Relevant bibliographies by topics / 2,4,-dinitrotoluene (DNT)

Academic literature on the topic '2,4,-dinitrotoluene (DNT)'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "2,4,-dinitrotoluene (DNT)"

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Nishino, Shirley F., George C. Paoli, and Jim C. Spain. "Aerobic Degradation of Dinitrotoluenes and Pathway for Bacterial Degradation of 2,6-Dinitrotoluene." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 2139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.5.2139-2147.2000.

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ABSTRACT An oxidative pathway for the mineralization of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) by Burkholderia sp. strain DNT has been reported previously. We report here the isolation of additional strains with the ability to mineralize 2,4-DNT by the same pathway and the isolation and characterization of bacterial strains that mineralize 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) by a different pathway.Burkholderia cepacia strain JS850 andHydrogenophaga palleronii strain JS863 grew on 2,6-DNT as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The initial steps in the pathway for degradation of 2,6-DNT were determined by simultaneous induction, enzyme assays, and identification of metabolites through mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. 2,6-DNT was converted to 3-methyl-4-nitrocatechol by a dioxygenation reaction accompanied by the release of nitrite. 3-Methyl-4-nitrocatechol was the substrate for extradiol ring cleavage yielding 2-hydroxy-5-nitro-6-oxohepta-2,4-dienoic acid, which was converted to 2-hydroxy-5-nitropenta-2,4-dienoic acid. 2,4-DNT-degrading strains also converted 2,6-DNT to 3-methyl-4-nitrocatechol but did not metabolize the 3-methyl-4-nitrocatechol. Although 2,6-DNT prevented the degradation of 2,4-DNT by 2,4-DNT-degrading strains, the effect was not the result of inhibition of 2,4-DNT dioxygenase by 2,6-DNT or of 4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol monooxygenase by 3-methyl-4-nitrocatechol.
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Cheng, Jiayang, Makram T. Suidan, and Albert D. Venosa. "Kinetics of anaerobic cometabolism of 2,4-dinitrotoluene with ethanol as the primary substrate." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 6-7 (September 1, 1997): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0600.

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A kinetic model that describes the anaerobic cometabolism of 2,4-dinitrtoluene (DNT) with ethanol as the primary substrate has been developed based on experimental results. The kinetic parameters were estimated using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. 2,4-DNT is anaerobically biotransformed to 2,4-diaminotoluene (DAT) via 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4-A-2-NT) and 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2-A-4-NT) by the bacteria whose growth is supported by utilizing ethanol. 2,4-DNT shows inhibition to its own biotransformation. It also exhibits a very strong competitive inhibition to further biotransformation of 4-A-2-NT and 2-A-4-NT. All the aromatics in the system, 2,4-DNT, 4-A-2-NT, 2-A-4-NT, and 2,4-DAT, inhibit the conversion of ethanol. Hydrogen produced from the acetogenesis of ethanol is utilized for the transformation of the nitroaromatics. The utilization of hydrogen and acetate by methanogenic bacteria is very strongly inhibited by the presence of the nitroaromatics. Acetate exhibits strong competitive inhibition to the biodegradation of propionate.
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Huang, Zhong Hua, Xue Pu, Hui Zhang, Fang Yuan, and Zheng Li Liu. "Biodegradation of 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene by Pseudomonas fluorescens sp. Isolated from a Nitrobenzene Contaminated Soil." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1233.

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A 2,4-Dinitrotoluene degrading bacterium was isolated from sludge contaminated by DNT and identified as a member of Pseudomonas fluorescens sp. based on 16S rDNA sequence. Under growth substrates limited conditions, the strain was enriched with 2,4-DNT as its sole source of carbon and energy in the groundwater environment. Results indicate the isolate grew optimally at 12(±4)°C and initial pH 7.5 in the mineral salts medium supplemented 2,4-DNT with 40mg/L, thus showing potential for the remediation of 2,4-DNT contaminated groundwater.
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Jiayang, Cheng, Makram T. Suidan, and Albert D. Venosa. "Abiotic reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene in the presence of sulfide minerals under anoxic conditions." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 10 (November 1, 1996): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0235.

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Abiotic reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) in the presence of sulfide minerals has been investigated under anoxic conditions at 35°C. 2,4-DNT was abiotically reduced to 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4-A-2-NT) and 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2-A-4-NT) in the presence of high concentration of sulfide (0.84 mM). No abiotic reduction of 2,4-DNT was observed in the presence of low sulfide concentration (0.42 mM). The rate and the extent of the abiotic reduction of 2,4-DNT were increased with an increase in sulfide concentration. Sulfide served as an electron donor for the reduction of 2,4-DNT. The 2-nitro group was preferentially reduced, making the 2-A-4-NT:4-A-2-NT ratio in the final products 2:1. The addition of iron, nickel, and cobalt minerals significantly enhanced the abiotic reduction. The FeS, NiS, and CoS solids formed in the serum bottles catalyzed the reduction of 2,4-DNT preferentially to 4-A-2-NT. MnS and CuS solids also catalyzed the reduction of 2,4-DNT to 4-A-2-NT, but did not change the overall reduction of 2,4-DNT. However, the presence of calcium, zinc, and magnesium minerals impeded 2,4-DNT reduction. The calcium, zinc, and magnesium ions have a high affinity to sulfide, inactivating sulfide as an electron donor for the chemical reduction of 2,4-DNT.
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Wang, Jing, Guang Fei Liu, Hong Lu, Ji Ti Zhou, and Lihua Li. "Enhanced Biotransformation of Dinitrotoluene by Mediator-Functionalized Polypyrrole Composites." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.129.

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The continuous dosing and discharge of water soluble redox mediators such as biologically recalcitrant compounds will result in the secondary contamination. The immobilized redox mediator prepared by incorporation of anthraquinonedisulphon-ate (AQDS) during the electropolymerization of pyrrole monomer on active carbon felt (ACF), AQDS/PPy/ACF, was used for catalyzing bioreduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene(2,4-DNT) in this study. The results showed that the morphology of the PPy films deposits on ACF are characterized by some globular structure; AQDS/PPy/ACF exhibited good catalytic activity and stability for 2,4-DNT, the enhanced reduction rates obtained in the incubations with AQDS/PPy/ACF was about 5 times that without AQDS/PPy/ACF, the corresponding first-order reduction rate constant k reached 0.045 h-1; 2,4-DNT was reduced to be 2,4-diaminotoluene via 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene and 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene in the system.
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Martin, J. L., S. D. Comfort, P. J. Shea, R. A. Drijber, and T. A. Kokjohn. "Denitration of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene byPseudomonas savastanoi." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-063.

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Past disposal of wastewaters containing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) at the former Nebraska Ordnance Plant has resulted in numerous acres of TNT-contaminated soil. Examining the microbial population of these soils revealed several TNT-tolerant Pseudomonas spp. We selected one species, P. savastanoi, to determine its ability to transform TNT. Pure culture experiments were performed in pseudomonas minimal medium containing 0.31 mM TNT (70 mg TNT∙L−1) under varied nutrient and cell density regimes. Experiments with TNT as a sole C or N source showed that P. savastanoi has the ability to denitrate TNT, as evidenced by production of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and NO2−with time. TNT denitration and formation of 2,4-DNT were enhanced by removing NH4+and adding NO2−to the growth medium. In all experiments, 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) appeared as incidental reduction products. Glucose addition to the medium enhanced 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT production and decreased denitration of TNT. Mid-log phase cells rapidly transformed [ring-14C(U)]TNT but were unable to mineralize significant quantities of TNT, as evidenced by conversion of less than 1% of the label to14CO2. These results indicate that P. savastanoi is a TNT-tolerant pseudomonad that can promote TNT degradation through reductive denitration and nitro moiety reduction.Key words: TNT, biodegradation, transformation, reduction, nitrite.
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Mohammed, Mohammed S., Igor S. Kovalev, Natalya V. Slovesnova, Leila K. Sadieva, Vadim A. Platonov, Grigory A. Kim, Rammohan Aluru, Alexander S. Novikov, Olga S. Taniya, and Valery N. Charushin. "(1-(4-(5-Phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-methylenyls α,ω-Bisfunctionalized 3- and 4-PEG: Synthesis and Photophysical Studies." Molecules 28, no. 13 (July 6, 2023): 5256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135256.

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Two new azaheterocycle-based bolas, such as (1-(4-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-methylenyls α,ω-bisfunctionalized PEGs, were prepared via Cu-catalyzed click reaction between 2-(4-azidophenyl)-5-(aryl)-oxadiazole-1,3,4 and terminal ethynyls derived from PEG-3 and PEG-4. Due to the presence of two heteroaromatic cores and a PEG linker, these bola molecules are considered as promising fluorescent chemosensors for electron-deficient species. As a result of a well-pronounced “turn-off” fluorescence response towards common nitro-explosive components, such as 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hard-to-detect pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), as well as Hg2+ cation was observed.
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Strehse, Jennifer Susanne, Tobias Hartwig Bünning, Jan Koschorreck, Anita Künitzer, and Edmund Maser. "Long-Term Trends for Blue Mussels from the German Environmental Specimen Bank Show First Evidence of Munition Contaminants Uptake." Toxics 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2023): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040347.

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Submerged munitions are present in marine waters across the globe. They contain energetic compounds (ECs), such as TNT and metabolites thereof, which are considered carcinogenic, exhibit toxic effects in marine organisms, and may affect human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of ECs and their trends in blue mussels from the annual collections of the German Environmental Specimen Bank sampled over the last 30 years at three different locations along the coastline of the Baltic and North Sea. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS/MS for 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT). The first signals indicating trace levels of 1,3-DNB were observed in samples from 1999 and 2000. ECs were also found below the limit of detection (LoD) in subsequent years. From 2012 onwards, signals just above the LoD were detected. The highest signal intensities of 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT, just below the LoQ (0.14 ng/g d.w. and 0.17 ng/g d.w., respectively), were measured in 2019 and 2020. This study clearly shows that corroding submerged munitions are gradually releasing ECs into the waters that can be detected in randomly sampled blue mussels, even though the concentrations measured are still in the non-quantifiable trace range.
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Schick, Luca Aroha, Jennifer Susanne Strehse, Tobias Hartwig Bünning, Edmund Maser, and Ursula Siebert. "Energetic Compounds in the Trophic Chain—A Pilot Study Examining the Exposure Risk of Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) to TNT, Its Metabolites, and By-Products." Toxics 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2022): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110685.

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The Baltic and North Seas still contain large amounts of dumped munitions from both World Wars. The exposure of the munition shells to the seawater causes corrosion, which leads to the disintegration of shells and a leakage of energetic compounds, including the highly toxic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and consequently threatening the marine environment. To evaluate the risk of accumulation of energetic compounds from conventional munitions in the marine food chain, we analyzed the presence of TNT and its metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) as well as their byproducts 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) in different tissues (including muscle, liver, kidney, brain, and bile) from 25 Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) from the Danish Baltic Sea. Tissues were prepared according to approved protocols, followed by GC-MS/MS analysis. None of the aforementioned energetic compounds were detected in any of the samples. This pilot study is one of the first analyzing the presence of explosive chemicals in tissues from a free-ranging predatory species. This study highlights the need for continuous monitoring at different levels of the trophic chain to increase our knowledge on the distribution and possible accumulation of energetic compounds in the marine environment in order to provide reliable data for decision-making tools and risk assessments.
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Shukla, Nivedita, Vatsana Gupta, Ashok Singh Rawat, Vikas Kumar Gahlot, Sarita Shrivastava, and Pramod Kumar Rai. "2, 4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) removal kinetics and degradation mechanism using zero valent iron-silica nanocomposite." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 6, no. 4 (August 2018): 5196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.08.018.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "2,4,-dinitrotoluene (DNT)"

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Gust, Kurt A., Bindu Nanduri, Arun Rawat, Mitchell S. Wilbanks, Choo Y. Ang, David R. Johnson, Ken Pendarvis, et al. "Systems toxicology identifies mechanistic impacts of 2-amino-4, 6-dinitrotoluene (2A-DNT) exposure in Northern Bobwhite." BioMed Central Ltd, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610284.

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BACKGROUND: A systems toxicology investigation comparing and integrating transcriptomic and proteomic results was conducted to develop holistic effects characterizations for the wildlife bird model, Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) dosed with the explosives degradation product 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2A-DNT). A subchronic 60d toxicology bioassay was leveraged where both sexes were dosed via daily gavage with 0, 3, 14, or 30 mg/kg-d 2A-DNT. Effects on global transcript expression were investigated in liver and kidney tissue using custom microarrays for C. virginianus in both sexes at all doses, while effects on proteome expression were investigated in liver for both sexes and kidney in males, at 30 mg/kg-d. RESULTS: As expected, transcript expression was not directly indicative of protein expression in response to 2A-DNT. However, a high degree of correspondence was observed among gene and protein expression when investigating higher-order functional responses including statistically enriched gene networks and canonical pathways, especially when connected to toxicological outcomes of 2A-DNT exposure. Analysis of networks statistically enriched for both transcripts and proteins demonstrated common responses including inhibition of programmed cell death and arrest of cell cycle in liver tissues at 2A-DNT doses that caused liver necrosis and death in females. Additionally, both transcript and protein expression in liver tissue was indicative of induced phase I and II xenobiotic metabolism potentially as a mechanism to detoxify and excrete 2A-DNT. Nuclear signaling assays, transcript expression and protein expression each implicated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) nuclear signaling as a primary molecular target in the 2A-DNT exposure with significant downstream enrichment of PPAR-regulated pathways including lipid metabolic pathways and gluconeogenesis suggesting impaired bioenergetic potential. CONCLUSION: Although the differential expression of transcripts and proteins was largely unique, the consensus of functional pathways and gene networks enriched among transcriptomic and proteomic datasets provided the identification of many critical metabolic functions underlying 2A-DNT toxicity as well as impaired PPAR signaling, a key molecular initiating event known to be affected in di- and trinitrotoluene exposures.
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Christopher, Heidi Jandell. "Biodegradation of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene in the Waste Streams of a Munitions Plant." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31106.

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Wastewater from the manufacture of propellants typically contains 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), a suspected animal carcinogen. Previous studies have indicated that DNT is aerobically biodegradable. However, inconsistent removal of DNT during aerobic treatment has been observed at a munitions wastewater treatment plant, necessitating the use of activated carbon pre-treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutrient and cosubstrate amendments on the rate and extent of DNT removal. Addition of ethanol (100-500 mg/l) and phosphate (0.8-3.3 mg/l) significantly accelerated the rate of aerobic DNT (0.3-5.6 mg/l) biodegradation. Addition of phosphate alone also increased the rate of DNT degradation, but to a lesser degree. The presence of ethyl ether, another substrate commonly found in munitions plant wastewater, had comparatively little effect on the rate of DNT removal. Interruptions in the DNT manufacturing process can result in DNT being absent from the munitions plant wastewater for extended periods. The effect of such interruptions was evaluated in semi-continuously operated reactors, fed daily with phosphate-amended wastewater, at a hydraulic residence time of 3 days. DNT removal resumed without a lag even after it was absent from the feed for periods up to 15 days. During aerobic biodegradation of DNT, reduction to 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene and 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene was consistently observed, with reduction at the para position predominating. The highest level of aminonitrotoluene formation was 23% of the total DNT degraded. Aminonitrotoluene isomers were consumed shortly after they formed in the semi-continuously operated reactors, confirming the potential for degradation of these metabolites. Although the aminonitrotoluene isomers are not currently regulated, their presence in treated munitions wastewater is a concern due to possible toxicity.
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Sheikh, Kharisha S. "Kinetics of 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene Reduction by Pseudomonas Putida." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1156790187.

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Book chapters on the topic "2,4,-dinitrotoluene (DNT)"

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Williams, Marc A., and Stephen W. Rice. "Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for 2-Amino-4,6-Dinitrotoluene and 4-Amino-2,6-Dinitrotoluene." In Wildlife Toxicity Assessments for Chemicals of Military Concern, 279–90. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800020-5.00016-8.

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CHEN, YUNQING, HAIBO LIU, and X. C. ZHANG. "EXPERIMENTAL AND DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY STUDY ON THz SPECTRA OF 4-NT AND 2, 6-DNT." In Selected Topics in Electronics and Systems, 91–99. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812771803_0008.

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Conference papers on the topic "2,4,-dinitrotoluene (DNT)"

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Chen, Yunqing, Haibo Liu, and X. C. Zhang. "THz spectra of 4-NT and 2, 6-DNT." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Dwight L. Woolard, R. Jennifer Hwu, Mark J. Rosker, and James O. Jensen. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.666158.

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Chandu, B., M. S. S. Bharati, and S. Venugopal Rao. "AG Nanoparticles Coupled with AG Nanostructures as Efficient SERS Platform for Detection of 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene." In 2017 IEEE Workshop on Recent Advances in Photonics (WRAP). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wrap.2017.8468553.

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LeMonte, Joshua, Cynthia L. Price, Thomas A. Douglas, Jennifer M. Seiter, Mark A. Chappell, and Karl J. Indest. "Energetic Compounds (RDX and 2, 4-DNT) are most Vulnerable to Movement Through Discontinuous Permafrost Soils during Initial Freeze-Thaw Events." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1457.

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Reports on the topic "2,4,-dinitrotoluene (DNT)"

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NIOSH skin notation (SK) profile: dinitrotoluene [CAS No. 25321-14-6]; 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) [CAS No. 121-14-2]; 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) [CAS No. 606-20-2]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub2011138.

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