Relevant bibliographies by topics / 1960-1973

Academic literature on the topic '1960-1973'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "1960-1973"

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Dolman, Everett Carl, John Krige, and Arturo Russo. "Europe in Space, 1960-1973." Technology and Culture 38, no. 3 (July 1997): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106895.

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Moulian Jara, Iñaki. "Bipolaridad en Chile 1960-1973." Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales, no. 5 (January 2001): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/rev.austral.cienc.soc.2001.n5-04.

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Bondi, Hermann. "Europe in space 1960–1973." Research Policy 25, no. 3 (May 1996): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(95)00845-4.

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Maire, Judith Le, Richard Klein, and Gerard Monnier. "Les annees ZUP. Architectures de la croissance 1960-1973." Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire, no. 79 (July 2003): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3772302.

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Dragišić, Petar. "Glamur i socijalizam. Italijanska elita na Brionima 1960-1973." Istorija 20. veka 31, no. 2/2013 (August 1, 2013): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362/ist20veka.2013.2.dra.119-130.

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MACHAQUEIRO, MÁRIO. "THE ISLAMIC POLICY OF PORTUGUESE COLONIAL MOZAMBIQUE, 1960–1973." Historical Journal 55, no. 4 (November 15, 2012): 1097–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x12000258.

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ABSTRACTDrawing its information from different documents in Portuguese and French archives, this article examines the evolution of Portuguese colonial policies towards Islam, focusing on the special case of Mozambique. Such policies evolved from an attitude of neglect and open repression, prevalent in the early years of the colonial war that broke out in 1965, when Muslims were perceived as the main supporters of the anti-colonial guerrilla in northern Mozambique, to an approach that tried to isolate ‘African Muslims’ from foreign influences in order to align them with the Portuguese. The article analyses the latter strategy, assessing its successes and failures, and the contributions made by several of those who were involved.
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Brugnaro, Ricardo, and Carlos José Caetano Bacha. "Análise da participação da agropecuária no PIB dos EUA de 1960 a 2001." Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 46, no. 2 (June 2008): 355–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-20032008000200004.

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Este artigo faz uma análise da evolução da participação da agropecuária no PIB dos EUA de 1960 a 2001, dando destaque à análise econométrica das principais variáveis que determinam essa participação. A tendência geral, no período de 1960 a 2001, é a diminuição da participação da agropecuária no PIB. Porém, isto não ocorre de forma contínua, pois de 1971 a 1973 essa participação aumentou. O artigo prova, econometricamente, a quebra de tendência da participação da agropecuária no PIB de 1971 a 1973 e centra sua análise no período de 1973 a 2001. Através de gráficos, observa-se grande crescimento da produção física de cereais e de carnes no período de 1970 a 2001, que se explica pelo grande crescimento da produtividade da agropecuária e dos subsídios governamentais, dado que a tendência da relação de preços recebidos/preços pagos pela agropecuária foi decrescente nesse período. Baseado em um modelo contábil que explicita as variáveis que determinam a participação da agropecuária no PIB, um modelo econométrico é definido e estimado. As principais variáveis determinando a participação da agropecuária no PIB dos EUA (em ordem decrescente de importância), no período de 1973 a 2001, são a relação de preços recebidos/preços pagos, o valor defasado dessa participação e a produtividade total dos fatores da agropecuária.
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Katz, Michael B., and Martha F. Davis. "Brutal Need: Lawyers and the Welfare Rights Movement, 1960-1973." Journal of American History 81, no. 4 (March 1995): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081845.

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Trattner, Walter I., and Martha F. Davis. "Brutal Need: Lawyers and the Welfare Rights Movement, 1960-1973." American Historical Review 100, no. 2 (April 1995): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169138.

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Cox, Anna K. "The Artisanry of Film: Pieces from Pere Portabella’s Workshop (1960-1973)." Canadian Journal of Film Studies 23, no. 1 (March 2014): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjfs.23.1.30.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "1960-1973"

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Wiazovski, Taciana. "Cultura em Comentário: uma revista de cultura e resistência (1960 - 1973)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-23102012-110151/.

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Este estudo reconstitui a trajetória e a contribuição intelectual de Comentário (1960-1973), revista financiada pelo American Jewish Committee (AJC) que seguiu o modelo da americana Commentary criada quinze anos antes. A publicação reuniu proeminentes nomes da cultura nacional e internacional da década de 1960. Procuramos pelas origens da revista nos Estados Unidos por meio de sua relação com a empreitada cultural norte-americana durante a Guerra Fria, considerando que tal publicação se dizia aberta ao amplo debate cultural. Através da recuperação de partes deste debate avaliamos o papel do intelectual na cultura. A revista possibilitou uma análise da postura intelectual judaica no período pós-Holocausto, momento em que se ponderou o contexto internacional do alinhamento de Israel ao Ocidente, os processos antissemitas da União Soviética e a ruptura das relações entre Israel e União Soviética em 1953. Comentário favoreceu o estudo da inserção da comunidade judaica no contexto cultural e político brasileiro da década de 1960 e primeiros anos da década de 1970, abrangendo o golpe de 1964 e os anos de maior repressão política as ideias no Brasil. Nossa hipótese é de que a revista Comentário ofereceu, por seu potencial crítico e inovador, um espaço privilegiado para a intelligentsia judaica e não judaica no Brasil pensar as questões políticas e culturais de seu tempo no universo das ações que se desenvolveram no pós-guerra a partir da criação da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), sobretudo através da Organização Educacional, Científica e Cultural (UNESCO) e do conceito de Direitos Humanos. Consideramos o impacto destes valores na cena cultural brasileira, sua relação com a comunidade judaica radicada no Brasil e com o espaço da classe dirigente. A revista atuou como um espaço de divulgação dos estudos sobre antissemitismo, etnicidade, racismo e intolerância gerando linhas de pesquisas que têm hoje a sua atualidade. Através do inventário biográfico de alguns colaboradores da revista e sua produção, resgatamos a história de uma importante geração de intelectuais.
This study reconstructs the history and the intellectual contribution of Comentário (1960-1973), a magazine funded by the American Jewish Committee (AJC), which followed the model of the American Commentary established fifteen years earlier. The publication brought together prominent names in national and international culture of the 1960s. We seek the origins of the magazine in the United States through its relationship with cultural undertaking U.S. during the Cold War, considering that such a publication called itself \"open to broad cultural debate.\" Through the recovery of parts of this debate we evaluate the role of intellectual culture. The magazine has enabled an analysis of Jewish intellectual position in the post-Holocaust, when it weighed the international context of the alignment of Israel to the West, the processes of anti-Semitic Soviet Union and the rupture of relations between Israel and the Soviet Union in 1953. Comentário favored the study of the insertion of the Jewish community in the Brazilian political and cultural context of the 1960\'s and early 1970\'s, covering the 1964 coup and the years of greatest political repression in Brazil ideas. Our hypothesis is that the magazine Comentário offered by its critical and innovative potential, a privileged space for the Jewish and non Jewish intelligentsia in Brazil think the political and cultural issues of his time in all the actions that have developed in the postwar Since the creation of the United Nations (UN), especially through the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the concept of Human Rights. We consider the impact of these values in the Brazilian cultural scene, its relationship with the Jewish community living in Brazil and the space of the ruling class. The magazine served as a forum for dissemination of studies on anti-Semitism, ethnicity, racism and intolerance causing lines of research that has its relevance today. Through the biographical inventory of some employees of the magazine and its production, we rescued the story of an important generation of intellectuals.
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Lippert, Andrew J. "Developing A Strategy to Combat Drug Abuse in Philadelphia, 1960-1973." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/358476.

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History
Ph.D.
How did Philadelphia develop its first drug control strategy between 1960 and 1973? This study argues that Philadelphia's drug control strategy was part of an array of collaborative responses to the composite challenges of urban decay and was influenced by concerns for development, law enforcement, and fiscal survival. In the early 1960s, a focus on development and a combination of overt racism and the more subtle psychological process of racial othering made drug abuse a low-priority, policy issue in Philadelphia. At mid-decade, the growing institutionalization of law enforcement overshadowed additional attention drug abuse might have gained at that point. By 1970, “White involvement,” as Medical Examiner Joseph Spelman termed it, provided the impetus for a more active and institutionalized public response. As the nation progressed from a War on Poverty, to a War on Crime, and then to a War on Drugs, problems of sustainability and fiscal exhaustion became paramount. When Philadelphia’s Coordinating Office for Drug and Alcohol Abuse Programs produced its Comprehensive Plan for Drug and Alcohol Abuse Treatment and Prevention, 1973-1974, it codified a years-long, work-in-progress to address the complex adaptive system that substance abuse represented. Though the strategy did not rectify the larger environmental issues of race, stability, and sustainability with which Philadelphia contended, it did provide a balanced approach and a starting point for future implementation and refinement.
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Lacasta, Codorniu Miquel. "GEOMETRÍA Y COMPLEJIDAD. LA IRRUPCIÓN DE UN PARADIGMA ENTRE 1960 Y 1973." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/77786.

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El campo de esta investigación es sin duda la arquitectura, pero también la ciencia, más específicamente lo que Felix Guattari se refiere por ciencias duras en un artículo titulado Las tres ecologías: la termodinámica, la topología, la teoría de la información, la teoría de los sistemas, la lingüística, etc., y también, y sobre todo, a lo que Charles Jencks hace referencia en sus textos como las ciencias de la complejidad en The new paradigm in Architecture. The Language of Post-Modernism, y en el texto también de Jencks, The Architecture of the Jumping Universe: A Polemic: How Complexity Science is Changing Architecture and Culture. De hecho los dos textos de Jencks delimitan el campo de esta tesis, ambos relacionan arquitectura y ciències de la complejidad, pautan una referencia temporal que voy a demostrar como imprecisa, y por tanto inducirán un nuevo marco temporal, sirven a la vez para justificar sobradamente la pertinencia de esta tesis, Jencks ha sido uno de los críticos más influyentes de la segunda mitad del siglo XX en arquitectura, y funcionan como una especie de guión inverso, es decir para desandar sobre sus pasos y resituar en el tiempo el objeto de esta tesis: demostrar que el nuevo paradigma en arquitectura basado en el desarrollo de geometrías complejas surge como cuerpo de conocimiento en la década de los 60, concretamente entre 1960 y 1973. Como veremos, en esta tesis se asumen algunos de los principios que definen el campo y que están presentes en los textos antes mencionados: a.- La arquitectura siempre ha mimetizado a la naturaleza. b.- la naturaleza ha quedado totalmente redefinida a partir de las ciencias de la complejidad. c.- la arquitectura, desamortizado el movimiento moderno, entra en una etapa basada en el binomio geometría y complejidad. Con este argumento general pretendo por tanto reubicar el origen del nacimiento de las geometrías complejas y desplazar el statu quo histórico desde finales del siglo XX y principios del XXI a la época comprendida entre 1960 y 1973.
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Gregory, Stephen William George Modern Language Studies UNSW. "The collapse of dialogue:Intellectuals and politics in the Uruguayan crisis, 1960-1973." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Modern Language Studies, 1999. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17231.

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In the context of the growing political instability and deepening economic crisis in Uruguay during the 1960s and early 1970s, the thesis examines two propositions. The first is that politically informed intellectuals, though disaffected or marginalised, will integrate themselves into the political mainstream if circumstances demand and a suitable vehicle allows them to participate usefully in the political process. The second is that, in the Uruguayan case, an expanded notion of dialogue is essential in analysing how this was accomplished, partly because the idea of dialogue was a necessary part of how they worked together and communicated with their public, and partly because dialogue was seen as a crucial element in reforming the nation and as the basis of the relationship between the political party that was to be the agent of such reform and its potential constituency. The thesis begins by examining how the so-called 1945 and 1960s generations overcame intergenerational squabbles and worked together, with the help of an expanding publishing industry, to create a public for their meditations on Uruguay's problems. Then, after briefly outlining the importance of dialogue to the essay as a genre and its role in developing national identity in Latin America, the study examines essays on the state of Uruguay by four major writers in the 1960s: Roberto Ares Pons, Alberto Methol Ferr??, Carlos Maggi and Washington Lockhart. The thesis then traces the intelligentsia's role in the several attempts to heal the rifts within the Uruguayan left and in the formation of the centre left coalition, the Frente Amplio, in 1971, to show how the notion of dialogue was incorporated into its structure, mode of operation and political program. The final section, a case study of Mario Benedetti's political activities and propagandist essays of 1971-1973, examines the contradictions of working as a committed intellectual when the very conditions necessary for intellectual life are breaking down. The thesis concludes that the resurrection of the nation as a site for dialogue with and among all members of society, a project in which the intelligentsia had enthusiastically participated, foundered because drastic political polarisation permitted only one militarist and monologic solution.
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Koli, Motombi Sese. "Les Relations entre les états francophones d'Afrique centrale, de 1960 à 1973." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37614763c.

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Koli, Motombi Sese. "Les Relations entre les Etats francophones d'Afrique Centrale de 1960 à 1973." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010604.

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Elsdon, Peter Stanley. "Keith Jarrett's solo concerts and the aesthetics of free improvisation from 1960-1973." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364749.

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Rosas, Guzmán Daniela. "Políticas de control de la fertilidad y planificación familiar en Chile 1960-1973." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/143580.

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Zetterberg, Pettersson Eva. "The Old World Journey : National Identity in Four American Novels from 1960 to 1973." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Uppsala University Library, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5946.

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Wolkmer, Juliana Ribeiro. "Formação em teatro na UFRGS (1960-1973) : memórias de tempos de ousadia e paixão." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/165457.

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A história do ensino de teatro no Departamento de Arte Dramática (DAD) do Instituto de Artes (IA) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) é o tema central da pesquisa, que busca compreender o processo de formação em teatro na referida instituição e suas transformações, tomando por base o período entre os anos de 1960 e 1973. A pesquisa é organizada em torno dos paradigmas da Nova História Cultural, abrangendo os conceitos de micro-história, história oral e memória. Através da metodologia da história oral, a pesquisa investiga a trajetória acadêmica de seis profissionais de teatro formados no CAD/DAD no período mencionado. A partir do registro de memórias e da organização de fontes históricas, como documentos oficiais e fotografias, busca-se refletir sobre o ensino de teatro e suas relações com o tempo, considerando a ação docente atravessada por diversas determinações, macro e micro contextuais de ordem histórica, social, política e cultural. O contexto histórico dos períodos apontados pelos entrevistados é analisado com a finalidade de identificar práticas e teorias que influenciaram os professores de teatro no passado e evidenciar marcas por eles legadas aos profissionais de teatro da atualidade.
The history of theater teaching in the Department of Dramatic Art (DAD) of the Art Institute (IA) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) is the central theme of this research that seeks to understand the formation processes in theater in that institution and its transformations, from 1960 until 1973.The research is organized around the New Cultural History paradigms, including the concepts of micro-history, oral history and memory. Through the oral history methodology, the research investigates the academic trajectory of six graduated theater professionals at CAD/DAD in this period. From the recording of memories and organization of historical sources like official documents and pictures, it seeks to think about teaching theater and its links with time, considering the teaching action crossed by numerous determinations, macro and micro contextual historical, social, political and cultural order. The historical context of the periods mentioned by respondents is analyzed in order to identify practices and theories that influenced the theater of teachers in the past and show marks they bequeathed to today's theater professionals.
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Books on the topic "1960-1973"

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1945-, Russo Arturo, and Sebesta Lorenza, eds. Europe in space, 1960-1973. Noordwijk: European Space Agency, 1994.

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Decelle, Philippe. L' utopie du tout plastique: 1960-1973. Bruxelles: Fondation pour l'Architecture, 1994.

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Decelle, Philippe. L' Utopie du tout plastique: 1960 - 1973. Paris: Norma Editions, 1994.

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Sarmiento, José Antonio. La otra escritura: La poesía experimental española, 1960-1973. [Cuenca]: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 1990.

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Sudrajat, Unggul. Merajut asa siti kawula: Landreform di Sleman, 1960-1973. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak, 2014.

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Robert, Smithson. Robert Smithson: El paisaje entrópico : una retrospectiva, 1960-1973. [Valencia]: IVAM Centre Julio González, Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Ciència, 1993.

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Davis, Martha F. Brutal need: Lawyers and the welfare rights movement, 1960-1973. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.

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Morgan, John Hanly. Surfing the tidal wave: Memoirs of a ministry, 1960-1973. Toronto, Ont: First Unitarian Congregation, 1994.

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María, Adolfo Ibáñez Santa. Abrazado por la revolución: Ideología y totalitarismo en Chile 1960-1973. [Santiago]: Editorial Biblioteca Americana, 2004.

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Someone to teach them: York and the great university explosion, 1960-1973. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "1960-1973"

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Laurence, Patricia. "A Frightened Heart (1960–1973)." In Elizabeth Bowen, 297–320. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71360-7_11.

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Muehlbauer, Matthew S., and David J. Ulbrich. "Confrontations in the Cold War, 1960–1973." In Ways of War, 424–57. Second edition. | New York: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315545691-15.

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Carreras, Albert, and Xavier Tafunell. "Spain in the : Reintegration into the International Economy (1960–1973)." In Palgrave Studies in Economic History, 171–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60504-9_8.

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Sanz Lafuente, Gloria. "Job Promotion and Labour Turnover Among Spanish Workers in West Germany, 1960–1973." In Labour Migration in Europe Volume I, 43–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90587-7_3.

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Samli, A. Coskun, and Mary Ann Lederhaus. "The Changing Nature and Scope of the Senior Citizen Market Segment: Recent Developments During the Period of 1960 and 1973." In Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 29–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16934-7_7.

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Carroll, Peter. "Shall We or Shall We Not? The Japanese, Australian, and New Zealand Decisions to Apply for Membership in the OECD, 1960–1973." In The OECD and the International Political Economy Since 1948, 113–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60243-1_5.

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Thomas, Nicola. "Form and Community: Derek Mahon’s ‘Beyond Howth Head’ (1972) and Sarah Kirsch’s ‘Wiepersdorf’ Cycle (1973)." In Space, Place and Poetry in English and German, 1960–1975, 109–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90212-8_5.

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"Compline (1960–1973)." In The Very Rich Hours of Jacques Maritain, 195–212. University of Notre Dame Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpj79jv.11.

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"1960–1973: towards managed growth." In The Fading Miracle, 125–84. Cambridge University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511628542.005.

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"A European Love Affair, 1960–1973?" In Europe and the Decline of Social Democracy in Britain: From Attlee to Brexit, 59–92. Boydell & Brewer, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvd58t67.8.

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Conference papers on the topic "1960-1973"

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Merrion, David F. "Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions, Fifty Years: 1960–2010." In ASME 2002 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2002-478.

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Exhaust emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines have been legislated since the 1960’s and continue until 2010. Smoke emissions continue to be controlled but exhaust odor regulations were never promulgated. Gaseous emissions (oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons) were not regulated until 1973 and particulate matter first regulated in 1988. Emission regulations have been through several periods of cooperation between regulators and manufacturers but there have also been periods of conflict and lawsuits. The most recent issues are with the October 2002 requirements of the Consent Decrees signed by seven diesel engine manufacturers and USEPA/US DOJ/CARB. Also the 2007/2010 regulations are under review.
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Iqbal, Anees, and Keith Fenemore. "The Application of Gas Turbines in Industrial Combined Heat and Power: An Operational Strategy for Maximising Profit." In ASME 1996 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-ta-040.

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The concept of industrial combined heat and power (CHP) systems has been put into practice for most of this century. Prior to the 1960’s, however, the chemical, petrochemical, iron and steel and paper industries normally installed CHP systems based on steam turbines. The oil crisis of 1973 brought an end of the era of secure low fuel prices. This crisis prompted successful moves towards improving energy conservation, mainly in thermal efficiency. The heat to power ratio was reduced in most industries, making the steam turbine system alone less attractive. Consequently gas turbines have frequently taken over as the basic prime mover for CHP systems, though associated with steam turbines in appropriate situations.
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Zaki, Wael, Xiaojun Gu, Ziad Moumni, and Weihong Zhang. "High-Cycle Fatigue Criterion for Shape Memory Alloys Based on Shakedown Theory." In ASME 2016 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2016-9165.

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Based on a recently developed shakedown theory for non-smooth nonlinear materials, we derive a criterion for high-cycle fatigue in shape memory alloys (SMAs). The fatigue criterion takes into account phase transformation as well as reorientation of martensite variants as the source of fatigue damage. The mathematical derivation of the criterion is based on the requirement of elastic shakedown for a given structure to achieve unlimited fatigue endurance. Elastic shakedown is defined as an asymptotic state in which damage due to time-varying load becomes confined at the mesoscopic scale, or the scale of the grain, with no discernable inelasticity at the macroscopic scale. From an energy standpoint, elastic shakedown corresponds to a situation where energy dissipation becomes bounded and the response elastic after a certain number of loading cycles. A sufficient condition to achieve this state was established by Melan (1936) [1] and Koiter (1960) [2] for elastoplastic materials and later generalized to hardening plasticity by Nguyen (2003) and to non-smooth non-linear materials by Peigney (2014). The latter formulation is applicable to SMAs obeying the ZM constitutive model (Zaki & Moumni, 2007) and is shown here to allow the derivation of a high-cycle fatigue criterion analogous to the one proposed by Dang Van (1973) for elastoplastic materials. The criterion allows establishing a safe domain in stress deviator space at the mesoscopic scale consisting of a hypercylinder with axis parallel to the direction of martensite orientation. The hypercylinder is delimited along its axis by two transverse hyperplanes representing bounds on admissible stress states consistent with the loading conditions for phase transformation. Safety with regard to high-cycle fatigue, upon elastic shakedown, is conditioned by the persistence of the macroscopic stress path, as the load varies and at every material point, strictly within the hypercylinder. The size of the hypercylinder is shown to strongly depend on the relative amount of martensite present in the SMA.
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YEŞİLBURSA, Behçet Kemal. "THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN TURKEY (1908-1980)." In 9. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-4794-5.08.

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Political parties started to be established in Turkey in the second half of the 19th century with the formation of societies aiming at the reform of the Ottoman Empire. They reaped the fruits of their labour in 1908 when the Young Turk Revolution replaced the Sultan with the Committee of Union and Progress, which disbanded itself on the defeat of the Empire in 1918. Following the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, new parties started to be formed, but experiments with a multi-party system were soon abandoned in favour of a one-party system. From 1930 until the end of the Second World War, the People’s Republican Party (PRP) was the only political party. It was not until after the Second World War that Turkey reverted to a multiparty system. The most significant new parties were the Democrat Party (DP), formed on 7 January 1946, and the Nation Party (NP) formed on 20 July 1948, after a spilt in the DP. However, as a result of the coup of 27 May 1960, the military Government, the Committee of National Union (CNU), declared its intentions of seizing power, restoring rights and privileges infringed by the Democrats, and drawing up a new Constitution, to be brought into being by a free election. In January 1961, the CNU relaxed its initial ban on all political activities, and within a month eleven new parties were formed, in addition to the already established parties. The most important of the new parties were the Justice Party (JP) and New Turkey Party (NTP), which competed with each other for the DP’s electoral support. In the general election of October 1961, the PRP’s failure to win an absolute majority resulted in four coalition Governments, until the elections in October 1965. The General Election of October 1965 returned the JP to power with a clear, overall majority. The poor performance of almost all the minor parties led to the virtual establishment of a two-party system. Neither the JP nor the PRP were, however, completely united. With the General Election of October 1969, the JP was returned to office, although with a reduced share of the vote. The position of the minor parties declined still further. Demirel resigned on 12 March 1971 after receiving a memorandum from the Armed Forces Commanders threatening to take direct control of the country. Thus, an “above-party” Government was formed to restore law and order and carry out reforms in keeping with the policies and ideals of Atatürk. In March 1973, the “above-party” Melen Government resigned, partly because Parliament rejected the military candidate, General Gürler, whom it had supported in the Presidential Elections of March-April 1973. This rejection represented the determination of Parliament not to accept the dictates of the Armed Forces. On 15 April, a new “above party” government was formed by Naim Talu. The fundamental dilemma of Turkish politics was that democracy impeded reform. The democratic process tended to return conservative parties (such as the Democrat and Justice Parties) to power, with the support of the traditional Islamic sectors of Turkish society, which in turn resulted in the frustration of the demands for reform of a powerful minority, including the intellectuals, the Armed Forces and the newly purged PRP. In the last half of the 20th century, this conflict resulted in two periods of military intervention, two direct and one indirect, to secure reform and to quell the disorder resulting from the lack of it. This paper examines the historical development of the Turkish party system, and the factors which have contributed to breakdowns in multiparty democracy.
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