Journal articles on the topic '1998 h-663'

There is evidence of a reduction in children's physical activity in India in the last decade. Our objective was to assess whether size and body composition at birth are associated with physical activity in school-aged children. Children from a prospective observational cohort study born in Mysore, South India between 1997 and 1998 (n = 663) had neonatal anthropometric measurements made within 72 h of delivery [weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), chest, abdomen and head circumference, crown–heel, crown–buttock and leg length, triceps and subscapular skinfolds]. At 6–10 years, children (n = 449) were asked to wear AM7164 or GT1M Actigraph accelerometers for 7 days. Body composition was measured within 6 months of activity monitoring. Arm muscle area at birth and time of activity monitoring was calculated from MUAC and skinfold measurements.Activity outcome measures were: mean accelerometer counts per minute (cpm); counts per day and proportion of time spent in moderate and vigorous activity. The mean (s.d.) number of days with ⩾500 min of recorded accelerometer data was 7.0 (1.1). Linear regression models showed no significant associations between any of the neonatal anthropometric measures and the activity variables. Body fat percentage at 7.5 years was negatively associated with all activity variables (B = −4.69, CI: −7.31, −2.07 for mean cpm).In conclusion, this study showed no associations between body size and skinfold thickness at birth and objectively measured physical activity in childhood.

- Peter Boomgaard, John Robert Shepherd, Marriage and mandatory abortion among the 17th-century Siraya. Arlington: American Anthropological Association, 1995, iv + 99 pp. [American Ethnological Society Monograph Series 6.] - Bernice de Jong Boers, Michael Hitchcock, Islam and identity in Eastern Indonesia. Hull: The University of Hull Press, 1996, ix + 208 pp. - Dwight Y. King, Audrey R. Kahin, Subversion as foreign policy; The secret Eisenhower and Dulles debacle in Indonesia. New York: The New Press, 1995, 230 + 88 pp., George McT. Kahin (eds.) - Han Knapen, Harold Brookfield, In place of the forest; Environmental and socio-economic transformation in Borneo and the eastern Malay peninsula. Tokyo, New York, Paris: United Nations University Press, 1995, xiv + 310 pp. [UNU Studies on Critical Environmental Regions.], Lesley Potter, Yvonne Byron (eds.) - Niels Mulder, E. Paul Durrenberger, State power and culture in Thailand. New Haven: Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies, 1996, vii + 200 pp. [Monograph 43.] - Peter Pels, Margaret J. Wiener, Visible and invisible realms; Power, magic and colonial conquest in Bali. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, xiv + 445 pp. - Marie-Odette Scalliet, Annabel Teh Gallop, Early views of Indonesia; Drawings from the British Library. Pemandangan Indonesia di masa lampau; Seni gambar dari British Library. London: The British Library, Jakarta: Yayasan Lontar, 1995, 128 pp., 86 ill., 39 pl. - Cornelia M.I. van der Sluys, Marina Roseman, Healing sounds from the Malaysian rain forest; Temiar music and medicine. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993, xvii + 233 pp. - Cornelia M.I. van der Sluys, John D. Leary, Violence and the dream people; The Orang Asli in the Malayan emergency, 1948-1960. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University, Center for International Studies, 1995, xxiii + 238 pp. [Monographs in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series 95.] - H. Steinhauer, Darrell T. Tryon, Comparative Austronesian Dictionary; An introduction to Austronesian studies, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1995, Part I, Fascicle I: xxviii pp + p.1-666; Fascicle II: xix pp + p.667-1197; Part II: xviii + 749 pp; Part III: xviii + 739 pp; Part IV: xviii + 767 pp. [Trends in Linguistics, Documentation 10 (Werner Winter and Richard A. Rhodes, eds).]

The dimethyl sulfoxide hemisolvate of perindoprilat [systematic name: (1S)-2-((S)-{1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}azaniumyl)pentanoate dimethyl sulfoxide hemisolvate], C17H28N2O5·0.5C2H6OS, an active metabolite of perindopril, has been synthesized, structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and compared with its ethanol disolvate analogue [Pascardet al.(1991).J. Med. Chem.34, 663–669]. Both compounds crystallize in the orthorhombicP212121space group in the same zwitterionic form, with a protonated alanine N atom and an anionic carboxylate group at then-alkyl chain. The three structural units present in the unit cell (two zwitterions and the solvent molecule) are held together by a rich system of O—H...O, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen-bond contacts.

Проведен анализ морфологического и функционального состояния ряда важнейших систем организма экспериментальных животных (белых беспородных мышей) и их потомства на фоне длительного регулярного поступления в организм продуктов, содержащих токсические агенты в виде продуктов разложения химических соединений (радиолиза). Моделирование экологического воздействия на организм было осуществлено путем длительного регулярного кормления животных и их потомков зерном озимой пшеницs, которое было подвергнуто гамма-облучению в дозе 400 Гр с 1-10-суточным хранением после облучения. У подвергнутых воздействию животных изучали развитие адаптивной реакции системы крови, регуляции и активности ферментов антиоксидантной защиты (состояние прооксидантно-антиоксидантной системы ПРОАС), репродуктивной системы, нестабильности генома и формирование адаптаций к используемому токсическому фактору. Исследования показали, что у животных и их потомства первого поколения (F1) существенных изменений в системе крови и других исследуемых системах не обнаружено. Однако, в соответствии с данными, полученными в ходе дальнейшего эксперимента, у животных второго поколения (F2), получавших в рационе облученное зерно с 1-суточным сроком хранения выявляются отклонения гематологических показателей, уменьшение относительной массы внутренних органов, увеличение содержания РБФ-продуктов с одновременным снижением активности антиоксидантного фермента супероксиддисмутазы и повышением процессов мутагенеза. Включение в рацион потомков второго поколения (F2) антимутагенного препарата (активной кормовой добавки, содержащей в своем составе пропионовокислые бактерии) привело к снижению выраженности гемотоксического, метаболического и мутагенетического процессов, а также способствовало адаптации организма к экотоксическому фактору. Список литературы Руководство по краткосрочным тестам для выявления мутагенных и канцерогенных химических веществ: гигиенические критерии оценки состояния окружающей среды. Женева: ВОЗ, 1989. 219 с. Патент № 2731521 Российская Федерация С1 МПК G01N 33/53 (2006.01), А 61К 9/44 (2006.01). Способ диагностики радиационных поражений организма и способ получения противолучевого антительного бентонитового препарата для диагностики радиационных поражений организма: №2019110695: заявл. 10.04.2019: опубл. 03.09.2020 / Низамов Р.Н. 11 с. Adler I.D. Cytogenetic tests in mammals // Mutagenecity testing: a practical approach. Oxford: IRL Press, 1985. P. 275–306. Baverstock K. Radiation-induced genomic instability: a paradigm-breaking phenomenon and its relevance to environmentally induced cancer // Mutation response. 2000. V. 454. P. 89‒109. Bulkley G. The role of oxygen free radicals in human disease processes // Surgery. 1993. V. 94. P. 407‒411. Chauhan P.S., Aravindakshan M., Sundaram A. 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Kirk, A. P., Entz, M. H., Fox, S. L. and Tenuta, M. 2011. Mycorrhizal colonization, P uptake and yield of older and modern wheats under organic management. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 663–667. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important for plant nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizal dependence varies between wheat genotypes. Cultivar selection under fertilized conditions may have reduced mycorrhizal associations in modern cultivars. This study investigated AMF colonization, tissue P and grain yield of five modern (post 1990) and five older (pre 1970) spring wheat cultivars over 4 site-years in Manitoba. Older cultivars actually had significantly lower AMF colonization and grain yield than modern cultivars, but no tissue P concentration differences were observed. The two highest yielding lines were released after 2004, and one of these (FBC Dylan) was selected for suitability in organic farming systems.

ABSTRACT Tandem repeats of the pentanucleotide 5′-CCGNN (where N indicates any base) were previously shown to exclude nucleosomes in vitro (Y.-H. Wang and J. D. Griffith, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8863–8867, 1996). To determine the in vivo effects of these sequences, we replaced the upstream regulatory sequences of the HIS4 gene ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae with either 12 or 48 tandem copies of CCGNN. Both tracts activated HIS4 transcription. We found that (CCGNN)12 tracts elevated meiotic recombination (hot spot activity), whereas the (CCGNN)48 tract repressed recombination (cold spot activity). In addition, a “pure” tract of (CCGAT)12 activated both transcription and meiotic recombination. We suggest that the cold spot activity of the (CCGNN)48 tract is related to the phenomenon of the suppressive interactions of adjacent hot spots previously described in yeast (Q.-Q. Fan, F. Xu, and T. D. Petes, Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1679–1688, 1995; Q.-Q. Fan, F. Xu, M. A. White, and T. D. Petes, Genetics 145:661–670, 1997; T.-C. Wu and M. Lichten, Genetics 140:55–66, 1995; L. Xu and N. Kleckner, EMBO J. 16:5115–5128, 1995).

The title compound [systematic name: (1S)-2-((S)-{1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}azaniumyl)pentanoate monohydrate], C17H28N2O5·H2O, (I)·H2O, the active metabolite of the antihypertensive and cardiovascular drug perindopril, was obtained during polymorphism screening of perindoprilat. It crystallizes in the chiral orthorhombic space groupP212121, the same as the previously reported ethanol disolvate [Pascard, Guilhem, Vincent, Remond, Portevin & Laubie (1991).J. Med. Chem.34, 663–669] and dimethyl sulfoxide hemisolvate [Bojarska, Maniukiewicz, Sieroń, Fruziński, Kopczacki, Walczyński & Remko (2012).Acta Cryst.C68, o341–o343]. The asymmetric unit of (I)·H2O contains one independent perindoprilat zwitterion and one water molecule. These interactviastrong hydrogen bonds to give a cyclicR22(7) synthon, which provides a rigid molecular conformation. The geometric parameters of all three forms are similar. The conformations of the perhydroindole group are almost identical, but then-alkyl chain has conformational freedom. A three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network of O—H...O and N—H...O interactions is observed in the crystal structure of (I)·H2O, similar to the other two solvates, but because of the presence of different solvents the three crystal structures have diverse packing motifs. All three solvatomorphs are additionally stabilized by nonclassical weak C—H...O contacts.

Abstract Background: At ASH 2004 and 2005, we reported < 20% rates of from accelerated approval (AA) to regular approval (RA) for drugs used to treat hematologic malignancies (HMs). The FDA convened Oncologic Drug Advisory Committee (ODAC) meetings with sponsors of these drugs in 2003 and 2005 outlining recommendations for completion of subpart H trials. Congressmen Markey and Hinchey have raised concern over low rates of completion of subpart H studies for all AA drugs. The Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) project reviewed the current status of subpart H commitments for all cancer drugs that received AA prior to 2005. Methods: NDAs and supplements for new uses from the FDA, package inserts, and literature reviews were reviewed. Results: Of 19 cancer drugs receiving AA prior to 2005, conversion to RA has occurred for 2 of 9 drugs for HMs and 8 of 11 drugs for solid tumors (STs) (22% vs 73%, p<0.05). Subpart H studies have been ongoing for a median of 5 years for AA drugs for HMs; however, for ST drugs, these studies were completed in a median of 2.5 years. Of 7 subpart H studies reviewed at the 2005 ODAC meeting on AA, subpart H evaluations continue for all 4 for HMs versus 1 of 3 for STs. HMs are characterized by lower rates of target populations, most having > 25,000 newly diagnosed patients annually (25% vs 78%). Recruitment targets are smaller for AA studies for HMs (median, 82 vs 295 patients) and subpart H studies (median, 295 vs 535). Conclusions: Rates of conversion from AA to RA remain poor for drugs for hematologic malignancies but not for solid tumors drugs. In spite of ODAC meetings and two congressional inquiries, little progress ahs been made towards completing these trials. RADAR continues to urge policy makers to modify the AA process for drugs used to treat hematologic malignancies. Hematologic malignancy drugs receiving AA prior to 2005 and current status of subpart studies Drug AA Indication Pts in AA trial design AA year Target # of pts in Subpart H study RA Year Imatinib mesylate CML 1027 2001 1027 2003 Bortezomib MM 202 2003 669 2005 Denileukin difitox* CTCL** 71 1999 195 Pending Liposomal cytarabine* Lymphomatous meningitis** 33 1999 195 Pending Gemtuzumab ozogamicin* AML** 142 2000 342 Pending Alemtuzumab* B-Cell Chronic lymphocytic leukemia** 93 2001 197 Pending Ibritumomab tiuxetan Certain NHLs ** 230 2002 293 Pending Imatinib mesylate CML (pedatrics)** 39 2003 35 Pending Tositumomab Certain NHLs** 60 2003 N/A Pending Solid tumor cancer drugs receiving AA prior to 2005 and current status of subpart studies Drug AA Indication Pts in AA trial design AA year Target # of pts in Subpart H study RA year * Recommendations for completing trials were made at recent ODAC meetings ** Indications with >25,000 new diagnosis annually Irinotecan Colorectal 304 1996 535 1998 Docetaxel Breast 134 1996 326 1998 Capecitabine Breast 163 1998 511 2001 Temozolomide Brain 162 1999 573 2005 Liposomal Doxorubicin* Ovarian 85 1999 474 2005 Oxaliplatin Colorectal 463 2002 795 2004 Anastrozole Breast 9366 2002 6196 2005 Gefitinib Lung 221 2003 1700 2005 Liposomal Doxorubicin* Kaposi’s sarcoma** 77 1995 250 Pending Amifostine Non-small cell lung** 25 1996 366 Withdrawn Imatinib mesylate GI stromal tumors** 147 2002 946 Pending

ABSTRACT A pyrazinamidase (PZase)-deficient pncA mutant ofMycobacterium tuberculosis, constructed by allelic exchange, was used to investigate the effects of heterologous amidase gene expression on the susceptibility of this organism to pyrazinamide (PZA) and related amides. The mutant was highly resistant to PZA (MIC, >2,000 μg/ml), in accordance with the well-established role ofpncA in the PZA susceptibility of M. tuberculosis (A. Scorpio and Y. Zhang, Nat. Med. 2:662–667, 1996). Integration of the pzaA gene encoding the major PZase/nicotinamidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (H. I. M. Boshoff and V. Mizrahi, J. Bacteriol. 180:5809–5814, 1998) or the M. tuberculosis pncA gene into the pncAmutant complemented its PZase/nicotinamidase defect. In bothpzaA- and pncA-complemented mutant strains, the PZase activity was detected exclusively in the cytoplasm, suggesting an intracellular localization for PzaA and PncA. ThepzaA-complemented strain was hypersensitive to PZA (MIC, ≤10 μg/ml) and nicotinamide (MIC, ≥20 μg/ml) and was also sensitive to benzamide (MIC, 20 μg/ml), unlike the wild-type andpncA-complemented mutant strains, which were highly resistant to this amide (MIC, >500 μg/ml). This finding was consistent with the observation that benzamide is hydrolyzed by PzaA but not by PncA. Overexpression of PzaA also conferred sensitivity to PZA, nicotinamide, and benzamide on M. smegmatis (MIC, 150 μg/ml in all cases) and rendered Escherichia colihypersensitive for growth at low pH.

Airway responsiveness is exaggerated in infancy and declines with maturation. These age-related differences (R.S. Tepper, T. Du, A. Styhler, M. Ludwig, and J.G. Martin. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151: 836–840, 1995; R.S. Tepper, S.J. Gunst, C.M. Doerschuk, Y. Shen, and W. Bray. J. Appl. Physiol.78: 505–512, 1995; R.S. Tepper, J. Stevens, and H. Eigen. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149: 678–681, 1994) could be due to changes in the smooth muscle, the lung, and/or the airway wall. Folding of the mucosal membrane can provide an elastic load (R.K. Lambert, J. Appl. Physiol. 71: 666–673, 1991), which impedes smooth muscle shortening. We hypothesized that increased stiffness of the mucosal membrane occurs during aging, causing an increased mechanical load on airway smooth muscle and a decrease in airway responsiveness. Forty female New Zealand White rabbits between 0.75 and 35 mo of age were studied. Rectangular mucosal membrane strips oriented both longitudinally and circumferentially to the long axis of the trachea were dissected, and the stress-strain relationships of each strip were tested. The results showed that the membrane was stiffer in the longitudinal than in the circumferential direction of the airway. However, there was no significant change with age in either orientation. We conclude that the mechanical properties of the airway mucosal membrane did not change during maturation and were not likely to influence age-related changes in airway responsiveness.

Lauzon, Anne-Marie, Ann R. Elliott, Manuel Paiva, John B. West, and G. Kim Prisk. Cardiogenic oscillation phase relationships during single-breath tests performed in microgravity. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(2): 661–668, 1998.—We studied the phase relationships of the cardiogenic oscillations in the phase III portion of single-breath washouts (SBW) in normal gravity (1 G) and in sustained microgravity (μG). The SBW consisted of a vital capacity inspiration of 5% He-1.25% sulfurhexafluoride-balance O2, preceded at residual volume by a 150-ml Ar bolus. Pairs of gas signals, all of which still showed cardiogenic oscillations, were cross-correlated, and their phase difference was expressed as an angle. Phase relationships between inspired gases (e.g., He) and resident gas (N2) showed no change from 1 G (211 ± 9°) to μG (163 ± 7°). Ar bolus and He were unaltered between 1 G (173 ± 15°) and μG (211 ± 25°), showing that airway closure in μG remains in regions of high specific ventilation and suggesting that airway closure results from lung regions reaching low regional volume near residual volume. In contrast, CO2 reversed phase with He between 1 G (332 ± 6°) and μG (263 ± 27°), strongly suggesting that, in μG, areas of high ventilation are associated with high ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙a/Q˙). This widening of the range ofV˙a/Q˙in μG may explain previous measurements (G. K. Prisk, A. R. Elliott, H. J. B. Guy, J. M. Kosonen, and J. B. West. J. Appl. Physiol. 79: 1290–1298, 1995) of an overall unaltered range ofV˙a/Q˙in μG, despite more homogeneous distributions of both ventilation and perfusion.

Настоящая работа является первым общим описанием на русском языке двух некрополей Кампокиаро (Кампобассо, Италия) – Виченне и Морионе, датируемых последней третью VII в. – началом VIII в. Культурное содержание некрополей показывает прочные связи с населением центральноазиатского происхождения. Важнейшим признаком некрополей являются захоронения с конем, соответствующие евразийскому кочевому погребальному обряду. Автор поддержал выводы европейских исследователей о том, что с большой долей вероятности некрополи оставлены булгарами дукса–гаштальда Алзеко, зафиксированными Павлом Диаконом в VIII в. на территориях Бояно, Сепино и Изернии. Аналогии некрополей Кампокиаро с погребениями Аварского каганата показывают присутствие в аварском обществе булгар со схожим погребальным обрядом. Из тысяч погребений с конем, оставленных аварским населением, булгарам могла принадлежать большая часть. Авары и булгары составляли основу и правящую верхушку каганата. Народ Алзеко являлся той частью булгар, которая в 631 г. боролась за каганский престол, что указывает на высокое положение булгар и их большое количество. После поражения эта группа булгар мигрировала последовательно в Баварию, Карантанию и Италию. Несколько десятков лет проживания в венедской, а затем в лангобардской и романской среде привели к гетерогенности погребального инвентаря, но не изменили сам обряд. Булгары лангобардского королевства составляли новый военный слой, который представлял из себя профессиональную кавалерию, получивший землю. Эта конная дружина является ранним примером европейского феодального воинского и социального сословия, которое станет называться рыцарством. Библиографические ссылки Акимова М.С. Материалы к антропологии ранних болгар // Генинг В.Ф., Халиков А.Х. Ранние болгары на Волге (Больше–Тарханский могильник). М.: Наука, 1964. С. 177–191. Амброз А.К. Кинжалы VI – VIII вв, с двумя выступами на ножнах // СА. 1986. № 4. С. 53–73. 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Yields of irrigated soybean in Arkansas are threatened by two problems: chloride toxicity and sudden death syndrome (SDS). Soybeans are sensitive to chloride, which accumulates in the upper soil profile when water with high salt content is used for irrigation. Sudden death syndrome is a soilborne disease often associated with well-irrigated fields. Even though these problems both affect irrigated soybeans, there are no reports on the effect of chloride toxicity on SDS. To determine if there is an effect of chloride toxicity on SDS, a test was established at the Cotton Branch Station, Marianna, AR, in 1995 and 1996. Four cultivars were selected that were either susceptible to SDS (S) or resistant to SDS (R) and either translocated chloride to the leaves (includer, I) or confined chloride in the roots (excluder, E). The cultivars were Hartz 6686 (SE), Terra Vig 6653 (SI), Hartz 6200 (RE), and Asgrow 6297 (RI). Soil chloride concentrations were adjusted by the addition of KCl. Before planting, KCl was applied to achieve the recommended concentration of K over the entire field. At V4, chloride treatments were applied by either adding no additional KCl (low Cl) or adding 1,120 kg of KCl per ha (moderate Cl) or 2,240 kg of KCl per ha (high Cl). Soil samples were taken within the center two rows of each plot at planting, flowering (R2), and harvest and assayed for populations of Fusarium solani and Heterodera glycines. Soil chloride concentrations were determined at R2, and leaf chloride levels were determined at R3. Weekly disease ratings were made on SDS and converted to area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Plant lodging and the incidence of southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii) were determined during mid-reproductive growth. Leaf chloride concentrations were influenced by both chloride treatment and cultivar: elevated concentrations occurred with the includer cultivars in the moderate and the high Cl treatments. Soil concentrations of chloride reflected the chloride treatments in 1995, but not 1996. Soil populations of F. solani did not respond consistently to either chloride treatment or cultivar; however, H. glycines egg densities increased with increased soil chloride treatments in Hartz 6686 (SE) and Terra Vig 6653 (SI) at R2, but not at harvest. Increased soil chloride treatments increased SDS in both years with Hartz 6686 (SE), but did not affect this disease in the other cultivars. Higher soil chloride treatments decreased yield in all cultivars except Hartz 6200 (RE) in 1996. Although Terra Vig 6653 (SI) did not develop severe levels of SDS foliar symptoms, it did have increased lodging and significant increases in southern blight with moderate and high soil chloride treatments. These results indicate that growers with fields that have both elevated concentrations of soil chloride and SDS should select SDS-resistant excluder cultivars to minimize yield losses due to both problems.

Laforgia, J., R. T. Withers, N. J. Shipp, and C. J. Gore.Comparison of energy expenditure elevations after submaximal and supramaximal running. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(2): 661–666, 1997.—Although exercise intensity has been identified as a major determinant of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), no studies have compared the EPOC after submaximal continuous running and supramaximal interval running. Eight male middle-distance runners [age = 21.1 ± 3.1 (SD) yr; mass = 67.8 ± 5.1 kg; maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 max) = 69.2 ± 4.0 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1] therefore completed two equated treatments of treadmill running (continuous running: 30 min at 70%V˙o 2 max; interval running: 20 × 1-min intervals at 105%V˙o 2 max with intervening 2-min rest periods) and a control session (no exercise) in a counterbalanced research design. The 9-h EPOC values were 6.9 ± 3.8 and 15.0 ± 3.3 liters ( t-test: P = 0.001) for the submaximal and supramaximal treatments, respectively. These values represent 7.1 and 13.8% of the net total oxygen cost of both treatments. Notwithstanding the higher EPOC for supramaximal interval running compared with submaximal continuous running, the major contribution of both to weight loss is therefore via the energy expended during the actual exercise.

6-(D-threo-1´,2´-Dihydroxypropylpterin (dictyopterin) has been identified in extracts of growing Dictyostelium discoideum cells [Klein, Thiery and Tatischeff (1990) Eur. J. Biochem. 187, 665–669]. We demonstrate that it originates from GTP by de novo biosynthesis and that the first committed step is catalysed by GTP cyclohydrolase I, yielding dihydroneopterin triphosphate [neopterin is 6-(D-erythro-1´,2´,3´-trihydroxypropyl) pterin]. The GTP cyclohydrolase I activity is found in the cytosolic fraction and in a membrane-associated form. The level of a 0.9 kb mRNA coding for GTP cyclohydrolase I decreases to about 10% of its initial value within 2 h after Dictyostelium cells start development induced by starvation. In the cytosolic fraction, the specific activities of GTP cyclohydrolase I, as well as the concentrations of (6R/S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrodictyopterin (H4dictyopterin), follow this decline of the mRNA level. In the particulate fraction, however, the specific activities of GTP cyclohydrolase I and, in consequence, H4dictyopterin synthesis, transiently increase and reach a maximum after 4–5 h of development. The time-course of H4dictyopterin concentrations in the starvation medium closely correlates with its production in the membrane fraction. The activity of membrane-associated GTP cyclohydrolase I can be increased by pre-incubation of the cell lysate with guanosine 5´-[γ-thio]triphosphate and Mg2+. This GTP analogue does not serve as a substrate and has no direct effect on the enzyme activity, indicating that a G-protein-linked signalling pathway is involved in the regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I activity and thus in H4dictyopterin production during early development of D. discoideum.

Rab proteins are small GTPases that are essential elements of the protein transport machinery of eukaryotic cells. Each round of membrane transport requires a cycle of Rab protein nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. We have recently characterized a protein, Yip1p, which appears to play a role in Rab-mediated membrane transport inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we report the identification of a Yip1p-associated protein, Yop1p. Yop1p is a membrane protein with a hydrophilic region at its N terminus through which it interacts specifically with the cytosolic domain of Yip1p. Yop1p could also be coprecipitated with Rab proteins from total cellular lysates. TheTB2gene is the human homolog of Yop1p (Kinzler, K. W., Nilbert, M. C., Su, L.-K., Vogelstein, B., Bryan, T. M., Levey, D. B., Smith, K. J., Preisinger, A. C., Hedge, P., McKechnie, D., Finniear, R., Markham, A., Groffen, J., Boguski, M. S., Altschul, S. F., Horii, A., Ando, H. M., Y., Miki, Y., Nishisho, I., and Nakamura, Y. (1991)Science253, 661–665). Our data demonstrate that Yop1p negatively regulates cell growth. Disruption ofYOP1has no apparent effect on cell viability, while overexpression results in cell death, accumulation of internal cell membranes, and a block in membrane traffic. These results suggest that Yop1p acts in conjunction with Yip1p to mediate a common step in membrane traffic.

ABSTRACT Yeast strains with a mutation in the MEC1 gene are deficient in the cellular checkpoint response to DNA-damaging agents and have short telomeres (K. B. Ritchie, J. C. Mallory, and T. D. Petes, Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:6065–6075, 1999; T. A. Weinert, G. L. Kiser, and L. H. Hartwell, Genes Dev. 8:652–665, 1994). In wild-type yeast cells, genes inserted near the telomeres are transcriptionally silenced (D. E. Gottschling, O. M. Aparichio, B. L. Billington, and V. A. Zakian, Cell 63:751–762, 1990). We show that mec1strains have reduced ability to silence gene expression near the telomere. This deficiency was alleviated by the sml1mutation. Overexpression of Mec1p also resulted in a silencing defect, although this overexpression did not affect the checkpoint function of Mec1p. Telomeric silencing was not affected by mutations in several other genes in the Mec1p checkpoint pathway (null mutations inRAD9 and CHK1 or in several hypomorphicrad53 alleles) but was reduced by a null mutation ofDUN1. In addition, the loss of telomeric silencing inmec1 strains was not a consequence of the slightly shortened telomeres observed in these strains.

547 Background: In the early 1990’s, the role of adjuvant T in premenopausal women with EBC had not been clearly established. The efficacy of adjuvant T in hormone receptor (H) negative EBC was unclear. Methods: Eligible premenopausal women with node (N) +ve/high risk N -ve EBC, any H status, post surgery, received standard adjuvant CT (AC ×4, CMF ×6, CEF x6) then were randomized to T (20 mg/day) or P for 5 yrs. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and toxicity/compliance were evaluated. Original sample size was 800 pts but based on slow accrual was reduced to 660. Mortality rate is lower than anticipated, and Data Safety Monitoring Committee approved reporting results after second interim analysis (152 deaths). Results: 1993–2000, 672 women randomized, median follow-up 8.4 yrs. For T vs P, 5 yr OS 87% vs 82% [Hazard Ratio HR 0.81 (95% CI 0.58–1.12), p = 0.19] and 5 yr DFS 78% vs 71% [HR 0.79 (95% CI 0.61–1.03), p = 0.09]. HR for OS (0.87 vs 0.78, p = 0.71) and DFS (0.79 vs 0.77, p = 0.87) were not significantly different for H +ve and H -ve tumors respectively. Compliance with T/P was suboptimal, 29% women stopping treatment within 2 yrs, and only 53% completing 5 yrs. Conclusions: Current results show only a trend towards improved DFS for premenopausal women with EBC who receive T after adjuvant CT. Other studies of similar design have shown improved DFS, but not OS, and meta-analysis may be more informative. Issues affecting results (slow accrual, improved outcomes for EBC, poor compliance, additional therapies) will be discussed. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]

AbstractThe objective of this work was to determine the rumen fermentation characteristics of maize land races used as forage in central Mexico. In vitro gas production (ml per 200 mg dry matter (DM)) incubations were carried out, and cumulative gas volumes were fitted to the Krishnamoorthyet al.(1991) model. The trial used a split-plot design with cultivation practices associated with maize colour (COL) as the main plot with three levels: white, yellow and black maize; growing periods (PER) were the split plots where PER1, PER2 and PER3 represented the first, second and third periods, respectively and two contrasting zones (Z1=valley and Z2=mountain) were used as blocking factors. The principal effects observed were associated with the maturity of the plants and potential gas production increased (P<0·05) in stems (PER1=51·8, PER2=56·3, PER3=58·4 ml per 200 mg DM) and in whole plant (PER1=60·9, PER2=60·8, PER3=70·9 ml per 200 mg DM). An inverse effect was observed with fermentation rates in leaves (P<0·01) with 0·061, 0·053 and 0·0509 (per h) and in whole plant (P<0·05) with 0·068, 0·057, 0·050 (per h) in PER1, PER2 and PER3 respectively. The digestibility of the neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) decreased with maturity especially in leaves (P<0·05) with values of 0·71, 0·67 and 0·66 g/kg; in rachis (P<0·01) 0·75, 0·72, and 0·65 in PER1, PER2 and PER3 respectively. The NDF content in leaves in leaves (668, 705 and 713 g/kg DM for PER1, PER2 and PER3, respectively), stems (580, 594 and 644 g/kg DM) and, husk (663, 774 and, 808 g/kg DM) increased (P<0·05) with increasing plant maturity, rachis were significantly different between periods (P<0·01). The structure with the best nutritive characteristics was the husk, because it had the lowest fibre contents, especially in acid-detergent lignin, with values of 22·6, 28·6 and 37·6 g/kg DM in PER1, PER2 and PER3, respectively.

In this work we have obtained exact analytical formulae expressing the wave resistance of a two-dimensional body by the parameters of the downstream non-breaking waves. The body moves horizontally at a constant speed $c$ in a channel of finite depth $h$. We have analysed the relationships between the parameters of the upstream flow and the downstream waves. Making use of some results by Keady & Norbury (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 70, 1975, pp. 663–671) and Benjamin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 295, 1995, pp. 337–356), we have rigorously proved that realistic steady free-surface flows with a positive wave resistance exist only if the upstream flow is subcritical, i.e. the Froude number $\mathit{Fr}=c/\sqrt{gh}<1$. For all solutions with downstream waves obtained by a perturbation of a supercritical upstream uniform flow the wave resistance is negative. Applying a numerical technique, we have calculated accurate values of the wave resistance depending on the wavelength, amplitude and mean depth.

AbstractFor a given (d−1)-dimensional simplicial complex Γ, we denote its h-vector by h(Γ)=(h0(Γ),h1(Γ),. . .,hd(Γ)) and set h−1(Γ)=0. The known Swartz equality implies that if Δ is a (d−1)-dimensional Buchsbaum simplicial complex over a field, then for every 0 ≤ i ≤ d, the inequality ihi(Δ)+(d−i+1)hi−1(Δ) ≥ 0 holds true. In this paper, by using these inequalities, we give a simple proof for a result of Terai (N. Terai, On h-vectors of Buchsbaum Stanley–Reisner rings, Hokkaido Math. J. 25(1) (1996), 137–148) on the h-vectors of Buchsbaum simplicial complexes. We then generalize the Swartz equality (E. Swartz, Lower bounds for h-vectors of k-CM, independence, and broken circuit complexes, SIAM J. Discrete Math. 18(3) (2004/05), 647–661), which in turn leads to a generalization of the above-mentioned inequalities for Cohen–Macaulay simplicial complexes in co-dimension t.

Tom 1, litery A–C, pod red. M. Jaskólskiego, Warszawa 1997, ss. 457;Tom 2, litery D–H, pod red. M. Jaskólskiego, Warszawa 1999, ss. 473;Tom 3, litery I–Ł, pod red. M. Jaskólskiego, Warszawa 2009, ss. 660;Tom 4, litery M–Q, pod red. K. Chojnickiej i M. Jaskólskiego, Warszawa 2009, ss. 798;Tom 5, litery R–Ś, pod red. K. Chojnickiej i M. Jaskólskiego, Warszawa 2012, ss. 789;Tom 6, litery T–Ź, pod red. K. Chojnickiej i M. Jaskólskiego, Warszawa 2016, ss. 788

Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (HC) class switch recombination (CSR) is a late B cell process that involves intrachromosomal DNA rearrangement. Ku70 and Ku80 form a DNA end-binding complex required for DNA double strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Ku70−/− (K70T) mice, like recombination activating gene (RAG)-1– or RAG-2–deficient (R1T or R2T) mice, have impaired B and T cell development at an early progenitor stage, which is thought to result at least in part from defective V(D)J recombination (Gu, Y., K.J. Seidl, G.A. Rathbun, C. Zhu, J.P. Manis, N. van der Stoep, L. Davidson, H.L. Cheng, J.M. Sekiguchi, K. Frank, et al. 1997. Immunity. 7:653–665; Ouyang, H., A. Nussenzweig, A. Kurimasa, V.C. Soares, X. Li, C. Cordon-Cardo, W. Li, N. Cheong, M. Nussenzweig, G. Iliakis, et al. 1997. J. Exp. Med. 186:921–929). Therefore, to examine the potential role of Ku70 in CSR, we generated K70T mice that carry a germline Ig HC locus in which the JH region was replaced with a functionally rearranged VH(D)JH and Ig λ light chain transgene (referred to as K70T/HL mice). Previously, we have shown that B cells from R1T or R2T mice carrying these rearranged Ig genes (R1T/HL or R2T/HL mice) can undergo CSR to IgG isotypes (Lansford, R., J. Manis, E. Sonoda, K. Rajewsky, and F. Alt. 1998. Int. Immunol. 10:325–332). K70T/HL mice had significant numbers of peripheral surface IgM+ B cells, which generated serum IgM levels similar to those of R2T/HL mice. However, in contrast to R2T/HL mice, K70T/HL mice had no detectable serum IgG isotypes. In vitro culture of K70T/HL B cells with agents that induce CSR in normal or R2T/HL B cells did lead to the induction of germline CH transcripts, indicating that initial signaling pathways for CSR were intact in K70T/HL cells. However, treatment with such agents did not lead to detectable CSR by K70T/HL B cells, and instead, led to cell death within 72 h. We conclude that Ku70 is required for the generation of B cells that have undergone Ig HC class switching. Potential roles for Ku70 in the CSR process are discussed.

Phytophthora nicotianae (synonym P. parasitica) Breda de Haan was isolated from recently harvested onion bulbs (Allium cepa) in cold storage from a commercial field in southern New Mexico. Deteriorating, water-soaked tissue from the center of four bulbs was plated onto water agar and incubated at room temperature. After 72 h, cultures of Phytophthora (identified by the presence of coenocytic hyphae and papillate sporangia) were isolated and transferred to V8 agar amended with ampicillin (250 mg/liter), rifampicin (10 mg/liter), and pimaricin (0.2% wt/vol). Isolates were identified as P. nicotianae based on morphological characteristics and DNA analysis. Sporangia were sharply papilliate, noncaducous, and ovoid to spherical. The average sporangium size was 45.9 × 39.9 μm with a length-to-width ratio of 1.15. Clamydospores, both terminal and intercalary, were spherical to ovoid and averaged 37.2 × 35.2 μm (2). PCR from whole-cell extracts was performed on four cultured isolates from the infected onion tissue using previously described primers ITS4 and ITS6, which amplify the 5.8S rDNA and ITS1 and ITS2 internal transcribed spacers (1,4). A band of approximately 890 bp was amplified and directly sequenced (GenBank Accession No. HQ398876). A BLAST search of the NCBI total nucleotide collection revealed a 100% similarity to multiple P. nicotianae isolates previously sequenced (1). To confirm the pathogenicity of the isolates, onion seedlings were inoculated with 25 ml of P. nicotionae zoospore solution (15,000 zoospores/ml). Necrosis of leaf tissue and seedling death was observed 5 days postinoculation. P. nicotianae was reisolated from the infected onion seedlings and the ITS region was sequenced to confirm its identity. P. nicotianae was previously reported in bulb onion from Australia, Taiwan (Formosa), and Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) (2). P. nicotianae was reported on bunching onions (A. fistulosum) in Hawaii in 1989 (3). Onions are an important crop in New Mexico with a total production value of 47 million dollars in 2008 (NM Agriculture Statistics 2008). This discovery of a potentially significant postharvest disease poses a threat to the onion industry in New Mexico. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. nicotianae in bulb onion in the United States and the first report of P. nicotianae in New Mexico on any crop. References: (1) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997. (2) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Page 56 in: Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1996. (3) R. D. Raabe et al. Information Text Series No. 22. University of Hawaii. Hawaii Inst. Trop. Agric. Human Resources, 1981. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

Species-specific binding between the flagellar surfaces of mating types plus and minus (mt+ and mt-) gametes of Chlamydomonas eugametos is mediated by mating type-specific agglutinins. Their interaction triggers several mating responses that are necessary for cell fusion, such as flagellar twitching, flagellar tip activation, redistribution of agglutinin molecules to the flagellar tip (tipping), and mating structure activation. Earlier, we reported that a monoclonal antibody (mAb 66.3) can induce mating reactions by cross-linking the agglutinins (Homan, W. L., A. Musgrave, H. de Nobel, R. Wagter, A. H. J. Kolk, D. de Wit, and H. van den Ende. 1988. J. Cell Biol. 107:177-189). Here we report that the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), which does not bind to the agglutinins, can also invoke all these mating reactions. We show, by immunofluorescence studies using anti-WGA and an agglutinin-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb 66.3), that WGA induces the redistribution of agglutinin to the flagellar tips of mt- gametes. Vice versa, when agglutinin tipping is induced by mAb 66.3, the WGA-binding glycoproteins are also tipped. Under the same conditions, the major flagellar glycoproteins are not redistributed, indicating that membrane transport is limited to a few components. We conclude that each agglutinin is associated with a WGA-binding glycoprotein. When cells lacking agglutinin or cells possessing inactive agglutinins are treated with WGA, mating responses are again elicited. The data suggest that clustering of agglutinin-containing complexes results in the production of intracellular signals, such as cAMP, and the coupling of the complex to a force generating system. In nature, the complexes are clustered via the agglutinins, but artificially they can be clustered by lectins or antibodies directed against other proteins in the complex.

Pure swards of chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were grown at Palmerston North, New Zealand. They were cut daily and fed hourly at 2·25 kg dry matter (DM)/day to eight hand-reared, rumen-fistulated castrated red deer stags kept in metabolism crates during December 1994 and January 1995 (summer). Apparent digestibility, rumen fractional disappearance rate (FDPR), rumen fractional degradation rate (FDR), rumen fractional outflow rate (FOR) and mean retention time (MRT) were measured. The ratio of readily fermentable carbohydrate to structural carbohydrate was approximately three times higher in chicory than in perennial ryegrass. Apparent digestibility of DM was higher in deer fed chicory than in deer fed perennial ryegrass (0·785 v. 0·727), whilst apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was lower in deer fed chicory (0·679 v. 0·755), due to a reduced hemicellulose digestibility (0·667 v. 0·783). Relative to deer fed perennial ryegrass, those fed chicory had higher rumen FDPR values for DM (14·5 v. 8·6%/h), soluble carbohydrate (69·9 v. 54·7%/h), cellulose (15·5 v. 9·8%/h) and lignin (6·8 v. 3·8%/h). Rumen FDR in deer fed chicory was higher than those fed perennial ryegrass for cellulose (11·4 v. 7·0%/h) and lignin (2·7 v. 1·0%/h), but tended to be lower for hemicellulose. Rumen FOR was higher and MRT was lower for both liquid and particulate matter in deer fed chicory compared to deer fed perennial ryegrass.It is concluded that rumen FDPR and apparent digestibility were much higher in deer fed chicory than in deer fed perennial ryegrass, due to faster degradation rates of most constituents in the rumen and faster outflow rates from the rumen. An exception was hemicellulose, where reduced rumen degradation rates and shorter rumen particulate MRT contributed to reduced apparent digestibility. Faster clearance from the rumen, due to both faster degradation and outflow rates may be used to explain the greater voluntary feed intake (VFI), as well as faster growth rate in deer grazing chicory compared to those grazing perennial ryegrass. Faster rates of lignin solubility in the rumen probably contributed to the more rapid breakdown of chicory in the rumen.

Novel technologies, new understanding of the basement membrane composition, and better comprehension of the embryonic development of the mammalian kidney have led to explosive growth in the use of three-dimensional in vitro models to study a range of human disease pathologies (Clevers H. Cell 165: 1586–1597, 2016; Shamir ER, Ewald AJ. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 15: 647–664, 2014). The development of these effective model systems represents a new tool to study the progressive cystogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). ADPKD is a prevalent and complex monogenetic disease, characterized by the pathological formation of fluid fill cysts in renal tissue (Grantham JJ, Mulamalla S, Swenson-Fields KI. Nat Rev Nephrol 7: 556–566, 2011; Takiar V, Caplan MJ. Biochim Biophys Acta 1812: 1337–1343, 2011). ADPKD cystogenesis is attributed to loss of function mutations in either PKD1 or PKD2, which encode for two transmembrane proteins, polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, and progresses with loss of both copies of either gene through a proposed two-hit mechanism with secondary somatic mutations (Delmas P, Padilla F, Osorio N, Coste B, Raoux M, Crest M. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 322: 1374–1383, 2004; Pei Y, Watnick T, He N, Wang K, Liang Y, Parfrey P, Germino G, St George-Hyslop P. Am Soc Nephrol 10: 1524–1529, 1999; Wu G, D’Agati V, Cai Y, Markowitz G, Park JH, Reynolds DM, Maeda Y, Le TC, Hou H Jr, Kucherlapati R, Edelmann W, Somlo S. Cell 93: 177–188, 1998). The exaggerated consequences of large fluid filled cysts result in fibrosis and nephron injury, leading initially to functional compensation but ultimately to dysfunction (Grantham JJ. Am J Kidney Dis 28: 788–803, 1996; Norman J. Biochim Biophys Acta 1812: 1327–1336, 2011; Song CJ, Zimmerman KA, Henke SJ, Yoder BK. Results Probl Cell Differ 60: 323–344, 2017). The complicated disease progression has scattered focus and resources across the spectrum of ADPKD research.

The objective of this study was to investigate rumen fermentation, apparent digestibility of nutrients, and morphology of ruminal und intestinal mucosa in two cattle breeds of different metabolic type. From each breed six purebred German Holstein (H) bulls representing the secretion type and six Charolais (CH) bulls representing the accretion type were raised and fattened under identical conditions with <I>semi ad libitum</I> feeding of a high energy diet. The animals were used for a digestion trial started at nine months of age and animals were slaughtered at 18 months of age. Body weight (668 vs. 764 kg, <I>P</I> = 0.011), body weight gain (1 223 vs. 1 385 g/day, <I>P</I> = 0.043), and body protein gain (93 vs. 128 g/day, <I>P</I> = 0.001) were lower in H compared to CH bulls. Protein expense per kg protein accretion was higher in H bulls (13.8 vs. 10.2, <I>P</I> = 0.001). No significant differences were found in concentration and pattern of ruminal short chain fatty acid and in apparent digestibility of organic matter, crude fibre, and N-free extracts. There were no significant differencs in all morphometric traits of rumen mucosa between both cattle breeds. Compared to H, the villi of CH bulls were higher in duodenum (586 vs. 495 &mu;m, <I>P</I> = 0.001) and proximal jejunum (598 vs. 518&mu;m, <I>P</I> < 0.001), the crypt were deeper in duodenum (295 vs. 358, <I>P</I>< 0.001) and proximal jejunum (292 vs. 344 &mu;m, <I>P</I> = 0.020). In contrast, the villi in ileum were higher in H (522 vs. 471 &mu;m, <I>P</I> = 0.006). The weight of total small intestine, as percentage of total body weight, was 1.1 in H and 0.8 in CH (<I>P</I> = 0.002). The utilization of food crude protein was positively related to the duodenal (<I>P</I> = 0.001) and proximal jejunal villus height (<I>P</I> = 0.003) and to the duodenal crypt depth (<I>P</I> < 0.001) and negatively related to weight of small intestine (<I>P</I> = 0.004). It is concluded, that the higher growth potential and feed efficiency in CH bulls compared to H bulls is not caused by differences in digestion processes, but in size of small intestine, and morphology of small intestinal mucosa. Obviously the duodenum and proximal jejunum of CH bulls adapt to increase the absorptive surface due to the increase in nutrient demand.

AbstractWe present CCD photometry in the Washington-system C and T1 passbands down to T1 ~ 22.5 mag in the fields of NGC 1697, SL 133, NGC 1997, SL 663, and OHSC 28, five mostly unstudied star clusters in the LMC. Cluster radii were estimated from star counts in appropriately sized boxes distributed throughout the entire observed fields. We perform a detailed analysis of field-star contamination and derive cluster colour–magnitude diagrams (CMDs). Based on the best fits of isochrones computed by the Padova group to the (C − T1, T1) CMDs, the δ(T1) index and the ‘standard giant-branch’ procedure, we derive metallicities and ages for the five clusters. With the exception of NGC 1697 (age = 0.7 Gyr, [Fe/H] = 0.0 dex), the remaining four clusters are of intermediate age (from 2.2 to 3.0 Gyr) and relatively metal poor ([Fe/H] = −0.7 dex). We combine our sample with clusters with ages and metallicities on a similar scale and examine relationships between position in the LMC, age and metallicity. We confirm previous results that clusters younger than ~ 1 Gyr were formed during an outside-in process; this occurred after a burst of cluster formation that took place mainly in the outer disk and peaked ~ 2 Gyr ago. Finally, the cluster and field age–metallicity relations (AMRs) show evidence for a metallicity offset but do overlap, particularly on the upper-envelope side of the cluster AMR.

A severe outbreak of a foliar disease occurred on ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Tyao) cultivated under plastic protection near Potchefstroom in the North West Province during February 2000. According to previous descriptions of host range, symptoms, and spore morphology, the pathogen was identified as the microcyclic rust fungus, Puccinia xanthii Schwein. (2–4). Telia, reaching 9 mm in diameter and often coalescing to form larger lesions associated with chlorosis, occurred on the lower surface of leaves. Symptoms were first observed at the V-12 growth stage when approximately 40% of leaves displayed lesions. The disease subsequently spread to younger plants (V-2 stage) where an incidence of 100% was recorded. Severity estimates regularly reached 50% leaf area affected. The primary source of inoculum was thought to be nearby rust-infected Xanthium strumarium sensu lato (burweed or cocklebur) plants, a known host for P. xanthii (2,4). Infection studies were carried out on 3-week-old sunflower plants using a mini settling tower supporting an inverted water agar plate containing leaf disks with P. xanthii telia (2) obtained from either sunflower or burweed. Plants covered with a settling tower were kept in the dark in a dew chamber for 48 h. Microscopic examination of inoculum from both sources confirmed germination of teliospores and formation of basidiospores. Test entries had similar disease reactions regardless of whether inocula were collected from H. annuus or X. strumarium. Fleck symptoms were visible on the hybrids SNK 77 and Orit 5 days after placing plants in the dew chamber. On these entries, telia gradually increased in size, indicating susceptibility to P. xanthii. Furthermore, those leaves receiving high inoculum dosages were desiccated 11 days after inoculation. Hybrids Hysun 333 and CRN 1470 and the male sterility maintainer lines DC 4 and RK 74 produced resistant reactions. Hyperplasia of stem and petiole tissue was observed on certain Orit, DC 4, and CRN 1470 plants. Susceptibility of burweed, a common and widespread annual weed in southern Africa (1), to a sunflower isolate of P. xanthii, was also confirmed. Depending on the formation of teliospores, the identity of the causal organism was verified in all inoculation studies. P. xanthii damage on sunflower has not been reported from South Africa. However, the disease has now become economically important as severe foliar lesions rendered plants unacceptable for the ornamental sunflower market. References: (1) C. Bromilow. 1995. Problem Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, South Africa. (2) L. Morin et al. Can. J. Bot. 71:959, 1993. (3) L. Morin et al. Mycol. Res. 96:661, 1992. (4) J. Parmelee. Can. J. Bot. 47:1391, 1969.

AbstractIn this paper, we first establish a kind of weighted space-time {L^{2}} estimate, which belongs to Keel–Smith–Sogge-type estimates, for perturbed linear elastic wave equations. This estimate refines the corresponding one established by the second author [D. Zha, Space-time L^{2} estimates for elastic waves and applications, J. Differential Equations 263 2017, 4, 1947–1965] and is proved by combining the methods in the former paper, the first author, Wang and Yokoyama’s paper [K. Hidano, C. Wang and K. Yokoyama, On almost global existence and local well posedness for some 3-D quasi-linear wave equations, Adv. Differential Equations 17 2012, 3–4, 267–306] and some new ingredients. Then, together with some weighted Sobolev inequalities, this estimate is used to show a refined version of almost global existence of classical solutions for nonlinear elastic waves with small initial data. Compared with former almost global existence results for nonlinear elastic waves due to John [F. John, Almost global existence of elastic waves of finite amplitude arising from small initial disturbances, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 41 1988, 5, 615–666] and Klainerman and Sideris [S. Klainerman and T. C. Sideris, On almost global existence for nonrelativistic wave equations in 3D, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 49 1996, 307–321], the main innovation of our result is that it considerably improves the amount of regularity of initial data, i.e., the Sobolev regularity of initial data is assumed to be the smallest among all the admissible Sobolev spaces of integer order in the standard local existence theory. Finally, in the radially symmetric case, we establish the almost global existence of a low regularity solution for every small initial data in {H^{3}\times H^{2}}.

Thirteen strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, causal agent of bacterial spot of pepper (Capsicum spp.) and tomato (Lycopersicum spp.), were isolated from six different pepper fields in the vicinity of Bongabon, Luzon, the Philippines. The strains were characterized based on sensitivity to copper and streptomycin, physiological tests, analysis of whole cell fatty acids (fatty acid methyl ester; FAME), serology, amplification of the 16S–23S rDNA spacer region, pathogenicity, and virulence on pepper and tomato differential genotypes as previously described (1,2). All of the Philippine strains were copper resistant (50 μg/ml), and streptomycin sensitive (20 μg /ml). None of the strains were pectolytic or amylolytic. FAME analysis showed that all strains had similar fatty acid profiles, and matched the strains to X. campestris (similarity indices [S.I.] = 0.186–0.455). With the universal primers 4F/7R, a DNA fragment (680 bp) was amplified from 16S–23S rDNA spacer regions of all Philippine strains. Serological fingerprints of the strains with a set of eight monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that all Philippine strains were serovar A1. Existence of the avrRxv gene in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria race T1 strains was also confirmed for all Philippine strains by amplifying a DNA fragment (approximately 0.7 kb) with the primer set RST 27/28. This is genetic evidence for race identity of the Philippine strains with T1. However, hypersensitive test results on pepper and tomato differential lines identified the Philippine strains as T2P7. These results showed that X. campestris pv. vesicatoria strains may contain the avrRxv gene, but it may not be functional. This is the first report of the observation of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria race T2P7 on pepper. References: (1) H. Bouzar et al. Phytopathology 84:664, 1994; (2) F. Sahin and S. A. Miller. Plant Dis. 82:794, 1998.