Journal articles on the topic '2-crossed module'

We define 2-crossed module bundle 2-gerbes related to general Lie 2-crossed modules and discuss their properties. If (L → M → N) is a Lie 2-crossed module and Y → X is a surjective submersion then an (L → M → N)-bundle 2-gerbe over X is defined in terms of a so-called (L → M → N)-bundle gerbe over the fiber product Y[2] = Y × XY, which is an (L → M)-bundle gerbe over Y[2] equipped with a trivialization under the change of its structure crossed module from L → M to 1 → N, and which is subjected to further conditions on higher fiber products Y[3], Y[4] and Y[5]. String structures can be described and classified using 2-crossed module bundle 2-gerbes.

In [10] we associate to a crossed module (T, G, მ) an invariant abelian crossed module H2(T, G, მ). The construction uses presentations by Set-free crossed modules. Now, Set-free crossed modules are special cases of totally free crossed modules, which are algebraic models of 2-dimensional CW complexes used by several authors (see [1] and [6]). The aim of this paper is to show that H2(T, G, მ) can also be constructed from presentations by arbitrary totally free crossed modules.

AbstractWe compare three different ways of defining group cohomology with coefficients in a crossed module: (1) explicit approach via cocycles; (2) geometric approach via gerbes; (3) group theoretic approach via butterflies. We discuss the case where the crossed module is braided and the case where the braiding is symmetric. We prove the functoriality of the cohomologies with respect to weak morphisms of crossed modules and also prove the ‘long’ exact cohomology sequence associated to a short exact sequence of crossed modules and weak morphisms.

In this paper we describe a share package of functions for computing with finite, permutation crossed modules, cat1-groups and their morphisms, written using the [Formula: see text] group theory programming language. The category XMod of crossed modules is equivalent to the category Cat1 of cat1-groups and we include functions emulating the functors between these categories. The monoid of derivations of a crossed module [Formula: see text], and the corresponding monoid of sections of a cat1-group [Formula: see text], are constructed using the Whitehead multiplication. The Whitehead group of invertible derivations, together with the group of automorphisms of X, are used to construct the actor crossed module of X which is the automorphism object in XMod. We include a table of the 350 isomorphism classes of cat1-structures on groups of order at most 30 in [2].

This is the second of a series of two technical papers devoted to the analysis of holonomy invariants in strict higher gauge theory with end applications in higher Chern–Simons theory. We provide a definition of trace over a crossed module to yield surface knot invariants upon application to 2-holonomies. We show further that the properties of the trace are best described using the theory quandle crossed modules.

Given a crossed module of groupoids [Formula: see text], we construct (1) a natural homomorphism from the product groupoid [Formula: see text] to the crossed product groupoid [Formula: see text] and (2) a transgression map from the singular cohomology [Formula: see text] of the nerve of the groupoid [Formula: see text] to the singular cohomology [Formula: see text] of the nerve of the crossed product groupoid [Formula: see text]. The latter turns out to be identical to the transgression map obtained by Tu–Xu in their study of equivariant [Formula: see text]-theory.

Abstract Following Guin's approach to non-abelian cohomology [Guin, Pure Appl. Algebra 50: 109–137, 1988] and, using the notion of a crossed bimodule, a second pointed set of cohomology is defined with coefficients in a crossed module, and Guin's six-term exact cohomology sequence is extended to a nine-term exact sequence of cohomology up to dimension 2.

AbstractWe define stacky Lie groups to be group objects in the 2-category of differentiable stacks. We show that every connected and étale stacky Lie group is equivalent to a crossed module of the form (Γ,G) where Γ is the fundamental group of the given stacky Lie group and G is the connected and simply connected Lie group integrating the Lie algebra of the stacky group. Our result is closely related to a strictification result of Baez and Lauda.

AbstractFor each group G of order up to 30 we compute a small 3-dimensional CW-space X with π1X≌ G and π2X = 0, and we quantify the ‘efficiency’ of X. Furthermore, we give a theoretical result for treating the case when G is a semi-direct product of two groups for which 3-presentations are known. We also describe the ZG-module structure on the second homotopy group π2X2 of the 2-skeleton of X. This module structure can in principle be used to determine the co-homology groups H2(G, A) and H3(G, A) with coefficients in a ZG-module A. Our computations, which involve the Todd–Coxeter procedure for coset enumeration and the LLL algorithm for finding bases of integer lattices, are rather naive in that the LLL algorithm is applied to matrices of dimension a multiple of |G|. Thus, in their present form, our techniques can be used only on small groups (say of order up to several hundred). They can in principle be used to construct (crossed) ZG-resolutions of Z, but again, only for small G. The paper is accompanied by two attachment files. The first of these is a summary of our computations in HTML format. The second contains various GAP programs used in the computations.

With an elevation of 1000 m above sea level, once the coastal mountain range is crossed, the Atacama Desert receives the highest levels of solar radiation in the world. Global horizontal irradiations over 2500 kWh/(m2 year) and a cloudiness index below 3% were determined. However, this index rises to 45% in the coastal area, where the influence of the Pacific Ocean exists with a large presence of marine aerosols. It is on the coastal area that residential photovoltaic (PV) applications are concentrated. This work presents a study of the soiling impact on PV modules at the coastline of Atacama Desert. The current–voltage characteristics of two multicrystalline PV modules exposed to outdoor conditions were compared, while one of them was cleaned daily. Asymptotic behavior was observed in the accumulated surface dust density, over 6 months. This behavior was explained by the fact that as the glass became soiled, the probability of glass-to-particle interaction decreased in favor of a more likely particle-to-particle interaction. The surface dust density was at most 0.17 mg·cm−2 per month. Dust on the module led to current losses in the range of 19% after four months, which in turn produced a reduction of 13.5%rel in efficiency.

Abstract To understand the genomic basis accounting for the phenotypic differences between human and apes, we compare the matrices consisting of the cis-element frequencies in the proximal regulatory regions of their genomes. One such frequency matrix is represented by a robust singular value decomposition. For each singular value, the negative and positive ends of the sorted motif eigenvector correspond to the dual ends of the sorted gene eigenvector, respectively, comprising a dual eigen-module defined by cis-regulatory element frequencies (CREF). The CREF eigen-modules at levels 1, 2, 3, and 6 are highly conserved across humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans. The key biological processes embedded in the top three CREF eigen-modules are reproduction versus embryogenesis, fetal maturation versus immune system, and stress responses versus mitosis. Although the divergence at the nucleotide level between the chimpanzee and human genome was small, their cis-element frequency matrices crossed a singularity point, at which the fourth and fifth singular values were identical. The CREF eigen-modules corresponding to the fourth and fifth singular values were reorganized along the evolution from apes to human. Interestingly, the fourth sorted gene eigenvector encodes the phenotypes unique to human such as long-term memory, language development, and social behavior. The number of motifs present on Alu elements increases substantially at the fourth level. The motif analysis together with the cases of human-specific Alu insertions suggests that mutations related to Alu elements play a critical role in the evolution of the human-phenotypic gene eigenvector.

In this work, we defined a new category called 4-Dimensional 2-crossed modules. We identified the subobjects and ideals in this category. The notion of the subobject is a generalization of ideas like subsets from set theory, subspaces from topology, and subgroups from group theory. We then exemplified subobjects and ideals in the category of 4-Dimensional 2-crossed modules. A quotient object is the dual concept of a subobject. Concepts like quotient sets, spaces, groups, graphs, etc. are generalized with the notion of a quotient object. Using the ideal, we obtain the quotient of two subobjects and prove that the intersection of finite ideals is also an ideal in this category.

In this work, we define the quadratic modules for commutative algebras and give relations among 2-crossed modules, crossed squares, quadratic modules and simplicial commutative algebras with Moore complex of length 2.

In this paper, we define 2-quasi crossed modules of commutative algebras that requires less conditions than 2-crossed modules of commutative algebras. Moreover, we see that there exists a functorial relationship between these two notions. As an application, we define the coproduct of 2-crossed modules of commutative algebras.

In this paper, we define 2-quasi crossed modules of commutative algebras that requires less conditions than 2-crossed modules of commutative algebras. Moreover, we see that there exists a functorial relationship between these two notions. As an application, we define the coproduct of 2-crossed modules of commutative algebras.

Background The incidence of cardiac arrests per year in the United States continues to increase, yet in-hospital cardiac arrest survival rates significantly vary between hospitals. Current methods of training are expensive, time consuming, and difficult to scale, which necessitates improvements in advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) training. Virtual reality (VR) has been proposed as an alternative or adjunct to high-fidelity simulation (HFS) in several environments. No evaluations to date have explored the ability of a VR program to examine both technical and behavioral skills and demonstrate a cost comparison. Objective This study aimed to explore the utility of a voice-based VR ACLS team leader refresher as compared with HFS. Methods This prospective observational study performed at an academic institution consisted of 25 postgraduate year 2 residents. Participants were randomized to HFS or VR training and then crossed groups after a 2-week washout. Participants were graded on technical and nontechnical skills. Participants also completed self-assessments about the modules. Proctors were assessed for fatigue and task saturation, and cost analysis based on local economic data was performed. Results A total of 23 of 25 participants were included in the scoring analysis. Fewer participants were familiar with VR compared with HFS (9/25, 36% vs 25/25, 100%; P<.001). Self-reported satisfaction and utilization scores were similar; however, significantly more participants felt HFS provided better feedback: 99 (IQR 89-100) vs 79 (IQR 71-88); P<.001. Technical scores were higher in the HFS group; however, nontechnical scores for decision making and communication were not significantly different between modalities. VR sessions were 21 (IQR 19-24) min shorter than HFS sessions, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration task load index scores for proctors were lower in each category, and VR sessions were estimated to be US $103.68 less expensive in a single-learner, single-session model. Conclusions Utilization of a VR-based team leader refresher for ACLS skills is comparable with HFS in several areas, including learner satisfaction. The VR module was more cost-effective and was easier to proctor; however, HFS was better at delivering feedback to participants. Optimal education strategies likely contain elements of both modalities. Further studies are needed to examine the utility of VR-based environments at scale.

Mammalian grid cells fire when an animal crosses the points of an imaginary hexagonal grid tessellating the environment. We show how animals can navigate by reading out a simple population vector of grid cell activity across multiple spatial scales, even though neural activity is intrinsically stochastic. This theory of dead reckoning explains why grid cells are organized into discrete modules within which all cells have the same lattice scale and orientation. The lattice scale changes from module to module and should form a geometric progression with a scale ratio of around 3/2 to minimize the risk of making large-scale errors in spatial localization. Such errors should also occur if intermediate-scale modules are silenced, whereas knocking out the module at the smallest scale will only affect spatial precision. For goal-directed navigation, the allocentric grid cell representation can be readily transformed into the egocentric goal coordinates needed for planning movements. The goal location is set by nonlinear gain fields that act on goal vector cells. This theory predicts neural and behavioral correlates of grid cell readout that transcend the known link between grid cells of the medial entorhinal cortex and place cells of the hippocampus.

In this paper, we will investigate discrete coactions on Hilbert C*-modules. In particular, we obtain a one-to-one correspondence between Hilbert C*-modules with discrete coactions and Hilbert C*-modules over the crossed products of the original C*-algebras which satisfies some nice properties (see 3·6 and 3·7). Then we will give some applications of this correspondence in the last three sections.In Section 2, we give some results about discrete coactions on Hilbert C*-modules which mainly correspond to those about discrete coactions on C*-algebras (see [7]).

The general problem of what should be a non-abelian cohomology, what is it supposed to do, and what should be the coefficients, form a set of interesting questions which has been around for a long time. In the particular setting of groups, a comprehensible and well motivated cohomology theory has been so far stated in dimensions ≤ 2, the coefficients for being crossed modules. The main effort to define an appropriate for groups has been done by Dedecker [16] and Van Deuren [40]; they studied the obstruction to lifting non-abelian 2-cocycles and concluded with first approach for , which requires “super crossed groups” as coefficients. However, as Dedecker said “some polishing work remains necessary” for his cohomology.

The aim of this paper is to obtain a group-2-groupoid as a 2-groupoid object in the category of groups and also as a special kind of an internal category in the category of group-groupoids. Corresponding group-2-groupoids, we obtain some categorical structures related to crossed modules and group-groupoids and prove categorical equivalences between them. These results enable us to obtain 2-dimensional notions of group-groupoids.

We show that for dually paired bialgebras, every comodule algebra over one of the paired bialgebras gives a comodule algebra over their Drinfeld double via a crossed product construction. These constructions generalize to working with bialgebra objects in a braided monoidal category of modules over a quasitriangular Hopf algebra. Hence two ways to provide comodule algebras over the braided Drinfeld double (the double bosonization) are provided. Furthermore, a map of second Hopf algebra cohomology spaces is constructed. It takes a pair of 2-cocycles over dually paired Hopf algebras and produces a 2-cocycle over their Drinfeld double. This construction also has an analogue for braided Drinfeld doubles.

Abstract Introduction: Accurate diagnosis and severity scoring of acute and, in particular, chronic GVHD remains a challenge for clinical practice and for correct self-reporting of GVHD data to evaluate transplant outcomes. Perceived complexity and time investment issues limit the implementation of international standards and the recently updated NIH criteria for chronic GVHD. Here, we describe the development of the EBMT GVHD App, a computer/web-based algorithm-driven application to help physicians correctly diagnose and score severity of acute and chronic GVHD and improve the implementation of current standards in clinical practice and research. Methods: We applied a User Centered Design (UCD) process, through an iterative process between end-users and the development team to ensure that the App is user-friendly and efficient. A first EBMT GVHD App version (v0.0) tested an initial GVHD algorithm. An second improved prototype v1.0 was developed as a true web application (App) compatible with desktop computers and smartphones/tablets. V1.0 relies on two modules: a diagnostic module for NIH diagnostic, distinctive, common signs or proven evidence of GVHD (skin, nails, scalp/body hair, mouth, eyes, genitals, gastrointestinal tract, liver, lungs and muscles/joints), and a scoring moduleto assess severity of acute (Glucksberg and IBMTR criteria), chronic and overlap (NIH criteria) GVHD. The App v1.0 was tested by 28 hematology professionals (University Hospitals of Leuven, Belgium): 8 senior physicians, 8 junior physicians, 2 medical students and 10 data managers/research nurses; median experience in hematology 2.25 years, range 0-30, IQR 6.6, evenly distributed, by profession and seniority, to one of two groups (A and B). Usability of the App was determined for user experience and satisfaction. User experience was tested at baseline and end of study with the technology acceptance model (TAM), evaluating six Perceived Usefulness Statements rated on a 7-point Likert-like scale (1=extremely unlikely to 7=extremely likely). User satisfaction was evaluated by PSSUQ (Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire), which scores system usefulness, information quality and interface quality, on a 7-point Likert-like scale (1=strongly agree to 7=strongly disagree). App's accuracy relied on the proportion of correctly assessed clinical scenarios from 4 representative GVHD cases developed by a panel of GVHD experts as gold standard. In a quasi-experimental crossover design, professionals were invited to solve two cases either with standard paper tools or with the App, and later crossed over to use the other tool, both for the two other cases, as well as to solve again with the new tool their previous two cases. Comparisons were performed 'within groups' and 'between groups' (A vs B). Results: User experience and satisfaction were very good, with a median of 6 TAM points for user experience, and a median overall PSSUQ score of 2.2 for user satisfaction, 2.1 for System Use, 2.4 for Information Quality and 1.7 for Interface Quality. Users (70%) reported that they would be more likely to use the App on a desktop than on a mobile device. Accuracy results were only moderate with standard paper tools: 65% for diagnosis and 45% for scoring. The use of the App significantly increased diagnostic and scoring accuracy to 94% (+29%) and 88% (+43%), respectively (both p<0.001). The App also improved accuracy of individuals repeating the same clinical case (within groups) for diagnosis (+27%) and scoring (+42%), beyond a potential learning effect. From v1.0 results, an App v2.0 has been developed refining details in the algorithm, improving term description, adding a user's manual and the option of generating patient reports, which is now ready for further testing. Conclusions: The "EBMT GVHD App" is a first electronic tool to diagnose and score GVHD. Initial testing of v1.0 uniformly showed high scores for user experience and satisfaction, accurately reflected the subtle nuances of the NIH criteria, and improved significantly the accuracy of a diverse group of hematology professionals to diagnose and score severity of GVHD, compared to their practice with standard tools. Testing of v2.0 is underway to adapt layout and screen content and to address ambiguities of current guidelines. A larger study with a subsequent v3.0 is warranted in real life setting to evaluate macroscopic scalability. Disclosures Lee: Kadmon: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy.

Currie, Scott N. and Gregory G. Gonsalves. Right-left interactions between rostral scratch networks generate rhythmicity in the preenlargement spinal cord of the turtle. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3479–3483, 1997. We examined the rhythmogenic capacity of the midbody D3–D7 spinal cord during stimulation of the rostral scratch reflex in turtles. Fictive scratching was recorded bilaterally as electroneurograms (ENGs) from prehindlimb enlargement nerves [transverse D7 (TD7) and oblique D7 (OD7)] and hip flexor nerves (HF). TD7 and OD7 innervate transverse- and oblique-abdominus muscles, respectively. D3-end preparations had intact spinal cords caudal to a D2–D3 transection site. Unilateral stimulation of the rostral receptive field in D3-end preparations evoked rhythmic bursting in the ipsilateral (ipsi) HF nerve and bilateral rhythmic discharge in the TD7 and OD7 nerves. Right HF bursts were coactive with right TD7 and left OD7 bursts and alternated with left TD7 and right OD7 bursts. D3–D7 preparations received a second spinal transection at the caudal end of segment D7, thus resulting in activation of strictly preenlargement circuitry in response to rostral scratch stimulation and preventing activation of hindlimb enlargement circuitry in segments D8–S2. D3–D7 preparations responded to unilateral stimulation with modulated or tonic discharge in the ipsi TD7 and contralateral (contra) OD7 nerves. In contrast, bilateral stimulation reestablished robust bursting in which coactive right TD7-left OD7 bursts alternated with coactive left TD7-right OD7 bursts. These data imply that TD7 circuit modules make 1) crossed excitatory connections with contra OD7 circuitry, 2) crossed inhibitory connections with contra TD7 circuitry, and 3) uncrossed inhibitory connections with ipsi OD7 circuitry. Our results also suggest that bilateral stimulation evokes rhythmic alternation in the preenlargment cord by simultaneously exciting reciprocally inhibitory circuit modules.

Inactivating somatic mutations in polycomb-group (PcG) genes such as EZH2 and ASXL1occur frequently in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) and MDS/MPN overlap disorders. While these mutations suggest a tumor suppressor function of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-related genes in these diseases, both the impact of each PcG mutation and its interplay with coinciding mutations remain largely unknown. To understand the contribution of inactivating PcG mutations to the development of myeloid malignancies, genomic DNA from 119 patients with MDS and related neoplasms were analyzed for mutations in EZH2, ASXL1 and TET2 by high-throughput sequencing. Inactivating mutations in EZH2 and ASXL1 were detected in 8.4 and 16.8 % of patients, respectively. Moreover, 3.4 % of patients had deletion of EZH2 (located at 7q36) associated with -7 and 7q- chromosomal abnormalities. Notably, 57.1 % of these EZH2 mutations coexisted with TET2 mutations. Conversely, 34.8 % of patients with TET2 mutations had coexisting EZH2mutations. In order to understand the impact of inactivating EZH2 mutations and concurrent EZH2 and TET2 mutations on hematopoiesis, we crossed Cre-ERT;Ezh2fl/fl mice and Tet2 gene trap mice (Tet2KD/KD). Due to the early time of death in Tet2KD/KD mice and a necessity to exclude the influence of the loss of Tet2 and Ezh2 in BM niche cells, we transplanted E14.5 fetal liver cells from Cre-ERT control (WT), Cre-ERT;Tet2KD/KD, Cre-ERT;Ezh2fl/fl and Cre-ERT;Tet2KD/KDEzh2fl/fl CD45.2 mice into lethally irradiated CD45.1 recipient mice and deleted Ezh2 by intraperitoneal injection of tamoxifen at 4 weeks post-transplantation. During a long observation period, we found that Ezh2Δ/Δ mice developed MDS/MPN and half of the mice died by 10 months post-transplantation. They showed myeloproliferative features characterized by extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen as evident from splenomegaly with a marked increase in LSK cells. They were anemic and showed increased apoptosis in Ter119highCD71high erythroblasts in the BM, suggesting ineffective erythropoiesis, a feature compatible with myelodysplastic disorders. Ezh2Δ/Δ mice also showed dysplasia of myeloid cells, including a pseudo Pelger-Huët anomaly. To our surprise, concurrent deletion of Tet2 and Ezh2 significantly shortened the latency of disease development of not only MDS/MPN but also MDS, and all of the compound mice died of pneumonia by 10 months. Tet2KD/KDEzh2Δ/Δ MDS/MPN mice showed myeloproliferative features, including monocytosis and/or splenomegaly with extramedullary hematopoiesis. In contrast, Tet2KD/KDEzh2Δ/Δ MDS mice did not show obvious myeloproliferative features, but showed a trend of pancytopenia. The proportion of Annexin V+ cells in CD71highTer119high erythroblasts was significantly higher in both MDS/MPN and MDS mice compared to their WT counterparts, implicating enhanced apoptosis as a cause of anemia. Furthermore, myeloid dysplasia was more pronounced in these mice compared to Ezh2Δ/Δmice. Gene set enrichment analysis with microarray data showed that the Myc module was significantly enriched in Ezh2Δ/Δ LSK cells and became highly enriched in Tet2KD/KDEzh2Δ/Δ LSK cells during the development of MDS/MPN and MDS in Tet2KD/KDEzh2Δ/Δ mice. As expected, all of the PRC2 gene sets (Ezh2 targets and Ezh1 targets) showed a trend of positive enrichment in Ezh2Δ/Δ and Tet2KD/KDEzh2Δ/Δ LSK cells. Notably, however, Ezh1 targets became negatively enriched in Tet2KD/KDEzh2Δ/Δ LSK cells during the development of myelodysplastic disorders. ChIP-seq and microarray analysis data showed that upon deletion of Ezh2, a series of potential PcG related target oncogenes, such as Hmga2 and Pbx3, became derepressed in LSK cells. On the other hand, key developmental regulator genes, such as genes encoding homeobox, paired-box, T-box, forkhead and Gata family transcription factors and zinc finger DNA-binding proteins, were kept transcriptionally repressed by the compensatory action of Ezh1. Our findings provide the first evidence of the tumor suppressor function of EZH2 and demonstrate the cooperative effect of concurrent gene mutations in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic disorders. These two models represent novel, genetically accurate models of myelodysplastic disorders amenable to epigenomic as well as preclinical therapeutic studies. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract: After drunken driving, mobile phone usage is the leading cause of accidents around the world. Also, at sudden stoppages on cross roads or due to sudden obstructions on road, natural or otherwise the driver cannot anticipate back bumper and side collision. Also, low height railing or pavements in blind spots while parking may damage the vehicle. Costly mobile phone jammers while effective render emergency communication impossible. As alcohol detection and vehicle tracking system are successfully implemented we are proposing an essential vehicle safety kit which is absent in majority of the vehicles on Indian roads. Furthermore, this can be an addition to the developing cognitive driver assistance system. The proposed system provides vehicle with safety features like SMS alert facility, blind spot detection and tail gating detector. The vehicle is equipped with angle sensors and a GSM modem interfaced with NXP ARM 2148 processor. The driver has access to a user interface consisting of LCD and switching ports. The driver may aware two modes of angle sensing with sensors located on centre of the Vehicle. A braking system can be actuated in the parking mode if the distance measured from the sensors crosses the defined threshold. In case of an emergency the driver can send a text or call from the stored numbers in the memory using the keypad. To save time and to maintain the driver’s focus on the road a default text can be sent to a default number by a single key pad entry. Call service from the system eliminates the need of using the phone and prevents driver’s loss of focus. Further the freedom to choose the number and the corresponding message to be sent is available when the vehicle is at rest. The system thus prevents accidental damage to the vehicle and its driver while eliminating the use of phone by the driver. Keywords: PIC Microcontroller, LPC2148, LCD 16*2, GSM Module, ADXL335, GPS Module

Abstract: After drunken driving, mobile phone usage is the leading cause of accidents around the world. Also, at sudden stoppages on cross roads or due to sudden obstructions on road, natural or otherwise the driver cannot anticipate back bumper and side collision. Also, low height railing or pavements in blind spots while parking may damage the vehicle. Costly mobile phone jammers while effective render emergency communication impossible. As alcohol detection and vehicle tracking system are successfully implemented we are proposing an essential vehicle safety kit which is absent in majority of the vehicles on Indian roads. Furthermore, this can be an addition to the developing cognitive driver assistance system. The proposed system provides vehicle with safety features like SMS alert facility, blind spot detection and tail gating detector. The vehicle is equipped with angle sensors and a GSM modem interfaced with NXP ARM 2148 processor. The driver has access to a user interface consisting of LCD and switching ports. The driver may aware two modes of angle sensing with sensors located on centre of the Vehicle. A braking system can be actuated in the parking mode if the distance measured from the sensors crosses the defined threshold. In case of an emergency the driver can send a text or call from the stored numbers in the memory using the keypad. To save time and to maintain the driver’s focus on the road a default text can be sent to a default number by a single key pad entry. Call service from the system eliminates the need of using the phone and prevents driver’s loss of focus. Further the freedom to choose the number and the corresponding message to be sent is available when the vehicle is at rest. The system thus prevents accidental damage to the vehicle and its driver while eliminating the use of phone by the driver. Keywords: PIC Microcontroller, LPC2148, LCD 16*2, GSM Module, ADXL335, GPS Module

Batang Anai is a river that crosses through four administrative regions in the West Sumatra Province with a catchment area of about 498 km2. The upstream is a steep topography because it is located in west part of the Marapi mount. While the middle and lower reaches are mild since in the lowlands. The flow empties into the Indian Ocean. These conditions make this river meandering in the middle and lower reaches. The river mouth is influenced by the tide in which resists sedimentation toward the ocean. As a result, the capacity of the river cross-section decreases which eventually causes flooding. In 2013, the lower reach was dredged. In 2015, however, the river mouth was covered back by sedimentation by two-meter height in some points. Bathymetry was measured before and after dredging. This study is conducted to determine a design flood-discharge that caused sedimentation based on the 2015 bathymetry data by simulation using the SMS software, i.e. the RMA2 module for modelling hydrodynamics and the SED2D module for modelling sedimentation. The attention is paid to see both flow patterns and sedimentation profiles. The model scenarios consider by either including or excluding the Batang Kandis flow. Batang Kandis is a tributary of Batang Anai which empties into near its river mouth. The design flood-discharges for simulation are varied according to the return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 years. The bathymetry data used for simulation are the 2013 one after dredging. All the simulation results are then compared to the 2015 bathymetry data. The hydrodynamic model in which the Batang Kandis flow included gives velocities close to those from the field for all return periods. The results of the sediment model using the flood flow with a 5-year return period, that’s Batang Anai is 1060 m3/s and Batang Kandis is 268.5 m3/s, show that the sedimentation profiles are closed to the 2015 bathymetric measurement data.

The World is moving so fast, so that impatience is seen in every sector. This has increased entropy in breaking the rules, and thereby increasing the number of accidents[1]. Hence, to control the accidents, each vehicle is provided with a microcontroller 8051[5][6]. The microcontrollerkit is used to continuously monitor the speed of the vehicle and data is logged for every second. The acceleration of the vehicle is calculated continuously. The Signal status and time is transmittedto the vehicle at a certain distance infront of the signal through RF Transmitter[7]. The microcontroller[5][6] once receiving this data via RF Receiver[7] takes up the current speed and acceleration in the calculation and finds the possible distance which the vehicle can cover with that particular speed and time[2]. This distance is then compared with the *cover distance. Based on the result, the signal is sent to the driver, and a message is displayed in LCD Screen. In the negative case, if the driver doesn’t react for 2 seconds the vehicle is made to stop before the signal, by sending an interrupt. Here, in the positive case, the vehicle functions as such manual drive. If the driver has reacted, then the control remains with the driver. With the control being automated, the fuel supplied to the vehicle is reduced[8]. By this way, the power driving the vehicle is cut. Based on the load in the vehicle, the brakes are applied automatically[3][4]. The connection with each controller is cut as soon as it crosses the signal. The range of the transmission is set such. By this way, the drivers are made to abide by the rules, and hence the accidents can be prevented in the real world. The work is most successful in the case of electric vehicles, where the speed of the vehicle is reduced just by decreasing the supply to the motor[5]. An intermediate module is used to control the speed by varying the supply.

Introduction: Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (CMN) are characterized by expansion of myeloid cells, splenomegaly and thrombosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that chronic inflammation promotes the disease development as mutated hematopoietic cells are stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. The most common driver mutation in BCR-ABL negative CMN is the activating point mutation JAK2-V617F. The constitutively activated JAK2 signaling leads to strongly elevated TNF levels in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis (Fleischman et al, Blood, 2011). Recently, it has been reported that defective negative regulation of Toll-like receptor signals leads to excessive TNF in monocytes from CMN. Interestingly, this is not directly driven by JAK2-V617F in a cell-intrinsic manner (Lai et al., Blood, 2019). Thus, blockade of TNF signaling may represent a valuable anti-inflammatory pharmacological target in CMN. Therefore, in the Vav1-Cre x JAK2+/V617F (JAK2VF+) mouse model, we investigated the effects of TNFR1 or TNFR2 blockade using neutralizing antibodies (Ab) and we applied genetic disruption of the TNFRs. Methods: To study the genetic disruption of TNFR1 or TNFR2, TNFR1-/- or TNFR2-/- mice were crossed with the JAK2VF+ mouse model. For αTNFR1 Ab study, JAK2VF+ were crossed with a mouse (huTNFR1) expressing a chimeric TNFR1 consisting of the human extracellular domain and the murine transmembrane and intracellular domains, allowing treatment with an anti-human TNFR1 Ab. Over 3 weeks, JAK2VF+ mice received i.p. 3 x per week αTNFR1 (H398; 20 mg/kg) or 2 x per week αTNFR2 (TR75-54.7; 5 mg/kg) Abs or specific IgG controls. Blood was collected weekly for blood count measurements. After treatment, cell composition of blood, bone marrow and spleen was analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum cytokines were measured using a bead-based assay. HSCs and progenitor cells (MPP) were isolated from untreated huTNFR1 x JAK2VF+ mice and plated in MethoCult ± αTNFR1 or αTNFR2 (10µg/l). Colonies were analyzed after 7 days. Results: Blood count and spleen size of TNFR1-/- or TNFR2-/- x JAK2VF+ mice showed no differences as compared to TNFRWT x JAK2VF+ mice. In addition, the immune cell composition was similar to TNFRWT x JAK2VF+ mice. These results indicate that the disruption of a single cytokine pathway has no influence in this model, as other cytokines likely will compensate the signal during initiation of the disease.In contrary, αTNFR1 Ab treatment (n = 6) reduced the mean HCT after 3 weeks from 72.5 to 60.0%, which was not observed in the control group (n = 5). This was partly a result of a reduced MCV in αTNFR1 treated mice (34.9 versus 30.9 fl) as there was no reduction of the RBC. WBC number increased upon αTNFR1 treatment from 14.3 to 17.9 x 109 cells/l. Remarkably, αTNFR1 Ab treatment resulted in a major decrease of total cytokines as TNF, IL-1β, IL-10 and others when compared to the control group. Thus, αTNFR1 treatment is able to reduce chronic inflammation in the JAK2VF+ mouse but has minor impact on the HCT and WBC. Similar experiments were performed using αTNFR2 Ab (n = 4). This treatment showed only a minimal change on the complete blood counts of αTNFR2 treated mice in comparison to the IgG treated mice (n = 4). Thus, the HCT of αTNFR2 treated mice declined from 79.3 to 71.3 %, MCV and RBC remained stable during treatment phase. Of note, αTNFR2 treatment had no major impact on serum cytokine levels. Further, no differences in spleen size or immune cell composition were detected. In total, αTNFR2 therapy failed to reduce inflammation in the JAK2VF+model. To test whether αTNFR1/2 Ab treatment would impact on the stem cell compartment, a clonogenic assay was performed employing HSCs and MPPs ± αTNFR1 or αTNFR2. Almost no (αTNFR1) or minor (αTNFR2) reduction in colony number was measured; indicating that blockade of TNFRs has minor impact on the stem cell compartment in the JAK2VF+ mouse. Conclusions: Our study employing the JAK2VF+ mouse model revealed an involvement of TNF-TNFR1 in induction of chronic inflammation rather than TNF-TNFR2. αTNFR1 treatment strongly reduces cytokine levels but only slightly reduces HCT. Therefore targeting TNFR1 in CMN may have beneficial effects on chronic inflammation. In our view, a clinical trial investigating combination therapy with JAK1/2 inhibitors such as Ruxolitinib in patients with persisting symptoms of chronic inflammation is warranted. Disclosures Richter: Baliopharm GmbH: Other: F.R. is named inventor on patent applications covering Fc heterodimerization modules and monovalent inhibitors of TNFR1 interaction.. Pfizenmaier:Baliopharm GmbH: Other: K.P. is named inventor on patent applications covering Fc heterodimerization modules and monovalent inhibitors of TNFR1 interaction..

The quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is escalating at an alarming rate with every passing year alongside the modernization of our economy. Unfortunately, the majority of this waste remains uncollected or ends up in open dumping and followed by uncontrolled burning. Citing the deep-rooted consequences, open dumping should be absolutely abandoned and scientific interventions should be aggressively exercised to reclaim the municipal brownfields. The present research work undertook the judicial task of assessing the comparative feasibility of biomining and scientific capping as a technology selection for reclamation of about a decade old 120 million tons of waste chunk laying at Jawahar Nagar dump yard. Primary dump samples were collected from various locations, considering depth as a variable. While leachate and groundwater samples were collected from Malkaram lake and preinstalled borewells receptively. Additionally, the ambient air quality and noise level also been ascertained within the buffer zone. The blended representative solid sample was segregated using a 70 mm mesh size trommel into organic and inorganic fractions. The organic fraction was composted using a lab-scale aerobic static pile composting (ASPC) while the trommel reject was processed as refuse derived fuel (RDF). Evidently, the compost lagged quality and depicted nutrient deficiency. While the burning of RDF produced siloxane gas, significantly due to elevated silicon level in the primary waste. Furthermore, due to the prolonged leaching tenure and seasonal dilution, the concentration of legacy leachate was relatively weaker. Borewell samples collected from a depth of 20 feet also portrayed minor contamination up to 500 meters horizontal radius. The issue of leachability can solely be resolved with the capping of the existing dump and the end product quality derived from the biomining process is highly questionable. Thus, handling such large quantity capping is a befitting option over biomining for Jawahar Nagar dumpsite. INTRODUCTION Presently, in India due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, the generation of MSW has been increasing tremendously and also expected to continue a similar trend in the future (Scott, 1995; Bhat et al., 2017; Sethurajan et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2018). Annually, the comprehensive urban MSW generation in India is more than 62 million tons. Metro cities are the mammoth contributor of the entire chunk and waste production had already reached an alarming figure of 50,000 tonnes/day. While the waste generation from the tier 2 cities is also rigorously escalating and presently contribute up to 20,000 tones/day (Sharma et al., 2018). A study conducted by the central pollution control board (CPCB) revealed MSW generation in India is increasing at a distressing rate of 5 % per annum with a sharp escalation in the quantities of domestic hazardous waste (Sharma et al., 2018). With major financial constraints, inefficacy of collection, treatment, and disposal incurs further reasons to worry. So far India has miserably failed to set up wholesome source segregation and collection method. Presently, the country spends more than 60% of its annual waste management budget only in collection. Besides, only 20% or less of the collected materials are scientifically handled and treated. Citing the statistics, it is evident that the majority of the MSW is simply gets dumped on the low laying grounds located somewhere on the outskirts of the cities. The precipitation, infiltration, surface water runoff, bird menace, rodent interference etc. triggers the vulnerability of waste and leads to mal odor, ground and surface water contamination, human and environmental health deterioration (Jayawardhana et al., 2016). Further, the perseverance of the inorganic and inert fractions leads to soil contamination, poses a fire threat, and also may incur carcinogenicity and acute toxicity among the animals (Mir et al., 2021). There are numerous techniques for the reclamation and remediation of the dumpsites, includes processes such as capping and closure, in-situ vitrification, sub-surface cut-off walls, and waste biomining (Chakrabarti and Dubey, 2015; Thakare and Nandi, 2016). Waste biomining is a stable way to get rid of the entire range of problems associated with open dumping and reclaim valuable land (Kaksonen et al., 2017). There are several instances including reclamation of Mumbai Gorai dump yard by IL & FS Environment, 70 – 80 years old 12,00,000 tons of dump clearance by Nagar Nigam Indore within a minute span of 3 years and many more. But the process of biomining is highly sensitive and case-specific. The success of the process solely depends on factors such as characteristics of the waste, efficacy of the effective microorganism culture, acceptability of the processed end product at the local market etc. (Jerez, 2017; Banerjee et al., 2017; Venkiteela, 2020). Contrarily, though the scientific capping is not an end-to-end solution but still advisable in the cases where the quantity of waste is gigantic, land scarcity is prevalent, no nearby industries to consume the end products etc. Mehta et al. (2018) have also supported the above claim based on the assessment of locations specific MSW dump reclamation case studies. While in another Nagpur-based case study conducted by Ashootosh et al. (2020) reported the superiority of the biominingprocess over simple land capping due to the favorability of the local conditions. Capping eliminates the environmental interference and thereby reduces biosphere contamination and leachate generation. Further, it captivates rodent and vector breeding and thereby curtails the spreading of communicable diseases and improves aesthetics. But right consolidation through compaction and execution is utmost necessary in the above case. As non-compaction and faulty sloping will easily lead to heavy settlement and slope failure (Berkun et al., 2005; Al-Ghouti et al., 2021). The present study has been pursued with the primary objective to run a techno-commercial assessment between scientific capping and biomining. While the secondary objective was to ascertain the level of contamination and propose mitigative measures. MATERIALS AND METHODStudy Area Spanning over 350 acres of a precious piece of land at the outskirts of Hyderabad city, Jawahar Nagar dumping yard was brutally utilized by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) for open dumping for a prolonged tenure of 10 years. It housed nearly 12 lakh metric tons of heterogeneous solid and domestic hazardous waste and continues polluting until 2015, until the Ramky group was offered to cap the legacy dumping and scientifically handle the site. The present study has been facilitated at Hyderabad Municipal Solid Waste Limited, formerly known as Jawahar Nagar dump yard to analyze and assess the feasibility of bio-mining as handling and management alternate to the existing practice of scientific capping. The epicenter of processing and disposal facility is lying approximately on the cross-section of 17°31'24.45"N and 78°35'23.37"E. As per the contract, the comprehensive legacy dumping to be capped in three phases over about 150 acres of area and Ramky has significantly entered the phase two of the operation only within a span of five years by successfully capping more than half of the legacy footprint. Sampling Methodology The waste pile was divided into three layers namely, base, middle, and top. A uniform amount of sample was collected from the successive layers of all five different corners which cover north, south, east, west, and central of the garbage pile. Sampling inspections were performed using a manual auger besides large samples were collected using a JCB excavator. The top six-inch layer of the pile was removed to avoid any contamination while collecting the samples and 5-10 kg of sample was collected from each of the locations. Further, intermediate and bottom layer samples were collected by digging a 500 mm diameter hole through the heap. A composite was prepared by a homogenized blending of all the fifteen grub samples. The blend was distributed into four equal quadrants and the top and bottom quadrants were eliminated diagonally while the left-over quadrants were mixed thoroughly. This process was repeated until a sample of the required bulk of 20 kg is obtained. Surface and subsurface water samples from borewell were collected in and around the facility. Piezometric monitoring borewells located near the landfills were utilized for the subsurface sample collection. While a rainwater pond turned leachate lake named Malkaram was determined as the primary source for leachate collection. Buffer samples were collected from Ambedkar Nagar, the nearby colony exiting at a distance of only 300 meters. Lab-scale Experimentation The representative sample was characterized for composition and further screened through a 70 mm mesh size trommel. The trommel permeate was considered as the organic fraction while the reject was mostly inorganics and inert. The organics were subjected to ASPC. The quantity of the air required is arrived using the method delineated below (Figure 1). MSW Pile size: 2m x 0.5m x 0.5m Volume of pile: 0.5 m3 Average Density of MSW: 620 Kg/m3 Weight of pile: 310 Kg Nitrogen required for matured compost: 9300 mg/kg dry : 9300 X 310 mg : 2.88 x 106 mg : 2.88 Kg Total air required: 2.88 x 100/76 [as Nitrogen in air is 76% by weight] : 3.79 Kg of dry air : 3.79/1.225 m3 [@ 15 deg C density of air 1.225 kg/m3] : 3.1 m3 This air is to be supplied for 100 min / day for 0.5 m pile Air flow rate required: 3.1 x 60/100 = 1.86 m3/h (for practical purpose a flowrate of 2 m3/h was maintained). The maturation period was considered as 28 days and post-maturation, the stabilized material was further cured for 24 hours and screened using 12 mm and 4 mm trommel respectively to obtain the desired product quality and particle size. Whereas, the trommel reject was evenly spreader on the copper trays and dried in an oven at 1050C for 2 hours. The dried material was micronized to the size of 50 mm or below using a scissor and inert such as glass, sand, stone etc. were segregated manually (Mohan and Joseph, 2020). Concurrently, a bench-scale capped landfill prototype was built using the below-mentioned procedure to evaluate the factors such as settlement and slope stability. A 30 mm thick low permeable soil was laid on the top of the waste, followed by a 60 mm layer of compacted clay liner (CCL). Each join between successive liner material was closely monitored. A 1.5 mm thick HDPE liner was placed on the top of the CCL. A 285 GSM geotextile membrane was placed as the successive above layer followed by a 15 mm thick drainage media layer. A further layer of geotextile membrane was placed on top of the drainage media for better stabilization, grip, and strength. The top vegetative soil layer of 45 mm thickness was laid off on top of the geotextile media and St. Augustine grass was rooted (Cortellazzo et al., 2020; Ashford et al., 2000). 2.4 Sample Analysis pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Turbidity of the samples were analyzed using pH, EC-TDS, and Nephelometer of Mettler Toledo. The pH meter was calibrated with the buffer solution of 4.0, 7.0 & 9.12 at a controlled temperature. EC-TDS meter was calibrated with 0.1 M KCL having 12.8 mS/cm of conductivity. Nephelometer was calibrated with Formazine solution of 10 & 100 NTU. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), (mg/L) was performed using the gravimetric method at 1800C in the oven. Titrimetric parameters such as Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 (mg/L), Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L), Chloride as Cl- (mg/L), Calcium as Ca2+ (mg/L), Residual Free Chlorine (RFC), (mg/L) were analyzed using APHA (American Public Health Associations) method, 23rd Edition, 2017. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/L) and Ammonical Nitrogen (mg/L) were performed through distillation followed by titration with H2SO4 as a titrant. Sulphide as S2- was done with the Iodometric method after distillation. Each titrimetric parameter was analyzed in triplicate after standardizing the titrant with required reagents and crossed checked by keeping a check standard. Sodium as Na (mg/L) and Potassium as K (mg/L) were performed using Flame Photometer. The photometer was calibrated with different standards from 10 to 100 (mg/L) standard solutions. The leachate sample was diluted enough to get the value within the standard range and cross-checked with check standards at the same time. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), (mg/L) was performed using the open reflux method for 2 hours at 1500C in COD Digestor. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), (mg/L) was performed using the alkali iodide azide method for 3 days. The samples were kept in a BOD incubator at 270C for 3 days. It was kept in duplicate to have a check on quality control. Sulphate was analyzed by the gravimetric method instead of turbidimetric or through UV-Visible spectrophotometer as its concentration was found more than 40 mg/L. Nitrate as NO3- was analyzed after filtration at 220-275 nm, while Hexavalent Chromium as Cr6+ was analyzed at 540 nm in the UV-Vis. Parameters like Cyanide as CN-, Fluoride as F-, and Phenolic Compounds were gone through a distillation process followed by UV-Vis. The distillation process ensures the removal of interferences presents either positive or negative. For the parameters like Total Iron or Ferric Iron, the samples were digested properly with the required reagents on the hot plate before analyzing in UV-Vis. For the metal analysis the water samples were digested at a temperature of 1000C using aqua regia as a media. The samples were digested to one-fourth of the volume on a hot plate. The recommended wavelengths as per APHA 3120 B were selected for each of the metals. The standard graph was plotted for each of the metals before analysis and crossed checked with the check standard at the same time. Parameters such as bulk density and particle size were performed through the certified beaker and sieve. The percentage of moisture content was estimated using the oven by keeping the compost sample for 2 hours at 1050C. C/N ratio was estimated through CHNS analyzer keeping sulfanilamide as a check standard. The analysis was performed by extracting the desired component in the desired solution prescribed in the method followed by converting the same from mg/L to mg/Kg. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION An exhaustive bench-study has been pursued and real-time samples were collected and analyzed for all possible parameters to determine the pros and cons attributed to both processes. The investigation begins by collecting the samples and concluded by impact assessment studies inclusive of the buffer zone. Both solid, liquid, and gaseous samples were precisely investigated to opt for the best solution. A detailed finding of the investigation is summarized below. Primarily, the representative solid sample was characterized through a manual separation process and the results are portrayed in Figure 1. Compost Characterization ASPC of the organic fraction has resulted in a recovery of 46.7% of the initial load. While 53.3% of the influent mass were inert and barely degradable fraction contributes to reject, the rest 4.1% is miscellaneous process loss. The processed compost was extensively analyzed including for metal contamination and the same is tabulated in Table 1. The value of C/N ratio, OC, TN, K2O, P2O5, and NPK evidently portrays the shortcoming in terms of nutrient availability. Though it is highly enriched in organic carbon and thus the same can be effectively utilized as a soil preconditioner. Ayilara et al. (2020) also reported a similar finding, where the city compost sourced from MSW lagged major plant nutrients. RDF Characterization Processed trommel rejects constitute cloth, rexine, leather, jute, paper, plastics, coir and other inert contributed to RDF. The fraction of inert was as high as 37.2% of the overall RDF mass and it mostly constituted glass and sand. The combined weight of sand and glass fragments contributed 73.5% of the total inert, while the rest was stone and small brickbats. The higher level of silicon associated with the presence of glass and sand yielded siloxane and triggered the possibility of kiln corrosion. A detailed RDF analysis report is enclosed in Table 2. The values explicitly portray the quality of RDF is moderately lower and higher salts concentration is extremely prevalent. With relatively lower NCV and such high salt concentration, the above specimen will certainly pose a corrosion threat to the kiln and shall be either neglected as kiln feed or can be utilized after dilution with Grade III RDF quality. Further, such high ash generation will also induct high transportation and landfill charges. Leachate Characterization The Malkaram leachate lake is the end result of prolonged, slow, and steady mixing of the legacy leachate through the existing fissure cracks in the sheath rock bottom profile. Apparently, the concentration of leachate is significantly lower due to the dilution. Samples were analyzed in triplicates and the mean value is tabulated here in Table 3. The metal concertation and rest of the parameter values are well within the secondary treatment influent range, except for TDS. Thus, a modular aerobic biological treatment unit such as moving bed biofilm bioreactor (MBBR) or membrane bioreactor (MBR) would be a well-suited pick. However, a reverse osmosis (RO) system needs to be installed to get rid of the high TDS content. The permeate of RO can be reused back into the system. Whereas, the reject can be converted into dried powder through forced evaporation mechanisms. The higher concentration of salts in RDF collaterally justifies the elevated TDS level in leachate. In a leachate impact assessment study performed by El-Salam and Abu-Zuid (2015) the reported BOD/COD ratio of 0.69 is greater than double the value of 0.301 reported in Table 3. Though the difference in both the values are quite high, it is relatable and justifiable by the huge age difference of the source waste. The primarily characterized data is of a fresh leachate generated from regular MSW, while the later one is from a decade old waste that barely has any unstabilized organic content. Groundwater Contamination The obvious reason for downward leachate infiltration and osmotic movement facilitates groundwater contamination. Both surface and subsurface water samples were collected within the dump yard and the buffer zone and analyzed using the standard methods. The results are portrayed in Table 4. The slightly alkaline pH of the borewell sample is an indication of the ongoing anaerobic process. The dissolved oxygen value of 3.5 mg/L further validates the correlation. Higher TDS and hardness values are self-indicative of elevated salt concentration in source waste. Eventually, the same interfered with the RDF quality. Positively in the case of all the parameters, a successive decrement in pollution concentration has been spotted from dump ground towards the buffer zone. In a similar study conducted by Singh et al. (2016) at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh the reported concentration of the parameters is significantly higher than reported in Table 4. The basic reason behind variation is the dissimilarities of the local soil profile. The sandy and clay loam soil profile of Varanasi allows a greater rate of percolation and infiltration. While the bottom sheath rock profile at Jawahar Nagar permits the only a minute to little percolation rate. The difference in percolation rate is directly correlated to the concentration levels in this case. Contrarily, Kurakalva et al. (2016) have reported much-elevated pollutant concertation both in ground and surface water for a study conducted at the same site in 2016. The higher concentration is relatable to the fact of the non-closure of the open dump back then. Capping activity had at Jawahar Nagar gained its pace 2018 onwards and capping for the primary section of 70 acres got concluded only during mid of 2019. Due to the decrement in runoff and percolation, the quality of both surface and subsurface water has improved drastically. Impact Assessment The odor and groundwater contamination are two of the primary issues that triggered a massive public agitation initially. The root causes of both the issues are identified as rainwater percolation and anaerobic digestion respectively. Eventually, the completion of the capping process would resolve both the problems effectively. Other non-tangential impacts include nausea; headache; irritation of the eye, nasal cavity, and throat; diarrhoeal diseases; vector-borne disease, cattle toxicity etc. Scientific capping can easily cater as the wholesome solution for all (Cortellazzo et al., 2020). Yu et al. (2018) had performed an extensive study to comprehend the relativity of respiratory sickness and MSW borne air pollution. The study made a couple of dreadful revelations such as gases released due to the anaerobic digestion of MSW such as methane, hydrogen sulphide, and ammonia incur detrimental impact on Lysozyme and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). While SO2 was reported as the lung capacity and functionality reducer. Further, a gender-specific study executed by the same research group revealed, air pollution impacts more severely on male children than the female and retards immune functions. Presently, the area of 351 acres has been developed as Asia’s one of the largest state of the art municipal solid waste processing and disposal facility by Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited. This ensured zero dumping and no further environmental interventions. As legal compliance, the facility monitors the quality of groundwater and ambient air quality in and around the facility on monthly basis to assure the biosafety. The variation in concentration of various monitoring parameters between 2012 to 2020 is summarized in Figure 2. The concentration of each of the parameters are showcased in ppm and a standard equipment error was settled at 3% for respirable dust sampler and multi-gas analyzer (Taheri et al., 2014). Despite all parameter values have gradually increased except for methane, the facility still managed to maintain them well under the regulatory limits. The decrement in methane concentration is directly correlated to the practice of aerobic composting and aeration-based secondary treatment that prevented the formation of the anaerobic atmosphere and henceforth methane generation. While for the rest of the parameters the increment in values is quite substantial and predictable due to the sudden escalation in MSW generation in the past decade in correlation with Gross domestic product (GDP) enhancement. The observed and interpreted impacts due to the elevated pollutant level are in-line with the georeferenced findings reported by Deshmukh and Aher (2016) based on a study conducted at Sangamner, Maharashtra. CONCLUSION The study critically analyzed and investigated every techno-environmental and socio-economic aspect correlated to open dumping. The bench-scale experimentation revealed the efficiency of the single liner scientific capping is fair enough to eliminate any further rainwater infiltration, however, it has no control over the generation of leachate due to the inherent moisture. Internal moisture related issue was anyhow compensated with pertinent compaction prior to dispose of the waste. Contrarily, both the products derived through the biomining process namely, compost and RDF lagged quality due to scantier nutrient content and higher salt and silicon content respectively. Besides, impact assessment studies concede the pollutant concentration in groundwater in and around the plant has drastically diminished post-July 2019 due to the partial completion of waste capping. It also abetted lowering the dust and odor issues relatively in the surrounding. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to sincerely acknowledge GHMC, Hyderabad Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Limited, and Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited for enabling us to pursue the sample collection and other necessary onsite activities. Further, the authors would like to register profound acknowledgment to EPTRI for supporting us with the essential experimental facilities. REFERENCES Sharma, A., Gupta, A.K., Ganguly, R. (2018), Impact of open dumping of municipal solid waste on soil properties in mountainous region. 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We construct a cycle in higher Hochschild homology associated to the two-dimensional torus which represents 2-holonomy of a nonabelian gerbe in the same way as the ordinary holonomy of a principal G-bundle gives rise to a cycle in ordinary Hochschild homology. This is done using the connection 1-form of Baez–Schreiber. A crucial ingredient in our work is the possibility to arrange that in the structure crossed module $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}:\mathfrak{h}\rightarrow \mathfrak{g}$ of the principal 2-bundle, the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{h}$ is abelian, up to equivalence of crossed modules.

Abstract We construct a lattice model based on a crossed module of possibly non-abelian finite groups. It generalizes known topological quantum field theories, but in contrast to these models admits local physical excitations. Its degrees of freedom are defined on links and plaquettes, while gauge transformations are based on vertices and links of the underlying lattice. We specify the Hilbert space, define basic observables (including the Hamiltonian) and initiate a discussion on the model’s phase diagram. The constructed model reduces in appropriate limits to topological theories with symmetries described by groups and crossed modules, lattice Yang-Mills theory and 2-form electrodynamics. We conclude by reviewing classifying spaces of crossed modules, with an emphasis on the direct relation between their geometry and properties of gauge theories under consideration.