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1
Petal, Marla Ann. "Urban disaster mitigation and preparedness the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2004. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3142562.
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2
Wu, Jie Ying. "A comparative study of housing reconstruction after two major earthquakes the 1994 Northridge earthquake in the United States and the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan /." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/74.
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3
Sakiroglu, Mehmet. "Positive Outcomes Among The 1999 Duzce Earthquake Survivors: Earthquake Preparedness Behavior And Posttraumatic Growth." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613479/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The current study aimed to examine two potential positive outcomes of an earthquake experience, namely posttraumatic growth (PTG) and earthquake preparedness behavior. Variables that may be related to PTG and earthquake preparedness behavior were examined after earthquake victimization by using two models, which were the Person Relative to Event (PrE) Model (Mulilis &Duval, 1997) to understand earthquake preparedness behavior, and Model of Life Crises and Personal Growth (Schaefer &
Moos, 1992) to understand PTG. In order to examine earthquake preparedness behavior, the roles of demographic variables, event-related variables, cognitive appraisal factors, and coping strategies, and in order to examine PTG, environmental factors, system factors, event related factors, earthquake specific coping and cognitive appraisal factors, and general ways of coping responses factors were examined. Data was collected by a questionnaire consisting of three parts. The first part was a socio-demographic information form. The second part of the questionnaire included set of items designed to examine past earthquake experience, the severity of past earthquake experience and reasons to prepare for a possible future earthquake. The third part of the questionnaire consisted of eight scales. These scales were Ways of Coping Inventory (WCI) to measure coping strategies used in stressful situations, Revised and Translated Mulilis-Lippa Earthquake Preparedness Scale (MLEPS) to measure the level of earthquake preparedness behavior, perceived difficulty and perceived effectiveness of being prepared, Religiousness Scale (RS) to measure the level of religious resources of participants, The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) to measure perceived adequacy of social support, The Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL) to measure the quality of life of the participants, Psychological Well-Being Scale to measure the level of psychological well-being of participants, Traumatic Stress Symptom Checklist (TSSC) to measure posttraumatic stress, and Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) to measure stress-related growth. One hundred ninety nine adults (105 females and 94 males with an age range of 18 to 73) were participants of the study. The participants were from Kaynasli, Dü
zce. The participants were selected on the basis of their age, gender, and the type of their houses. They were contacted through home visits. In the result section, the level of the different categories of earthquake preparedness behavior, self-efficacy and outcome efficacy
the reasons of preparedness and nonpreparedness for earthquakes, the variables related to earthquake preparedness behavior and PTG were presented. Hierarchical regression analysis results revealed that perceived responsibility to prepare for earthquakes, outcome efficacy, and problem-focused coping were positively and posttraumatic stress was negatively related to earthquake preparedness behavior. As a result of the regression analysis, it was found that being married, perceived social support, well-being, problem-focused coping, and seeking social support coping were significant predictors of the level of PTG. The results of regression analysis also showed that, general problem focused coping was more efficient than earthquake specific active coping after earthquake victimization for the development of PTG. The results of the study were discussed within the relevant literature, shortcomings of the current study, clinical implications and suggestions for future research were proposed.
4
Yargici, Volkan. "Assessment Of Buried Pipeline Performance During The 1999 Duzce Earthquake." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1063197/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this study is to develop probabilistically based
empirical correlations for seismic performance assessment of buried
pipelines. Within the scope of these research efforts, pipeline
performance case histories have been compiled from Duzce city after
Duzce earthquake. The characteristics of Duzce water supply and
distribution system with the earthquake damage on the system were
studied. Correlations of the damage patterns with the water distribution
system, earthquake and geotechnical characteristics have been
developed. Moreover spatial distributions of the earthquake effects havebeen transferred into Geographic Information System (GIS) format. As a
result of these studies, it was intended to define the seismic,
geotechnical and structural parameters which may explain the spatial
variability of the observed seismic pipeline hazard.
For the development of such correlations, a maximum likelihood
framework for the probabilistic assessment of seismically induced buried
pipeline performance is described. A database, consisting of postearthquake
field observations of buried pipeline performance after Duzce
earthquake in conjunction with in-situ index test results, is used for the
development of probabilistically based seismic pipeline performance
correlations. As a result of careful processing of available data, the
variables of the problem are selected as: liquefaction susceptibility of
soil, thickness of soft soil layer if it exists, peak ground acceleration and
estimated ground deformations. A limit state function is defined in terms
of these variables. Repairs on the pipeline system due to earthquake are
compiled with the surrounding soil and earthquake parameters and the
correlations of pipeline performances with the mentioned variables are
determined. Different sets of fragility curves are developed for seismic
pipeline performance problem, representing various sources of
uncertainty that are intrinsic to the problem. Such information is believed
to be useful to utility system operators in planning a seismic retrofit or
upgrade program for existing pipeline systems.
5
Osgoie, Mahtab Ghafari. "A survey of earthquake-induced damage to telecommunications towers (1999-2011)." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112070.
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Technical Report. Structural Engineering Series No. 2012-15The author and her supervisor, Prof. Ghyslaine McClure, recently worked on a research aimed at validating computational seismic response predictions of a guyed telecommunication mast with ambient vibration measurements. This report summarizes telecommunication towers damages due to recent earthquakes (from 1999 to 2011) as reported in damage reconnaissance accounts openly accessible.
6
Assimaki, Dominic 1975. "Topography effects in the 1999 Athens earthquake : engineering issues in seismology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30048.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references.
It is well known that irregular topography can substantially affect the amplitude and frequency characteristics of seismic motion. Macroseismic observations of destructive earthquakes often show higher damage intensity at the tops of hills, ridges and canyons than at lower elevations and on flat areas. Systematic seismic motion amplification over convex topographies has been confirmed by instrumental studies and also predicted by theoretical and numerical simulations of wave diffraction. Nonetheless, for the most part, the former have been limited to weak motion data and the later have treated topographic asperities as simple geometric irregularities on the surface of homogeneous, linearly elastic halfspaces. Despite the qualitative agreement between theory and observations on topography effects, there is still much uncertainty concerning the actual severity of amplification near topographic irregularities, inasmuch as predictive methods are still lacking on the quantitative aspects of seismic amplification near such features. Focusing of seismic rays by convex topographies does play a significant role as shown theoretically, yet it is not the only physical phenomenon involved. On the other hand, weak motion data may not be applicable to describe topography effects for strong shaking, and indeed there exist very few- if any- well documented case studies demonstrating the severity of topographic effects for strong ground motion. In this dissertation, we find that topography and local soil conditions need to be accounted for simultaneously for the prediction of site amplification factors, especially when earthquake motions are strong enough to elicit clear nonlinear soil behavior.
(cont.) We examine how local stratigraphy, material heterogeneity and nonlinear soil response can alter the focusing mechanism at the vertex of cliff-type topographies, and how the free-field response is further modified on account of soil-structure interaction. By means of a case-study from the Athens 1999 earthquake, we validate the effects of local soil conditions by comparison with weak motion data, and illustrate the effects of nonlinear soil behavior and soil-structure interaction on strong motion amplification. Our finite-element, nonlinear simulations seem to explain the uneven distribution of severe damage in the community of Adàmes that borders the crest of the Kifissos river canyon at its deepest point. They also resolve in part previously unexplained discrepancies, often observed between strong amplification during actual earthquakes and moderate values predicted by simple theoretical models. Combining our findings with earlier published results, we propose a period- and space-dependent factor, referred to as Topographic Aggravation Factor (TAF), which can be used in engineering design to modify site-specific design spectra of seismic code provisions to account for topography effects.
by Dominic Assimaki.
Sc.D.
7
Bulbul, Oguzhan. "An Analysis Of Degirmendere Shore Landslide During 17 August 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607845/index.pdf.
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In this study, the failure mechanism of the shore landslide which occured at
Degirmendere coast region during 17 August 1999 Kocaeli (Izmit) - Turkey
earthquake is analyzed. Geotechnical studies of the region are at hand, which
reveal soil properties and geological formation of the region as well as the
topography of the shore basin after deformations. The failure is analyzed as a
landslide and permanent displacements are calculated by Newmark Method under
17 August 1999 Izmit record, scaled to a maximum acceleration of 0.4g. There
are discussions on the main dominating mechanism of failurelandslide, liquefaction, fault rupture and lateral spreading. According to the studies, the failure mechanism is a seismically induced shore landslide also triggered by liquefaction and fault rupture, accompanied by the mechanism of lateral spreading by turbulence. A seismically induced landslide is discussed and modeled in this study. The finite element programs TELSTA and TELDYN are employed for static and dynamic analyses. Slope stability analyses are performed with the program SLOPE. The permanent displacements are calculated with Newmark Method, with the help of a MATLAB program, without considering the excess pore pressures.
8
Yilmaz, Zeynep. "Gis-based Structural Performance Assessment Of Sakarya City After 1999 Kocaeli-turkey Earthquake From Geotechnical And Earthquake Engineering Point Of View." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605150/index.pdf.
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The August 17, 1999 Kocaeli-Turkey Earthquake (Mw=7.4) caused severe damage to the structures and lifelines in the Marmara region. Soil liquefaction was identified as one of the major causes of this damage. The aim of this study is to determine geotechnical and earthquake engineering factors
that contribute to the structural damage observed in Sakarya city after 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake.
For this purpose, the results of an extensive field investigation program compiled by General Directorate of Disaster Affairs including subsurface soil characterization and documenting structural performance data were used. The
database was carefully screened for poor quality data and was transferred to geographic information system (GIS) framework. Maximum likelihood methodology for the probabilistic assessment of seismically induced structural
performance was chosen as the statistical tool. After series of sensitivity analyses, important geotechnical and earthquake engineering parameters of the problem were selected as i) liquefaction severity index, ii) post liquefaction
volumetric settlement, iii) peak ground acceleration and, iv) spectral acceleration defined at the period range of conventional buildings. In addition to these parameters, structural performance defined as a) no damage and light, b) moderate damage, c) heavy damage and collapse, as well as the number of storeys of each structure were used as to correlate structural damage with geotechnical earthquake engineering factors.
As a conclusion series of vulnerability functions specific to Adapazari shaken by Kocaeli Earthquake were developed. Performance predictions of these vulnerability functions were shown to be consistent with as high as 65 percent of the observed structural performance.
9
Chen, Ming-Chu. "Knickpoint retreat and fluvial incision following the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake: Da-An River gorge, Taiwan." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34810.
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The lower Da-An River in western Taiwan was uplifted ~10 during the 1999 Mw 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake, resulting in a 20- to 30-m-deep bedrock gorge. However, the amount of coseismic displacement along the channel bed does not fully explain the resulting bedrock channel incision. Using a series of aerial photographs, digital terrain models (DEM), and real-time kinematic global positioning system (RTK GPS) surveys, we characterized knickpoint retreat and fluvial incision in the Da-An River gorge. We also analyzed discharge and precipitation data and collected measurements of rock strength and joint plane orientations to understand the climatic, lithological, and structural influence on the evolution of the actively incising gorge. Two stages of fluvial incision and knickpoint migration are identified in the gorge following surface uplift during the Chi-Chi earthquake. From 1999 to 2004, 3 to 5 m of alluvium was removed from the channel bed, followed by 3 to 4 m of bedrock channel incision. The knickpoint generated immediately after the earthquake stayed where the uplift occurred at this time. Since 2005, the channel bed has lowered rapidly with local incision rate as high as 15 m/yr in terms of knickpoint migration. The average knickpoint migration rate over the period 2005 to 2009 was 238 m/yr; total upstream migration from the location of knickpoint formation was 1190 m. While tectonic uplift formed the knickpoint and set the stage for channel incision, climate played a critical role in accelerating the fluvial response to coseismic displacement. More than 20 m of bedrock channel incision and 1180 m knickpoint migration occurred during the post-2004 typhoon seasons (May-October). Based on repeat surveys of the Da-An River longitudinal profile and analysis of precipitation and discharge data, we suggest that a discharge threshold of 1200 to 2600 m³/s is required to initiate upstream knickpoint migration. However, once the threshold is exceeded, bedding dip becomes the primary control on rates and patterns of knickpoint propagation. Rotation occurred in a hinge zone where the bedding dips change from horizontal to upstream-dipping, while replacement was observed in the strata dipping upstream. The highest knickpoint migration rates (> 300 m/yr) were recorded in flat-lying, horizontal strata (< 10º) where parallel retreat was the dominate process. Overall, the knickpoint propagation followed the process of replacement behavior, in which the height of knickpoint decreases while migrating upstream. Thus, while tectonic processes set the initial conditions for knickpoint propagation in the Da-An River, the response time of the fluvial system to this forcing is strongly dependent on climate and local structure.
10
Acar, Fikri. "Low Cycle Fatigue Effects In The Damage Caused By The Marmara Earthquake Of August 17, 1999." Phd thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605534/index.pdf.
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This study mainly addresses the problem of estimating the prior earthquake damage on the response of reinforced concrete structures to future earthquakes. The motivation has arisen from the heavy damages or collapses that occurred in many reinforced concrete structures following two major earthquakes that recently occurred in the Marmara Region, Turkey.
The analysis tool employed for this purpose is the package named IDARC2D. Deterioration parameters of IDARC's hysteretic model have been calibrated using a search method. In the calibration process experimental data of a total of twenty-two beam and column specimens, tested under constant and variable amplitude displacement histories, has been used. Fine-tuning of deterioration parameters is essential for more realistic predictions about inelastic behavior and structural damage. In order to provide more realistic damage prediction, three ranges of parameters are proposed. Some damage controlling structural parameters have been assessed via a large number of two-dimensional section analyses, inelastic time history and damage analyses of SDOF systems and seismic vulnerability analyses of reinforced concrete buildings. Inelastic time history and damage analyses of numerous SDOF systems have been carried out to determine whether the loading history has an effect on damage and dissipated hysteretic energy. Then this emphasis is directed to the analyses of MDOF systems. In the analyses of the SDOF systems, various forms of constant and variable amplitude inelastic displacement reversals and synthetic ground motions composed of one of the four earthquake records preceded or followed by its modified records acted as a prior or successive earthquake, have been used. The analyses of two five-story R/C buildings have been caried out using synthetic accelerograms comprised of base input provided by the two recorded ground motions. It is shown that both damage progression and cumulative hysteretic energy dissipated along a path seem to depend on the number and amplitude of cycles constituting the path. However, final damage and accumulated hysteretic energy dissipated along a loading path are independent of the ordering of the same number and amplitude cycles along the path. There is a nonlinear relationship between the earthquake excitation intensity and final damage attained in the end. Increase in the acceleration amplitude leads to exponential increase in damage. As the prior earthquake intensity increases the damage from the succeding main earthquake decreases. A definite ground motion acting as prior and successive earthquake causes substantially different amount of damage. Prior earthquake damage does not substantially affect the maximum drift response in future larger earthquakes. A MDOF frame type structure with aprior damage suffers less overall damage in an earthquake in comparison with the one without a prior damage.
11
Chao, Tzu-Kai Kevin. "Temporal changes of shear wave velocity and anisotropy in the shallow crust induced by the 10/22/1999 m6.4 Chia-yi, Taiwan earthquake." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28088.
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Temporal changes of seismic velocity and anisotropy in the shallow crust are quantified using local earthquakes recorded at a 200-m-deep borehole station CHY in Taiwan. This station is located directly above the hypocenter of the 10/22/1999, M6.4 Chia-Yi earthquake. Three-component seismograms recorded at this station show clear direct (up-going) and surface-reflected (down-going) P- and S-waves, and S-wave splitting signals. The two-way travel times in the top 200 m is obtained by measuring the time delays between the up-going and down-going waves in the auto-correlation function. The S-wave travel times measured in two horizontal components increase by ~1-2% at the time of Chia-Yi main shock, and followed by a logarithmic recovery, while the temporal changes of S-wave splitting and P-wave are less than 1% and are not statistically significant. We obtain similar results by grouping earthquakes into clusters according to their locations and waveform similarities. This suggests that the observed temporal changes are not very sensitive to the seismic ray path below CHY, but are mostly controlled by the variation of material property in the top 200 m of the crust. We propose that strong ground motions of the Chia-Yi main shock cause transient openings of fluid-filled microcracks and increases the porosity in the near-surface layers, followed by a relatively long healing process. Because we observe no clear changes in the shear wave anisotropy, we infer that the co-seismic damages do not have a preferred orientation. Our results also show a gradual increase of time delays for both the fast and slow S-waves in the previous 7 years before the Chia-Yi main shock. Such changes might be caused by variations of water table, sediment packing or other surficial processes.
12
Bracciali, Emanuele. "Valutazione delle proprietà di diverse misure d'intensità dello scuotimento sismico." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/1999/.
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La progettazione sismica negli ultimi anni ha subito una forte trasformazione, infatti con l’introduzione delle nuove normative tecniche si è passati dallo svolgere una verifica delle capacità locali dei singoli elementi ad una progettazione con un approccio di tipo probabilistico, il quale richiede il soddisfacimento di una serie di stati limite ai quali viene attribuita una certa probabilità di superamento. La valutazione dell’affidabilità sismica di una struttura viene condotta di solito attraverso metodologie che prendono il nome di Probabilistic Seismic Design Analysis (PSDA) in accordo con la procedura del Performance Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE). In questa procedura di tipo probabilistico risulta di notevole importanza la definizione della misura d’intensità sismica, la quale può essere utilizzata sia come predittore della risposta strutturale a fronte di un evento sismico, sia come parametro per definire la pericolosità di un sito. Queste misure d’intensità possono essere definite direttamente dalla registrazione dell’evento sismico, come ad esempio l’accelerazione di picco del terreno, oppure sulla base della risposta, sia lineare che non, della struttura soggetta a tale evento, ovvero quelle che vengono chiamate misure d’intensità spettrali. Come vedremo è preferibile l’utilizzo di misure d’intensità che soddisfino certe proprietà, in modo da far risultare più efficace possibile le risoluzione del problema con l’approccio probabilistico PBEE. Obbiettivo principale di questa dissertazione è quello di valutare alcune di queste proprietà per un gran numero di misure d’intensità sismiche a partire dai risultati di risposta strutturale ottenuti mediante analisi dinamiche non lineari nel tempo, condotte per diverse tipologie di strutture con differenti proprietà meccaniche.
13
Unal, Orhan. "3-d Soil Structure Interaction Analyses Of Three Identical Buildings In Sakarya City After 17 August 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1053362/index.pdf.
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ABSTRACT
3-D SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION ANALYSES OF THREE
IDENTICAL BUILDINGS IN SAKARYA CITY AFTER 17 AUGUST 1999
KOCAELI EARTHQUAKE
Ünal,Orhan M.S., Department of Civil Engineering, Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr Kemal Ö
nder Ç
etin October 2003, 116 Pages The aim of this study is to analyze the soil structure interaction of three identical buildings on ª
ahinler Street of Sakarya city which had no damage to heavy damage after the Kocaeli (1999) earthquake. For the purpose of 3-D dynamic nonlinear analysis of the soil site and the overlying structures, Flac3D software was chosen as the numerical modeling framework. Soil properties were determined by using the results of available site investigation studies. A three dimensional mesh was created to represent the topographic and geometric constraints of the problem. Linearly elastic perfectly plastic constitutive model was implemented to model the soil behavior. The results of 3-D dynamic numerical analyses in the forms of acceleration, displacement, strain, stress and pore pressure were presented. The higher acceleration, strain and stress levels calculated under the collapsed building can be attributed as the major cause of poor performance of the structure.
14
Zhang, Wenbo. "Study on Dynamic Rupture Process and Near-Source Strong Motion Simulation - Case of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149083.
Full textAbstract:
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(理学)
甲第9962号
理博第2623号
新制||理||1337(附属図書館)
UT51-2003-H383
京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻
(主査)教授 入倉 孝次郎, 教授 Mori James J., 教授 岡田 篤正
学位規則第4条第1項該当
15
Chu, Daniel Bei-Lin. "Case studies of soil liquefaction of sands and cyclic softening of clays induced by the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1251869331&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Hsieh, Hui-Yuan (Henry), and n/a. "The Taiwanese Residential Construction Peak of the 1990's: Interpreting industry and Developer Behaviour." Griffith University. School of Economics, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20051107.122656.
Full textAbstract:
Taiwanese residential construction experienced a massive rise and then fall in residential unit completions during the period 1992-1997. Completions rose nearly 200 per cent between 1992 and 1994 alone. A series of questions arise in relation to this phenomenon (referred to here as 'the Peak'): Why did it occur? How was this increase in construction achieved in such a short time? What were its impacts? Was it a supply-side or a demand-side phenomenon? And what are the significance and implications of the Peak? This thesis adopts a distinct methodological stance, being explanatory and interpretative rather than concerned with theory construction and testing. It is argued that this is appropriate as the Peak was a singular phenomenon, and not part of the regular fluctuations in a residential market cycle. Consequently, it is treated as an event and event-triggered, rather than as part of a continuing time-series. In addition, given that it was influenced by an enormous array of exogenous factors, including politics, the economy, and government regulations and policy, as well as by demographic, historical and geographical factors, a holistic approach is employed, as opposed to a reductionist one. The purpose is to build as complete an interpretation as possible. A major trigger for the Peak was the announcement of a residential density regulation (vohme control) in early 1992. This regulation, which threatened to dramatically reduce the profitability of development land, caused a massive acceleration in the rate of residential development approvals and ensuing completions. The regulation is viewed as interacting with a loosening of development and construction credit restrictions in late 1990 to precipitate a massive Peak in residential construction. This took glace over a very short period of time. This is analysed for each city and county in Taiwan as well as for Taiwan as a whole, the same factors applying throughout the country with the exception of Taipei City. In Taipei City, the peak occurred in a milder form in the 1980s rather than in the 1990s, due to an earlier implementation of volume control. This provides support for the overall interpretation of the thesis. After its announcement a grace period before the regulation was to come into effect allowed existing developers and landowners to propose and execute land development and construction under the old regulation. This period also induced new developers into the market, in part based on an expectation of higher unit prices resulting from volume control. This created a huge new stock of smaller-size apartments. Accompanied by falling prices, this outcome is consistent with the supply-side explanation of the Peak. Additional evidence of a supply-side phenomenon includes the high vacancies and unsold developer inventories that resulted. The rush to construction under the old regulation meant that the demand and supply market feedback loop could not effectively operate. The presence of simultaneous production peaks in all cities and counties is just one piece of evidence that this feedback loop was ineffective. A pooled cross-sectional time-series model, based on supply and demand factors of all cities and counties during 1982-1998, was used to further analyse this model of the Peak. Again the results are consistent with the supply- side interpretation. While credit loosening and volume control triggered the Peak, it is the existence of huge production flexibilities in the residential construction industry that enabled such a massive and rapid increase in construction. These flexibilities flowed, in part, from a dominant reinforced concrete construction method, as well as the Taiwanese subcontracting system, and residential construction industry networks. It is argued that these networks provided a form of quasi-public good that could be exploited. These same factors also facilitated the rapid entry of new developers into the industry. Conversely, this was associated with a decline in construction quality, as the limits of flexibility were reached. Some evidence for this was revealed by the 1999 earthquake. Imputed construction costs rose enormously during the Peak, with profits necessarily declining under the combined pressures of falling prices and rising costs. This resulted in bankruptcies and other exits from the industry. The impacts of oversupply -such as a high vacancy rate, growing developer inventories and falling prices -are expected to be long-term. The vacant stock is calculated as equivalent to ten to twelve years of pre- Peak construction. This thesis concludes that the Peak was a discontinuity phenomenon. It was triggered by a unique set of events, rather than being part of a continuous historical development. While developer behaviour was individually rational, collectively their decisions were disastrous for themselves and the industry
17
Hsieh, Hui-Yuan (Henry). "The Taiwanese Residential Construction Peak of the 1990's: Interpreting industry and Developer Behaviour." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366274.
Full textAbstract:
Taiwanese residential construction experienced a massive rise and then fall in residential unit completions during the period 1992-1997. Completions rose nearly 200 per cent between 1992 and 1994 alone. A series of questions arise in relation to this phenomenon (referred to here as 'the Peak'): Why did it occur? How was this increase in construction achieved in such a short time? What were its impacts? Was it a supply-side or a demand-side phenomenon? And what are the significance and implications of the Peak? This thesis adopts a distinct methodological stance, being explanatory and interpretative rather than concerned with theory construction and testing. It is argued that this is appropriate as the Peak was a singular phenomenon, and not part of the regular fluctuations in a residential market cycle. Consequently, it is treated as an event and event-triggered, rather than as part of a continuing time-series. In addition, given that it was influenced by an enormous array of exogenous factors, including politics, the economy, and government regulations and policy, as well as by demographic, historical and geographical factors, a holistic approach is employed, as opposed to a reductionist one. The purpose is to build as complete an interpretation as possible. A major trigger for the Peak was the announcement of a residential density regulation (vohme control) in early 1992. This regulation, which threatened to dramatically reduce the profitability of development land, caused a massive acceleration in the rate of residential development approvals and ensuing completions. The regulation is viewed as interacting with a loosening of development and construction credit restrictions in late 1990 to precipitate a massive Peak in residential construction. This took glace over a very short period of time. This is analysed for each city and county in Taiwan as well as for Taiwan as a whole, the same factors applying throughout the country with the exception of Taipei City. In Taipei City, the peak occurred in a milder form in the 1980s rather than in the 1990s, due to an earlier implementation of volume control. This provides support for the overall interpretation of the thesis. After its announcement a grace period before the regulation was to come into effect allowed existing developers and landowners to propose and execute land development and construction under the old regulation. This period also induced new developers into the market, in part based on an expectation of higher unit prices resulting from volume control. This created a huge new stock of smaller-size apartments. Accompanied by falling prices, this outcome is consistent with the supply-side explanation of the Peak. Additional evidence of a supply-side phenomenon includes the high vacancies and unsold developer inventories that resulted. The rush to construction under the old regulation meant that the demand and supply market feedback loop could not effectively operate. The presence of simultaneous production peaks in all cities and counties is just one piece of evidence that this feedback loop was ineffective. A pooled cross-sectional time-series model, based on supply and demand factors of all cities and counties during 1982-1998, was used to further analyse this model of the Peak. Again the results are consistent with the supply- side interpretation. While credit loosening and volume control triggered the Peak, it is the existence of huge production flexibilities in the residential construction industry that enabled such a massive and rapid increase in construction. These flexibilities flowed, in part, from a dominant reinforced concrete construction method, as well as the Taiwanese subcontracting system, and residential construction industry networks. It is argued that these networks provided a form of quasi-public good that could be exploited. These same factors also facilitated the rapid entry of new developers into the industry. Conversely, this was associated with a decline in construction quality, as the limits of flexibility were reached. Some evidence for this was revealed by the 1999 earthquake. Imputed construction costs rose enormously during the Peak, with profits necessarily declining under the combined pressures of falling prices and rising costs. This resulted in bankruptcies and other exits from the industry. The impacts of oversupply -such as a high vacancy rate, growing developer inventories and falling prices -are expected to be long-term. The vacant stock is calculated as equivalent to ten to twelve years of pre- Peak construction. This thesis concludes that the Peak was a discontinuity phenomenon. It was triggered by a unique set of events, rather than being part of a continuous historical development. While developer behaviour was individually rational, collectively their decisions were disastrous for themselves and the industryThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Economics
Faculty of Commerce and Management
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Tanridagli, Zeynep Ceren. "The Effects Of Being A Neighborhood Disaster Volunteer On General Distress And Post-traumatic Growth Among The Survivors Of 1999 Marmara Earthquake." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605728/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
iv
This study aimed to examine the possible effects of being a volunteer in a
nongovernmental organization (Neighborhood Disaster Support Project) for
psychological distress and posttraumatic growth following the 1999 Marmara
earthquake. The predictors of psychological distress and posttraumatic growth
were also investigated. Risk factors were examined as pre-earthquake variables
(e.g. socio-demographic variables), earthquake variables (e.g. severity of impact),
and post-earthquake variables (e.g. being a Neighborhood Disaster Volunteer
(NDV) or not, and coping strategies). One hundred survivors (66 Males and 34
females with an age range of 18-59) of the earthquake, who are NDVs and a
control group, composed of 100 survivors (66 Males and 34 females with an age
range of 18-60) who are not NDVs participated in the study. Furthermore, in
order to see the effects of being closer or further to the earthquake epicenter, half
of the sample was taken from Gölcü
k (epicenter of the quake), and the rest were from izmit (further from the epicenter). Data was collected 4,5 years after the earthquake by a questionnaire consisting of three parts. One psychology graduate student and five trained NDVs administered the questionnaire individually. The first part of the questionnaire had items taping socio-demographic information and earthquake experiences. The second part included items related to the experience of being a volunteer. Finally, the third part contained three scales which assessed the participants&rsquo
psychological distress (Symptom Checklist-40), coping skills (Ways of Coping Questionnaire), and posttraumatic growth level (Stress Related Growth Scale). The results of factor analysis indicated that earthquake experience could be grouped into two factors, namely severity of impact and perceived life threat. It was found that the respondents had significantly higher perceived life threat than the severity of impact. The factor analysis for coping yielded four factors, which were problem focused/optimistic, fatalistic, helplessness and escape coping approaches. The comparison of the volunteer and non-volunteers samples showed that the non-volunteer sample uses significantly more levels of fatalistic coping. Moreover it was found that women use significantly more levels of helplessness coping. When the impact of the earthquake severity on post traumatic growth levels was investigated, results showed that individuals from Gö
lcü
k (epicenter of the quake) had significantly higher growth levels than those from izmit (further away from epicenter). The results of regression analyses showed that low education level, helplessness approach, and less use of problem solving/optimistic approach were significant predictors of subjects&rsquo
general distress levels. Being a volunteer, using problem solving/optimistic approach and fatalistic approach appeared as significant predictors of posttraumatic growth. The results were discussed within the psychological distress and growth theories. Furthermore, limitations of the study, implications for psychosocial interventions and future research were discussed.
19
Naoum, Michael. "The Greek-Turkish rapprochement process, 1999-2004 : paradigm shift or EPI-phenomenon /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Dec%5FNaoum.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Defense Decision Making and Planning))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2004.Thesis advisor(s): Donald Abenheim. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-101). Also available online.
20
Bayhan, Fikret. "Impacts Of Planning Decisions In An Earthquake Vulnerable City: The Case Of Adapazari." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12612115/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Much emphasis has been given to the damages and loss experienced in the 1999 earthquakes
with little research however on the social and administrative causes, and in particular on the
consequences of malpractice of planning previous to the natural hazard. Reviewing the case
of Adapazari, the three succesive periods of plan making and implementation are critically
investigated here to establish the extent that planning decisions of the local authorities and
their modes of enforcement have generated adverse results causing the loss of many Lifes.
The analysis required the combination of data sources on plan decisions and the
consequences of the disaster, accommodated in the different authorities. Surveying the scope
and decisions of 1957-70, 1970-85, and 1985-99 plan periods, and comparing these decisions
in their spatial context with the loss and damage experienced, provides sufficent evidence of
the causality. It is possible to identify that decisions of increased densities and building
higher, changes to commercial uses in the CBD, siting of individual buildings, removal of
open spaces all had their share in contributing the dramatic panaroma of losses.
v
Findings indicate strong correlations of loss of life with increased number of floors in
buildings in the 27 districts of Adapazari. It is particularly evident that greatest damages
occured due to the 1985 plan decisions, when all powers of comprehensive plan-making
were transferred to the local authorities, central authority control powers being removed.
So long as local interests can not be curbed in plan preparation avoiding control with
reference to the criteria of &lsquopublic benefit&rsquo
, many other cities in Turkey are likely to have similar fate in the near future.
21
Chou, Yu-min. "Minéralogie et propriétés magnétiques de la zone de glissement du séisme de Chi-Chi, 1999 (MW 7,6) et leurs implications." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CERG0601/document.
Full textAbstract:
Lors d'un tremblement de terre, les transformations physiques et chimiques qui surviennent le long d'une zone de glissement vont conduire à l'altération et à la formation de minéraux. La gouge contient des minéraux magnétiques, qui peuvent être formés sous l'action combinée de la chaleur frictionnelle et par l'action chimique en relation avec les fluides. Ainsi, la gouge a la capacité de se comporter comme un enregistreur magnétique pendant un tremblement de terre. Il s'agit là d'une nouvelle méthode pour identifier les zones de tremblements de terre de glissement. En outre,les minéraux magnétiques initiaux, altérés, et néoformés peuvent être utilisés comme traceurs de certains processus physico chimique.Dans cette étude, nous étudions le magnétisme des roches et l'enregistrement paléomagnétique de la gouge de faille active de Chelungpu qui héberge, entre autres,la zone de glissement principale du tremblement de terre de Chi-Chi (Mw 7.6, 1999,Taiwan). Nous avons bénéficié pour cette étude d'échantillons non altérés provenant des carottes du forage B Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project (TCDP). Nous avons également échantillonné la faille de Chelungpu à l'affleurement pour une caractérisation des nanoparticules. Cette caractérisation vise à estimer l'énergie de fracture dans la gouge de failleDuring an earthquake, the physical and the chemical transformations along a slip zone lead to alteration and formation of minerals within the gouge layer of a mature fault zone. The gouge contains magnetic minerals, which could be formed under the combined action of friction heat and fluid. Thus, gouge has the capacity to behave as a magnetic recorder during an earthquake. This constitutes a conceivable way to identify earthquakes slip zones. Besides, altered and neoformed magnetic minerals can be used as tracers of some earthquake processes. In this study, we investigate the rock magnetism and paleomagnetism of the Chelungpu fault gouge that hosts the principal slip zone of the Chi-Chi earthquake (Mw 7.6, 1999, Taiwan) using Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project (TCDP) hole-B core samples. We also took a Chelungpu fault outcrop sample for identification of nanoparticle, which associated with fracture energy estimation in fault gouge
22
Cothern, Keegan. "Bracing Japan: Earthquakes, Nature, Planning, and the (Re)Construction of Japan, 1923-1995." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1462783823.
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Tanikawa, Wataru. "Transport properties and high-velocity frictional behavior of Chelungpu, Shuangtung and Shuichangliu fault zones and their implication for fault motion during 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144202.
Full textAbstract:
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(理学)
甲第12119号
理博第3013号
新制||理||1449(附属図書館)
23955
UT51-2006-J114
京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻
(主査)教授 嶋本 利彦, 助教授 田上 高広, 教授 平島 崇男
学位規則第4条第1項該当
24
Kilgore, Wayne Walter. "Seismic and Geodetic Investigation of the 1996-1998 Earthquake Swarm at Strandline Lake, Alaska." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1681.
Full textAbstract:
Microearthquake (< M3.0) swarms occur frequently in volcanic environments, but do not always culminate in an eruption. Such non-eruptive swarms may be caused by stresses induced by magma intrusion, hydrothermal fluid circulation, or regional tectonic processes, such as slow-slip earthquakes. Strandline Lake, located 30 km northeast of Mount Spurr volcano in south-central Alaska, experienced an intense earthquake swarm between August 1996 and August 1998. The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) catalog indicates that a total of 2,999 earthquakes were detected during the swarm period, with a maximum magnitude of Mw 3.1 and a depth range of 0-30 km below sea level (with the majority of catalog hypocenters located between 5-10 km BSL). The cumulative seismic moment of the swarm was 2.03e15 N-m, equivalent to a cumulative magnitude of Mw 4.2. Because of the swarm's distance from the nearest Holocene volcanic vent, seismic monitoring was poor and gas and GPS data do not exist for the swarm period. However, combined waveforms from a dense seismic network on Mount Spurr and from several regional seismic stations allow reanalysis of the swarm earthquakes. I first developed a new 1-D velocity model for the Strandline Lake region by re-picking and inverting precise arrival times for 27 large Strandline Lake earthquakes. The new velocity model reduced the average RMS for these earthquakes from 0.16 to 0.11s, and the average horizontal and vertical location errors from 3.3 to 2.5 km and 4.7 to 3.0 km, respectively. Depths of the 27 earthquakes ranged from 10.5 to 22.1 km with an average depth of 16.6 km. A moderately high b-value of 1.33 was determined for the swarm period, possibly indicative of magmatic activity. However, a similarly high b-value of 1.25 was calculated for the background period. 28 well-constrained fault plane solutions for both swarm and background earthquakes indicate a diverse mixture of strike-slip, dip-slip, and reverse faulting beneath Strandline Lake. Finally, five Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) images spanning the swarm period unambiguously show no evidence of surface deformation. While a shallow volcanic intrusion appears to be an unlikely cause of the Strandline Lake swarm based on the new well-constrained earthquake depths and the absence of strong surface deformation, the depth range of 10.5 to 22.1 km BSL for relocated earthquakes and the high degree of FPS heterogeneity for this swarm are similar to an earthquake swarm beneath Lake Tahoe, California in 2003 caused by a deep intrusion near the base of the crust (Smith et al, 2004). This similarity suggests that a deep crustal magmatic intrusion could have occurred beneath the Strandline Lake area in 1996-1998 and may have been responsible for the resulting microearthquake activity.
25
Khomchenko, Sergey. "Civil-military relations in domestic support operations. The California National Guard in Los Angeles 1992 Riots and Northridge Earthquake of 1994." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA340977.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A. in International Security and Civil-Military Relations) Naval Postgraduate School, December. 1997."December 1997." Thesis advisor(s): Mary Callahan, Richard J. Hoffman. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-86). Also available online.
26
Sekiguchi, Haruko. "Source Process Analysis of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157176.
Full textAbstract:
本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものであるKyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(理学)
甲第7665号
理博第2050号
新制||理||1091(附属図書館)
UT51-99-G259
京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻
(主査)教授 入倉 孝次郎, 教授 尾池 和夫, 教授 安藤 雅孝
学位規則第4条第1項該当
27
Martin, David N. "Evaluation and comparison of a non-seismic design and seismic design for a low rise office building." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03172010-020113/.
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Lumbantoruan, Partahi Mamora Halomoan. "Probabilistic Post-Liquefaction Residual Shear Strength Analyses of Cohesionless Soil Deposits: Application to the Kocaeli (1999) and Duzce (1999) Earthquakes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35419.
Full textAbstract:
Liquefaction of granular soil deposits can have extremely detrimental effects on the stability of embankment dams, natural soil slopes, and mine tailings. The residual or liquefied shear strength of the liquefiable soils is a very important parameter when evaluating stability and deformation of level and sloping ground. Current procedures for estimating the liquefied shear strength are based on extensive laboratory testing programs or from the back-analysis of failures where liquefaction was involved and in-situ testing data was available. All available procedures utilize deterministic methods for estimation and selection of the liquefied shear strength. Over the past decade, there has been an increasing trend towards analyzing geotechnical problems using probability and reliability. This study presents procedures for assessing the liquefied shear strength of cohesionless soil deposits within a risk-based framework. Probabilistic slope stability procedures using reliability methods and Monte Carlo Simulations are developed to incorporate uncertainties associated with geometrical and material parameters. The probabilistic methods are applied to flow liquefaction case histories from the 1999 Kocaeli/Duzce, Turkey Earthquake, where extensive liquefaction was observed. The methods presented in this paper should aid in making better decisions about the design and rehabilitation of structures constructed of or atop liquefiable soil deposits.Master of Science
29
Bird, Alison Lisa. "Earthquakes in the Queen Charlotte Islands region, 1982-1996." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0001/MQ34480.pdf.
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Koyama, Junji. "Effects of earthquakes on partially-filled water tanks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43432.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is concerned with the effects of earthquakes on partially-filled water tanks. The analysis is applicable to rectangular water tanks, which have received little attention to date. The analysis is relatively involved and includes the derivation of the equations of motion for the vibration of the whole of tank by means of substructure synthesis, a stochastic analysis relating the random ground motion caused by earthquakes to the random vibration of the tank, a stochastic characterization of the fluid pressure and computation of the probability of failure of the tank.
Master of Science
31
Malan, Pierre. "Anisotropy in strong ground motion in the 1994 Arthur's Pass earthquake." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6763.
Full textAbstract:
Directivity effects are assessed by examining strong ground motion records from the 1994 Arthur's Pass earthquake in light of evidence presented by past researchers. This thesis focusses primarily on intra site differences in anisotropic ground motion, achieved by analysing different components of ground motion.
Problems are encountered in the selection of a fault plane. It is most likely that the fault plane assumed for analysis is not consistent with the actual fault plane. Despite these problems, some observations of anisotropic behaviour are made at the Arthur's Pass, Flock Hill and Lake Coleridge sites that are consistent with rupture on the assumed fault plane.
The determination of directivity effects is based on analysis of fault normal and fault parallel components of acceleration, velocity and displacement records, in addition to Fourier and response spectra derived from the ground motion acceleration records. A further study is carried out on peak ground accelerations.
Existing directivity research deals primarily with fault normal amplification in forward rupture directivity regions; that is, at sites located in the path of the moving rupture front. The results of a simple model application suggest that in some cases, fault parallel amplification may be significant next to fault planes. This is highlighted in far field Fourier amplitude predictions for the Arthur's Pass Police Station.
32
Rohanimanesh, Mohammad S. "Mutual pounding of structures during strong earthquakes." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-144915/.
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Silva, de Victoria Pereira Jose Luis da. "Tectonic and volcanic seismicity following the 1995 eruption of Fogo, Cape Verde." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302150.
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34
Manchikalapudi, Lakshminarayana. "Transportation problems faced after big earthquakes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41684.
Full textAbstract:
Transportation facilities and services provide the cornerstones to the rescue and response operations after a big earthquake. This study appraises the transportation actions taken by the authorities in the immediate aftermath of the Loma Prieta Earthquake of October 17, 1989. The failure of several transportation structures had a significant impact on rescue operations, traffic congestion and change in travel patterns in the San Francisco Bay Area. Emphasis is placed on travel demand management strategies adopted to meet the travel needs in the Bay Area and to return traffic to normalcy. The short-term and long-term impacts of closures of certain highways due to a 7.5 magnitude earthquake are also addressed in this research.
Recent predictions by the United States Geological Survey show that there is a 67 percent chance of a big earthquake of 7.5 magnitude happening in the Bay Area before the year 2020. Therefore, there is a dire need to look at the transportation problems that the Bay Area might face if the "Big One" really hits. It is also important to note that certain bridges play a major role in the cross-bay transportation. Hence, the failure of such critical links would greatly influence the mobility of the citizens in the region. A macro-level measure referred to as "Weighted Roadway Congestion index" (RCIW) is developed to assess the severity of the closures of these links. To fulfill this objective, scenario analysis is performed for the expected closures in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is important to note that the macro-level measure developed is applicable only to urban areas. This research also aims at identifying the key network parameters, such as number of lane-miles per freeway exit and freeway network connectivity that impact roadway congestion after earthquakes.Master of Science
35
Morales, Velasco Cesar Augusto. "Influence of base isolation on the response of structures to earthquakes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43128.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis, the seismic analysis of base isolated structures is carried out using a base coordinate relative to the inertial space that renders absolute dynamic response, which is fundamental in assessing base isolation. Moreover, the structure is modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam cantilevered on a massive basement. The isolation system is modeled as linear. The stochastic analysis is carried out in the frequency domain using a stationary Clough-Penzien spectral representation for the ground excitation. Standard deviations of the structure’s generalized coordinates and their second derivatives are obtained, which characterize the response, including stresses, of the structure. The effectiveness of base isolation can be evaluated by comparing the response of the isolated structure with the nonisolated counterpart. The results show that base isolation is highly effective in reducing the overall response of the structure. Additionally, it is found that the Clough-Penzien representation does not model adequately in the high frequency range. A modification of this model is proposed.Master of Science
36
Horikawa, Haruo. "Inversion for dynamic source parameters : Application to the 1990 Izu-Oshima, Japan, earthquake." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/202443.
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37
Maldonado, Gustavo Omar. "Stochastic and seismic design response of linear and nonlinear structures." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37420.
Full textAbstract:
New methods for calculating the stochastic and seismic design response of linear and nonlinear structures are presented.
For linear structures, two approaches are developed: (1) the modified mode displacement approach for classically as well as non-classically damped structures, and (2) the generalized force derivative approach for classically damped structures. Both techniques improve the calculation of the pseudostatic contribution of the truncated modes without including them in the analysis. In particular, the modified mode displacement approach is a useful tool for the calculation of seismic design responses affected by the contributions or higher modes. It properly considers the modal correlations as well as the correlation between retained and truncated modes. It is as fast as the mode acceleration method of structural dynamics and it only requires the commonly used ground response spectra employed by the classical mode displacement approach. On the other hand, the generalized force derivative approach requires the input to be defined in terms of its power spectral density function, but it improves even further the estimation of the missing mass effect due to the trucation of modes.
For nonlinear structures, the stochastic equivalent linearization technique is employed to develop response spectrum approaches for hysteretic shear buildings and for two dimensional frames with plastic hinges. For this purpose, a generalized modal analysis technique is successfully employed. The proposed response spectrum approaches require the input be defined in terms of the response spectrum of first order oscillators as well as in terms of the commonly used ground response spectra. For shear buildings, the work is extended to include the calculation of floor response spectra. A simulation study is performed to compare the results obtained by the proposed approach.Ph. D.
38
Yeung, Oi-yan. "A geography of post-disaster recovery : a case study of the Japanese experience following the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2177951X.
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Sobiesiak, Monika. "Fault plane structure of the 1995 Antofagasta Earthquake (Chile) derived from local seismological parameters." Phd thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974307041.
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40
Hsiu-HaoChang and 張修豪. "Spatial and Temporal stress variations before and after a large earthquake － 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake and 2011 Tohoku earthquake." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67951480887346832025.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
地球科學系專班
100
This study investigated the spatial and temporal stress variations before and after a large earthquake, respectively, 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake and 2011 Tohoku earthquake. For the Chi-Chi earthquake, according to the 7126 focal mechanism solutions from March 1991 to October 2010, we selected seven regions in the Chi-Chi earthquake source area and analyzed stress inversion for different periods. The first period started from 1991 to the time right before Chi-Chi. According to the changes of P axis or T axis, the second period ranged from 43 to 116 days. The end of the second period to 2010 is third period. We analyzed P and T axe of the focal mechanism solutions in the spatial and temporal sequences. Stress inversion results are divided into three periods. The stress inversion results between the various regions are due to different geological structure and earthquake mechanisms. For the Tohoku earthquake, we selected 8269 focal mechanism solutions from February 1997 to March 2012. We used the same approach as the Chi-Chi event to the eight regions of the Tohoku earthquake and analyzed stress inversion for different periods. The first period started from 1997 to pre-Tohoku. According to the changes of P axis or T axis values, the second period ranged from 95 to 263 days. The end of the second period to March 2010 is the third period. The results show that Taiwan and Japan after a large earthquake, their stress behaviors have a similar performance. In addition, since the Chi-Chi earthquake, there are three regions had returned to the state of stress before the earthquake and three other regions are in the ongoing stress accumulation process. Comparison of the behavior of the stress after the earthquakes of Chi-Chi and Tohoku, we find that the stress release process is affected by both the magnitude of the mainshock and the distance from the source.
41
"ASSESSMENT OF BURIED PIPELINE PERFORMANCE DURING THE 1999 DUZCE EARTHQUAKE." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1063197/index.pdf.
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42
Liao, Jolan, and 廖若嵐. "Dynamic Modeling of the 1999 Mw7.6 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9n7xcb.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
地球科學學系
107
The September 20, 1999 (UTC) Mw7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake can be viewed as one of the most devastating and significant events in Taiwan. Although with severe impact, this event provided a remarkable set of data, especially the high-quality near-field strong motion acceleration records from the Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation Progam (TSMIP). These data provide us a unique opportunity to have comprehensive understanding on the rupture behavior of earthquake. For two decades, since the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, the modeling of earthquake kinematics had been well developed. But nowadays, some questions related to earthquake dynamics still remains unknown. In this study, our goal is to investigate the dynamics of rupture and slip time histories of this event with great help on comprehensive understanding of this earthquake. We construct a 3D dynamic rupture model by finite element method. Based on the constraints of the kinematic study by Ji et al. (2003) and the geophysical logging data from the Taiwan Chelunpu-fault Drilling Project (TCDP), we try to estimate the dynamic parameters (e.g., apparent slip-weakening distance, dc^a) and to determine the state of stress (e.g., initial normal stress, σn) on the fault. In order to understand the characteristics of the dynamic parameters, we designed a series of numerical experiments on homogeneous and heterogeneous model which assume that the fault ruptures with spatially uniform or non-uniform frictional behavior. After various models with different set of dynamic parameters, we find that the parameters for our optimal heterogeneous model are dc=0.5~1.7(m), dc^a=1.9~7.0(m) scaled down by α=0.25, S=0.3~7.5,σn-north=10~92(MPa) and σn-south=3.6~32.3(MPa). The optimal model can simulate a rupture similar to the kinematic study and the maximum slip (~13 m) occurs in the northern part of fault. The total seismic moment M0 is ~4.9*10^20(Nm). The results suggest that could be overestimated due to influence of other dynamic process related to heat or pore pressure for large earthquakes, and the different value of in the northern and southern part of fault might be a key to control the slip pattern.
43
Kang, Keng-Hao, and 康耿豪. "Styles of Surface Deformation Resulting from The 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40897202652299873242.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
應用地質研究所
92
The surface rupture along the Chelungpu fault associated with the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake extends north-south about 100 km. It provides an exceptional opportunity to study surface deformation of a low angle thrust. Our detailed survey at representative sites along the fault shows that the rupture is a relatively simple 1 to 4 m high scarp with minor hanging-wall deformation and localize uplift, fold, and graben formation along the scarp crest. Along the length of the Chelungpu fault rupture, hanging-wall deformation may be classified into 7 different styles. This includes: (a) monoclinal folding, (b) warping, (c) pure thrusting, (d) thrusting and graben formation, (e) thrusting and warping, (f) thrusting and backthrusting, and (g) thrusting and back-kinking. Simple thrusting and monoclinal folding generally represent narrower deformation. whereas more complex zones of deformation tend to be wider. The deformation styles will be described in details in the text.
44
Chang, Chi-Yuan, and 張繼元. "Seismotectonics of Northwestern Taiwan Before and After 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81221068515920380839.
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45
Wu, Kun-Che, and 吳昆哲. "The Deformation Characteristic of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Tsaotun Area." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97414604169901830265.
Full text
46
Tsai, Yi-Chun, and 蔡宜純. "Impact of the Viscoelastic Relaxation Following the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b4r8vq.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
地球物理研究所
94
We use the GPS data collected from the 64 continuous stations in the Taiwan area, set up and operating by Academia Sinica, Ministry of Interior Affairs, and Central Weather Bureau, and the repeated surveys of 103 campaign sites conducted by Academia Sinica after the Chi-Chi earthquake. The data period is from January 1st, 2001 to the end of 2005. GPS data are processed with the Bernse software V.4.2. To obtain the velocity field of continuous GPS stations, the position time series are corrected for the coseismic offsets and the seasonal periodic motions. We also use the repeated GPS data observed from 1992 to 1999 and apply the linear interpolation to obtain the preseismic velocities for the new sites established after Chi-Chi earthquake. Then the preseismic velocity, is subtracted from the observed velocity for each station to obtain the surface displacement after the earthquake. The maximum horizontal and vertical postseismic displacements for the 5-year period from 2001 to 2005 are 17 cm and 12 cm, respectively. To realize the impact of viscoelastic relaxation on the lower crust and the upper mantle caused by Chi-Chi earthquake, we use the Cubit software by Sandia National Laboratory to establish grids, and the models are constructed by using the finite-element code, PYLith. The appropriate viscosity is adopted for each layer to estimate the surface deformation caused by the viscoelastic relaxation, and further comparisons are made between the model results and the GPS observation. To verify the consistency of the finite-element model with the analytic solution, we start with a two-layer model with a horizontal viscoelastic layer under an elastic layer. In general, the differences between the model values and analytic solution are quite small, indicating the good reliability of finite element models. Afterward we apply a three-layer model to compare with the GPS observation, and we find that the tendency of model curve in the horizontal component is similar to the observations, however, the values are in much difference. Thus we consider to add a block of low viscosity underneath the Central Range following the results of Lin (2000). We change the position, viscosity, and size for the block of low viscosity to examine the relation between the viscosity and the model curve. The results show that the variation of position has the most influence upon the model curve. As the block of low viscosity contacts the fault, the model curve expresses a very large amplitude. We find that model with the vertical low viscosity block located at 40-60km from the fault (Visc1), and another model with the horizontal low viscosity block located at 40-80km from the fault (Visc10) have the minimum RMS values. Moreover, comparing the model curves with GPS data, we find that models Visc1 and Visc10 are more or less consistent with the observation. Accordingly, we consider these two models are the best solutions in this research. We inferred that a low viscosity material may exist beneath the Central Range, and it does not contact with the Chelungpu fault. However, the best models are still not fitting the vertical data well. A more sophisticated three-dimensional model is needed in the future studies.
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Shih, Yi-hsiu, and 施怡秀. "The Deformation Characteristic of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Chushan Area." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14344434393389224445.
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Tsai, Ching Hong, and 蔡景宏. "1999 Great Earthquake as a Trigger for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Taiwan." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47336795563983600506.
Full textAbstract:
碩士高雄醫學大學
行為科學研究所
90
Abstract On September 21, 1999, at 01:47 a.m., central Taiwan (Ji-Ji county) was struck by a major earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter scale. Over 2300 people were killed and more than 12000 people were injured. The great earthquake caused severe psychological and physical impact on residents. The onset of acute myocardial infarction follows a circadian pattern, with peak incidence in the early morning hours triggered by awakening and the onset of activity. Natural disasters of brief duration such as earthquakes affecting large populations over a short period of time present models to study the effect of emotional stress as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Ji-Ji earthquake stress on the onset of acute myocardial infarction. We investigated six counties near the epicenter and the hospitalized patients under the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction were identified during September 21 to October 31, 1999. We also investigated those during the same period in 1998 to clarify the earthquake-related characteristics. The data was abstracted from the Bureau of National Health Insurance. The results show:(1).Hospitalization due to acute myocardial infarction increased for six weeks after earthquake. The total number from September 21 to October 31, 1999 was 99 patients, which was significantly higher than the 65 patients during the same period of the previous year(odds ratio 1.51, p< 0.05). (2).The counties closest to the epicenter had higher incidence of acute myocardial infarction (3).The incidence of acute myocardial infarction shows the trend to subside gradually from earthquake time.(4) The incidence of acute myocardial infarction after the earthquake in comparison with previous year increased especially during the first three weeks(p<0.05), then returning to the norm. (5).The onset of acute myocardial infarction patients with comorbid factors such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus were not higher than acute myocardial infarction patients alone. We concluded that extremely emotional stress with great earthquake superimposed on the stress of awakening results in enhanced triggering of acute myocardial infarction. 。
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Yen, Yin-Tung, and 顏銀桐. "Slip Distribution of Mw ≧6.0 aftershocks of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan, Earthquake." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86756674639915773162.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
地球物理研究所
90
We investigate the waveforms of several Mw ³6.0 aftershocks to examine the corresponding fault geometry and the distribution of slip on the fault of the aftershocks. The time points and locations that certainly happened in our investigated aftershocks are very close to each other. As a result, those aftershocks are mixed up and fault range and plane are difficult to be defined. One objective of this investigation is to obtain the distributions of slip of several (Mw ³6.0) aftershocks of Chi-Chi earthquake. In the aspect of synthetic waveform, we use the following steps to obtain. First, a fault plane was discretized into many subfaults to imply a finite fault. Then we calculate the point source response on the subfaults and combine all subfaults response. The point source responses for the strong motion synthetics are computed using a layered velocity structure with a frequency-wavenumber integration scheme. In addition, linear least-square inversion procedure that is adopted by Hartzwll and Heaton (1983) could obtain the subfaults dislocations when the best fit to the displacement waveforms between observation and synthetic could be got. A matrix of smoothing constraints also are taken into consideration. The transverse component of the Taiwan strong-motion stations (TSMIP) was used to analyze with detrend and intergrated twice the accelograms to displacements. These aftershocks are located in the eastern of Central Mountain Ranges and there are rare stations there. We must select more information from farther stations to carry analyses out, hence the velocity structure is considered attentive. The results from these aftershocks will thus be related to the mainshock to understand the general picture of the Chi-Chi earthquake sequence.
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Hsiao, Yi-Yun, and 蕭逸雲. "Spatial distribution of quality of life among Nantou’s residents after 1999 Taiwan earthquake." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/t8d4py.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
職業醫學與工業衛生研究所
92
Abstract Background: Spatial distribution of residents’ quality of life (QOL)in the disaster areas after an earthquake has not been studied before. Aims: This study aims to use Geological Information System (GIS) to evaluate the distribution of residents’ QOL surrounding the epicenter after 1999 Taiwan earthquake. Methods: One cross-sectional survey on 1,747 residents in the disaster area was conducted one year after the 1999 Taiwan earthquake. The brief version of the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) was used to measure quality of life and a questionnaire was used to obtain earthquake-related variables for our study subjects. Individual’s adjusted QOL was obtained by using General Linear Models (GLM) to account for age, gender, religion, education, marital status, financial loss, bereavement, house damage, and financial hardship. Individual’s distance to the epicenter was calculated by the least-square method. The contours of QOL surrounding the epicenter were developed by the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method in the ArcView 8.2. Results: Residents’ distance away from epicenter in improved significantly their quality of life in psychological, social and environmental domains. Their increases were 0.2, 0.1, and 0.1 per kilometer, respectively. No significant association was found between distance and QOL in the physiological domain. The GIS maps showed QOL contours had similar spatial trend as statistical modeling results. The QOL contours were not symmetry around epicenter but were easterly leaned toward the mountain townships in the disaster areas. Conclusion: Distance from epicenter is a significant predictor of resident’s QOL in psychological, social and environmental domains after an earthquake.