(P<0.0001), and the significant differences for the levels of GSM and 2-MIB were observed among three sampling periods(P<0.01). The levels of GSM and 2-MIB in all water samples were lower than 10 ng L−1, the odor threshold concentration (OTC), and the conventional treatment process plays a significant role in removing odorants in tap water.

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29

Joe, W. H., I. C. Choi, Y. A. Baek, Y. J. Choi, G. S. Park, and M. J. Yu. "Advanced treatment for taste and odour control in drinking water: case study of a pilot scale plant in Seoul, Korea." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 5 (March 1, 2007): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.169.

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Taste and odour problems of tap water in Seoul are attributed to 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin), which are the result of metabolism of algae and chlorine for disinfection. This study was carried out to measure 2-MIB and geosmin in the raw water from the Han River, to investigate removal efficiency of GAC and BAC integrated with post-ozonation, and to minimise and quantify the required chlorine concentration as a final disinfectant through the candidate process.

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30

Martin, J. F., L. W. Bennett, and W. H. Graham. "Off-Flavor in the Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) Due to 2-Methylisoborneol and its Dehydration Products." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0230.

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Off-flavor in channel catfish is a serious problem in the commercial culture industry affecting 50-80% of growout ponds during the warmer months of the year. A microwave distillation technique has been developed to isolate volatile compounds from affected material. 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB) is the predominant compound isolated from off-flavored catfish during the growing season (April-October) in west Mississippi and is responsible for a musty type of flavor. Geosmin and other as yet unidentified compounds are also important causes of an earthy type off-flavor. 2-Methylenebornane and 2-methyl-2-bornene, dehydration products of MIB, were shown to contribute to the off-flavor problem. The absorption (2 hours) and depuration (48 hours) of MIB in catfish fingerlings were determined. MIB and its dehydration products are concentrated primarily in subepidermal and abdominal fat. Lesser concentration occurs in the liver and muscle tissue of off-flavored fish. Removing fish to clean, flowing water to purge MIB and geosmin could provide a partial means for off-flavor abatement.

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31

Martin, John F., Steven M. Plakas, Janis H. Holley, Joseph V. Kitzman, and Anthony M. Guarino. "Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Disposition of the Off-Flavor Compound 2-Methylisoborneol in the Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-061.

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The tissue disposition of the off-flavor compound 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) was examined in market-sized channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Purified MIB was intravascular administered to channel catfish at a dosage of 1 mg∙kg−1 body weight. Body tissues and fluids were collected at intervals following administration and were analyzed for MIB by microwave distillation and capillary gas chromatography. Plasma clearance of MIB was characterized by a two-compartment open model with half-lives of 0.14 and 3.62 h or distribution and elimination phases, respectively. MIB was more concentrated in peritoneal fat and subepidermal adipose tissue than in other tissues. The concentration in the edible flesh decreased from 0.107 μg∙g−1 at 2 h to 0.025 μg∙g−1 at 96 h. There was no evidence of biotransformation of MIB to the related compounds 2-rnethylenebornane and 2-methyl-2-bornene over the 96-h sampling period. The low recoveries of the administered dose in body fluids and tissues and the rapid clearance suggested significant gill excretion of this compound.

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32

Wang, Z., I. H. Suffet, and Al-Samarrai. "Sensory and chemical analysis methods for earthy and musty odours in drinking water caused by geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol." Water Supply 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.732.

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Earthy and musty odours are amongst the most frequently observed objectionable odours in water supplies, and geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol are identified as the chemical compounds most closely associated with these odours. In this paper, the sensory properties, and the water matrix effects on taste and odour panel studies, as well as the chemical analysis methods for earthy and musty odours in drinking water caused by geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, are reviewed. Insights are developed to enable better evaluation of earthy and musty odours in drinking water. Early detection of geosmin and MIB can prevent off-flavour occurrence by providing information for potential treatment.

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33

Martin, J. F., C. P. McCoy, W. Greenleaf, and L. Bennett. "Analysis of 2-Methylisoborneol in Water, Mud, and Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) from Commercial Culture Ponds in Mississippi." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 909–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-109.

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We describe a new method for the isolation of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) that have been declared "off-flavor" organoleptically. The method involves microwave cooking fish under a nitrogen stream and trapping the condensate at −80 °C. The fish condensate was extracted with hexane which was reduced to 100 μL and analyzed by gas chromatography. Concentrations as low as 5 ng MIB∙g fish−1 were routine detected. A bioconcentration value for MIB in off-flavored fish flesh was 28.1 ± 14.0 (±SD) concentration water/concentration fish. Analysis of off-flavored fish collected at the processing plant consistently showed elevated concentrations of MIB. Geosmin, another compound known to cause flavor and odor problems in fish flesh, was not detected.

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Whangchai, Niwooti, Tipsukon Pimpimon, Udomlak Sompong, Supannee Suwanpakdee, Redel Gutierrez, and Tomoaki Itayama. "Study of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB) Producers in Phayao Lake, Thailand." International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics 7, no. 3 (2017): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijbbb.2017.7.3.177-184.

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35

Matsui, Y., Y. Nakano, H. Hiroshi, N. Ando, T. Matsushita, and K. Ohno. "Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol adsorption on super-powdered activated carbon in the presence of natural organic matter." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 11 (December 1, 2010): 2664–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.415.

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Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) are naturally occurring compounds responsible for musty-earthy-odors in surface water supplies. They are a severe problem confronting utilities worldwide. Adsorption by powdered activated carbon (PAC) is a widely used process to control this problem, but it has low efficiency, which engenders large budget spending for utilities services. Super-powdered activated carbon (S-PAC) is activated carbon with much finer particles than those of PAC. Experiments on geosmin and 2-MIB adsorptions on S-PAC and PAC were conducted. Geosmin and 2-MIB adsorption capacities on S-PAC were not smaller than those on PAC although natural organic matter, which adversely impacted the adsorption capacity of geosmin and 2-MIB, was more adsorbed on S-PAC than on PAC, meaning that the adsorption competition is less severe for S-PAC than for PAC.

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36

Ito, T., T. Okumura, and M. Yamamoto. "The Relationship between Concentration and Sensory Properties of 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin in Drinking Water." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0218.

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The study of the relations between the senses of smell and taste and odorant concentration is important for the solution of odor problems. The threshold concentrations of odor and taste (TOC, TTC) of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin were measured by the non-forced choice triangle method using 12-20 panelists. Both TOC and TTC were found to be functions of water temperature and the concentration of residual chlorine. The TOC and TTC of mixed samples were rather lower than the concentrations calculated from the mixing ratio. The sensitivities of the consumer panel and the number of musty odor complaints from consumers are related to MIB or geosmin concentration. The ratio of the number of complaints to MIB (or geosmin) concentration decreased after maximum complaint, but the sensitivity of the consumer panel remained the same.

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37

Gillogly, Thomas E. T., Vernon L. Snoeyink, Gayle Newcombe, and Joseph R. Elarde. "A Simplified Method to Determine The Powdered Activated Carbon Dose Required to Remove Methylisoborneol." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 6 (September 1, 1999): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0261.

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Equilibrium data obtained from a natural water with several different initial concentrations of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) plot as a single line on a percent remaining, Ce/Co × 100%, versus carbon dose, Cc, plot. This indicates that the percent removal of MIB is independent of its initial concentration in natural water for a given PAC dose. The relationship is specific for each type of PAC, and it is not valid at very high MIB concentrations, however. These data show that, predicting the minimum amount of carbon necessary to effectively mitigate any MIB episode, may be accomplished by analyzing a single bottle-point isotherm. The robustness of this approach was shown through the use of four water sources, fourteen different carbons, and MIB concentrations ranging from 45 ng/l to 178 μg/l.

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Wilges, Helena Gabriela, Adilson Ben da Costa, Ênio Leandro Machado, Mariana Maria Gassen Berlt, Jocelene Soares, Marcelino Hoppe, Tiele Medianeira Rizzetti, Andrea Sanchez-Barrios, and Rosana de Cassia de Souza Schneider. "MONITORING OF 2-METHYLISOBORNEOL AND GEOSMINE IN A CONSTRUCTED LAKE TO PUBLIC CATCHMENT IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL." Interfaces Científicas - Saúde e Ambiente 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17564/2316-3798.2021v8n3p279-293.

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People that consumed treated water from Dourado Lake, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil perceived alterations in its taste and odor. Based on this, we focused our study on the monitoring of 2-MIB and GSM in samples collected from Dourado Lake, using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The monitoring was done by performing exploratory evaluations at several points on the lake during the summers of 2017 and 2018 and in all seasons of 2019, considering points of water in an inlet and an outlet of the lake. At the inlet point, the average concentration of GSM was 7.56 ± 1.94 ng L-1 and that of 2-MIB was 33.09 ± 6.89 ng L-1. However, for the outlet point, the average concentrations of GSM and 2-MIB were 10.62 ± 2.51 ng L-1 and 28.72 ± 10.47 ng L-1, respectively. In all cases, the presence of GSM and 2-MIB was perceptible by the people consuming the water (during all seasons), showing the need for correct management of water resources.

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39

Kim, Keonhee, Youngdae Yoon, Hyukjin Cho, and Soon-Jin Hwang. "Molecular Probes to Evaluate the Synthesis and Production Potential of an Odorous Compound (2-methylisoborneol) in Cyanobacteria." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 1933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061933.

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The volatile metabolite, 2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB) produced by cyanobacterial species, causes odor and taste problems in freshwater systems. However, simple identification of cyanobacteria that produce such off-flavors may be insufficient to establish the causal agent of off-flavor-related problems as the production-related genes are often strain-specific. Here, we designed a set of primers for detecting and quantifying 2-MIB-synthesizing cyanobacteria based on mibC gene sequences (encoding 2-MIB synthesis-catalyzing monoterpene cyclase) from various Oscillatoriales and Synechococcales cyanobacterial strains deposited in GenBank. Cyanobacterial cells and environmental DNA and RNA were collected from both the water column and sediment of a eutrophic stream (the Gong-ji Stream, Chuncheon, South Korea), which has a high 2-MIB concentration. Primer sets mibC196 and mibC300 showed universality to mibC in the Synechococcales and Oscillatoriales strains; the mibC132 primer showed high specificity for Pseudanabaena and Planktothricoides mibC. Our mibC primers showed excellent amplification efficiency (100–102%) and high correlation among related variables (2-MIB concentration with water RNA r = 689, p < 0.01; sediment DNA r = 0.794, p < 0.01; and water DNA r = 0.644, p < 0.05; cyanobacteria cell density with water RNA and DNA r = 0.995, p < 0.01). These primers offer an efficient tool for identifying cyanobacterial strains possessing mibC genes (and thus 2-MIB-producing potential) and for evaluating mibC gene expression as an early warning of massive cyanobacterial occurrence.

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40

Brownlee, B., G. MacInnis, M. Charlton, S. Watson, S. Hamilton-Browne, and J. Milne. "An analytical method for shipboard extraction of the odour compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0550.

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Extractions for the analysis of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) were carried out on board a research vessel by extracting water samples in the collection bottles with dichloromethane. The extracts are stable and can be stored for up to two months with no apparent loss of analytes. Workup and analysis could be done at the rate 15-20 samples per week. Approximately 150 samples from Lake Ontario were analyzed in 2000 and 120 samples in 2001. Concentrations as low as 1 ng/L could be detected, but reliable determination was only attained above 5 ng/L (> 80% qualifier ion match within ±50%). Reproducibility between duplicates was generally better than 10%, and recovery of surrogate standards from reagent water averaged ca. 80% and from lake water ca. 60%. In early September, 2000, geosmin concentrations in Lake Ontario ranged from 1-13 ng/L and MIB from 1-31 ng/L. In 2001, the ranges were 1-47 and 1-56 ng/L for geosmin and MIB, respectively. Lowest concentrations occurred in the western and central regions and highest concentrations in the eastern region and St Lawrence River.

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41

Chung, S. Y. "Attempts to Improve the Sensitivity of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for 2-Methylisoborneol." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0039.

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An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) was described previously with a sensitivity of 1 µg/ml (Chung etal., 1990). In an attempt to increase the sensitivity, the following approaches were used: (1) new high-titer antibodies raised against a camphor-ethylenediamine-BSA conjugate; (2) use of a camphor-alkaline phosphatase conjugate as the detecting system; and (3) modification of the ELISA conditions by different blocking agents, microtiter plates, and plate shaking. Despite these approaches, the sensitivity of the ELISA remained at 1 µg/ml, indicating that the sensitivity most probably related to the antibody affinity for MIB and not to the assay conditions and antibody titer.

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42

Chen, L., F. Qi, B. Xu, Z. Xu, J. Shen, and K. Li. "The efficiency and mechanism of γ-alumina catalytic ozonation of 2-methylisoborneol in drinking water." Water Supply 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.726.

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The efficiency and mechanism in degradation of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) as a taste and odour compound in drinking water were studied under the condition where γ-alumina catalysed ozonation. As a result, γ-alumina can show distinct activity in enhancing the efficiency of ozonation of MIB. Tert-butyl alcohol had a remarkable effect on the removal efficiency of catalytic ozonation of MIB. The surface charge status, surface hydroxyl group status of γ-alumina, and pH values of the solution can be linked together. When the pH value of the solution was near the pHzpc of γ-Al2O3, there was observable activity in the catalysed ozonation process. Rct, which denoted the relative concentration of hydroxyl radical (·OH), was much higher in the catalysed ozonation process than in the ozonation process. This result further illuminated that γ-Al2O3 can promote ozone decomposition to produce ·OH. Finally, the effect of rP/I on catalysed ozone decomposition and ozone decomposition was investigated.

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43

Ashitani, K., Y. Hishida, and K. Fujiwara. "Behavior of Musty Odorous Compounds during the Process of Water Treatment." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0251.

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Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) are two of the causative compounds responsible for the musty odor problem in drinking water. Geosmin and MIB in raw water were present both in solution and in a suspended form mostly associated with the host cyanobacteria. Geosmin and MIB in suspended form were well removed by coagulation and sedimentation alone. Geosmin present in solution could be removed almost to an undetectable level in the rapid sand filter of the pilot plant where no pre-chlorination was practiced. Breakpoint pre-chlorination, however, forced geosmin and MIB present inside of the host algae to leak into the water. The concentration of MIB decreased in a sedimentation basin during the daytime, but not at night in the plant practicing breakpoint pre-chlorination. Geosmin and MIB were both decomposed under sunlight in the presence of free residual chlorine.

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44

Sano, H. "The Detection of Taste and Odor in Osaka's Drinking Water." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0222.

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Laboratory and consumer panels were used to determine the threshold odor concentration(TOO of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin in water. The consumer panel was also used to assess the taste of tap water. The results showed that laboratory panel TOCs of MIB and geosmin were 4 and 94 ng/l respectively, while those of consumer panels were 12 and 360 ng/l respectively. In taste assessment, 8% of consumers assessed drinking water as offensive or bad even when the tap water wasn't contaminated by musty odor substances. However if it was contaminated by MIB at its TOC level, 17% of consumers assessed the water as offensive and bad.

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45

Hafuka, Akira, Takahiro Nagasato, and Hiroshi Yamamura. "Application of Graphene Oxide for Adsorption Removal of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in the Presence of Natural Organic Matter." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111907.

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We investigated the adsorption characteristics of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) on graphene oxide (GO) in the absence and presence of natural organic matter (NOM). The graphene oxide had fast adsorption kinetics for both compounds because of its open-layered structure, with adsorption equilibrium being achieved within 15 min of contact. Although NOM did not affect the adsorption of geosmin on GO, it delayed that of MIB, probably because of competition for adsorption sites. The adsorption isotherms show that GO had a greater capacity for geosmin adsorption than for MIB because geosmin was more hydrophobic. Moreover, NOM interfered with the adsorption of MIB onto the GO, but increased the amount of adsorbed geosmin, which likely occurred because NOM increased the dispersibility of GO, which then increased the number of GO adsorption sites. The difference in the effects of NOM on GO adsorption of geosmin and MIB may be explained by their hydrophobicity. Although the adsorption of geosmin and MIB by GO was fast, its capacity to adsorb both compounds was substantially lower than that of activated carbon because of its higher hydrophilicity.

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46

Guttman, Lior, and Jaap van Rijn. "Isolation of Bacteria Capable of Growth with 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin as the Sole Carbon and Energy Sources." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 2 (November 11, 2011): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06333-11.

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ABSTRACTUsing a relatively simple enrichment technique, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB)-biodegrading bacteria were isolated from a digestion basin in an aquaculture unit. Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences affiliated one of the three isolates with the Gram-positive genusRhodococcus, while the other two isolates were found to be closely related to the Gram-negative familyComamonadaceae(VariovoraxandComamonas). Growth rates and geosmin and MIB removal rates by the isolates were determined under aerated and nonaerated conditions in mineral medium containing either of the two compounds as the sole carbon and energy source. All isolates exhibited their fastest growth under aerobic conditions, with generation times ranging from 3.1 to 5.7 h, compared to generation times of up to 19.1 h in the nonaerated flasks. Incubation of the isolates with additional carbon sources caused a significant increase in their growth rates, while removal rates of geosmin and MIB were significantly lower than those for incubation with only geosmin or MIB. By fluorescencein situhybridization, members of the generaRhodococcusandComamonaswere detected in geosmin- and MIB-enriched sludge from the digestion basin.

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47

Park, G., M. Yu, J. Go, E. Kim, and H. Kim. "Comparison between ozone and ferrate in oxidising geosmin and 2-MIB in water." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 5 (March 1, 2007): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.170.

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Among the chemicals causing taste and odour (T&O) in drinking water, the most commonly identified and problematic ones are geosmin and 2-MIB (2-methylisoborneol). Since the reported odour thresholds of geosmin and 2-MIB are as low as 4 and 8.5 ng/L, respectively, they are not readily removed by conventional water treatment processes. In this study, ozone (O3) and ferrate (Fe(VI)) were applied to oxidise geosmin and 2-MIB. Their performances were compared in terms of removal efficiency of geosmin and 2-MIB. In the case of O3, removal efficiency of geosmin and 2-MIB ozonation at different initial O3 doses, H2O2/O3 ratios and water temperatures were evaluated. The oxidation rates of geosmin and 2-MIB by Fe(VI) were measured within pH 6–8. The effect of H2O2 addition was also evaluated. In summary, O3, especially with H2O2, could almost completely oxidise geosmin and 2-MIB, while Fe(VI) could not oxidise them more than 25% at any pH that was considered in this study. This was attributed to the structure of the organics and high reaction selectivity of Fe(VI). Further study should be conducted to find the reason of inhibition of oxidation by Fe(VI).

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48

Koch, B., J. T. Gramith, M. S. Dale, and D. W. Ferguson. "Control of 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin by Ozone and Peroxone: A Pilot Study." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0064.

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A pilot-scale study of ozone and PEROXONE (ozone in combination with hydrogen peroxide) for the removal of the odorous compounds 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin in drinking water has been conducted at the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. The study investigated the effects of ozone dosage, ratio of hydrogen peroxide to ozone (H202/03), and contact time. It was found that MIB and geosmin removal increased with higher applied ozone doses, but longer contact times over the range of 6-12 min were not significant. It was determined that 80-90 percent removal could be achieved with an ozone dose of approximately 4.0 mg/l, as compared to an ozone dose of approximately 2.0 mg/l at a H202/03 ratio of 0.2. Also investigated were the effects of alternative contactor configurations, ferrous sulfate as an alternative coagulant, bromide and ammonia addition, and simulated turbidity on the removal efficiencies of the two odorous compounds.

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Lindholm-Lehto, Petra, Juha Koskela, Janne Kaseva, and Jouni Vielma. "Accumulation of Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in European Whitefish Coregonus Lavaretus and Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss in RAS." Fishes 5, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes5020013.

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Geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB)-induced off-flavors can cause serious problems in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), such as delayed harvest and increased production costs, but also damage producers’ reputation. Traditionally, off-flavors have been removed by depuration before harvesting. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) are commercially valuable species produced for consumers, both being suitable for rearing in RAS. In this study, European whitefish and rainbow trout were raised from juvenile up to 240 g (European whitefish) and 660 g (rainbow trout) to monitor the long-term accumulation of off-flavors. The concentrations in fillet of rainbow trout reached 3.6 ng·g−1 (MIB) and 5.6 ng∙g−11 (GSM) with lipid content of 22.5%, while for European whitefish up to 3.2 ng·g−1 (MIB) and 3.9 ng·g−1 (GSM) were found with 14.8% in lipid content. Concentrations up to 58 ng·L−1 (MIB) and 49 ng·L−1 (GSM) were found in the circulating water. Based on the results, the accumulation of MIB proceeds at similar pace for both species. In the case of GSM, the accumulation started similarly for both species but proceeded more quickly for rainbow trout after 140 days of the experiment, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).

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Ho, Lionel, and Gayle Newcombe. "Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption of 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB): Pilot- and Laboratory-Scale Evaluations." Journal of Environmental Engineering 136, no. 9 (September 2010): 965–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000231.

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Journal articles on the topic '2-Methylisoborneol (MIB)'

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