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1
Westermann, Th, and W. Schimassek. "Experimental and numerical investigation of a self-magnetically Bθ-insulated ion diode." Laser and Particle Beams 7, no. 4 (November 1989): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600006157.
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This is a short summary of research on the self-magnetically Bθ-insulated ion diode originally proposed by K. Zieher (1981, 1983, 1984, 1984a). We report the most recent progress. For detailed discussions see the forthcoming publications (Schimassek 1989; Westermann 1989). After the exploratory work of Zieher the efforts of recent years have concentrated on the numerical simulation (Westermann 1988; 1988a; 1988b), the development of detailed diagnostic tools (Rogner & Schultheiss 1986; Kühn & Rogner 1985; Klumpp & Bluhm 1986) and the focusing properties of the Bθ-diode (Citron et al. 1986; Bauer et al. 1987; Schimassek et al. 1988; Westermann 1988c). Experiments and numerical simulations on three modifications of the diode will be reported (version I, II, III).
2
McDonald, John, and Ralph Shlomowitz. "Mortality on Convict Voyages to Australia, 1788–1868." Social Science History 13, no. 3 (1989): 285–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016412.
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During the past two decades, there has been an outpouring of research on the seaboard mortality associated with intercontinental migration during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. The focus of historical interest in this linkage between mortality and migration has been the Atlantic slave trade. We now have mortality rates on voyages from various regions in Africa to various destinations in the Americas, from the late seventeenth century to the mid-nineteenth century (see Curtin, 1968, 1969: 275-286; Klein and Engerman, 1976, 1979; Klein, 1978; Postma, 1979; Miller, 1981; Cohn and Jensen, 1982a, 1982b; Cohn, 1985; Eltis, 1984, 1987; Steckel and Jensen, 1986; Galenson, 1986). These slave studies have spawned renewed interest in the mortality associated with other seaborne populations, and mortality rates have been calculated on Dutch immigrant voyages to the East Indies during the eighteenth century, European convict and immigrant voyages to North America and European immigrant voyages to Australia during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and Indian and Pacific Islander indentured labor voyages to Fiji and Queensland, Australia, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (see Riley, 1981; Eltis, 1983; Cohn, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988; Grubb, 1987; Ekirch, 1987; Morgan, 1985; Shlomowitz, 1986, 1987, 1989; McDonald and Shlomowitz, 1988, forthcoming).
3
Luchin, Vladimir A., and Vladimir I. Matveev. "Interannual variability of thermal state of the cold subsurface layer in the Okhotsk Sea." Izvestiya TINRO 187, no. 4 (December 30, 2016): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2016-187-205-216.
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Long-term variability of the cold subsurface water (CSW) in the Okhotsk Sea is analyzed on the base of all available oceanographic data collected in March through August of 1946-2015 (total 65,742 stations). The Integral Heat Content (IHC) is calculated for each station and average annual IHC anomalies of the cold subsurface water are determined by month and by 2-degree grid. The IHC anomaly series are analyzed using the EOF analysis. Cycles with period of approximately 30 years are revealed in the variations of the subsurface layer heat content. Thus, in the 1946-1950, its temperature decreased, but it grew since 2009-2010 to 2015. The warming of CSW was also observed in the 1951-1964 and 1978-1994, while the cooling was in the 1965-1977 and 1995-2008. Based on this criterion, the CSW thermal condition in certain years is classified as «extremely cold» in 2001, as «cold» in 1949, 1950, 1951, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1999, 2000, 2010, 2012, as «normal» in 1946, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1975, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, as «warm» in 1948, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1974, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2015, and as «extremely warm» in 1963. Statistically significant correlation is found between changes of the CSW thermal conditions and long-term variations of atmosphere and ocean climate indices, as well as local patterns of the atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction in the Okhotsk Sea and adjacent onshore and offshore areas of Asia and the Pacific Ocean.
4
Borsley, Robert D. "An HPSG approach to Welsh." Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 2 (September 1989): 333–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700014134.
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Welsh differs from English in a number of ways. The most obvious point is that it is a VSO language, but it also has distinctive agreement phenomena and clitics. For this reason, it is natural to ask of any theory of syntax that has been developed primarily on the basis of English: how can it handle Welsh? Welsh has had fairly extensive attention within the Government-Binding theory (see, for example, Harlow, 1981; Sproat, 1985; Sadler, 1988, and Hendrick, 1988). It has also had some attention within Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG) (see Harlow, 1983; Borsley, 1983; 1988a). In this paper, I will consider how some of the central features of Welsh can be accommodated within Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). This is a framework developed over the last few years by Carl Pollard, Ivan Sag and others, which seeks to combine the insights of GPSG, categorial grammar and certain other theories (see Pollard, 1985, 1988; Sag & Pollard, 1987, and Pollard & Sag, 1988). In fact, I will be mainly concerned with the version of HPSG developed in Borsley (1986, 1987, 1988 b), but I will also have something to say about standard HPSG.
5
CAO, THI KIM THU, and YEON JAE BAE. "Phanoperla namcattien, a new stonefly from Vietnam (Plecoptera: Perlidae)." Zootaxa 1983, no. 1 (January 19, 2009): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1983.1.6.
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The stonefly genus Phanoperla Banks is endemic to the Oriental region, and occurs from insular and peninsular Southeast Asia to the Indian subcontinent, including Sri Lanka and the Himalayas (Sivec et al. 1988, Zwick 1982), and 19 species are known from the region (Kawai 1968, Zwick 1982, Zwick 1986, Zwick & Sivec 1985, Stark 1983, 1987, Cao et al. 2007). Adults of four species of Phanoperla were recorded in Vietnam by Zwick (1986): P. imitatrix Zwick, 1986, P. malayana Zwick, 1982, P. simplex Zwick, 1982, and P. vietnamensis Zwick, 1986. Stark (1987) provided additional locality data regarding Phanoperla from Vietnam. As part of a series of studies of stonefly systematics in Vietnam, we are describing one new species of Phanoperla based on our samples from southern Vietnam.
6
Mlingwa, C. O. F. "A note on the rediscovery of the Sokoke Pipit Anthus sokokensis in the Pugu Hills, Tanzania." Bird Conservation International 6, no. 3 (September 1996): 293–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095927090000318x.
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The Sokoke Pipit Anthus sokokensis is endemic to coastal forests in Kenya and Tanzania (Keith et al. 1992). It has been listed as occurring in the Pugu Hills, Tanzania (Howell 1981, Collar and Stuart 1985, 1988), having been first recorded in 1938 (Moreau 1940). Two further records from this area are reported in Collar and Stuart (1985), in 1955 and 1981. Harvey and Howell (1987) noted that, over the period 1968–1978, many visits to the area by a variety of observers, some using mist-nets, failed to locate Sokoke Pipit.
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Fulkerson, Frank E., and Paula Sachs Wise. "Annotated Bibliography on the Teaching of Psychology: 1994." Teaching of Psychology 22, no. 4 (December 1995): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2204_10.
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This bibliography is a continuation of those published by Berry and Daniel (1984, 1985), Daniel (1981a, 1981b), Fulkerson and Wise (1987, 1990, 1992), Fulkerson, Wise, and Ancelet (1988), Johnson and Daniel (1974), Morgan and Daniel (1983), Mosely and Daniel (1982), and Wise and Fulkerson (1986, 1989, 1991, 1993). Search methods, criteria for inclusion, and other considerations were similar to those used previously. We also continued the cumulative numbering practice of previous bibliographies
8
Miller, Arnold I. "The Relationship Between Global Diverisfication and Spatio-Temporal Transitions in Paleozoic Bivalvia." Paleontological Society Special Publications 5 (1990): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220000544x.
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Over the past several years, a variety of macroevolutionary studies have focused on global diversification patterns exhibited by the earth's biota as a whole, as well as among constituent groups. One motivation for this increased attention is the recognition that analyses of temporal changes in global diversity can provide substantial insight into underlying macroevolutionary processes (e.g. Sepkoski, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1984; Sepkoski et al., 1981; Gould and Calloway, 1980; Carr and Kitchell, 1980; Kitchell and Carr, 1985; Miller and Sepkoski, 1988). Indeed, much about the dynamics of macroevolution has been elucidated through such investigations, but major diversity transitions in the history of life cannot be fully understood without consideration of the local, environmental/ecological contexts in which they took place. In other words, in the study of macroevolution, it is important to pay as much attention to the space dimension as has historically been paid to the time dimension. The utility of a spatio-temporal approach has been demonstrated in a series of studies conducted by Sepkoski and Sheehan (1983), Sepkoski and Miller (1985), Jablonski and Bottjer (1983), Bottjer and Jablonski (in press), Droser and Bottjer (1988), Bottjer et al. (1988), and Miller (1988, in press). Collectively, these investigations have suggested that major changes in the global diversities of several groups were accompanied by measurable paleoenvironmental shifts.
9
Ebel, John E. "A Comparison of the 1981, 1982, 1986 and 1987–1988 Microearthquake Swarms At Moodus, Connecticut." Seismological Research Letters 60, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.60.4.177.
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Abstract Four extensive microearthquake swarms, in 1981, 1982, 1986 and 1987–1988, have occurred near Moodus, Connecticut since the installation of a dense local monitoring network in 1979. All of the swarms have been accompanied by at least one event of M≥2.0, have had depths of less than 2.4 km, and have originated from one small primary source volume. A few of the events from 1981 and 1982 were located about 1.5 km west to southwest of this primary source locality. The time histories and energy releases have varied from swarm to swarm, with the 1981 and 1982 swarms having some foreshocks, a main shock, and a decaying aftershock pattern. The 1986 and 1987–1988 swarms were more distributed in time and totaled fewer events than the earlier swarms. The b-value for the 1987–1988 swarm is closer to that of the foreshocks from 1981 and 1982 than that of the aftershocks from those swarms. The 1980’s have been an unusually active period at Moodus, but the geologic and seismological evidence are ambiguous as to the cause the Moodus earthquakes and how large an event can take place at this locality.
10
Fechhelm, Robert G., and William B. Griffiths. "Effect of Wind on the Recruitment of Canadian Arctic Cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) into the Central Alaskan Beaufort Sea." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 2164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-241.
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The recruitment of age 0+ Arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) from Canada into the Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, area for the period 1981–88 was compared with summer wind data collected at Barter Island, Alaska. Four years of poor recruitment (1981, 1982, 1984, and 1988) were characterized by winds with net easterly components [Formula: see text] for the period 1 July—15 August. Four years in which moderate to strong recruitment occurred (1983, 1985, 1986, and 1987) were characterized by winds with net easterly components [Formula: see text]. Results suggest that the recruitment of young-of-the-year Arctic cisco from Canada to central Alaska is strongly influenced by wind-driven currents along the Beaufort Sea coast. Recruitment may be impaired by the absence of "strong" east winds without the actual presence of prevailing west winds.
11
Kingdon, D. "Mental health services: results of a survey of English district plans." Psychiatric Bulletin 13, no. 2 (February 1989): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.13.2.77.
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In November 1987, I wrote to the ‘Planning Officer (Mental Health)’ of the 192 English Health Authorities requesting a copy of the section of their 1984 Strategic Plan dealing with mental health and any recent update. A checklist of information to be analysed was drawn up on the basis of an initial reading of the plans. This contained a substantial proportion of the elements for a comprehensive service listed by Hirsch (1988) and by MIND (1983). Replies were received from 137 (71%) of the health authorities. Of these, 127 (67%) sent planning documents, ten wrote saying that their plans were under review and therefore unavailable, or “meaningless”. Strategies were sent dated 1983 (2), 1984/5 (63), 1986 (11) and 1987/8 (45). Planning reports and Short Term Programmes were also sent which meant that four (3%) provided information updated to 1988, 74 (58%) to 1987, 16 (13%) to 1986, 17 (13%) to 1985, 15 (12%) to 1984, with one giving details relating to 1983 only.
12
Mutaka, Ngessimo, and Larry M. Hyman. "Syllables and morpheme integrity in Kinande reduplication." Phonology 7, no. 1 (May 1990): 73–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001123.
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Within the expanding framework of non-linear morphology, no wordformation process has sparked more interest than reduplication. Once relegated to a secondary status with a few examples, reduplication has now arrived centre stage as a testing ground for alternative theories of multitiered morphology and phonology. The innovative work of McCarthy (1981) and Marantz (1982) on this subject has laid the groundwork for subsequent formal treatments of reduplication, including Levin (1983), Broselow & McCarthy (1984), Clements (1985), Odden & Odden (1985), Schlindwein (1986, 1988), McCarthy & Prince (forthcoming), Kiparsky (1986), Mester (1986) and Steriade (1988), among others. These varying accounts of reduplication have been tested against a large and growing body of data from most parts of the world. Surprising to us, however, since every Bantu language we are familiar with has one or more reduplicative processes, relatively little attention has been focused on this rather large linguistic group of several hundred languages coverin a major part of the African continent.
13
Gee, James. "Socio-Cultural Approaches to Literacy (Literacies)." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 12 (March 1991): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002130.
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There has emerged, over the last decade or so, a fairly cohesive body of work centered around a socio-cultural approach to literacy (e.g., Cazden 1988, Cook-Gumperz 1986, Gee 1990, Graff 1987, Heath 1983, Pattison 1982, Scollon and Scollon 1981, Street 1984). This work argues that the traditional view of literacy as a private mental possession which can be quantified and measured in terms of discrete decontextualized skills is deeply inadequate. To see why this is so, consider the following simple argument centered around the notion of ‘reading” (Gee 1989).
14
Wise, Paula Sachs, and Frank E. Fulkerson. "Annotated Bibliography on the Teaching of Psychology: 1992." Teaching of Psychology 20, no. 4 (December 1993): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2004_18.
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This bibliography is a continuation of those published by Berry and Daniel (1984, 1985), Daniel (1981a, 1981b), Fulkerson and Wise (1987, 1990, 1992), Fulkerson, Wise, and Ancelet (1988), Johnson and Daniel (1974), Morgan and Daniel (1983), Mosely and Daniel (1982), and Wise and Fulkerson (1986, 1989, 1991). Search methods, criteria for inclusion, and other considerations were similar to those used previously. We have also continued the cumulative numbering practice of previous bibliographies. We included some pre-1992 citations not listed in previous bibliographies because we continue to terminate our search in June.
15
Redfearn, Jr., Paul L. "Tropical component of the Moss Flora of China." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 2, no. 1 (June 30, 1990): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.2.1.18.
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In many ways, it is presumptuous for me to speak on the mosses of the tropical regions of China. Many consider the knowledge about the taxonomy, ecology, and geography of tropical bryophytes inadequate (Pócs 1982; Schuster 1983; Richards 1984), and this is certainly the case for the bryophytes of the tropical regions of China. The taxonomy of Chinese taxa is generally in a state of disarray. Early workers, both Chinese and others, have tended to describe new species based upon minor or inconsequential morphological characters and without apparent reference to related taxa found outside of China. This is clear from recent monographic studies that compared Chinese taxa with taxa throughout the world. For example, Su (1988) in his studies of Homaliodendron reduced the taxa of this genus for southeast Asia from over eighteen to four. Similar synonymizing has occurred in Forsstroemia (Stark 1987), Mniaceae (Koponen 1981), Grimmia and Schistidum (Cao & Vitt 1986) and the Calymperaceae (Lin & Reese 1989). Furthermore, monographers of groups have not always been able to study adequate collections from China as for example, Noguchi’s (1976) revision of the Meteoriaceae or Nyholm’s (1971) studies on the genus Atrichum. Even recent monographic or revisionary studies such as those on Leucodon (Akiyama 1988), Trachyloma (Miller & Manuel 1982), Glossadelphus (Tixier 1988), Entodon (Hu 1983), Ctenidium (Nishimura 1985), Forsstroemia (Stark 1987), Gollania (Higuchi 1985) or Fissidens (Li 1985) appear to have had only those collections from China for study that were available in herbaria outside of China. The cause for this probably rests with the difficulty of borrowing material from Chinese herbaria. Even when specimens are loaned by Chinese herbaria the borrower gets only a small sample of what may be present. Herbaria I have visited in China have huge backlogs of unprocessed or unidentified collections. In many cases these collections come from significant regions such as western Sichuan, Yunnan and the tropical regions of Xizang (Tibet).
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Healy, David. "In conversation with Tom Lynch." Psychiatric Bulletin 16, no. 2 (February 1992): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.2.65.
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Professor Lynch was born in Dublin in 1922. From 1953 to 1961 he was Staff Psychiatrist, St Patrick's Hospital, Dublin, and Consultant Psychiatrist to Meath Hospital, Dublin. He was Resident Medical superintendent at St Otteran's Hospital, Waterford from 1961 to 1968. From 1968 to 1990 he was Professor of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. He has been Chairman and Clinical Director of the Eastern Health Board, Chairman of the Irish Psychiatric Training Committee and Chairman of the Irish Division of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. He was a member of Council of the Royal College of Psychiatrists from 1980 to 1984, Junior Vice-President of the Royal College of Psychiatrists from 1981 to 1982 and Senior Vice-President from 1982 to 1983. He served on the College's Court of Electors from 1983 to 1988.
17
Olson, Stephen M., George J. Hochmuth, and Robert C. Hochmuth. "Effect of Transplanting on Earliness and Total Yield of Watermelon." HortTechnology 4, no. 2 (April 1994): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.4.2.141.
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Studies were conducted at the NFREC, Quincy, and AREC, Live Oak, Fla., to compare watermelon {Citrullus lanatus [(Thumb.) Matsum & Nakai]} plant establishment by transplanting and direct-seeding. Cultivars used were `Charleston Gray' in 1984, 1985, 1986, and 1989; `Jubilee' in 1988 and 1989; and `Crimson Sweet' in 1987 to 1990. Early yields were greater with transplants for all three cultivars in all years. With `Charleston Gray', total yields with transplants were higher in 1985 and 1989, but not in 1984 or 1986. The average fruit weights with transplants were also greater in 1985 and 1989 than in 1984 or 1986. With `Jubilee', total yield with transplants was higher in 1989, but not in 1988. Average fruit weight with transplants was greater in 1989 than in 1988. With `Crimson Sweet', total yields were higher with transplants in 1989 and 1990, but not in 1987 or 1988, but fruits were larger with transplanting compared to direct-seeding only in 1990. In all experiments, yields with transplants were never less than those with direct-seeded plants.
18
Larsen-Freeman, Diane. "Pedagogical Descriptions of Language: Grammar." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 10 (March 1989): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026719050000129x.
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For hundreds of years, language educators have alternated between favoring language teaching approaches which focus on language form and those which emphasize language use or which focus on the message (Celce-Murcia 1979). For the greater part of this past decade, it has been the latter which have been fashionable. As a consequence, language teachers have been discouraged from teaching grammar. In fact, during the 1980s explicit grammer instruction has even been proscribed by certain methodologists (Krashen 1982; 1985, Krashen and Terrell 1983, Prabhu 1987). Although this position has been repeatedly assailed (Higgs and Clifford 1982, Long 1983; 1988, Harley and Swain 1984, Pienemann 1984), the proscribers persist. Only as recently as June 1988, Van Patten concluded that “…research evidence to date does not suggest that a focus on form is either necessary or beneficial to early stage learners’ (1988:243). Undeniable is the fact that research has pointed to a difference in learner performance (e.g., type of errors made) depending on whether there is a focus on form or not (Pica 1983, Spada 1987); still to be resolved, and surely an issue which will motivate much research in the next decade, is the extent to which a focus on form versus on a focus on message affects the rate of target language attainment. Such research will hopefully be conducted in a way which disambiguates “focus on form” (Larsen-Freeman and Long 1988, Beretta 1989).
19
Imaizumi, Y. "Triplets and Higher Order Multiple Births in Japan." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 39, no. 3 (July 1990): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000005201.
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AbstractMultiple birth rates in entire Japan were analyzed using vital statistics for 1951 to 1988. The triplet rate was nearly constant from 1951 to 1974, where the rate per million births was 58, then increased with the year up to 1982 (104), and decreased up to 1984, and suddenly increased thereafter (109 in 1987). The average rate of quadruplets per million births from 1951 to 1968 was 0.93, then increased with the year up to 1975 (7.5), and decreased until 1984 and suddenly increased thereafter (10.6 in 1987). The rate of quintuplets was 0.77 per million births during the period from 1975 to 1987. The higher multiple birth rate since 1975 was attributed to the higher proportion of mothers treated with ovulation-inducing hormones in Japan. Since 1985, higher multiple birth rates might be partially attributed to in vitro fertilization. The stillbirth rates for male triplets gradually decreased from 1960 to 1978 and thereafter remained constant at a little higher level except in 1988, whereas the rates for females gradually decreased with the year. The overall stillbirth rates decreased to 1/4 for triplets and to 1/5 for quadruplets during the 37-year period from 1951. The overall stillbirth rate of quintuplets was 0.60 (51/85) during the period 1975-1987.
20
Koester, D. "Chemical Stratification in White Dwarf Atmospheres and Envelopes." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 114 (1989): 206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100099590.
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The theory of gravitational separation of elements under the combined influence of gravity and electric fields (Schatzman 1958) has been very successful in explaining the general mono-elemental composition observed in most hot white dwarf atmospheres. Today the exceptions to the rule - DO and DAO with mixed compositions (Wesemael et al.1985), DA with traces of helium (Kahn et al. 1984, Petre et al. 1986, Jordan et al.1987, Paerels 1987), DAB (Liebert et al. 1984), and DBA (Shipman et al. 1987) - pose a problem, because they seem to demand a mechanism that counteracts gravitational separation. Such a mechanism that satisfies the observational constraints is very hard to find, and this has led in recent years to the growing conviction that we indeed observe the equilibrium state of diffusion, but in white dwarfs with extremely thin hydrogen layers that remain transparent (at least in the EUV) in many objects (Jordan and Koester 1986, Liebert et al.1987, Vennes et al. 1987, Fontaine et al.1988, Vennes et al.1988).
21
Nenno, Mary K. "Urban Policy Revisited—Issues Resurface with a New Urgency." Journal of Planning Literature 3, no. 3 (June 1988): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088541228800300301.
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In 1969, U.S. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, then Director of President Nixon's Urban Affairs Council, began a new national process of looking at the urbanization of the United States. This process was confirmed in the Urban Policy Reports required of the President under the 1977 Housing and Community Development Act. President Carter's two reports (1978 and 1980) detailed specific national initiatives to deal with urban problems. President Reagan's reports (1982, 1984, 1986, and 1988) sublimated urban issues under macro economic and fiscal strategies. In 1988, complex urban issues identified by Moynihan are resurfacing with a new urgency, building demand for revitalized federal initiatives.
22
Fechhelm, Robert G., James D. Bryan, William B. Griffiths, William J. Wilson, and Benny J. Gallaway. "Effect of Coastal Winds on the Summer Dispersal of Young Least Cisco (Coregonus sardinella) from the Colville River to Prudhoe Bay, Alaska: A Simulation Model." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 890–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-088.
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A one-dimensional advection model was used to simulate the movement of young (< 180 mm) anadromous least cisco (Coregonus sardinella) along the Beaufort Sea coast between the Colville River and Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Two versions of the model simulated eastward movement during the month of July as the sum of wind-induced transport and constant dispersion. Model results were compared with fyke-net catch data collected from 1981 to 1992. Of the 12 years examined, the models correctly simulated no major arrival of fish in 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1992, simulated the exact day of arrival in 1981, 1989, and 1991, and were in error by 1 d in 1988. Approximately 71% of the error between simulated and observed arrival dates was associated with three specific years: 1982, 1984, and 1990. The model suggests that wind-governed circulation may reasonably account for the presence of young Colville River least cisco in the Prudhoe Bay area. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance for assessing the effects of Arctic oil development on regional fishery resources.
23
Ichim, Pavel, Liviu Apostol, Lucian Sfîcă, Adriana-Lucia Kadhim-Abid, and Vasilică Istrate. "Frequency of Thermal Inversions Between Siret and Prut Rivers in 2013." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pesd-2014-0040.
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Abstract Temperature inversions represent complex phenomena, specific for depression forms of relief which introduce changes in vertical zoning (Apăvăloae, Apostle, Pîrvulescu, 1986 by stable air stratification (Erhan, 1981), because of their morphological features, this is due to the interdependence of general movement and characteristics of the active surface, being the cause of their production (Apăvăloae, et. al., 1984, 1986, 1987). The generation of thermal inversions, their intensity and frequency is a consequence of altitude topography, morphology, fragmentation, orientation and degree of closure to external drives. (Apăvăloae, Apostle, Pîrvulescu, 1988). Thermal inversions represent complex phenomena, specific to depression landforms that introduce changes within the vertical zoning (Apăvăloae, Apostol, Pîrvulescu, 1986) by stable air stratification (Matveev, 1958, Erhan, 1981, Yinghui Liu, 2002) where vertical thermal gradient is negative (Matveev, 1958), due to their morphological features, also as a consequence of the interdependance of general circulation and characteristics of the active surface, the cause of their generation (Apăvăloae, et. al., 1984, 1986, 1987).
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Heffernan, P. "Ultrastructural studies of the elytra of Pholoe minuta (Annelida: Polychaeta) with special reference to functional morphology." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 70, no. 3 (August 1990): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400036572.
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It has been suggested by Pettibone (1953) and Lwebuga-Musaka (1970) that the elytra of scaleworms may function in respiration, not as the sites of gaseous exchange, but rather the means by which respiratory water currents were created over the dorsum. A role in sensory perception was also postulated (Pettibone, 1953). However, no detailed morphological study accompanied this work. To date the scales of only a few polychaete species have been examined ultrastructurally, and these studies have focused mostly on cuticular features (Anton-Erxleben, 1977, 1981a, b). Considerable attention has been focused on the bioluminescent properties of the elytra of the scaleworm, Harmothoe lunulata (Delle Chiaje) (see Bassot, 1979; Nicholas et al. 1981, 1982). Other morphological features of Pholoe minuta studied at the ultrastructural level include gametogenic (Heffernan & Keegan, 1988a) and larval (Heffernan & Keegan, 1988b) stages as well as the digestive tract (Heffernan, 1988). There are several reports on the ultrastructure of polychaete gills (Storch & Welsch, 1972; Spies, 1973; Storch & Alberti, 1978; Menendez et al., 1984; Storch & Gaill, 1986). These works have recently been reviewed by Gardiner (1988). This study describes the fine structure of the scales of Pholoe minuta and the features illustrated here are in agreement with a role in respiration and sensory perception.
25
Blazynski, Christine. "Displaced cholinergic, GABAergic amacrine cells in the rabbit retina also contain adenosine." Visual Neuroscience 3, no. 5 (November 1989): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800005927.
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AbstractIt is generally accepted that the purine nucleoside, adenosine, plays a neuromodulatory role in the central nervous system (CNS) (Daly et al., 1981; Phillis ' Wu, 1983; Williams, 1986; Williams, 1987; Snyder, 1985). Adenosine is thought to exert its primary effects presynaptically, by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters including ³-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine (ACh) (Phillis ' Barraco, 1985; Proctor ' Dunwiddie, 1987). In mammalian retina, cell bodies that are strongly labeled for adenosine-like immunoreactivity (ALIR) have been localized to the ganglion cell layer (GCL) (Braas et al., 1987; Blazynski et al., 1989). Rabbit retinal cells that are labeled by markers for both ACh and GABA are located in the GCL and inner nuclear layer (INL) (Tauchi ' Masland, 1984; Vaney ' Young, 1988b; Brecha et al., 1988). It is now demonstrated in the rabbit retina that approximately 50% of the cells labeled for ALIR within the GCL represent true ganglion cells, with the remainder presumed to be displaced cholinergic amacrine cells (DAPI accumulating). In addition, some of these same cells also demonstrate immunoreactivity to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), involved in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter GABA. Thus, in a particular class of retinal neurons, two fast-acting neurotransmitters as well as a putative neuromodulator have been co-localized.
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Falloon, Ian R. H., Charles Brooker, and Victor Graham-Hole. "Psychosocial Interventions for Schizophrenia." Behaviour Change 9, no. 4 (December 1992): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900006161.
Full textAbstract:
During the past decade there has been a major advance in clinical management of schizophrenic disorders (Falloon & Shanahan, 1990; Lam, 1991; Schooler & Hogarty, 1987). This has resulted from application of strategies based upon a vulnerability-stress model of mental disorders. This considers mental disorders to result from interactions between specific biological vulnerability and non-specific environmental stresses (Falloon & Fadden, 1993).Therapeutic interventions derived from this model combine biomedical strategies, predominantly optimal pharmacotherapy, with psychosocial strategies that aim to enhance the capacity of the index patient and his/her social network to cope with the impact of environmental stresses on the course of the disorder. Ten controlled studies have been published since 1980 that meet minimal standards of research design, with follow-up for at least 1 year (Bellack, Turner, Hersen, & Luber, 1985; Falloon, 1985; Gunderson et al., 1984; Hogarty et al., 1986; Leff, Kuipers, Berkowitz, Eberlein-Fries, & Sturgeon, 1982; Leff et al., 1989; Malm, 1982; McFarlane, 1990; Tarrier et al., 1988; Wallace & Liberman, 1985). Nine also provided 2-year results. Overall, these studies show that the addition of psychosocial strategies to optimal case management and long-term drug prophylaxis halves the rate of major clinical exacerbations in people suffering from schizophrenia. This benefit is most notable during the first year after a major schizophrenic episode, particularly when the psychosocial interventions encompass patients' immediate social support systems, usually the family or marital household (Falloon, 1985; Hogarty et al., 1986; Leff et al., 1982; Leff et al., 1989; McFarlane, 1990; Tarrier et al., 1988).
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NANDA, MADE DIKA, and HJ RINA SUWASTI. "PENYIDIKAN TINDAK PIDANA YANG DILAKUKAN ANAK DI BAWAH UMUR MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 35 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN ANAK." GANEC SWARA 13, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35327/gara.v13i1.68.
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Abdurrachman, 1980. Pembaharuan Hukum Acara Pidana, Alumni, BandungAnonim, 2002. Undang — Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 Tentang Hukum Acara Pidana. Sinar Grafika, Jakarta._______, 2014. Perlindungan Anak,UU RI No. 35 Tahun 2014,Sinar Grafika, JakartaAtmasasmita Romli, 1982. Bunga rampai Hukum Acara Pidana, Sinar Grafika, JakartaBawengan, 1988. Masalah Kejahatan Dengan Sebab dan Akibat, Pradnya Pramita JakartaHamzah Andi, 1985. Pengantar Hukum Acara Pidana Indonesia, Ghalia Indonesia, JakartaHusein Harun, 1991. Penyidikan dan Penuntutan Dalam Proses Pidana, Rineka Cipta,JakartaHarahap Yahya, 2002. Pembahsan Permasalahan dan Penerapan KUHAP Mid Sinar Grafika, JakartaLamintang, 1984. KUHAP dan Pembahasan Secara Yuridis Menurut yurisprudensi dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Hukum Pidana, Sinar Baru, BandungMulyadi Lilik, 2002. Hukum Acara Pidana, PT, Citra Aditya BaktiRahardjo Satjipto, 1988. Citra Polisi, Yayasan Obor, JakartaSoesilo, 1984. Pengetahuan Hukum di Indonesia, Djambatan, JakartaSaddli Saparinah, 1982. Persepsi Sosial Menganai Perilaku Menyimpang, Bulan Bintang Jakarta,
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Phillips, J. P., A. Mampaso, N. Ukita, and P. G. Williams. "A CO Search for Molecular Gas in High Mass Post-Main-Sequence Nebulae." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 120 (1989): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100023873.
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High mass post-main-sequence nebulae are characterised by a set of unusual, and in certain cases extreme physical characteristics, including large outflow velocities (cf. Phillips and Mampaso, 1988a), extremely compact high emission measure cores (Phillips and Mampaso, 1988b), a high incidence of bipolar morphology (Peimbert and Torres Peimbert, 1982), and evidence for anomalously high levels of shock excited H2 S(l) emission towards both the source cores (Phillips et al 1983, 1985) and nebular peripheries (Zuckerman and Gatley, 1988). The large central star masses also predispose these sources to rapid evolution within the H-R plane (perhaps one or two orders of magnitude more rapid than for typical PN (Schonberner 1981, 1983), and the acquisition of stellar temperatures T* > 105 K, giving rise to correspondingly high levels of nebular excitation.
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Steitz, Thomas A. "Structural studies of protein–nucleic acid interaction: the sources of sequence-specific binding." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 23, no. 3 (August 1990): 205–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583500005552.
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Structural studies of DNA-binding proteins and their complexes with DNA have proceeded at an accelerating pace in recent years due to important technical advances in molecular genetics, DNA synthesis, protein crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance. The last major review on this subject by Pabo & Sauer (1984) summarized the structural and functional studies of the three sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins whose crystal structures were then known, the E. coli catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) (McKay & Steitz, 1981; McKay et al. 1982; Weber & Steitz, 1987), a cro repressor from phage λ (Anderson et al. 1981), and the DNA-binding proteolytic fragment of λcI repressor protein (Pabo & Lewis, 1982) Although crystallographic studies of the E. coli lac repressor protein were initiated as early as 1971 when it was the only regulatory protein available in sufficient quantities for structural studies (Steitz et al. 1974), little was established about the structural aspects of DNA-binding proteins until the structure of CAP was determined in 1980 followed shortly thereafter by the structure of λcro repressor and subsequently that of the λ repressor fragment. There are now determined at high resolution the crystal structures of seven prokaryotic gene regulatory proteins or fragments [CAP, λcro, λcI repressor fragment, 434 repressor fragment (Anderson et al. 1987), 434 cro repressor (Wolberger et al. 1988), E. coli trp repressor (Schevitz et al. 1985), E. coli met repressor (Rafferty et al. 1989)], EcoR I restriction endonuclease (McClarin et al. 1986), DNAse I (Suck & Ofner, 1986), the catalytic domain of γδ resolvase (Hatfull et al. 1989) and two sequence-independent double-stranded DNA-binding proteins [the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I (Ollis et al. 1985) and the E. coli Hu protein (Tanaka et al., 1984)].
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Luchin, V. A. "Interannual variability in thermal state of the upper mixed layer in the Bering Sea in winter." Izvestiya TINRO 203, no. 3 (October 11, 2023): 601–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2023-203-601-617.
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Year-to-year variations of temperature in the upper mixed layer are considered for the ice-free waters of the Bering Sea in cold season (from December to March) using all data of the deep-sea oceanographic observations available to date (12,430 stations for the period from 1943 to 2022). Series of annual mean fields of the mixed layer temperature in December-March were decomposed by applying the empirical orthogonal function (EOF); dynamics of the first two components of decomposition (described in sum 50.4 % of the initial fields variability) are analyzed. The first component (32.4 % of variation) indicates synchronous oscillations over the entire sea area with the maximum contribution at the continental slope. The second component (18.0 % of variance) reflects opposite oscillations in two vast regions of the sea located along the continental slope from Cape Navarin to Alaska Peninsula and in the western, central and southern parts of the deep basin. The following statistically significant periodic oscillations are revealed by spectral analysis: quasi-biennial and those with periods of 4, 7, and 17–20 year for the 1st EOF and quasi-biennial and those with periods of 3 and 4 year for the 2nd EOF. A statistically significant linear trend to warming is detected for the time coefficient of the 1st EOF in the period of 1958–2022. Approximation of this coefficient dynamics with 6-degree polynomial function (polynomial trend) shows a tendencies to the mixed layer cooling in winters of 1969–1972 and 1992–2004 but the opposite tendencies to warming in 1973–1991 and 2005–2022. Variations of time coefficient for the 2nd EOF correspond to opposite tendencies in the areas with positive and negative values of this EOF. For the period from 1958 to 2022, winters in the Bering Sea are classified by the mixed layer temperature, taking into account the contribution of the 1st EOF only, as «warm» (1958, 1959, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1979, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2015–2018, 2020, and 2022), «normal» (1960–1962, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989–1994, 1996, 1998, 2005–2007, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2019, and 2021), «cold» (1969, 1972, 1973, 1975–1977, 1984, 1988, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2008, and 2010), and extremely cold (2009 and 2012).
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Lutzeler, Paul Michael, and Volker Hage. "Deutsche Literatur. Ein Jahresuberblick 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987." German Quarterly 62, no. 3 (1989): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/406202.
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White, D. "The Pennsylvania University Museum's Demeter and Persephone Sanctuary Project at Cyrene: A Final Progress Report?" Libyan Studies 20 (January 1989): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006609.
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Trigeminated at more or less the same time as the First of September Revolution and the appearance of the first published report from The Society for Libyan Studies, the excavation phase of the extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone project at Cyrene ran until 1978 when it was stopped in order to begin work on final publication. The intervening years have seen a degree of progress, and this retrospective vicenary issue of Libyan Studies provides a welcome opportunity to take stock of what has been and is going on. The journal's readers will already have some familiarity with the broad outlines of the sanctuary project, since summary articles have been published in an earlier issue (White 1978) and elsewhere (Vickers and Reynolds 1972; Kane 1979; Humphrey 1980; White 1981). In addition reviews of the three published volumes of the final report (White 1984; Schaus 1985; Lowenstam et al. 1987) have appeared here with exemplary promptitude (Lloyd 1985; Boardman 1986; Fulford 1988), as well as externally (Brown 1986; Tomlinson 1986; Cook 1987). The present article's bibliographical citations list what has been written about the sanctuary, but omit the series of preliminary reports in Libya Antiqua (between Vols. 8 and 16) and American Journal of Archaeology (Vols. 78 and 80), whose inclusion would be redundant, as would be any attempt to minute the contents of the reviewed final study volumes. Instead my present intention is to give a short report on work in progress and to summarise the results of what has already been published in separate studies outside the framework of the final publication.
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Mellam, Albert. "The Incidence of Homesickness in a Third World University." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 5 (1992): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400001498.
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Geographical relocation is often associated with problems adjusting to the new physical and sociocultural environment (Totman, 1979) and with the stress of disruption to lifestyle routines (Cochrane, 1983; Cochrane & Stopes-Roe, 1980). Relocation commonly entails culture shock, financial difficulties, separation from family, racial discrimination, and language difficulties (Murphy, 1977; Oberg, 1960); frequent relocation is also associated with illness (Stokols, Shumaker, & Martinez, 1983).One group of people who tend to relocate relatively frequently consists of students, many of whom do report difficulties attributed to relocation (Anderson & Fleming, 1985; Fulmer, Medalie, & Lord, 1982; Simmonds, 1987). Their problems appear to be common to those of migrants in general (Cochrane, 1983; Cochrane & Stopes-Roe, 1980). One very frequent complaint is the familiar one of homesickness.Homesickness is commonly used to describe any condition of unhappiness or malaise which follows a transition to a new environment (Fisher, 1988). Denoted as “pining for home” (Chambers Dictionary, 1972) or “depressed by absence from home” (Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1964), students reportedly agree that homesickness has four main elements: missing home, missing family, longing to see friends, and wanting to go home (Brewin, Furnham, & Howes, 1989).Recent studies conducted in Scotland found that homesickness affected 60 to 70 percent of native first-year students (Fisher, Fraser, & Murray, 1984; Fisher, Fraser, & Murray, 1985), a figure which approximates that found for boarding school students (Fisher, Fraser, & Murray, 1986). Homesickness was associated with cognitive failures, poor concentration, handing in work late, and decrement of work quality (Fisher et al., 1985; Fisher & Hood, 1987). In other words, there was some evidence that homesickness may affect academic performance.
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Wise, Paula Sachs, and Frank E. Fulkerson. "Annotated Bibliography on the Teaching of Psychology: 1990." Teaching of Psychology 18, no. 4 (December 1991): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1804_18.
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This bibliography is a continuation of those published by Berry and Daniel (1984, 1985), Daniel (1981a, 1981b), Fulkerson and Wise (1987, 1990), Fulkerson, Wise, and Ancelet (1988), Johnson and Daniel (1974), Morgan and Daniel (1983), Mosley and Daniel (1982), and Wise and Fulkerson (1986, 1989). Search methods, criteria for inclusion, and other considerations were similar to those used previously. We have also continued the cumulative numbering practice of previous bibliographies. We have included a number of pre-1990 citations not listed in previous bibliographies because we continue to terminate our search in June. A noteworthy observation about this year's bibliography concerns the increase in the number of articles reporting research on college teaching in general and on the education of women, minorities, and nontraditional students in particular.
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Ivančević, Nataša, and Verica Nemet. "Hrvatski kipari na Internacionalnom simpoziju skulpture u terakoti velikog formata Terra u Kikindi." Radovi Instituta za povijest umjetnosti, no. 46 (December 2022): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31664/ripu.2022.46.15.
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Rad se bavi prikazom razvoja i specifičnostima Internacionalnog simpozija skulpture u terakoti velikog formata Terra u Kikindi, Republika Srbija, s fokusom na istraživanju sudjelovanja trinaest hrvatskih kipara, od osnivanja simpozija 1982. do 2021. godine. Rad donosi analizu skulptura koje su tamo nastale, a čuvaju se u zbirci Muzeja Terra. Skulpture nisu poznate u Hrvatskoj (izuzev Velikog konjanika Antuna Babića) pa je njihovo objavljivanje doprinos cjelovitijem poznavanju djelovanja tih kipara i potpunijoj monografskoj obradi njihovih opusa. O simpozijima Terra te o sudjelovanju hrvatskih kipara ne postoje sustavniji prikazi u hrvatskoj literaturi. Od hrvatskih predstavnika sudjelovali su Peruško Bogdanić (1982.), Dora Kovačević (1983.), Tomislav Kauzlarić i Branko Ružić (1984.), Miro Vuco i Ante Marinović (1985.), Antun Babić (1986.), Kosta Angeli Radovani (1987.), Stevan Luketić (1988.), Ivan Kožarić (1990.), Đanino Božić (2014.), Tamara Sekulić (2020.) i Vladimir Novak (2021.).
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Kennedy, W. J., and W. A. Cobban. "Rhamphidoceras saxatilis n. gen. and sp., a micromorph ammonite from the lower Turonian of Trans-Pecos Texas." Journal of Paleontology 64, no. 4 (July 1990): 666–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000042748.
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Over the past few years, the authors, along with colleagues, have documented the late Cenomanian and early Turonian ammonite faunas of the Western Interior region of the United States and its extension into Texas (Cobban, 1987, 1988a, 1988b; Cobban and Hook, 1983; Cobban et al., 1989; Kennedy, 1988; Kennedy and Cobban, 1988a, 1988b; Kennedy et al., 1989; Kennedy et al., 1987; Kennedy and Cobban, 1989, 1990). In these works the authors have recognized a series of micromorph genera and species, taxa that are genuinely diminutive and adult at diameters of 6.5–38 mm. These taxa show characteristic features indicating them to be adult, such as crowding of septa and reduction or loss of ornament at or near the aperture. Where large numbers of specimens are available, dimorphism can be demonstrated (as in Nannometoicoceras Kennedy, 1988, p. 63, with Metoicoceras acceleratum Hyatt, 1903, p. 127, PI. 14, figs. 11–14, as type species) so that they are indeed micromorphs, not simply juveniles or microconchs of “normal-sized” taxa. Such micromorphs are known from other parts of the world (e.g., Protacanthoceras Spath, 1923; see Wright and Kennedy, 1980, 1987; Kennedy and Wright, 1985; Lymaniceras Matsumoto, 1965, and Haboroceras Toshimitsu, 1988). Not uncommonly, these micromorphs are found associated with “normal-sized” taxa that have similar early ontogenetic stages to the co-occurring micromorph. There is little doubt that the evolutionary origin of these small forms was through progenesis and precocious sexual maturation in which the early developmental stage of the ancestral taxon is preserved to a much later developmental stage of the descendant. The latter matured at much smaller size, and new characters are present in the latest phragmocone and body chamber, or sometimes only in the latter. These micromorphs are not unique to the Western Interior seaway, but are better represented there than elsewhere. This may simply be due to the remarkable preservation in concretions in the mudrocks of the Interior sequence, or it may reflect a repeated evolutionary strategy to deal with the stresses of the atypical environments developed there (Hattin, 1986). It also perhaps removed some of the taxa concerned from competition for trophic resources with their “normal-sized” contemporaries, although it could equally be argued that it turned them into suitably sized prey.
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Heckenberger, Michael J. "Manioc agriculture and sedentism in Amazonia: the Upper Xingu example." Antiquity 72, no. 277 (September 1998): 633–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00087056.
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Agricultural productivity and Amazonian settlementThe nature of Pre-Columbian agricultural systems in Amazonia has stimulated considerable debate, specifically: can one or another cultigen — maize or manioc — provide a stable agricultural base for sedentism and population growth (eg. Carneiro 1961; 1986; Gross 1975; Meggers 1996; Roosevelt 1980)? Certain ecological factors are generally seen to limit production and intensification of those subsistence resources that can support sedentary or densely distributed populations. Low agricultural productivity, characteristic of many Amazonian soils, and the generally low density and patchy distribution of terrestrial game are commonly cited as limiting factors (Gross 1975; 1983; Johnson 1982; Meggers 1954; 1996; Ross 1978; Sponsel 1989). It has become accepted that the highly restricted váirzea regions, primarily the floodplain settings of the major ‘white-water’ rivers (the Amazon and its Andean-derived tributaries), did not impose these environmental constraints on demographic or economic growth due to their fertile soils and higher concentrations of rich aquatic resources (e.g. Brochado 1984; 1989; Carneiro 1986; 1995; Denevan 1996; Lathrap 1968; 1970; 1987; Lathrap et al. 1985; Meggers 1996; Moran 1993; Roosevelt 1980; 1989; 1994).
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Grubb, F. W. "Growth of Literacy in Colonial America: Longitudinal Patterns, Economic Models, and the Direction of Future Research." Social Science History 14, no. 4 (1990): 451–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200020897.
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Literacy underwent revolutionary growth in northwestern Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This revolution coincided with other dramatic changes in European society, such as the industrial, demographic, agricultural, political, and religious revolutions (Deane 1969: 20–84). While the relationships between literacy and these other revolutions are not fully understood, their association is apparent and many potential influences exist (Cipolla 1969; Cremin 1970; Graff 1981: 232–60; 1987a, 1987b; Jensen 1986: 114–28; Maynes 1985: 117–31; Mitch 1984, 1988; Sanderson 1983; West 1978). The transplantation of European society across the Atlantic brought the literacy revolution to the American periphery. While numerous studies have shown that colonial America participated in this expansion of literacy, the common longitudinal patterns of literacy growth across the various regions and populations of colonial America have received less attention.
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Leach, J. E., R. J. Darby, I. H. Williams, B. D. L. Fitt, and C. J. Rawlinson. "Factors affecting growth and yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus), 1985–89." Journal of Agricultural Science 122, no. 3 (June 1994): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067332.
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SUMMARYEffects of agronomic factors on yield of winter oilseed rape were examined in multifactorial experiments, with a single-low (low erucic acid, high glucosinolate) cultivar (Bienvenu) in 1984/85 to 1987/88 and a double-low (low erucic acid, low glucosinolate) cultivar (Ariana) in 1986/87 to 1988/89. Establishment of September-sown plots was better than that of August-sown plots in 1984, 1987 and 1988, but not in 1985 when September was very dry. The total dry matter (DM) (kg/ha) of August-sown plots was much greater than that of September-sown plots throughout autumn and winter but by harvest the plant DM of late-sown plots was slightly greater. Combine-harvested yields of late-sown plots were greater than those of early-sown plots in 1984/85 (cv. Bienvenu) but not in 1988/89 (cv. Ariana); effects of sowing date on yields were smaller in other seasons, although late-sown plots generally had larger yields. Insecticide treatments increased combine-harvested yields in 1987/88 (cv. Bienvenu) and 1988/89 (cv. Ariana) and increased hand-harvested yields in 1984/85, by increasing the number of plants/m2. Fungicide spray treatments increased yields in all years except 1989, by increasing 1000-seed weights. Application of growth regulator sprays increased yields in 1986/87 to 1988/89; effects on cv. Ariana were associated with increased numbers of pods/plant. There were no consistent effects of spring nitrogen rates or timing on yield or yield components.
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Gutierrez, R., and Sarah Rinkevich. "Distribution and Abundance of Spotted Owls in Zion Natioinal Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 14 (January 1, 1990): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1990.2941.
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The recent listing of the Northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a threatened species (Federal Register 1990) raises heated debate concerning the long-term survival of the species and perceived economic cost to timber industry (Thomas et al. 1988). Long term studies of the owls's ecology are necessary to provide information needed for ecologically based management plans (Dawson et al. 1987). Much is already known about the natural and life history of the Northern spotted owl (Forsman et al. 1984, Gutierrez et al. 1984, Gutierrez 1985, Franklin et al. 1990) as well as the California subspecies (S. o. occidentalis) (Gutierrez and Pritchard 1990). In contrast, the Mexican spotted owl (S. o. Iucida) is the least studied of the three subspecies (Ganey and Balda 1989). It is known that this latter subspecies inhabits rocky canyonlands and coniferous forests in the southwestern United States and Mexico (Kertell1977, Wagner et al. 1982, Webb 1983, Johnson and Johnson 1985, Ganey 1988, and Skaggs 1988) but there are few published studies on its ecology and habitat needs (Ganey 1988). Also, the effects of human activities, such as recreation, on the Mexican subspecies are unclear, particularly in isolated habitats (Gutierrez 1985). Therefore, in 1989, we initiated a two year investigation of abundance and distribution of Mexican spotted owls in Zion National Park. This report summarizes our 1990 survey effort and research findings.
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Nygren, Pekka, Pertti Hari, Taisto Raunemaa, Markku Kulmala, Sinikka Luokkanen, Maria Holmberg, and Eero Nikinmaa. "Behaviour of 137Cs from Chernobyl fallout in a Scots pine canopy in southern Finland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-159.
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The behaviour of 137Cs from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in the Ukraine on 26 April 1986 was monitored during a 3-year period in the canopy of a young Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) stand in southern Finland. Needle samples were collected from the same whorls on 13 sample trees marked at the beginning of the study. The 137Cs activity of throughfall water was determined in summer 1986. The oldest needles at the time of the radioactive deposition (formed in 1983) had the highest l37Cs activity (20 000 Bq/kg) in June 1986, when the monitoring was started, 58 days after deposition. About 50% lower 137Cs activity was observed in the needles formed in 1984 and 1985, and an even lower activity of 3050 Bq/kg in the needles formed in 1986 following the incident. During the summer of 1986, the 137Cs activity of the whole canopy decreased from 106 000 to 42 500 kBq/ha, corresponding to a weathering half-life of 72 days. Washout by throughfall accounted for 79% of the decrease, while the rest was mainly due to the gradual shedding of the highly contaminated 1983 needles. The needles formed in the summers of 1987 and 1988 had rather high 137Cs activities of 2700 and 4800 Bq/kg, respectively. The reduction in the 137Cs activity of the canopy was considerably less in 1987 and 1988, with weathering half-lives of 435 and 242 days, respectively. The total 137Cs activity of the canopy was still 13 500 kBq/ha on 20 October 1988, which was 896 days after deposition. An increase in the 137Cs activity was observed in the autumns 1987 and 1988, and to a lesser degree in the autumn of 1986, a time of year when needle potassium concentrations normally tend to increase. It was concluded that the Chernobyl 137Cs had become mixed with the chemically analogous K, and was recirculated within the trees together with K.
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Ahmad, Mehboob. "Income Inequality among Various Occupations/Professions in Pakistan-Estimates Based on Household Income Per Capita." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i1.a5.
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Introduction There is a long list of studies related to distribution of income in Pakistan. Most of these have been confined to the calculation of various measures of inequalities. These studies include Khadija Haq (1964), Bergan (1967) Mehmood (1984), Ercelawn (1988), Ahmad and Ludlow (1969) etc. Apart from these there are other studies including Jeetun(1978), Chaudhry (1982), Cheema and Malik (1984) Kruijk and Leeuwen (1985), Kruijk (1986), Kemal (1994), Jaffery and Khattak (1995), Chaudhary (1995) etc. Jeetun (1978) in his paper concentrated on consequences of economic growth on the level of inequality whereas Chaudhary (1982) tried to find out the impact of the Green Revolution on income inequalities. Cheema and Malik (1984) tried to find out the effects of different income policies on the consumption and level of employment in Pakistan. Kemal (1994) examined the impact of the adjustment period of Pakistan since the late 1970s on efficiency and equity.
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Daou, D., F. Wesemael, P. Bergeron, G. Fontaine, and J. B. Holberg. "Spectroscopic Studies and Atmospheric Parameters of ZZ Ceti Stars." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 114 (1989): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100099632.
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The pulsating ZZ Ceti stars cover a narrow range of effective temperatures along the cooling sequence of DA white dwarfs (see, eg., Winget and Fontaine 1982). Fast-photometric searches for pulsating stars in that class have provided strong evidence that the ZZ Ceti phase is an evolutionary phase through which all cooling DA stars will eventually go through (Fontaine et al. 1982). Recent investigations, based on optical or ultraviolet photometry and spectrophotometry, have set the boundaries of the instability strip at temperatures near 10,000-11,000 K and 12,000-13,000 K, respectively (McGraw 1979; Greenstein 1982; Weidemann and Koester 1984; Fontaine et al. 1985; Wesemael, Lamontagne, and Fontaine 1986; Lamontagne, Wesemael, and Fontaine 1987, 1988).
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Thomsen, H. H., O. B. Olesen, R. J. Braithwaite, and A. Weidick. "Greenland ice-margin programme, a pilot study at Pâkitsoq, north-east of Jakobshavn, central West Greenland." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 145 (December 31, 1989): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v145.8073.
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A glaciological field programme was carried out from 24 July to 21 August 1988 on the Greenland ice-sheet margin at Pakitsoq, north-east of Ilulissat/Jakobshavn, West Greenland. Glaciological investigations for planning hydropower at Pakitsoq have been made by GGU since 1982. The investigations include six years of mass-balance measurements, repeated photogrammetric and satellite mapping, ice-thickness mapping by radio-echo sounding, stable-isotope studies, hot-water-jet drillings and measurements of ice velocity and englacial temperatures (Thomsen, 1986, 1988; Thorning & Hansen, 1987; Olesen & Clausen, 1988). Simulations of runoff, glacier dynamics and glacier hydraulics are also carried out (Reeh, 1983; Thomsen et al., 1988). The aim of the 1988 field programme was to extend and confirm assumptions in the previous work.
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Robinson, Edward L., and Allen W. Shafter. "A Limit on the Space Density of Short-Period Binary White Dwarfs." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 114 (1989): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100100132.
Full textAbstract:
We infer that detached binary white dwarfs with orbital periods of a few hours exist because we observe both their progenitors and their descendents. The binary LB 3459 has an orbital period of 6.3 hr and contains a pair of hot subdwarfs that will eventually cool to become white dwarfs (Kilkenny, Hill, and Penfold 1981). L870-2 is a pair of white dwarfs and, given enough time, its 1.55 d orbital period will decay to shorter periods (Saffer, Liebert, and Olszewski 1988). GP Com, AM CVn, V803 Cen, and PG1346+082 are interacting binary white dwarfs with orbital periods between 1051 s for AM CVn and 46.5 min for GP Com (Nather, Robinson, and Stover 1981; Solheim et al. 1984; Wood et al. 1987; O’Donoghue and Kilkenny 1988). These ultrashort period systems must be descendents of detached pairs of white dwarfs. We also expect short-period binary white dwarfs to exist for theoretical reasons. All calculations of the evolution of binary stars show that main-sequence binaries can evolve to binary white dwarfs (e.g., Iben and Tutukov 1984). Among Population I stars, 1/2 to 2/3 of all main-sequence stars are binaries and about 20% of these binaries should become double white dwarfs with short orbital periods (Abt 1983, Iben and Tutukov 1986). Thus, about 1/10 of all white dwarfs could be close binaries (Paczynski 1985). Nevertheless, no detached binary white dwarfs with extremely short periods have yet been found.
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Mellam, Albert, and Terence Kuaru. "A Survey of Self-Reported Problems Among Tertiary Students." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 5 (1992): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400001504.
Full textAbstract:
People moving into a new environment often find the process stressful (Cochrane, 1983; Cochrane & Stopes-Roe, 1980). One of the reasons for the stress is that the new environment may not provide substitutes for the losses incurred during the process of relocation (Beck & Young, 1978). Separation anxiety, loss, interruption of lifestyle, reduced control over the psychosocial environment, role change, and self-consciousness are all after-effects of the relocation process (Fisher, 1988).In general, migrants move as a group or as a family unit (Marmot & Syme, 1976; Murphy, 1976), but this is not true for students. Despite the fact that students often perceive their relocation as a challenging life event (Fulmer, Medalie, & Lord, 1982), they must face the challenge on their own, for they cannot count on the support and comfort of family and old friends. Furthermore, their relocation is to a competitive environment in which they are exposed to a range of stressors which, in all likelihood, are novel.Students commonly experience problems following their relocation. The problems are related to change of culture (Oberg, 1960), to racial discrimination, and to change of diet and climate (Dyal & Dyal, 1981; Murphy, 1977; Nicassio & Pate, 1984). Other problems, including fatigue and headaches (Miller & Harwell, 1983), homesickness (Fisher, 1988; Fisher & Murray, 1984), and language difficulties (Mellam, 1989) may be more common to students than to other migrant groups.
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Ellickson, Mark C. "Policy Preferences Of Political Party Leaders And The Mass Public: A Southern Perspective." American Review of Politics 9 (January 1, 1989): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1988.9.0.1-18.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years there has been a steady stream of literature proclaiming the decline of the American party system (Burnham, 1976; Kirkpatrick, 1978; Ladd, 1982; Crotty, 1984, 1985; Konda and Sigelman, 1987). It is argued that the parties have been losing their “ relevance,” their critical capacity in responding to social needs and problems (Eldersveld, 1982; Miller and Wattenberg, 1983). This allegation entails serious ramifications as political parties have long been viewed as performing many vital functions in the American political system (Leiserson, 1958; Sorauf, 1984).
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Wall, Ronald. "Comments and Opinions: Project Evaluation Decision Rules: A Reply to W.R. Cook." Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation 5, no. 2 (September 1990): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.5.007.
Full textAbstract:
W.R. Cook's (1989) article “Using the Internal Rate of Return in Public Sector Project Evaluations” in the October 1989 issue of The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation recommends using internal rate of return (IRR) in place of net present value (NPV) as the decision rule for assessing the economic desirability of alternative public investments. The original article, the reply by Watson (1990), and the response by Cook (1990) do not fully address the reasons for which the NPV decision rule has been consistently recommended as the formulation for use in financial analysis (Canada & White, 1980; Clark, Hindelang, & Prichard, 1984; Copeland & Weston, 1980; Herbst, 1982; Levy & Sarnat, 1986; Quirin & Wiginton, 1981; Viscione, 1984; Wilkes, 1983) and public-sector cost-benefit evaluation (Broadway & Bruce, 1984; Dasgupta & Pearce, 1972; Mishan, 1971; Quirin & Wiginton, 1981; Schofield, 1987; Sugden & Williams, 1978). This reply will briefly discuss these reasons in the context of the three types of decision making: single project accept/reject, the ranking of independent projects, and selection from mutually exclusive projects.
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Atabaki, Touraj. "Writing the Social History of Labor in the Iranian Oil Industry." International Labor and Working-Class History 84 (2013): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547913000410.
Full textAbstract:
Over the course of the twentieth century, Iran has experienced numerous dramatic events and has undergone radical transformations. The country participated in three major wars (1914–1918, 1941–1945, 1980–1988) that caused enormous human suffering and economic damage; two coup détats (1921, 1953) that altered power relations within the military and political elite; and two revolutions (1905–1909, 1978–1982) that led to fundamental changes in social, political, and cultural relations in Iran and beyond. But the event that, perhaps, has had the most significant impact on the history of twentieth-century Iran was the discovery of oil in 1908.
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Conaghan, Catherine M., James M. Malloy, and Luis A. Abugattas. "Business and the “Boys”: The Politics of Neoliberalism in the Central Andes." Latin American Research Review 25, no. 2 (1990): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100023360.
Full textAbstract:
Although the 1970s witnessed a convergence of neoliberal economic policies and authoritarianism in the Southern Cone countries of Latin America, the 1980s gave way to a new combination of economic orthodoxy and democracy in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. Neoliberal economic projects emerged in these central Andean countries as they confronted broadly similar economic problems. Plummeting prices in the international market for key exports, decreased investment, and growing financial burdens imposed by the international debt created the parameters of la crisis—the topic that became a central focus of political discourse in these new democracies. At different points in time, each of the three countries responded to the crisis with neoliberal economic experiments. In Peru a turn toward neoliberalism occurred under the administration of Fernando Belaúnde Terry (1980-1985), only to be completely reversed by the heterodox policies of Alan García (1985–). In Ecuador basic stabilization measures had already been undertaken by the government of Osvaldo Hurtado (1981-1984). León Febres Cordero (1984-1988) then committed the country to a monetarist and antistatist model. In Bolivia following the enormous instability and hyperinflation during the government of Hernán Siles Zuazo (1982-1985), the country adopted a neoliberal approach under the presidency of Víctor Paz Estenssoro (1985-1988).