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Myrtle, Robert C., Sami F. Masri, Robert L. Nigbor, and John P. Caffrey. "Classification and Prioritization of Essential Systems in Hospitals under Extreme Events." Earthquake Spectra 21, no. 3 (August 2005): 779–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1988338.
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This paper presents a classification and prioritization of nonstructural systems, including medical equipment, in hospitals based upon the results of extensive surveys of effects of major seismic events. Surveys included damage surveys, interviews of medical and administrative personnel, and solicitation of expert opinion. As part of a larger study on nonstructural mitigation in hospitals, this effort sought to identify the importance and interdependence of various nonstructural systems subjected to earthquakes and other extreme events. Focused information was obtained for the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Additional information was obtained from experiences in the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, and the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake. Survey results led to a prioritized list of hospital nonstructural systems that can aid mitigation efforts in maximizing the continued functionality of essential medical facilities when exposed to extreme events.
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Duma, G., and Y. Ruzhin. "Diurnal changes of earthquake activity and geomagnetic Sq-variations." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 3/4 (August 31, 2003): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-171-2003.
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Abstract. Statistic analyses demonstrate that the probability of earthquake occurrence in many earthquake regions strongly depends on the time of day, that is on Local Time (e.g. Conrad, 1909, 1932; Shimshoni, 1971; Duma, 1997; Duma and Vilardo, 1998). This also applies to strong earthquake activity. Moreover, recent observations reveal an involvement of the regular diurnal variations of the Earth’s magnetic field, commonly known as Sq-variations, in this geodynamic process of changing earthquake activity with the time of day (Duma, 1996, 1999). In the article it is attempted to quantify the forces which result from the interaction between the induced Sq-variation currents in the Earth’s lithosphere and the regional Earth’s magnetic field, in order to assess the influence on the tectonic stress field and on seismic activity. A reliable model is obtained, which indicates a high energy involved in this process. The effect of Sq-induction is compared with the results of the large scale electromagnetic experiment "Khibiny" (Velikhov, 1989), where a giant artificial current loop was activated in the Barents Sea.
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Shoaf, Kimberley, Cary Sauter, Linda B. Bourque, Christian Giangreco, and Billie Weiss. "Suicides in Los Angeles County in Relation to the Northridge Earthquake." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 19, no. 04 (December 2004): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0000193x.
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AbstractIntroduction:Recently, there has been speculation that suicide rates increase after a disaster. Yet, in spite of anecdotal reports, it is difficult to demonstrate a systematic relationship between suicide and disaster. Suicides are fairly rare events, and single disasters rarely have covered geographic areas with large enough populations to be able to find statistically significant differences in such relatively rare events (annual suicide rates in the United States average 12/100,000 population).Hypothesis:Suicide rates increased in the three calendar years (1994–1996) following the Northridge earthquake as compared to the three calendar years (1991–1993) prior to the earthquake. Likewise the suicide rates for 1993 are compared with the rates in 1994. By looking at the suicide rates in a three-year period after the earthquake, the additional disasters that befell Southern California in 1995 and 1996 may have had an additive effect on psychological disorders and suicide rates that can be measured.Methods:Data on suicide mortality were compiled for the years from 1989 through 1996. Differences in rates for 1993 compared with 1994 and for three-year periods before and after the earthquake (1991–1993 vs. 1994 –1996) were analyzed using az-statistic.Results:There is a statistically significant difference in the rates for the years prior to the earthquake (1991–1993) when pooled and compared to the suicide rates for the years after the earthquake (1994–1996). The rates of suicide are lower in the three years following the earthquake (11.85 vs. 13.12/100,000 population) than they are in the three years prior to the earthquake (z= -3.85,p<0.05). Likewise, there is a similar difference when comparing 1993 to 1994 (11.77 vs. 13.84,z= -3.57,p<0.05). The patterns of suicide remain similar over time, with males and non-Hispanic Whites having the highest rates of suicide.Conclusion:It does not appear that suicide rates increase as a result of earthquakes in this setting. This study demonstrates that the psychological impacts of the Northridge earthquake did not culminate in an increase in the rates of suicide.
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Yeh, T. K., C. H. Chen, C. H. Wang, and S. Wen. "Frequency anomaly of groundwater level before major earthquakes in Taiwan." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 372 (November 12, 2015): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-101-2015.
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Abstract. Anomalous decreases on water levels were observed in 78 % of wells in central Taiwan about 250 days before the Chi-Chi earthquake whose magnitude is 7.6 on 20 September 1999. Variations in groundwater levels measured on anomalous wells from 1 August 1997 to 19 September 1999, were transferred into the frequency domain to unveil frequency characteristics. Analytical results show that amplitudes at the frequency band between 0.02 and 0.04 day−1 generally maintained at low stage and were apparently enhanced a few weeks before the Chi-Chi earthquake. Variations of amplitude at this particular frequency band were further examined along with other Taiwan earthquakes whose magnitude is larger than 6 from 1 August 1997 to 31 December 2009. Features of the enhanced amplitudes at the frequency band are consistently observed prior to the other two earthquakes during the 12.5-year study period. Result confirms that abnormal rise and fall changes in groundwater level yield an agreement with forward and backward surface displacements around epicenter prior to the Chi-Chi earthquake.
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Chen, C. H., C. H. Wang, S. Wen, T. K. Yeh, C. H. Lin, J. Y. Liu, H. Y. Yen, C. Lin, R. J. Rau, and T. W. Lin. "Anomalous frequency characteristics of groundwater level before major earthquakes in Taiwan." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 5 (May 2, 2013): 1693–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1693-2013.
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Abstract. Unusual decreases of water levels were consistently observed in 78% (= 42/54) of wells in the Choshuichi Alluvial Fan of central Taiwan about 250 days before the Chi-Chi earthquake (M = 7.6 on 20 September 1999) while possible factors of barometric pressure, earth tides, precipitation as well as artificial pumping were removed. Variations in groundwater levels measured on anomalous wells from 1 August 1997 to 19 September 1999, which covers the 250 day unusual decreases, were transferred into the frequency domain to unveil frequency characteristics associated with the Chi-Chi earthquake. Analytical results show that amplitudes at the frequency band between 0.02 day−1 and 0.04 day−1 generally maintained at the low stage and were apparently enhanced a few weeks before the Chi-Chi earthquake. Variations of amplitude at this particular frequency band were further examined along with other Taiwan earthquakes (M > 6) from 1 August 1997 to 31 December 2009. Features of the enhanced amplitudes at the frequency band are consistently observed prior to the other two earthquakes (the Rei-Li and Ming-Jian earthquakes) during the 12.5 yr study period. In addition, surface displacements recorded from GPS, which provides insights into understanding stress status in subsurface during the Chi-Chi earthquake, are also inspected. The result confirms that abnormal rise and fall changes in groundwater level yield an agreement with forward and backward surface displacements around the epicentre prior to the Chi-Chi earthquake.
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Chen, C. H., C. H. Wang, S. Wen, T. K. Yeh, C. H. Lin, J. Y. Liu, H. Y. Yen, and T. W. Lin. "Anomalous frequency characteristics of groundwater levels before major earthquakes in Taiwan." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 6 (June 4, 2012): 6979–7000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-6979-2012.
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Abstract. Unusual decreases in water levels were consistently observed in 78% (=42/54) of the wells in the Choshuichi Alluvial Fan of central Taiwan roughly 150 days before the Chi-Chi earthquake (M = 7.6 on 20 September 1999) when the influences of barometric pressure, earth tides, precipitation and artificial pumping were removed. Variations in groundwater levels measured in the anomalous wells between 1 August 1997 and 19 September 1999, the time period covering the unusual decreases, were transferred into the frequency domain to examine anomalous frequency bands associated with the Chi-Chi earthquake. Analytical results show that amplitudes at the frequency band between 0.02 day−1 and 0.04 day−1 were generally maintained at the low stage and were enhanced in the few weeks before the Chi-Chi earthquake. Variations in amplitude within this particular frequency band were further examined in association with earthquakes (M > 6) between 1 August 1997 and 31 December 2009. Enhanced amplitude phenomena are consistently observed prior to the other two earthquakes (the Rei-Li and Ming-Jian earthquakes) during the 12.5 yr, which sheds a promising light on research into precursors of strong earthquakes when combined with other geophysical observations such as geomagnetic anomalies and crustal displacements.
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PRAKASH, RAJESH, S. K. SRIVASTAV, H. V. GUPTA, and H. N. SRIVASTAVA. "Spatio temporal seismicity variation in earthquakes of Uttaranchal region." MAUSAM 55, no. 4 (January 19, 2022): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v55i4.1402.
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The spatio temporal variations of seismicity preceding Uttarkashi, 1991 and Chamoli, 1999 earthquakes were studied based on the data during the period 1981 to 2000 using the catalogues of earthquakes prepared by the India Meteorological Department. Two scenarios were examined. In one case the epicentral distance from the respective impending earthquakes were worked out for all the earthquakes recorded during a ten years period prior to the earthquake of Uttarkashi and Chamoli respectively. In the other case, the epicenter near latitude 30.2° N and longitude 80.2° E near India Nepal border (where earthquakes of 1966 and 1980 occurred) were considered to compute the epicentral distance. The second case was included because it is a seismically active region where Dharachulla earthquake of 1916 (magnitude 7.5) occurred. The earthquakes of 1999, 1991 and 1980 in Uttaranchal were characterised by six phases of seismic activity namely (i) first quiescence or gap, (ii) swarm, (iii) second quiescence or gap, (iv) foreshocks, (v) main shock and (vi) aftershocks. Some differences among these phases could however, be noticed which were explained through source mechanism, isoseismals, ‘b’ (Gutenberg Richter’s relationship), ‘h’ values (Omori’s law ) and fractal dimension. It is interesting to point out that prior to the occurrence of earthquake swarms (second phase) the seismic pattern exhibits the development of a seismic gap (first phase) after the decay of the aftershock activity associated with a previous large earthquake of magnitude greater than or equal to M: 6.0 in this region. We infer that this second ‘gap’ (third phase) is a characteristic of the complexity of the tectonics in the Uttaranchal. Thus, the simple Kanamori’s asperity model could be modified to consist of six phases of seismic activity in the complex tectonic zone of Garhwal Himalaya. Detailed difference in the seismicity patterns prior to the earthquake were explained by the fractal dimensions estimated from the ‘b’values.
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Yalcin, A., C. Gokceoglu, and H. Sönmez. "Liquefaction severity map for Aksaray city center (Central Anatolia, Turkey)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 4 (July 7, 2008): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-641-2008.
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Abstract. Turkey having a long history of large earthquakes have been subjected to progressive adjacent earthquakes. Starting in 1939, the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) produced a sequence of major earthquakes, of which the Mw 7.4 earthquake that struck western Turkey on 17 August 1999. Following the Erzincan earthquake in 1992, the soil liquefaction has been crucial important in the agenda of Turkey. Soil liquefaction was also observed widely during the Marmara and the Düzce Earthquake in 1999 (Sönmez, 2003). Aksaray city center locates in the central part of Turkey and the Tuzgolu Fault Zone passes through near the city center. The fault zone has been generated to moderate magnitude earthquakes. The geology of the Aksaray province basin contains Quaternary alluvial deposits formed by gravel, sand, silt, and clay layers in different thickness. The Tuzgolu Fault Zone (TFZ) came into being after the sedimetation of alluvial deposits. Thus, the fault is younger from lithological units and it is active. In addition, the ground water level is very shallow, within approximately 3 m from the surface. In this study, the liquefaction potential of the Aksaray province is investigated by recent procedure suggested by Sonmez and Gokceoglu (2005). For this purpose, the liquefaction susceptibility map of the Aksaray city center for liquefaction is presented. In the analysis, the input parameters such as the depth of the upper and lower boundaries of soil layer, SPT-N values, fine content, clay content and the liquid limit were used for all layers within 20 m from the surface. As a result, the category of very high susceptibility liquefaction class was not observed for the earthquake scenario of Ms=5.2, 4.9% of the study area has high liquefaction susceptibility. The percentage of the moderately, low, and very low liquefied areas are 28.2%, 30.2%, and 36.3%, respectively. The rank of non-liquefied susceptibility area is less than 1%.
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Julius, Admiral Musa, and Daryono. "Overview of 1990s deadly tsunamis in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 331 (2021): 07001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202133107001.
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In the 1990s there were 7 (seven) deadly tsunami events due to earthquakes in Indonesia. There is M 7.8 North-east of Flores island sea earthquake (1992), M 7.6 South of Java island sea earthquake (1994), M 6.8 South of Timor Island sea earthquake (1995), M 7.8 North-west of Sulawesi island sea earthquake (1996), M 7.9 East of Biak island sea earthquake (1996), M 7.7 Taliabu island sea earthquake (1998), and M 7.4 East of Banggai Island sea earthquake (2000). Those earthquake and tsunami disasters events affected the number of casualties and damaged houses in coastal areas. Surely those events present a few lessons learned for future disaster preparedness in Indonesia.
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Zöller, G., and S. Hainzl. "Detecting premonitory seismicity patterns based on critical point dynamics." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 1, no. 1/2 (June 30, 2001): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-1-93-2001.
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Abstract. We test the hypothesis that critical point dynamics precedes strong earthquakes in a region surrounding the future hypocenter. Therefore, we search systematically for regions obeying critical point dynamics in terms of a growing spatial correlation length (GCL). The question of whether or not these spatial patterns are correlated with future seismicity is crucial for the problem of predictability. The analysis is conducted for earthquakes with M > 6.5 in California. As a result, we observe that GCL patterns are correlated with the distribution of future seismicity. In particular, there are clear correlations in some cases, e.g. the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. We claim that the critical point concept can improve the seismic hazard assessment.
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Biagi, P. F., L. Castellana, A. Minafra, G. Maggipinto, T. Maggipinto, A. Ermini, O. Molchanov, Y. M. Khatkevich, and E. I. Gordeev. "Groundwater chemical anomalies connected with the Kamchatka earthquake (M=7.1) on March 1992." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 5 (October 4, 2006): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-853-2006.
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Abstract. The energy released by the earthquakes occurred in the seismogenetic area of the southern Kamchatka (Russia) from January 1977 to December 2004, reveals an increase in the peak energy in the period 1992–1999. This increase is related to the occurrence of seven earthquakes with magnitude ranging from 6.9 to 7.7; the first of these earthquakes happened on 2 March 1992 with M=7.1. For many years, hydro-geochemical data have been collected with a mean sampling rate of three days, in the form of the most common ions and gases in the water of deep wells and natural springs of a network operating in the south area of the Kamchatka, where the capital city Petropavlovsk is located. The collected data were analysed and differences in the trend and in the spectral content of some hydro-geochemical parameters at the springs were pointed out before and after the occurrence of the March 1992 earthquake, indicating clear post-seismic effects. Then an evident increase in the Carbon Dioxide and in the Hydrogen content appeared practically at each measurement site during the two-four years preceding the earthquake, so that long term precursors can be claimed. Finally, an anomalous decrease in the Carbon Dioxide content at the springs was revealed two/three months prior the earthquake, as a middle term precursor. The earthquake on March 1992 was the event nearest (90–120 km) to the measurement sites that happened in last thirty years.
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Hao, Ken Xiansheng, and Hiroyuki Fujiwara. "Recent Destructive Earthquakes and International Collaboration for Seismic Hazard Assessment." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2013): 1001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p1001.
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Recent destructive earthquakes in East Asia, such as the 1976 Tangshan, 1995 Kobe, 1999 Chi-Chi, 2008 Wenchuan, 2010 Yushu, 2011 Tohoku, and 2013 Ya’an-Lushan earthquakes, claimed one third of a million lives. Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (SHA) can help define earthquake zones and guide urban planning and construction based on statistical seismology, geophysics, and geodesy. The National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) has promoted SHA as a national mission in Japan over the last 10 years, and as an international cooperation with neighboring countries since the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. We initiated the China-Japan-Korea SHA strategic cooperative program for the next generation map supported by MOST-JST-NRF in 2010. We also initiated collaborative programs with the committee of the Taiwan Earthquake Model from 2012, as well as with many other parties. Consequently, the NIED, with its highly valuated SHA methodologies and technologies, proudly joined the Global Earthquake Model Foundation (GEM). Our international activities in East Asia could become one of the GEMRegional Programs. By examination of SHA maps using the Tohoku earthquake data set, some improvements and reconsiderations are made.
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Cruz, Ana Maria, and Laura J. Steinberg. "Industry Preparedness for Earthquakes and Earthquake-Triggered Hazmat Accidents in the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 21, no. 2 (May 2005): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1889442.
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In this study, we report on the results of a random mail survey of 400 industrial facilities affected by the Turkey earthquake of 17 August 1999. The survey asked questions concerning damage and economic losses, hazardous materials and hazardous materials releases during the earthquake, and risk management and emergency response practices for hazmats prior to and after the earthquake. The study results indicate a high toll on industrial facilities in the region with more than 56% of industrial facilities reporting structural damage and over 60% reporting economic losses. A significantly higher number of industrial facilities built prior to the introduction of the first seismic building codes in 1975 suffered damage. In a logistic regression, older facilities and facilities owned by multinational firms were found to be more likely to suffer damages than Turkish-owned facilities or newer facilities. Eight percent of facilities handling hazardous materials suffered an earthquake-triggered hazardous materials release. Preparedness for earthquake-triggered hazardous materials releases prior to the earthquake was low, but increased significantly in the aftermath of the earthquake, especially for those facilities that had suffered earthquake damage.
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Kouskouna, V., A. Ganas, M. Kleanthi, I. Kassaras, N. Sakellariou, G. Sakkas, S. Valkaniotis, et al. "Evaluation of macroseismic intensity, strong ground motion pattern and fault model of the 19 July 2019 Mw5.1 earthquake west of Athens." Journal of Seismology 25, no. 3 (April 13, 2021): 747–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-021-09990-3.
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AbstractThis paper presents a joint analysis of instrumental and macroseismic data regarding the 19 July 2019, Greece Mw5.1 earthquake occurred west of Athens. This earthquake ruptured a blind, south-dipping normal fault, 23 km WNW of the center of Athens, while its relocated epicentre lies in close vicinity to the one of the 1999 Mw6.0 earthquake. The maximum macroseismic intensity of the 2019 mainshock reached IEMS98 = 7.5. Scarce damage and intensities up to 5–6 were reported in the epicentral area. Higher intensities were observed at larger distances, 12–15 km east and ESE of the epicentre, alongside the banks of Kifissos River, likely related to ground motion amplification due to soft alluvial formations. Similar selectivity of increased ground motions to the east of the epicentre with respect to other azimuths, also observed during the 1981 and 1999 earthquakes, supports eastward rupture directivity of the 2019 mainshock, an effect that is possibly common for the region’s fault system. Damping of seismic effects was observed east of Aegaleo Mountain, a structure suggested to impose a stopping phase in the time histories of the 1999 and 2019 earthquakes (Fig. A1).
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ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, Π., Κ. NOTSU, G. IGARASHl, Τ. MORI, Ν. ΔΕΛΗΜΠΑΣΗΣ, and Ν. ΚΑΚΚΑΒΑΣ. "Radon concentration changes in ground water prior all the earthquakes (M>2.5) occurred from September 1998 to January 1999, in the area of Atalanti fault (Greece)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17238.
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Significant precursory changes in the radon concentration of groundwater were observed, 5-6 days prior all the earthquakes (M>2.5) occurred in the area of the Atalanti fault during the period from 22/9/1998-17/1/1999. The radon concentration measurements of ground water,were obtained at one hour intervals by the use of a ZnS(Ag) scintillation chamber. When no earthquake occurs, the radon concentration of the groundwater shows considerable stability. Prior of an earthquake radon concentration increases significantly at the beginning and then dropped to an also significant lower value. These radon concentration changes can be attributed to the temporary enrichment of the groundwater by radon from the surrounding rocks due to the action of stress release or stress accumulation prior an earthquake. It seems likely that the method can be an important tool for the earthquake prediction in local scale.
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Paudyal, Harihar. "Fluctuation of seismic activity associated with 1999 Chamoli earthquake." Himalayan Physics 2 (July 31, 2011): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v2i2.5203.
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The Chamoli earthquake of March 28, 1999 (Mb 6.6, Origin time: 19:05:12, epicenter at 30.5° N 79.4° E and Focal depth 23 km) occurred in the Himalayan front arc which caused severe damage in the region. Anomalous seismic activity associated with this recent devastating earthquake in the Central Himalaya region in an area bounded by 30.0°-31.0° N and 79.0°-80.0° E have been studied using seismicity data from 1980-2000. The preparatory zone is delineated using the temporal and the spatial distribution of earthquakes, considering the events with cutoff magnitude mb ≥ 4.3. Daily number of events as well as cumulative number of earthquake with time within the preparatory zone has been considered as basis for identification of anomalous seismicity. Accordingly four anomalous episodes: Normal/ background (N); Anomalous/ swarm (A); Precursory gap (G) and Mainshock sequence (M) are identified. It is observed that the event was preceded by well defined patterns of anomalous seismicity/ precursory swarm which was lasted for about seven month and had started about three years and four months prior to mainshock.Key words: Anomalous seismicity; Central Himalaya; Precursory swarm; Earthquake forecastThe Himalayan Physics Vol.2, No.2, May, 2011Page: 11-15Uploaded Date: 31 July, 2011
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Bakır, Pelin G., and Hasan M. Bodurog˘lu. "Earthquake Risk and Hazard Mitigation in Turkey." Earthquake Spectra 18, no. 3 (August 2002): 427–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1503341.
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The last two earthquakes in Marmara have been catastrophic disasters beyond all limits of perception. On 17 August 1999, there were 1 million people trapped under debris, eighteen thousand people had lost their lives, and hundreds of thousands had been evacuated from their homes. Roads had buckled and bridges had fallen down. On 12 November 1999 another earthquake hit Düzce. This earthquake also caused high casualties. There were 894 deaths and 4,948 injuries. Both of the disasters had social, technical, administrative, legal, economical as well as environmental consequences. This paper presents a brief overview of these earthquakes in terms of the six aspects mentioned above. Disaster management practices are also investigated. The authors are of the opinion that it is not only the buildings but also poor disaster management before, during, and after the disaster that kill people in severe earthquakes. The present disaster management system of Turkey is compared against professional standards of the United States and Japan. The authors systematically document where performance failed and offer proposals for change within the Turkish disaster management system.
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Jackson, D. D., and Y. Y. Kagan. "Testable Earthquake Forecasts for 1999." Seismological Research Letters 70, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.70.4.393.
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Klyuchevskii, A. V., V. I. Grebenshchikova, M. I. Kuz’min, V. I. Dem’yanovicha, and A. A. Klyuchevskaya. "The Relationship between Powerful Geodynamic Impacts and an Increase in the Mercury Content of the Water of the Angara River Source (Baikal Rift Zone)." Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20194139.
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Abstract—The results of Hg content determination in the water of the Angara River source are considered in relationship with the seismic processes proceeding at different levels of the lithosphere in the Baikal Rift Zone (BRZ), the geodynamic rejuvenation of the South Baikal rifting attractor structure (RAS), and the time distribution of M ≥ 7 earthquakes which occurred at a significant distance from the water sampling station. The correlation coefficients calculated between the pairs Hg content–earthquake numbers n and Hg–logarithm of summary seismic energy lgΣES are most often low, thus indicating the absence of a statistically meaningful relationship between the remote seismic process and the dynamics of mercury release. However, the correlation coefficients in the vicinity of the Angara River source are high, thus proving the relationship of the mercury release with the deformation of this territory. The statistical validity of the «deformation–mercury release» cause-and-effect relationship is verified by the fact that strong geodynamic impacts precede all meaningful Hg release maxima. In the period 1997–1998, the South Baikal RAS produced the highest impact, being in the phase of the maximum geodynamic activity. The combined impact of the RAS and the South Baikal earthquake of 1999 resulted in a series of the maximum mercury contents within 1999–2000. The subsequent gradual relaxation of the RAS activity led to a reduction in the average annual Hg content. Remote M ≥ 7 earthquakes and close strong earthquakes of the BRZ are responsible for the significant Hg release maxima. The predicted trend of the average annual Hg contents is their considerable increase in the fields of fluid discharge of faults under the powerful geodynamic impact of the RAS or strong earthquake. We assume that in the study lithosphere area, the powerful geodynamic impact caused an opening of fault zones leading to decompression with boiling and degassing of mercury and its rapid rise to the surface.
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Sokolov, Vladimir Yu. "Seismic Intensity and Fourier Acceleration Spectra: Revised Relationship." Earthquake Spectra 18, no. 1 (February 2002): 161–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1469037.
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This paper presents a revised method for estimating the seismic intensity (MMI or MSK scale) using Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS) of ground acceleration. The improvement of the recently proposed technique (Sokolov and Chernov 1998) has been made on the basis of the data, which were obtained recently during strong earthquakes that occurred throughout the world. The total amount of the used data (horizontal components of ground-motion recordings) is about 1,150 records, while the database of 300 recordings was used in the previous study. The method implies that the seismic intensity is determined by the level of ground motion spectral amplitudes in the frequency range of 0.4–13 Hz. The corresponding empirical relationships between FAS and each intensity level were developed. The method is validated by comparison of the results of the technique application with the empirical data, which have not been included in the database. The Romanian earthquakes (intermediate-depth events of 1977, 1986, and 1990) and the recent 1999 Hector Mine earthquake in southern California were used for this purpose. In general, the FAS intensity shows a good agreement with the reported intensity, and the average residuals do not exceed ±0.3 intensity units and standard deviation is about 0.4-0.6. Evaluation of seismic intensity distribution using region- and site-dependent spectral models, as well as calculation of instrumental intensity map for the recent 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan, show that the FAS intensity clearly reflects the regional (source scaling and attenuation relation) and local (soil response) peculiarities of ground motion.
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Livanou, Maria, Yiannis Kasvikis, Metin Başoğlu, Pashalia Mytskidou, Vivi Sotiropoulou, Efrosyni Spanea, Titika Mitsopoulou, and Nikoletta Voutsa. "Earthquake-related psychological distress and associated factors 4 years after the Parnitha earthquake in Greece." European Psychiatry 20, no. 2 (March 2005): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.06.025.
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AbstractExposure to earthquakes has been associated with psychological distress and in particular the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Earthquake-related psychological distress can be longstanding. The present study involved 157 Greek survivors of the 1999 Parnitha earthquake assessed approximately 4 years after the earthquake. Assessments were based on the Traumatic Stress Symptom Checklist (TSSC). Using stringent calibrations for the estimation of symptom presence 25% of the survivors endorsed at least 5 and 12% at least 10 TSSC symptoms. Approximately 22% of the survivors reported subjective distress and 15% impaired adjustment due to their symptoms. Intensity of fear during the earthquake and participation in rescue operations related to greater post-earthquake psychological distress. The results suggest that the psychological consequences of earthquakes can be serious and long-standing even when the magnitude of the earthquake is moderate. Psychological treatments that have been proven to reduce fear and PTSD symptoms need to be made available to the survivors. Such treatments may also increase the survivors' psychological preparedness and emotional resilience in view of future earthquakes.
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Altenburger, Engelbert. "Earthquake Hazards in Taiwan - The September 1999 Chichi Earthquake." Focus on Geography 48, no. 2 (December 2004): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8535.2004.tb00137.x.
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Zeng, Yuehua. "Viscoelastic stress-triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine Earthquake by the 1992 Landers Earthquake." Geophysical Research Letters 28, no. 15 (August 1, 2001): 3007–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000gl012806.
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Foti, Dora. "On the Seismic Response of Protected and Unprotected Middle-Rise Steel Frames in Far-Field and Near-Field Areas." Shock and Vibration 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/393870.
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Several steel moment-resisting framed buildings were seriously damaged during Northridge (1994); Kobe (1995); Kocaeli, Turkey (1999), earthquakes. Indeed, for all these cases, the earthquake source was located under the urban area and most victims were in near-field areas. In fact near-field ground motions show velocity and displacement peaks higher than far-field ones. Therefore, the importance of considering near-field ground motion effects in the seismic design of structures is clear. This study analyzes the seismic response of five-story steel moment-resisting frames subjected to Loma Prieta (1989) earthquake—Gilroy (far-field) register and Santa Cruz (near-field) register. The design of the frames verifies all the resistance and stability Eurocodes’ requirements and the first mode has been determined from previous shaking-table tests. In the frames two diagonal braces are installed in different positions. Therefore, ten cases with different periods are considered. Also, friction dampers are installed in substitution of the braces. The behaviour of the braced models under the far-field and the near-field records is analysed. The responses of the aforementioned frames equipped with friction dampers and subjected to the same ground motions are discussed. The maximum response of the examined model structures with and without passive dampers is analysed in terms of damage indices, acceleration amplification, base shear, and interstory drifts.
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Ramirez, Marizen, Megumi Kano, Linda B. Bourque, and Kimberley I. Shoaf. "Child and Household Factors Associated with Fatal and Non-Fatal Pediatric Injury during the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 23, no. 2 (August 2005): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072700502300205.
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Children are vulnerable to injury during earthquakes but little epidemiologic research has been conducted to understand risk patterns. The purpose of the study is to understand child and household factors that increased risk of injury during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake. A survey of households was conducted in Gölcük, Kocaeli, 19–21 months after the earthquake. Data were extracted on children under 20 years of age. Variables included child demographics, household size, disposition of adults in the household, family preparedness, and residential building characteristics. Descriptive analyses and regression modeling were conducted. Of 615 children present during the earthquake, 38 suffered non-fatal injuries while 22 were fatally injured. Calculations of adjusted odds ratios showed that the gender and age of the child, household size, adult household members’ injury status, and extent of damage to household residence were associated with relatively higher risks of non-fatal injury to a child during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake.
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Chiang, Cheng-Shing, Tyan-Ming Chu, Wen-Hao Chou, Shin-Ho Lee, and Jer-Fu Wang. "Challenges in the Preservation of Disaster Remains – Example of the Chelungpu Fault Preservation Park." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0201.
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Taiwan is located along the boundary of the Eurasian and the Philippine Sea plates and experiences tens of thousands of earthquakes each year. Based on historical records, Taiwan has had several earthquakes of magnitude greater than 7.0. Notable and deadly quakes occurred in 1906 (Meishan Earthquake), 1935 (Hsinchu-Taichung Earthquake), and 1999 (Chi-Chi Earthquake). Statistically, Taiwan has had a major earthquake every 30–60 years. Therefore, earthquake museums are needed for long-term earthquake education and geoheritage exhibitions. Earthquake museums highlight disaster risks and preparedness information. The purpose of preserving earthquake remains is to educate visitors about Taiwan’s natural disasters and provide a memorable experience that inspires earthquake preparedness. The Chushan trench across the Chelungpu fault is a good example of Chi-Chi Earthquake rupture. This trench has recorded the five most important earthquake events on the Chelungpu fault. Although the Chelungpu Fault Preservation Park (CFPP) has worked to preserve these earthquake remains, they have been threatened due to seepage over the years. The aim of this paper is to analyze trench seepage and explore the development of an anti-seepage model, to provide a reference for the preservation of earthquake remains and museum development worldwide.
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Rahman, Syed Mustafizur, Md Habibur Rahman, Md Omar Faruk, and Md Sultan-Ul Islam. "Seismic status in Bangladesh." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 2 (May 19, 2018): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/2/12266.
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Seismic status in Bangladesh has been investigated using earthquake data recorded by the global network of USGS during 1980 to 2016. Seismicity parameters such as magnitude completeness Mc, b-value and a-value are being estimated. It has observed that the overall b-value in and around Bangladesh is of 0.84 which is seemed to be seismically active zone. As, reliable b-value assessment can lead to better seismic hazard analysis, reliable magnitude of completeness Mc can lead to b-value assessment of an area, this work has dealt and estimated magnitude of completeness Mc using various techniques for the whole region for a reliable estimation. Estimated Mc is obtained to be around 3.9-4.7, which lead to b-value of 0.93. Spatial variations of Mc and b-value have been investigated for 1ox1o horizontal and vertical rectangular regions for the study area between 18-29°N and 84-95°E. Estimated Mc and b-value along with b-value are then averaged for the common regions in the pair of horizontal and vertical regions. Results are then being presented in the form of maps. The findings resemble as, the Mc is low at the border line of N-W Bangladesh, and a line from Cox’s bazaar to Sylhet through Hill tracts. Remain parts belong to the Mc value of 4.1-4.2, thus the b-value obtained is varying from 0.68 to 1.2, where, the value is higher at region in Chittagong and Barisal division that extends toward north through part of Dhaka to Sylhet and lower at Rajshahi, Rangpur and part of Khulna division, while a-value is varying from 5.0 to 7.2 mostly from west to east.ReferencesAbercrombie R.E., and Brune J.N., 1994. Evidence for a constant b-value above magnitude 0 in the southern San Andreas, San Jacinto, and San Miguel fault zones and at the Long Valley caldera, California. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(15), 1647-1650.Aki K., 1965. Maximum likelihood estimate of b in the formula log N=a-b M and its confidence limits. Bull. Earthquake Res Inst., Tokyo Univ., 43, 237-239.Aki S., 1987. On nonparametric tests for symmetry. Ann. Inst. Statist. Math., 39, 457-472.Al-Hussaini T.M., 2006. Seismicity and Seismic Hazard Assessment in Bangladesh: Reference to Code Provisions. Meeting on Seismic Hazard in Asia ICTP, Trieste, Dec. 4-8.Amorese D., 2007. Applying a change-point detection method on frequency-magnitude distributions. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 97(5), 1742-1749. Doi:10.1785/0120060181.Banglapedia, 2012. The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tectonic_Framework, retrieved on 31 Aug 2017.Cao A.M., and Gao S.S., 2002. Temporal variations of seismic b-values beneath northeastern Japan island arc. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(9), 481-483. Doi:10.1029/2001GL013775.Das R., Wason H.R., and Sharma M.L., 2012. Temporal and spatial variations in the magnitude of completeness for homogenized moment magnitude catalogue for northeast India. J. Earth Syst. Sci., 121(1), 19-28.Felzer K.R., 2008. Simulated aftershock sequences for a M 7.8 earthquake on the southern San Andreas fault. Seismol. Res. Lett., 80, 21-25.GSB, 2018. Seismic Zone Map of Bangladesh. http://gsb.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/gsb.portal.gov.bd/common_document/a6e75ad2_5acd_4fe3_911d_c9d25a7e349e/BD_Sciesmic-zonemap(NBC).pdf, retrieved on 31 March 2018.Gutenberg B., and Richter C.F., 1944. Frequency of earthquakes in California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 34, 184-188.Gutenberg B., and Richter C.F., 1956. Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy and acceleration (second paper). Bull. Seismol Soc. Am., 46(2), 105-145.Hafiez H.E.A., 2015. Estimating the magnitude of completeness for assessing the quality of earthquake catalogue of the ENSN. Egypt. Arab J. Geosci., 8(1), 9315-9323. Doi:10.1007/s12517-015-1929-x.Hunting Geology and Geophysics Ltd., (1981), Interpretation and Operations report on an aeromagnetic survey in Bangladesh, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, England.Iwata T., 2008. Low detection capability of global earthquakes after the occurrence of large earthquakes: investigation of the Harvard cmt catalogue. Geophys. J. Int., 174(3), 849-856. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03864.x.Kagan Y.Y., 2002. Seismic moment distribution revisited: I. statistical results. Geophys. J. Int., 148(3), 520-541. Doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2002.01594.x.Khan P.K., Ghosh M., Chakraborty P.P., and Mukherjee D., 2011. Seismic b-Value and the Assessment of Ambient Stress in Northeast India. Pure Appl. Geophys., 168(10), 1693-1706. Doi:10.1007/s00024-010-0194-x.Kolathayar S., Sitharam T.G., and Vipin K.S., 2012. Spatial variation of seismicity parameters across India and adjoining areas. Nat Hazards, 60(3), 1365-1379. Doi:10.1007/s11069-011-9898-1.Lomnitz-Adler J., and Lomnitz C., 1979. A modified form of the Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency relation. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 69(4), 1209-1214.Marsan D., 2003. Triggering of seismicity at short timescales following Californian earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res., 108, B5, 2266. Doi:10.1029/2002JB001946.Mignan A., 2011. Retrospective on the Accelerating Seismic Release (ASR) hypothesis: Controversy and new horizons. Tectonophysics, 505(1), 1-16. Doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.03.010.Mignan A., and Woessner J., 2012. Estimating the magnitude of completeness for earthquake catalogs, Community Online Resource for Statistical Seismicity Analysis. Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zurich, 145p. Doi:10.5078/corssa-00180805. Available at http://www.corssa.org.Naylor M., Orfanogiannaki, K., and Harte D., 2010. Exploratory data analysis: magnitude, space, and time. Community Online Resource for Statistical Seismicity Analysis, 42p. Doi:10.5078/corssa-92330203. Available at http://www.corssa.org.Ogata Y., and Katsura K., 1993. Analysis of temporal and spatial heterogeneity of magnitude frequency distribution inferred from earthquake catalogues. Geophys. J. Int., 113(3), 727-738. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1993.tb04663.x.Ogata Y., and Katsura K., 2006. Immediate and updated forecasting of aftershock hazard. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 10, L10305. Doi:10.1029/2006GL025888.Rashid H., 1991. Geography of Bangladesh, University Press Ltd, Bangladesh; 2nd edition, 545p.Reimann K.U., 1993. Geology of Bangladesh. Gerbruder Bornt Ramerg, Berlin, Germany, 160p.Siddique S., 2015. Gutenberg-Richter recurrence law to seismicity analysis of Bangladesh. IABSE-JSCE Joint Conference on Advances in Bridge Engineering-III, August 21-22, Dhaka, Bangladesh.Shi Y., and Bolt B.A., 1982. The standard error of the magnitude-frequency b-value. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 72(5), 1667-1687.USGS, 2012. Earthquake Hazards Program. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/, USA, retrieved on 20 April 2017.Utsu T., 1999. Representation and analysis of the earthquake size distribution: a historical review and some new approaches. Pure Appl. Geophys., 155(2), 509-535.Wiemer S., and Wyss M., 2000. Minimum magnitude of complete reporting in earthquake catalogs: examples from Alaska, the western United States, and Japan. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 90, 859-869. Doi:10.1785/0119990114.Woessner J., and Wiemer S., 2005. Assessing the quality of earthquake catalogues: Estimating the magnitude of completeness and its uncertainty. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 95(2), 684-698. Doi:10.1785/012040007.Wyss M., Hasegawa A., Wiemer S., and Umino N., 1999. Quantitative mapping of precursory seismic quiescence before the 1989, M7.1 off-Sanriku earthquake, Japan. Annali Di Geoflsica, 42(5), 851-869.Zuniga F.R., and Wyss M., 1995. Inadvertent changes in magnitude reported in earthquake catalogs: Their evaluation through b-value estimates. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 85, 1858-1866..Zuniga F.R., and Wiemer S., 1999. Seismicity patterns: Are they always related to natural causes? Pure Appl. Geophys., 155(2), 713-726.
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Özarpacı, Seda, Uğur Doğan, Semih Ergintav, Ziyadin Çakır, Alpay Özdemir, Michael Floyd, and Robert Reilinger. "Present GPS velocity field along 1999 Izmit rupture zone: evidence for continuing afterslip 20 yr after the earthquake." Geophysical Journal International 224, no. 3 (November 19, 2020): 2016–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa560.
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SUMMARY In order to better assess earthquake hazards, it is vital to have a better understanding of the spatial and temporal characteristics of fault creep that occur on ruptured faults during the period following major earthquakes. Towards this end, we use new far-field GPS velocities from continuous stations (extending ∼50–70 km from the fault) and updated near-fault GPS survey observations, with high temporal and spatial density, to constrain active deformation along the Mw7.4, 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake fault. We interpret and model deformation as resulting from post-seismic afterslip on the coseismic fault. In the broadest sense, our results demonstrate that logarithmically decaying post-seismic afterslip continues at a significant level 20 yr following 1999 Earthquake. Elastic models indicate substantially shallower apparent locking depths at present than prior to the 1999 Earthquake, consistent with continuing afterslip on the coseismic fault at depth. High-density, near-fault GPS observations indicate shallow creep on the upper 1–2 km of the coseismic fault, with variable rates, the highest and most clearly defined of which reach ∼12 mm yr−1 (10–15 mm yr−1, 95 per cent c.i.) near the epicentre between 2014–2016. This amounts to ∼half the long-term slip deficit rate.
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Chávez-García, Francisco J., Hugo Monsalve-Jaramillo, and Joaquín Vila-Ortega. "Vulnerability and site effects in earthquake disasters in Armenia (Colombia) – Part 2 : Observed damage and vulnerability." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 2345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2345-2021.
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Abstract. Damage in Armenia, Colombia, for the 25 January 1999 (Mw=6.2, peak ground acceleration (PGA) 580 Gal) event was disproportionate. We analyze the damage report as a function of number of stories and construction age of buildings. We recovered two vulnerability evaluations made in Armenia in 1993 and in 2004. We compare the results of the 1993 evaluation with damage observed in 1999 and show that the vulnerability evaluation made in 1993 could have predicted the relative frequency of damage observed in 1999. Our results show that vulnerability of the building stock was the major factor behind damage observed in 1999. Moreover, it showed no significant reduction between 1999 and 2004.
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Li, H. C., and C. C. Chen. "Characteristics of long-term regional seismicity before the 2008 Wen-Chuan, China, earthquake using pattern informatics and genetic algorithms." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 3 (March 30, 2011): 1003–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1003-2011.
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Abstract. To understand the generation of the 2008 Wen-chuan, China earthquake, we developed a strategy to objectively identify possible seismic precursors. Based on the pattern informatics (PI) method, the pattern of seismic anomaly was identified by the aid of genetic algorithms (GA) to be highly similar to the spatial distribution of the Wen-chuan earthquake sequence. We found that smaller earthquakes (M < 4.4) showed a linear relationship of Gutenberg-Richter (G-R) distribution. However, the frequency of the intermediate earthquakes (M ≥ 4.4) showed an uplift. This uplift supports the seismic activation hypothesis developed by Rundle et al. (2000b) and is similar to the case of the 1999 Chi-chi, Taiwan earthquake sequence reported by Chen (2003).
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VEITCH, STEPHEN A., and MEREDITH NETTLES. "Assessment of glacial-earthquake source parameters." Journal of Glaciology 63, no. 241 (October 2017): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.52.
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ABSTRACTGlacial earthquakes are slow earthquakes of magnitude M~5 associated with major calving events at near-grounded marine-terminating glaciers. These globally detectable earthquakes provide information on the grounding state of outlet glaciers and the timing of large calving events. Seismic source modeling of glacial earthquakes provides information on the size and orientation of forces associated with calving events. We compare force orientations estimated using a centroid-single-force technique with the calving-front orientations of the source glaciers at or near the time of earthquake occurrence. We consider earthquakes recorded at four glaciers in Greenland – Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier, Helheim Glacier, Kong Oscar Glacier, and Jakobshavn Isbræ – between 1999 and 2010. We find that the estimated earthquake force orientations accurately represent the orientation of the calving front at the time of the earthquake, and that seismogenic calving events are produced by a preferred section of the calving front, which may change with time. We also find that estimated earthquake locations vary in a manner consistent with changes in calving-front position, though with large scatter. We conclude that changes in glacial-earthquake source parameters reflect true changes in the geometry of the source glaciers, providing a means for identifying changes in glacier geometry and dynamics that complements traditional remote-sensing techniques.
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Liu, J. Y., Y. J. Chuo, S. J. Shan, Y. B. Tsai, Y. I. Chen, S. A. Pulinets, and S. B. Yu. "Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 5 (April 8, 2004): 1585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-1585-2004.
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Abstract. In this paper we examine pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies by the total electron content (TEC) derived from a ground-based receiver of the Global Positioning System (GPS). A 15-day running median of the TEC and the associated inter-quartile range (IQR) are utilized as a reference for identifying abnormal signals during all of the 20M≥6.0 earthquakes in the Taiwan area from September 1999 to December 2002. Results show that the pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies appear during 18:00–22:00LT (LT=UT+8h) within 5 days prior to 16 of the 20M≥6.0 earthquakes. This success rate of 80% (=16/20%) suggests that the GPS TEC is useful to register pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies appearing before large earthquakes. Key words. Ionosphere (ionospheric disturbances; ionosphere-atmosphere interactions)
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Homan, Jacqueline, and Warren J. Eastwood. "The 17 August 1999 Kocaeli (İzmit) Earthquake: Historical Records and Seismic Culture." Earthquake Spectra 17, no. 4 (November 2001): 617–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1423654.
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The 17 August 1999 İzmit, Turkey, earthquake (M∼7.4) was the latest in a long series of large seismic events to occur along the North Anatolian Fault Zone. The detailed recording of earthquakes in the İzmit region, from anti-quity to recent times, has allowed a unique archive to be developed that is invaluable to present day seismologists. Additionally, historical building practices, in particular the incorporation of the hatıl or ringbeam, indicate that adaptations to earthquakes in the form of seismic cultures were present in Turkey during Byzantine and Ottoman times and can be re-evaluated in relation to contemporary building practices. This is particularly important with respect to the potential threat now facing the population of İstanbul, a large proportion of which are in a highly vulnerable position. This paper suggests that “experts” use this seismic knowledge to produce a meaningful account of earthquake hazard for local people in order to reduce marginalization in case of a future event.
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Sunasaka, Y., K. Toki, and A. S. Kiremidjian. "Evaluation of Damage Potential of Ground Motions during Great Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 19, no. 3 (August 2003): 713–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1597876.
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In order to select appropriate input ground motions for earthquake-resistant design or estimation of seismic safety of structures, their characteristics should be identified. In this paper, damage potential is defined as a spectrum of strength demand required to maintain a damage index less than or equal to a tolerable damage index value. The damage index proposed by Park and Ang (1985) and a bilinear model are used to calculate the strength demand spectrum. The damage index describes the state of the concrete structure from slight damage to severe damage or collapse. Studies of the damage potential of ground motions during the recent great earthquakes, including the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake in Japan and the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, show that damage potential may be greatly affected by the location of the fault, the geological structure of the site, and the fault rupture mechanism. Furthermore, an estimation of damage potential of ground motions over a large area, Kawasaki City in Japan, is described.
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Liu, Kun Sung, and Yi Ben Tsai. "Full-Scale Measurements on Vibrations of a 51-Story Tall Building Due to a Major Earthquake and Typhoon." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1259.
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The Shin Kong Tower located in Taipei City has a height of 244.15 m. It was the tallest building in northern Taiwan when it was built in 1993. This super tall building is susceptible to severe vibrations induced by strong winds or earthquakes. Safety of the building structures and its contents as well as the comfort of its occupants under such strong forces remains a significant engineering concern. Records by a structural array in the 51-story SK Building of the 1999 M7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake and 2004 Typhoon Aere are analyzed in this study. As a result, the structural dynamic characteristics of the high-rise building, including the transfer functions and natural frequencies, excited by the Chi-Chi earthquake, Typhoon Aere, and ambient vibrations are also determined and compared.
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Jeon, S. S. "Seismic behavior of buried pipelines constructed by design criteria and construction specifications of both Korea and the US." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 9 (September 13, 2013): 2271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2271-2013.
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Abstract. Earthquake loss estimation systems in the US, for example HAZUS (Hazard in US), have been established based on sufficient damage records for the purpose of prevention and efficient response to earthquake hazards; however, in Korea, insufficient data sets of earthquakes and damage records are currently available. In this study, the earthquake damages to pipelines in Korea using the pipeline repair rate (RR) recommended in HAZUS was reevaluated with the degree of confidence when RR is used without modification for the damage estimation of pipelines in Korea. The numerical analyses using a commercial finite element model, ABAQUS, were carried out to compare stresses and strains mobilized in both brittle and ductile pipelines constructed by the design criteria and construction specifications of both Korea and the US. These pipelines were embedded in dense sand overlying three different in situ soils (clay, sand, and gravel) subjected to earthquake excitations with peak ground accelerations (PGAs) of 0.2 to 1.2 g and 1994 Northridge and 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake loadings. The numerical results show that differences in the stress and strain rates are less than 10%. This implies that RR in HAZUS can be used for earthquake damage estimation of pipelines with a 90% confidence level in Korea.
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Li, Y. T., Z. L. Wu, H. P. Peng, C. S. Jiang, and G. P. Li. "Time-lapse slip variation associated with a medium-size earthquake revealed by "repeating" micro-earthquakes: the 1999 Xiuyan, Liaoning, <i>M</i><sub>S</sub> = 5.4 earthquake." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2011): 1969–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1969-2011.
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Abstract. We obtained the time-lapse cumulative slip before and after the 29 November 1999, Xiuyan, Liaoning, China, Ms = 5.4 earthquake by using "repeating events" defined by waveform cross-correlation. We used the seismic waveform data from the Liaoning Regional Seismograph Network from June 1999 to December 2006. Two "multiplets" located near the seismogenic fault of the 1999 Xiuyan earthquake and the 4 February 1975, Haicheng Ms = 7.3 earthquake, respectively, were investigated. For the "multiplet" that occurred before and after the 1999 Xiuyan earthquake, apparent pre-shock accelerating-like slip behavior, clear immediate-post-seismic change, and relaxation-like post-seismic change can be observed. As a comparison, for the "multiplet" near the 1975 Haicheng earthquake which occurred a quarter century ago, the cumulative slip appears linear with a much smaller slip rate.
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Chou, Yiing-Jenq, Nicole Huang, Cheng-Hua Lee, Shu-Ling Tsai, Jen-Huoy Tsay, Long-Shen Chen, and Pesus Chou. "Suicides after the 1999 Taiwan earthquake." International Journal of Epidemiology 32, no. 6 (December 2003): 1007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg296.
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Pavlou, K., G. Kaviris, K. Chousianitis, G. Drakatos, V. Kouskouna, and K. Makropoulos. "Seismic hazard assessment in Polyphyto Dam area (NW Greece) and its relation with the "unexpected" earthquake of 13 May 1995 (<i>M</i><sub>s</sub> = 6.5, NW Greece)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 25, 2013): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-141-2013.
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Abstract. Seismic hazard assessment and seismicity changes are investigated in the Kozani–Grevena area, at the western margin of internal Hellenides in NW Greece. The region is of great interest, since it was characterized by very low seismic activity until 1995, when the "unexpected" Kozani–Grevena earthquake (Ms = 6.5) occurred. This event is of significant importance for Greece, since it, along with the 1999 Athens earthquake, initiated the modification of the Greek Building Code. In order to detect any seismicity changes, the seismicity of the region was divided into three time windows: the first up to 1973, the second from 1900 to 1994 and the third covering the entire instrumental period. For the above mentioned time windows, seismic hazard assessment was performed using the extreme values method. The results indicate an increase of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) values after the impoundment, with the exception of the area in the vicinity of the NE edge of the Dam. Before the occurrence of the 1995 event, the epicentral region also exhibited higher PGA values than before the impoundment. The most significant increase in PGA values is observed SE of the Polyphyto artificial lake, where the largest values are observed for the second and the third period. The coincident increase in the number of earthquakes and in the PGA values may be attributed to the impoundment of the Polyphyto Dam. The maximum expected magnitude is calculated by the extreme values method and Gumbel's third asymptotic distribution. The results reveal similar values of maximum expected magnitudes (Mmax = 6.5), independent of the seismicity rate, indicating that the 13 May 1995 earthquake was not an "unexpected" event, since the magnitude of an oncoming earthquake depends mainly on the tectonics of the region and the characteristics of the active faults.
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SRIVASTAVA, H. N., R. K. SINGH, DAL SINGH, RAJESH PRAKASH, and A. K. SHUKLA. "Bhuj (2001) aur Muzaffarabad (2005) bhukampon ke purv tatha baad ke bhukampon ka tulnatmak addhyayan." MAUSAM 64, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v64i2.5868.
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Bhuj (2001) and Muzaffarabad (2005) earthquakes of same moment magnitude of Mw : 7.6 occured in different techtonic regions i.e., intraplate and interplate regions of Indo-Eurasian plates respectevely. Keeping this in view, their comparative study has been attempted in this paper. A detailed catalogue of earthquakes has been prepared to study seismicity of Kutchh region by including historical and paleoseismic data. Discussion on seismicity of Muzaffarabad (2005) earthquake is based on IMD catalogoue of earthquakes. Difference has been found between Bhuj (2001) and Muzaffarabad (2005) earthquakes based on their foreshocks, magnitudes of aftershocks and their decay, b-value and their spectra. Though no relation between magnitudes of aftershocks and stress drop could be found but mostly the corner frequency and magnitude are inversely related. Difference in both these large earthquakes (M>=7.6) occurring in different tectonic plate set up is clearly evident from their stress drop. Seismic gap is noticed prior to main event of Muzaffarabad earthquake; which is similar to other Himalayan earthquakes of that region like Uttarkashi (1991) and Chamoli (1999). From the point of view earthquake prediction, the results based on satellite thermal anamolies, ionosphere, electromagnetic and sodar observations reported for these earthquakes are considered to be of limited value due to the large influence of atmospheric parameters. Though approximate displacement measured through GPS is useful for calculating the plate motion but their results to derive large vertical displacement is questionable in any case of Bhuj earthquake due to use of standard radio atmosphere. The errors in such results can be reduced by adopting radio atmosphere for the Indian region. Through a review of methodologies to predict the strong ground motion in the near field, it is evident that further research is called for.
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Whitehead, N. E., U. Ulusoy, H. Asahara, and M. Ikeya. "Are any public-reported earthquake precursors valid?" Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 4, no. 3 (July 27, 2004): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-463-2004.
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Abstract. This article examines retrospective public-supplied precursor reports statistically, and confirms published hypotheses that some alleged precursors within 100km and within a day prior to the large 1995 Kobe and 1999 Izmit earthquakes, may be valid. The confirmations are mostly at the p<0.001 level of significance. Most significant were alleged meteorological and geophysical precursors, and less often, animal reports. The chi-squared test used, for the first time eliminates the distorting effects of psychological factors on the reports. However it also shows that correct reports are diluted with about the same number which are merely wishful thinking, and obtaining more reliable data would be logistically difficult. Some support is found for another published hypothesis in which other precursors occurred within the ten days prior to the earthquake.
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Brunsdon, D. R., R. A. Davey, C. J. Graham, G. K. Sidwell, P. Villamor, R. H. White, and J. X. Zhao. "The Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake of 21 September 1999." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 33, no. 2 (June 30, 2000): 105–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.33.2.105-167.
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This report on the 21 September 1999 Taiwan earthquake describes the event and its impacts, along with the observations of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Reconnaissance Team. The report covers the effects of the earthquake on the ground, lifelines, buildings, bridges, other structures and the community. The emergency management response is outlined, along with the response of the earthquake engineering community. Lessons for New Zealand are presented and discussed.
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Tatsuki, Shigeo. "Long-term Life Recovery Processes Among Survivors of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake: 1999, 2001, 2003, and 2005 Life Recovery Social Survey Results." Journal of Disaster Research 2, no. 6 (December 1, 2007): 484–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2007.p0484.
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This paper summarizes findings from life recovery surveys conducted in 1999, 2001, 2003, and 2005 among 1995 Kobe earthquake survivors. The 1999 survey (N=915) developed some of the key scales for the project, including life recovery, physical and psychological stress, family relations, and civic-mindedness. The 2001 study (N=1203) integrated 1999 study findings and those from 1999 grassroots assessment of life recovery, from which a seven critical element model of life recovery was constructed. The effects of these seven critical elements on life recovery were empirically tested and validated by general linear model (GLM) analysis. The 2003 (N=1203) and 2005 (N=1028) studies focused both on life recovery outcomes and on intervening life recovery processes. Structural equation modeling (SEM) identified causal links among recovery-promotion factors, recovery processes such as event impact stabilization, and event evaluation through community empowerment, and recovery outcomes. Event impact was a process through which impact caused by earthquake damage, loss, and/or stress was alleviated by housing, household finances, and stress management. Through event evaluation, social ties and community rebuilding efforts directly or indirectly facilitated the reframing of earthquake experiences into positive narratives. Research and policy implications of these findings are discussed in the end.
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Phuong, Nguyen Hong, Nguyen Ta Nam, and Pham The Truyen. "Development of a Web-GIS based Decision Support System for earthquake warning service in Vietnam." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/3/12638.
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This paper describes the development of a Decision support system (DSS) for earthquake warning service in Vietnam using Web GIS technology. The system consists of two main components: (1) an on-line database of earthquakes recorded from the national seismic network of Vietnam, and (2) a set of tools for rapid seismic hazard assessment. Using an online earthquake database, the system allows creating a shake map caused by a newly recorded earthquake. In addition, the Web GIS environment allows any user, including non-professional to get useful information about a just-occurred event and the possible impact caused by the earthquake shortly after its occurrence. A fault-source model developed for Vietnam was used as a part of the hazard calculation and mapping procedure. All information and results obtained from the system are automatically included in the earthquake bulletins, which will be disseminated national wide afterward by the Vietnam earthquake information and tsunami warning Center.The shake maps produced by the DSS in terms of both Peak Ground Acceleration and intensity values are rapidly available via the Web and can be used for emergency response, public information, loss estimation, earthquake planning, and post-earthquake engineering and scientific analyses. Application of the online decision support system in earthquake warning service can mitigate the earthquake risk and reduce the losses and damages due to earthquakes in Vietnam in future.ReferencesBoore D.M., Joyner W.B. and Fumal T.E., 1994. Estimation of Response Spectra and Peak Acceleration from Wester North American earthquakes: an interim report, USGS open file report, 94-127, Menlo Park, California, United States Geological Survey.Boore D.M. and Atkinson G.M., 2008. Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for the Average Horizontal Component of PGA, PGV, and 5%-Damped PSA at Spectral Periods between 0.01 s and 10.0 s. Earthquake Spectra, 24(1), 1-341.Bui Van Duan, Nguyen Anh Duong, 2017. The relation between fault movement potential and seismic activity of major faults in Northwestern Vietnam. Vietnam J. Earth Sci., 39, 240-255.Campbell K.W. and Bozorgnia Y., 1994. Near-Source Attenuation of Peak Horizontal Acceleration from Worldwide Accelerograms Recorded from 1957 to 1993, Proceedings, Fifth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Chicago, Illinois, July 10-14: V(III), 283-292.Campbell K.W. and Bozorgnia Y., 2008. NGA Ground Motion Model for the Geometric Mean Horizontal Component of PGA, PGV, PGD and 5% Damped Linear Elastic Response Spectra for Periods Ranging from 0.01 to 10s. Earthquake Spectra, 24(1), 1-341.Cauzzi C., Edwards B., Fäh D., Clinton J., Wiemer S., Kastli F., Cua G. and Giardini D., 2014. On the customisation of shakemap for optimised use in Switzerland, 2014. Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Istanbul, August 25-29, 1-10.Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University, 2016. Documentation for the Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4). Palisades NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4D50JX4 Accessed April 2018.Chiou B.S.-J. and Youngs R.R., 2008. An NGA Model for the Average Horizontal Component of Peak Ground Motion and Response Spectra. Earthquake Spectra, 24(1), 1-341.Cornell, C.A., 1968. Engineering seismic risk analysis. Bull. Seis. Soc. Amer., 58(5), 1583-1606.Der Kiureghian and A. S-H. Ang, 1977. A fault rupture model for seismic risk analysis, Bull. Seim. Soc. Am., 67(4), 233-241.Douglas B.M. and Ryall A., 1977. Seismic risk in linear source regions, with application to the San Adreas fault, Bull. Seis. Soc. Amer., 67, 729-754.Marreiros, C. and Carrilho, F., 2012. The ShakeMap at the Instituto de Meteorologia. The proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal September 24-28.Nguyen Le Minh, et al., 2012. The first peak ground motion attenuation relationships for North of Vietnam. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. Doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.09.012.Nguyen Dinh Xuyen and Tran Thi My Thanh, 1999. To find a formula for computing ground acceleration in strong earthquake in Vietnam, J. Sci. of the Earth, 21, 207-213 (in Vietnamese).Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, 2008. NGA model for average horizontal component of peak ground motion and response spectra. Earthquake Spectra, 24(1), 1-341.Tran V.H. and Kiyomiya O., 2012. Ground motion attenuation relationship for shallow strike-slip earthquakes in northern Vietnam based on strong motion records from Japan, Vietnam and adjacent regions, Structural Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCE, 29, 23-39.Toro G.R., Abrahamson N.A. and Schneider J.F., 1997. Engineering Model of Strong Ground Motions from Earthquakes in the Central and Eastern United States, Seismological Research Letters, January/February.Wald D.J., Worden B.C., Quitoriano V. and Pankow K.L., 2006. ShakeMap Manual. Technical manual, users guide, and software guide.Wald D.L., Wald B. Worden and Goltz J., 2003. ShakeMap - a tool for earthquake response. U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 087-03.Wells D.L. and Coppersmith K.J., 1994. New Empirical Relationships Among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, and Surface Displacement, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84, 974-1002.
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Wu, Jie Ying, and Michael K. Lindell. "Housing Reconstruction After Two Major Earthquakes: The 1994 Northridge Earthquake in the United States and the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake in Taiwan." Disasters 28, no. 1 (February 27, 2004): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0361-3666.2004.00243.x.
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Kondratieva, L. N., O. P. Nesterova, A. A. Dolgaya, and U. Z. Shermukhamedov. "Features of the behavior of seismically isolated railway bridges at seismic impacts of various levels." Вестник гражданских инженеров 19, no. 1 (2022): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2022-19-1-29-37.
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The paper considers the behavior of the railway bridge abutment in the event of an earthquake of different magnitudes. Three levels of earthquake impacts are considered: design earthquake, moderate earthquake and maximum design earthquake. The impacts of different magnitudes were specified by synthetic accelerograms and accelerograms of earthquakes which took place in the past. For comparison, three variants of supporting the span structure on the abutment are considered: rigid, on non-optimally selected seismic isolation, on optimally selected seismic isolation. Longitudinally movable supporting parts in the form of a package of flexible rods of LLC «Stroykompleks-5» company are used as seismic isolation.
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Pollitz, F. F. "Stress Triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine Earthquake by Transient Deformation Following the 1992 Landers Earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92, no. 4 (May 1, 2002): 1487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000918.
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Ben-Zion, Yehuda, and Ilya Zaliapin. "Localization and coalescence of seismicity before large earthquakes." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 561–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa315.
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SUMMARY We examine localization processes of low magnitude seismicity in relation to the occurrence of large earthquakes using three complementary analyses: (i) estimated production of rock damage by background events, (ii) evolving occupied fractional area of background seismicity and (iii) progressive coalescence of individual earthquakes into clusters. The different techniques provide information on different time scales and on the spatial extent of weakened damaged regions. Techniques (i) and (ii) use declustered catalogues to avoid the occasional strong fluctuations associated with aftershock sequences, while technique (iii) examines developing clusters in entire catalogue data. We analyse primarily earthquakes around large faults that are locked in the interseismic periods, and examine also as a contrasting example seismicity from the creeping Parkfield section of the San Andreas fault. Results of analysis (i) show that the M > 7 Landers 1992, Hector Mine 1999, El Mayor-Cucapah 2010 and Ridgecrest 2019 main shocks in Southern and Baja California were preceded in the previous decades by generation of rock damage around the eventual rupture zones. Analysis (ii) reveals localization (reduced fractional area) 2–3 yr before these main shocks and before the M > 7 Düzce 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Results with technique (iii) indicate that individual events tend to coalesce rapidly to clusters in the final 1–2 yr before the main shocks. Corresponding analyses of data from the Parkfield region show opposite delocalization patterns and decreasing clustering before the 2004 M6 earthquake. Continuing studies with these techniques, combined with analysis of geodetic data and insights from laboratory experiments and model simulations, might improve the ability to track preparation processes leading to large earthquakes.
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Wang, Yi (Victor), Paolo Gardoni, Colleen Murphy, and Stéphane Guerrier. "Predicting Fatality Rates Due to Earthquakes Accounting for Community Vulnerability." Earthquake Spectra 35, no. 2 (May 2019): 513–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/022618eqs046m.
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The existing prediction models for earthquake fatalities usually require a detailed building inventory that might not be readily available. In addition, existing models tend to overlook the socioeconomic characteristics of communities of interest as well as zero-fatality data points. This paper presents a methodology that develops a probabilistic zero-inflated beta regression model to predict earthquake fatality rates given the geographic distributions of earthquake intensities with data reflecting community vulnerability. As an illustration, the prediction model is calibrated using fatality data from 61 earthquakes affecting Taiwan from 1999 to 2016, as well as information on the socioeconomic and environmental characteristics of the affected communities. Using a local seismic hazard map, the calibrated prediction model is used in a seismic risk analysis for Taiwan that predicts the expected fatality rates and counts caused by earthquakes in future years.
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Tomar, Anshu, Dilip Kumar Paul, and Pankaj Agarwal. "Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting of a Heritage Brick Masonry Building Using FRP." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 13, no. 01 (February 2019): 1950001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431119500015.
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Uttarakhand in the foothills of Himalayas is considered to be one of the most tectonically active regions of northern India as it had experienced several destructive earthquakes such as Pithoragarh (1980), Uttarkashi (1991), Chamoli (1999) and Gopeshwar (2005). The state of Uttar Pradesh (now Uttarakhand) being the center of activity during British regime is having numerous historical brick masonry structures such as churches, missionaries, hospitals, administrative building and educational institutions required to be safeguarded against catastrophic future earthquakes. One such building: Forest Research Institute Dehradun which suffered extensive damages during the Uttarkashi earthquake has been considered for seismic vulnerability assessment and achieving a generalized retrofitting strategy for the region which can be extrapolated globally. Structural assessment by non-linear static analysis has been carried out for FRP retrofitted and an un-retrofitted building using FEM. Different types of FRP has been modeled numerically as wrapped around the piers of huge brick masonry structure and analyzed under site specific earthquake loading which reported in an improved performance of strengthened structure.