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Journal articles on the topic '1950s'
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1
Gracheva, Alla Mikhailovna. "N. V. GOGOL AND A. M. REMIZOV: AESTHETIC CONSTANT AND ANNIVERSARY VARIABLES." Russkaya literatura 4 (2022): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0131-6095-2022-4-58-71.
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The article analyzes the evolution of the Gogol theme in the writer’s work. In the mid-1900s — early 1920s, Remizov followed in Gogol’s footsteps, creating his own version of the «Petersburg text». From the late 1920s and into the 1930s, he mythologized the personality of the author of the Dead Souls, treating him as a half-demon, «stuck» between the two circles of a mystical universe, and as a prophetic writer who could share his «insights» with the readers. For Remizov, Gogol was one of the writers who subscribed to the «Russian mode theory». In the late 1940s and 1950s, Remizov plunged into the new stage of his «creative discovery» of Gogol’s legacy, linking it with the main theme of his work of the time — speculations on the Christian dogma of the resurrection of the dead.
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Hounshell, David A. "Automation, Transfer Machinery, and Mass Production in the U.S. Automobile Industry in the Post–World War II Era." Enterprise & Society 1, no. 1 (March 2000): 100–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700015615.
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First experimented with in the 1920s and 1930s in the production of automobile engines, transfer machines became dominant in U.S. engine plants in the 1940s and 1950s, as automakers invested heavily in this equipment to meet pent-up demand following the war. Transfer machines thus became identified with “Detroit automation”. But with the advent of a “horsepower race”, firms found that transfer machines could not accommodate even minor changes in design. Late in the 1950s the industry developed and applied “building-block automation” to transfer machines to attain greater flexibility. Examining these developments contributes to our understanding of both specific industries and the general history of mass production and its alternatives.
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Decker, Todd. "Fancy Meeting You Here: Pioneers of the Concept Album." Daedalus 142, no. 4 (October 2013): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00233.
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The introduction of the long-playing record in 1948 was the most aesthetically significant technological change in the century of the recorded music disc. The new format challenged record producers and recording artists of the 1950s to group sets of songs into marketable wholes and led to a first generation of concept albums that predate more celebrated examples by rock bands from the 1960s. Two strategies used to unify concept albums in the 1950s stand out. The first brought together performers unlikely to collaborate in the world of live music making. The second strategy featured well-known singers in songwriter-or performer-centered albums of songs from the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s recorded in contemporary musical styles. Recording artists discussed include Fred Astaire, Ella Fitzgerald, and Rosemary Clooney, among others.
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Adom Getachew Talks to Ashish Ghadiali. "World makers of the Black Atlantic." Soundings 75, no. 75 (September 1, 2020): 180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/soun.75.11.2020.
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In Worldmaking After Empire, Adom Getachew challenges standard histories of decolonisation, which chart the story of a simple shift from empire to independent nationhood. She shows that supporters of decolonisation have always sought to create something much more than nationalisms: they have engaged in a dynamic and rival system of revolutionary worldmaking, seeking an alternative international system that could replace the old inequitable dispensation. She charts this decolonial project from its roots in the works of Black Atlantic thinkers like W.E.B. Du Bois and C.L.R. James in the 1920s and 1930s. The key events she tracks are the challenges the project faced in the United Nations in the 1940s and 1950s; attempts at regional federation in late 1950s and 1960s; and the emergence of the New International Economic Order in the 1960s and 1970s. This a twentieth century tradition now ripe to be reclaimed and revived.
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Soucy, Rick D., Eric Heitzman, and Martin A. Spetich. "The establishment and development of oak forests in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-104.
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The disturbance history of six mature white oak (Quercus alba L.) northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) hickory (Carya spp.) stands in the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas were reconstructed using tree-ring and fire-scar analysis. Results indicate that all six stands originated in the early 1900s following timber harvesting and (or) fire. These disturbances initiated a pulse of oak-dominated establishment. Most sites were periodically burned during the next several decades. Abrupt radial growth increases in all stands during the 1920s to 1940s reflected additional disturbances. These perturbations likely provided growing space for existing trees, but did not result in increased seedling establishment. Thus, multiple disturbances were important in the origin and development of the stands studied. By the 1930s and 1940s, oak establishment was replaced by shade-tolerant, fire-intolerant non-oak species; few oak recruited into tree size classes after the 1950s. The decrease in oaks and the increase in non-oaks coincided with fire suppression. Few scars were recorded during the past 6070 years. Prescribed fire may be an important management tool in regenerating oak forests in northern Arkansas.
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Eero, Margit. "Reconstructing the population dynamics of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) in the Baltic Sea in the 20th century." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 6 (May 3, 2012): 1010–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss051.
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Abstract Eero, M. 2012. Reconstructing the population dynamics of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) in the Baltic Sea in the 20th century. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1010–1018 . Long time-series of population dynamics are increasingly needed in order to understand human impacts on marine ecosystems and support their sustainable management. In this study, the estimates of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) biomass in the Baltic Sea were extended back from the beginning of ICES stock assessments in 1974 to the early 1900s. The analyses identified peaks in sprat spawner biomass in the beginning of the 1930s, 1960s, and 1970s at ∼900 kt. Only a half of that biomass was estimated for the late 1930s, for the period from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s, and for the mid-1960s. For the 1900s, fisheries landings suggest a relatively high biomass, similar to the early 1930s. The exploitation rate of sprat was low until the development of pelagic fisheries in the 1960s. Spatially resolved analyses from the 1960s onwards demonstrate changes in the distribution of sprat biomass over time. The average body weight of sprat by age in the 1950s to 1970s was higher than at present, but lower than during the 1980s to 1990s. The results of this study facilitate new analyses of the effects of climate, predation, and anthropogenic drivers on sprat, and contribute to setting long-term management strategies for the Baltic Sea.
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Attanasio, Orazio, Hamish Low, and Virginia Sánchez-Marcos. "Explaining Changes in Female Labor Supply in a Life-Cycle Model." American Economic Review 98, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 1517–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.4.1517.
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This paper studies the life-cycle labor supply of three cohorts of American women, born in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. We focus on the increase in labor supply of mothers between the 1940s and 1950s cohorts. We construct a life-cycle model of female participation and savings, and calibrate the model to match the behavior of the middle cohort. We investigate which changes in the determinants of labor supply account for the increases in participation early in the life-cycle observed for the youngest cohort. A combination of a reduction in the cost of children alongside a reduction in the wage-gender gap is needed. (JEL D91, J16, J22, J31)
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Ariansen, Inger, Bjørn Heine Strand, Marte Karoline Råberg Kjøllesdal, Ólöf Anna Steingrímsdóttir, Laust Hvas Mortensen, Hein Stigum, Sidsel Graff-Iversen, and Øyvind Næss. "The educational gradient in premature cardiovascular mortality: Examining mediation by risk factors in cohorts born in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 26, no. 10 (January 28, 2019): 1096–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487319826274.
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Aims Educational inequality in cardiovascular disease and in modifiable risk factors changes over time and between birth cohorts. We aimed to assess how cardiovascular disease risk factors mediate educational differences in premature cardiovascular disease mortality and how this varies over birth cohorts and sex. Methods We followed 360,008 40–45-year-olds born in the 1930s, 1940s or 1950s from Norwegian health examination surveys (1974–1997) for premature cardiovascular disease mortality. Cox proportional hazard and Aalen’s additive survival analyses provided hazard ratios and rate differences of excess deaths in participants with basic versus tertiary education. Results Relative educational differences in premature cardiovascular disease mortality were stable, whereas absolute differences narrowed from the 1930s to the 1950s cohorts; rate differences per 100 000 person years declined from 170 (95% confidence interval 117, 224) to 49 (36, 61) in men and from 60 (34, 85) to 23 (16, 29) in women. Cardiovascular disease risk factors attenuated rate differences by 69% in both cohorts in men, and in women by 102% in 1930s and 61% in 1950s cohorts. Smoking had the single strongest influence on the educational differences for men in all three cohorts, and for women in the two most recent cohorts. Conclusion Smoking appeared to be the driving force behind educational differences in premature cardiovascular disease mortality in the 1930s to 1950s birth cohorts for men and in the two recent birth cohorts for women. This suggests that strategies for smoking prevention and cessation might have the strongest impact for reducing educational inequality in premature cardiovascular disease mortality.
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OGONOVSKAYA, I. S. "AUTHORS OF SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS OF RUSSIAN HISTORY / HISTORY OF THE USSR: A COLLECTIVE PORTRAIT AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF HISTORICAL ERAS (1918-1950S)." History and Modern Perspectives 5, no. 3 (September 29, 2023): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2023-5-3-167-179.
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The author of the article explores the process of development of school history education in 1918-1950s, considering it through the prism of the publication of school textbooks of Russian history and the history of the USSR and the fate of the authors of these educational publications. Attention is drawn to the interest of researchers in the period of the 1930s. and a textbook on the history of the USSR for elementary school, edited by A.V. Shestakov and less studied educational literature published in 1918-1920s and 1940s-1950s. Four stages are identified and characterized, each of which had its own characteristics; the problem of educating a Marxist understanding of history through school history textbooks in these years has been updated; the historical concepts of the development of Russian history, born as a result of scientific discussions and the author's views of M.N. Pokrovsky and other scientists; analyzed the content of individual plots in school history textbooks; the relationship between power and historical science at certain stages of development is shown; conclusions are presented about the influence of historical eras on the historical fate of both history textbooks for the school and their authors.
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Spear, Morwenna J., and Miklós Bak. "Wood Modification—Trends and Combinations." Forests 15, no. 7 (July 20, 2024): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15071268.
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Wood modification is a field that has enjoyed sustained interest over the past two decades, although its history can be tracked back significantly further, to the pioneering work of Alfred Stamm and co-workers at the Forest Products Laboratory in the USA in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s [...]
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Ramsey, Justin, and Tara S. Ramsey. "Ecological studies of polyploidy in the 100 years following its discovery." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1648 (August 5, 2014): 20130352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0352.
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Polyploidy is a mutation with profound phenotypic consequences and thus hypothesized to have transformative effects in plant ecology. This is most often considered in the context of geographical and environmental distributions—as achieved from divergence of physiological and life-history traits—but may also include species interactions and biological invasion. This paper presents a historical overview of hypotheses and empirical data regarding the ecology of polyploids. Early researchers of polyploidy (1910s–1930s) were geneticists by training but nonetheless savvy to its phenotypic effects, and speculated on the importance of genome duplication to adaptation and crop improvement. Cytogenetic studies in the 1930s–1950s indicated that polyploids are larger (sturdier foliage, thicker stems and taller stature) than diploids while cytogeographic surveys suggested that polyploids and diploids have allopatric or parapatric distributions. Although autopolyploidy was initially regarded as common, influential writings by North American botanists in the 1940s and 1950s argued for the principle role of allopolyploidy; according to this view, genome duplication was significant for providing a broader canvas for hybridization rather than for its phenotypic effects per se . The emphasis on allopolyploidy had a chilling effect on nascent ecological work, in part due to taxonomic challenges posed by interspecific hybridization. Nonetheless, biosystematic efforts over the next few decades (1950s–1970s) laid the foundation for ecological research by documenting cytotype distributions and identifying phenotypic correlates of polyploidy. Rigorous investigation of polyploid ecology was achieved in the 1980s and 1990s by population biologists who leveraged flow cytometry for comparative work in autopolyploid complexes. These efforts revealed multi-faceted ecological and phenotypic differences, some of which may be direct consequences of genome duplication. Several classical hypotheses about the ecology of polyploids remain untested, however, and allopolyploidy—regarded by most botanists as the primary mode of genome duplication—is largely unstudied in an ecological context.
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Silver, George K. "The Health Left in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s." International Journal of Health Services 25, no. 1 (January 1995): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/lnl2-ncqh-nh0h-1y83.
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To go back to a period more than five decades ago to talk about the health left is to enter not just another time, but another world. Between the Great Depression and the postwar period, challenging and contradictory social, political, and professional developments were brought to the surface in U.S. life. The health left shared in the opportunities and confusion, enriching the American spirit and participating in both the pleasures and the pain. The 1930s saw economic depression, wars, the birth of fascism, and fears of social collapse. In medicine, despite sporadic scientific advances, the social response was remote and narrow. But social activism motivated medical students and medical practitioners. The 1940s marked a change in both attitudes and values. The left was divided, and bitter factionalism stymied cooperative action. Participation in the war against fascism promoted solidarity, despite the sadness of the evidence of brutality and lack of humanity. The 1950s are sometimes considered regressive, but seeds germinated as the complexity of medical life engendered new approaches to meeting sociomedical needs. As we entered the 1960s a different and more hopeful story unfolded as the rebellions of the poor, blacks, and women brought about a new era of social action.
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Kim, Jiyoung. "The Multilayered Construction of Modern Mountain Tourism and Mt. Jiri Tourism Space: From 1920s to the 1960s." Center for Asia and Diaspora 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 5–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15519/dcc.2023.02.13.1.5.
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This study examines the multi-layered construction of the tourism space of Mt. Jiri by tracing how various actors spatially constructed both tourism in Mt. Jiri (starting in the 1920s) as well as the designation of Jirisan National Park in 1967. Modern tourism was introduced to Mt. Jiri in the 1920s, and Mt. Jiri tourism took shape between the mid-1930s and the late 1940s. As mountaineering resumed in the mid-1950s after the Yeosu-Suncheon Rebellion and the Korean War, the foundation for full-scale mountain tourism was laid. The Corea Alpine Club (CAC) and scholars’ academic research played a significant role in driving mountaineering movements, complemented by the development of hiking trails by Gurye Yeonhaban, an alpine club in the area of Mt. Jiri.
By the late 1960s, Jirisan became a major travel destination, due in part to the publication of mountaineering magazines, mountaineering movements supported by the CAC and the Chosun Ilbo, and the designation of Jirisan National Park in 1967.
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Nikulin, A. M. "Encyclopedias as tools of modernization: Stalinist versions of agrarian knowledge." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-1-154-168.
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The article considers directions of the agrarian modernization as presented in the four editions of the Soviet agricultural encyclopedia from the mid-1920s to the mid-1950s. On the basis of some historical examples and theoretical concepts, the author explains the scientific, ideological and political significance of encyclopedias in the formation of social knowledge and ideology; shows how during the Stalinist period, the Soviet agricultural encyclopedias passed through several successive great leaps in the representation of agrarian knowledge under the accelerated Soviet modernization; stresses the manipulative way of managing agrarian knowledge and human capital in agriculture - on behalf of the leader and ruling party. The article describes the transition from the first Soviet encyclopedia of the 1920s, which focused on the modernization of peasant Russia, to the encyclopedia of the early 1930s, which denied the importance of the peasantry and praised the projects of large-scale industrial-agricultural production; many authors of the first peasant encyclopedia were repressed. The encyclopedia of the late 1930s reflects the fight against the authors of the previous encyclopedia of the great leap and the purges in the name of the ideology of the planning-management approach in the further modernization of Soviet agriculture. The encyclopedia of the late 1940s - early 1950s reflects the victory of the technocratic-bureaucratic worldview and personnel approach to the agrarian sphere, which prevailed in the agriculture of the USSR until the very end of the Soviet era. The author focuses on the influence of the subjective factor (political leaders, editors-in-chief and anonymous authors) on the ideology, topics and style of encyclopedic articles. In conclusion, the author notes that the strong ideological control and volatile political situation distorted knowledge in the Soviet agrarian encyclopedias, which negatively affected the quality of rural human capital and largely predetermined the stagnation of rural development in the late USSR.
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Inshakov, Alexander N. "Monumental Painting by Sergei Romanovich: Former and Unfulfilled." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, no. 1 (2021): 102–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2021.107.
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The article is devoted to an important period in the life and work of the Moscow artist Sergei Romanovich (1894–1968), one of the most interesting young artists of the Russian pictorial avant-garde of the second half of the 1910s, a student and later friend of Mikhail Larionov. From the late 1930s to the mid-1950s, Romanovich was an employee of the Workshop of Monumental Painting at the Academy of Architecture of the USSR. Together with Lev Bruni and Vladimir Favorsky, he worked on the decoration of the Red Army Theater, participated in the development of projects and interior design of theater and exhibition spaces, new public buildings in Moscow and other cities of the country. Romanovich turned to monumental art largely forced, unable to seriously engage in easel painting and exhibit his work in the 1930s. The author of the article analyzed the main works performed by Romanovich in the field of monumental art. Special attention is paid to Romanovich’s interest in painting by outstanding masters of the Renaissance and modern times, which had a certain influence on his monumental works: among the most important artists are Raphael, Michelangelo, and Delacroix. The article also reveals the connections and mutual influences between the easel work and the monumental painting of Romanovich. In his work, there was also a “counter” influence: the artist’s interest in outstanding monuments of monumental art of the past influenced his search in the field of painting. The author demonstrates this influence by referring to an analysis of several famous works by Romanovich in the late 1940s. The most important place in the artist’s heritage is occupied by religious painting. In the conditions of the USSR of the 1940s–1950s, Romanovich could not depict and fulfill his talent as a muralist in religious art.
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Bugrov, Konstantin D. "CHEMICAL SCIENCE IN SVERDLOVSK, 1920s–1950s: EMERGENCE OF KEY RESEARCH THEMES AND SCHOOLS." Ural Historical Journal 73, no. 4 (2021): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-4(73)-164-172.
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The paper presents an overview analysis of development of chemical research in the city of Sverdlovsk in 1920s–1950s. The author, relying on the theory of frontier modernization, proposes the concepts of frontier and support-point development of Soviet science. The frontier development was associated with peripherality, concentration of efforts in extractive (mining) industries, and a lack of resources for growth. The result of such frontier development was the emergence of a research-educational complex which, by the mid-1930s, included deeply integrated branch research organizations, institutes of the Academy of Sciences, and universities. The leading role was played by physical chemistry of metallurgical processes (and particularly electrochemistry), chemistry of wood and coal, inorganic and analytical chemistry. By the end of 1930s this chemical complex started to lose its frontier characteristics, which is evident from the effort of coal chemists led by I. Ya. Postovsky to develop the pharmaceutical chemistry. Due to the evacuation of enterprises and institutes from the western parts of USSR during the Great Patriotic War, the chemical complex of Sverdlovsk acquired a support-point character associated with the appearance of duplicate centers on the periphery. The new branches of chemical science emerged, for instance, the chemistry of polymers and the chemical machine-building. The implementation of the Soviet atomic project in Urals in late 1940s — early 1950s completed the paradigm shift in development of chemical science in Sverdlovsk, laying the foundation for the transformation of the city into a leading center of materials science.
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Wallhead, Emma. "Street photography 1930s–1950s." History Australia 16, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2019.1591165.
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Arekeeva, S. T., and L. P. Fedorova. "ROLE AND PLACE OF PERIPHERAL WRITERS’ ARTISTIC CREATION IN THE HISTORY OF UDMURT LITERATURE." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, no. 4 (August 26, 2022): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-4-889-894.
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The article studies the role and place of peripheral writers in the history of the development of Udmurt literature on the example of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan representatives. It highlights four generations of authors: a) generation of the 1900s-1920s, b) 1920s-1950s, c) 1950s-1970s, and d) 1980s-2010s. It identifies iconic figures of each period and studies the historical and cultural backgrounds that caused the phenomenon of their emergence. For the first time in the history of Udmurt literature, it attempts to make a comparative analysis of the socio-cultural factors that influenced the emergence of writers’ artistic personality among Udmurts of Zakamsk and Zavyatsk and caused the conceptual differences in their works in terms of understanding the world and human being. The article highlights and provides the general and specific features peculiar to the world perception and creative style of the authors that come from Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. It pays attention to specific creative personalities and their contribution to the development of Udmurt literature.
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Stock, Carl W. "Stromatoporoidea, 1926–2000." Journal of Paleontology 75, no. 6 (November 2001): 1079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000017145.
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The history of research on the “true” stromatoporoids, a presumably monophyletic group of sponges that occurred from the Ordovician through the Devonian, is examined in detail. Stromatoporoid published research is summarized in five categories: quantity of publication; biological affinities; systematics; skeletal microstructure; and paleoecology. Quantity of publication is measured from each of the 75 years. Moderate levels of publication in the late 1920s and 1930s declined in the early 1940s, and were reduced to zero for four years due to the impact of World War II. Levels similar to that of the 1930s returned in the 1950s, after which there was an overall increase until the mid-1980s, when levels began a decrease that persists today. The proportion of research on paleoecology has increased as research on systematics decreased through time. Post-Devonian forms assigned to the stromatoporoids are a polyphyletic grouping of several apparently unrelated taxa, possibly representing both Porifera and Cnidaria. Publications on the post-Devonian “stromatoporoids” amount to less than one-third that on the true stromatoporoids during the same 75 years.
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Pope, Rachel. "Processual archaeology and gender politics. The loss of innocence." Archaeological Dialogues 18, no. 1 (April 21, 2011): 59–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203811000134.
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AbstractProviding a younger woman's perspective, and born out of the 2006 Cambridge Personal Histories event on 1960s archaeology, this paper struggles to reconcile the panel's characterization of a ‘democratization’ of the field with an apparent absence of women, despite their relative visibility in 1920s–1940s archaeology. Focusing on Cambridge, as the birthplace of processualism, the paper tackles the question ‘where were the women?’ in 1950s–1960s archaeology. A sociohistorical perspective considers the impact of traditional societal views regarding the social role of women; the active gendering of science education; the slow increase of university places for young women; and the ‘marriage bars’ of post-war Britain, crucially restricting women's access to the professions in the era of professionalization, leading to decades of positive discrimination in favour of men. Pointing to the science of male and female archaeologists in 1920s–1930s Cambridge, it challenges ideas of scientific archaeology as a peculiarly post-war (and male) endeavour. The paper concludes that processual archaeology did not seek to democratize the field for women archaeologists.
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Zheng, Jingyun, Yingzhuo Yu, Xuezhen Zhang, and Zhixin Hao. "Variation of extreme drought and flood in North China revealed by document-based seasonal precipitation reconstruction for the past 300 years." Climate of the Past 14, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 1135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1135-2018.
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Abstract. Using a 17-site seasonal precipitation reconstruction from a unique historical archive, Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun, the decadal variations of extreme droughts and floods (i.e., the event with occurrence probability of less than 10 % from 1951 to 2000) in North China were investigated, by considering both the probabilities of droughts/floods occurrence in each site and spatial coverage (i.e., percentage of sites). Then, the possible linkages of extreme droughts and floods with ENSO (i.e., El Niño and La Niña) episodes and large volcanic eruptions were discussed. The results show that there were 29 extreme droughts and 28 extreme floods in North China from 1736 to 2000. For most of these extreme drought (flood) events, precipitation decreased (increased) evidently at most of the sites for the four seasons, especially for summer and autumn. But in drought years of 1902 and 1981, precipitation only decreased in summer slightly, while it decreased evidently in the other three seasons. Similarly, the precipitation anomalies for different seasons at different sites also existed in several extreme flood years, such as 1794, 1823, 1867, 1872 and 1961. Extreme droughts occurred more frequently (2 or more events) during the 1770s–1780s, 1870s, 1900s–1930s and 1980s–1990s, among which the most frequent (3 events) occurred in the 1900s and the 1920s. More frequent extreme floods occurred in the 1770s, 1790s, 1820s, 1880s, 1910s and 1950s–1960s, among which the most frequent (4 events) occurred in the 1790s and 1880s. For the total of extreme droughts and floods, they were more frequent in the 1770s, 1790s, 1870s–1880s, 1900s–1930s and 1960s, and the highest frequency (5 events) occurred in the 1790s. A higher probability of extreme drought was found when El Niño occurred in the current year or the previous year. However, no significant connections were found between the occurrences of extreme floods and ENSO episodes, or the occurrences of extreme droughts/floods and large volcanic eruptions.
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Avdanin, V. V. "On a Question of a Scientific and Technical Cooperation between the USSR and Western Countries in the Field of Energy." Administrative Consulting, no. 4 (May 23, 2022): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2022-4-99-110.
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The Stalinist industrial modernization of the USSR, which began in the 1930s, was carried out on the basis of imported technological resources. The transition from the use of foreign equipment to the mass production of domestic analogs of equipment took place gradually, overcoming the difficulties of the post-war period. As a result of the modernization of the energy industry of Leningrad at the turn of the 1940s-1950s a base of import-substituting production of all-Union significance was created. The article analyzes the main problems and features of the state energy policy in the period 1940–1980s, assesses the impact of industrial management reform on the development of the energy industry in the late 1950s, the author notes the specific role of leading party bodies in this process.
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Neary, Peter. "“Terrific weight of rock above me”." Ontario History 114, no. 2 (September 13, 2022): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1092216ar.
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Alan Caswell Collier (1911-1990) was a major Ontario landscape artist of the twentieth century and, in the 1940s and 1950s, advanced his career through depictions of mines and miners, having himself worked underground in Northern Ontario during the Great Depression. His 1968 commissioned picture, Mining in Ontario, is now part of the art collection at the Macdonald Block, Queen’s Park. Collier’s voluminous papers are in the archives of Queen’s University and this paper is based on extensive research in this collection, a major source for scholars of Ontario’s art history. Mining was a leading industrial activity in the province in the twentieth century, and Collier was at the fore in representing its development artistically. He was at once an uncommon but ordinary Ontarian – uncommon in his talent but in many other respects an Anglo-Canadian everyman: he lived in relief camps and bunkhouses in the 1930s, served in uniform in the 1940s, and moved to Toronto suburbia in the 1950s. His mining art recalls an expansive boom period in the history of Ontario industry.
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Rhoads, Edward J. M. "Cycles of Cathay." Transfers 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020207.
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Introduced into China in the late nineteenth century, the bicycle had to compete with a variety of alternative modes of personal transportation that for a number of years limited its appeal and utility. Thus, during the 1920s and 1930s it took a back seat to the hand-pulled rickshaw and during the 1940s to the pedicab (cycle rickshaw). It was only in the 1950s that the bicycle became the primary means of transportation for most urban Chinese. For the next four decades, as its use spread from the city to the countryside, China was the iconic “bicycle kingdom.“ Since the 1990s, however, the pedal-powered bicycle has been overtaken by the automobile (and motorcycle). Nevertheless, with the recent appearance and growing popularity of the e-bike, the bicycle may yet play an important role in China's transport modal mix. This overview history of the bicycle in China is based on a wide range of textual sources in English and Chinese as well as pictorial images.
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Critser, John K., and Jeanne V. Linden. "Therapeutic insemination by donor I: A review of its efficacy." Reproductive Medicine Review 4, no. 1 (March 1995): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962279900001022.
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Of all the assisted reproductive technologies in current use, artificial insemination has by far the longest history. While the earliest verifiable reports using this technique date to the eighteenth century for nonhuman artificial insemination and to the nineteenth century for human artificial insemination, systematic use of this approach to assist reproduction did not occur until the early part of this century. During the early 1900s, in Russia, Ivanov developed methods for semen collection from and insemination of horses. These techniques were later modified to apply to other agriculturally important species so that by the 1930s, millions of horses, cattle and sheep were being bred using artificial insemination. The adaptation of widespread use of artificial insemination (primarily in cattle) in agriculture extended to Britain in the early 1940s and to the USA in the 1950s. Corresponding implementation of artificial insemination in human reproductive medicine closely followed these innovations in the animal husbandry field.
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Bates, Stephen. "“Busybodies With Time on Their Hands”: Accountability, Research, and Resistance." Journalism & Communication Monographs 25, no. 1 (March 2023): 4–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15226379231155917.
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In a common pattern, journalists reject outside criticism and denounce the critics. Resistance to criticism sometimes follows a second pattern, one largely overlooked by scholars: Journalists kill a large-scale research project before it gets under way and thereby prevent criticisms from even being articulated. This monograph examines four major research projects that got canceled in the face of opposition from the press: studies of international news in the early 1920s, public opinion about the press in the late 1930s, press accuracy and ownership in the late 1930s, and coverage of a presidential campaign in the mid-1950s.
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Sanaksenaho, Pirjo. "1950s and 1960s Modern Home." Architectural Research in Finland 4, no. 1 (August 11, 2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37457/arf.110605.
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This article is based on my keynote lecture at the architectural research symposium held at Aalto University on October 25, 2018. The lecture dealt with my doctoral dissertation: Modern Home. Single-family housing ideals as presented in Finnish architecture and interior design magazines in the 1950s and 1960s. (Sanaksenaho, 2017)
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Brown, Colin. "Indonesian democracy: 1950s and 1990s." Asian Studies Review 16, no. 3 (April 1993): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03147539308712879.
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Wilson, Robin, and Martin Campbell-Kelly. "Computing: The 1940s and 1950s." Mathematical Intelligencer 42, no. 4 (October 9, 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-020-10009-x.
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Horáček, Martin. "Czy to zawsze kwestia stylu? Problem właściwej terminologii architektonicznej w renowacjach zamków w Czechach i na Morawach od lat 90-tych XIX wieku do lat 20-tych XX wieku." Protection of Cultural Heritage, no. 18 (December 30, 2023): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/odk.3447.
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This study addresses castle renovations from the turn of the twentieth century up until the present, focusing on their stylistic aspect. Although castles (both ruined and inhabited) have been considered prominent subjects of heritage conservation since the beginning of the conservation movement, they require architectural additions to further their integration into contemporary life, even if a strictly conservationist approach is applied. In contrast to nineteenth-century European attitude to conservation, the twentieth- and twenty-first-century conservation professionals mostly recommend that the new elements comply with the preserved composition or scale, leaving the question of their style (i.e. a coherent architectural vocabulary) open. The study examines selected Czech examples that feature a substantial newly-added layer (Gothic in Bouzov, the 1890s–1900s; Art Nouveau and Art Deco in Nové Město nad Metují, the 1910s–1920s; Classical in Prague Castle, the 1920s–1950s; Technocratic in Lipnice, the 1970s–1980s; Romantic in Častolovice, the 1990s; Minimalist in Helfštýn, the 2010s). Drawing on these examples, the analysis raises the following questions: how should new additions relate to the authenticity and integrity of the renovated monuments and what variables influence this relationship? Should conservation authorities regulate the vocabulary of modern interventions?
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Neely, Abigail H. "Hlonipha and health: ancestors, taboos and social medicine in South Africa." Africa 91, no. 3 (April 26, 2021): 473–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972021000279.
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AbstractThis article examines the abandonment of an important food taboo – the prohibition of milk consumption by newly married women – in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in the 1940s and 1950s. Offering a detailed exploration of this hlonipha custom in three rural communities, I start from the position that food always reflects the entanglements of its material and symbolic attributes. By tracing health and illness, shifting livelihoods, diets and an important social medicine intervention, this article reveals that in the 1950s milk was a symbolically and materially different food than it had been in the 1930s. I argue that this difference determined whether or not hlonipha would be abandoned. By centring on understandings of food, health and taboos as material and symbolic, this article draws on scholarship on livestock in Southern Africa and contributes to scholarship on food taboos and hlonipha customs, pushing for the incorporation of material aspects of those customs.
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Bagina, Elena. "The binary star." проект байкал 18, no. 68 (August 8, 2021): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/projectbaikal.68.1802.
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Baroque and classicism were called a binary star. In the national architecture, the avant-garde and neoclassicism can be also called a binary star. The model of succession of styles in architecture does not reflect the real situation in the 1920-1950s. Neoclassicism and different movements of “contemporary architecture” run parallel to each other both in the West and in the USSR. In the 1920s, the avant-garde was brighter, while In the 1930-1950s in the USSR – neoclassicism. “The new world of socialism” was observed in the patterns of “contemporary architecture” by party ideologists headed by Lev Trotsky. In the 1930s, the political situation changed, and the patterns of the “new world” came down to earth and acquired historical roots. The interaction of the avant-garde and neoclassicism produced a unique style of the epoch. Unfortunately, the monuments of that epoch decay very quickly.
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Nichter, Matthew F. "“Did Emmett Till Die in Vain? Organized Labor Says No!”: The United Packinghouse Workers and Civil Rights Unionism in the Mid-1950s." Labor 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 8–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-8849556.
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Abstract Emmett Till's mangled face is seared into our collective memory, a tragic epitome of the brutal violence that upheld white supremacy in the Jim Crow South. But Till's murder was more than just a tragedy: it also inspired an outpouring of protest, in which labor unions played a prominent role. The United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA) campaigned energetically, from the stockyards of Chicago to the sugar refineries of Louisiana. The UPWA organized the first mass meeting addressed by Till's mother, Mamie Bradley; packinghouse workers petitioned, marched, and rallied to demand justice; and an interracial group of union activists traveled to Mississippi to observe the trial of Till's killers firsthand, flouting segregation inside and outside the courtroom. Analysis of antiracist unions like the UPWA can help rectify a weakness in the “whiteness” literature by illuminating the contexts and strategies that have fostered durable interracial working-class solidarity. The UPWA, which managed to survive the Red Scare of the late 1940s and early 1950s relatively unscathed, represents an important link between the “civil rights unionism” of the 1930s and 1940s and the civil rights movement of the mid-1950s and 1960s.
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Dale, Gareth. "In search of Karl Polanyi’s International Relations theory." Review of International Studies 42, no. 3 (September 21, 2015): 401–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210515000273.
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AbstractKarl Polanyi is principally known as an economic historian and a theorist of international political economy. His theses are commonly encountered in debates concerning globalisation, regionalism, regulation and deregulation, and neoliberalism. But the standard depiction of his ideas is based upon a highly restricted corpus of his work: essentially, his published writings, in English, from the 1940s and 1950s. Drawing upon a broader range of Polanyi’s work in Hungarian, German, and English, this article examines his less well-known analyses of international politics and world order. It sketches the main lineaments of Polanyi’s international thought from the 1910s until the mid-1940s, charting his evolution from Wilsonian liberal, via debates within British pacifism, towards a position close to E. H. Carr’s realism. It reconstructs the dialectic of universalism and regionalism in Polanyi’s prospectus for postwar international order, with a focus upon his theory of ‘tame empires’ and its extension by neo-Polanyian theorists of the ‘new regionalism’ and European integration. It explores the tensions and contradictions in Polanyi’s analysis, and, finally, it hypothesises that the failure of his postwar predictions provides a clue as to why his research on international relations dried up in the 1950s.
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Moreira Vieira, Caroline, and Joana Bahia. "Yaô africano: the orixá in the voice of Patricio Teixeira." Religiones y religiosidades en América Latina, no. 26 (December 31, 2020): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36551/2081-1160.2020.26.39-62.
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Patricio Teixeira was an important voice in Brazilian music, particularly during the 1920s and 1930s. His career in radio broadcasting extended into the mid-1950s. Teixeira’s work gave visibility to black subjects and their cultural identities. This article analyzes the sacred elements that overflow into the musical and recreational universe of Rio through some of the songs recorded by Teixeira. With varied appropriations, these recordings of chants for orixá, Afro-Brazilian practices, and rituals mark the presence of the Afro-Brazilian sacred in Brazilian popular song.
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Kisiel, Marian. "RACHELA BOJMWOŁ. Szkic do portretu." Rusycystyczne Studia Literaturoznawcze 27 (November 30, 2017): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rsl.2017.27.07.
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The paper delineates the history of Rachel Boymvol — a poetess, and an author of aphorisms, fables both for children and adults, and a compendium concerning Yiddish idiomatics. Her life — from the fascination with communism in the 1930s to facing persecutions in 1940s and 1950s, and emigration to Israel in 1971 — is one of the many fates of Russian writers of Jewish descent. Previously a noteworthy fabulist, published in millions of volumes, this later forgotten author is slowly regaining her place within Russian literature after 2000.
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Gärtner, Svenja, and Svante Prado. "Unlocking the Social Trap: Inequality, Trust and the Scandinavian Welfare State." Social Science History 40, no. 1 (2016): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.80.
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Recent research suggests that economic inequality thwarts attempts to establish a welfare state. The corollary of this view is that today's welfare states had witnessed an equality revolution already before the rise of social policies aiming at redistribution. The paper brings this insight to bear on the creation of the welfare state in Sweden, for many the very model of a universal welfare state, and enquires into whether equality really predated the formation of universal welfare policies in the 1950s. We present evidence on inequality based on labor market outcomes and corroborate the view that there has been a sharp reduction in inequality during the 1930s and 1940s. Hence Sweden underwent a true equality revolution prior to the establishment of the welfare state. A leveling of incomes is a necessary precondition for the rise of the universal welfare state, we suggest, because of trust, which correlates negatively with inequality. High trust levels solve the problems associated with collective goods and boosts support for universal solutions of income security. The paper provides a narrative in which the formation of institutions, the removal of large income differentials, and the creation of higher trust levels interacted in the 1930s and 1940s to form the foundation for the welfare state in the 1950s. It adopts a dynamic view of trust by departing from the assumption that trust arises endogenously as a concomitant to changes in the underlying fundamentals like income inequality and redesigned institutional frameworks.
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Khomyakov, Sergei Vasil'evich. "The Old Believers of Burytia in the 1920s and 1950s: Transformations of the Way of Life." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 6 (June 2023): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2023.6.69182.
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The subject of the research in the article is the problem of transformational modification of various aspects of the life of the Old Believers of Buryatia in the 1920s and 1950s. The object of the study is the Old Believer population of the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR (since 1958 – the Buryat ASSR). Based on the purpose of a comparative analysis of the transformations of the Old Believers' lifestyle in the 1920s and 1950s, this article examines such aspects of the topic as: characterization of examples of both negative and positive processes for preserving identity (atheistic campaign, introduction of communist ideology, cultural modernization) in designated time periods, as well as the attitude of generations of the 1920s and 1950s to these processes, which allows us to show the evolution of various social practices. The historical-genetic method used to consider a social group at different time intervals is necessary to demonstrate changes in the lifestyle of Old Believers in the 1920s and 1950s. The comparative historical method was needed when comparing the contribution of the Soviet government and internal movements among the Old Believers in the process of the decline of religious identity. Atheistic propaganda, as well as the communist ideology introduced among the Old Believers, were the main channels for the group's incorporation into the unified Soviet society that had been under construction since the 1920s. By the 1950s, based on the stable potential of the cultural identity of the Old Believers (even with the decline of the religious one), these tools gradually adapted in the form of a set of formal instructions and recommendations, which in turn led to the transformation of the way of life of the Old Believers in the context of mutual adaptation to reality (socially approved behavior). The novelty of the study lies in the fact that personal memories of Old Believers of the 1920s and 1950s (from the village of Nadezhino, Tarbagatai district of Buryatia) are introduced into scientific circulation, allowing to compare the real attitude of people to the processes taking place with the official market position of the designated period.
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Suarez, Juan Antonio, and Juan Francisco Belmonte-Ávila. "Postwar American Experimental Film and Queer Psychogeography." American Studies in Scandinavia 52, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v52i1.6516.
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This essay reads queer American experimental film of the 1940s and 1950s—by Kenneth Anger, Willard Maas, Gregory Markopoulos, and Curtis Harrington, among others—as a form of queer psychogeography: a style of urban dwelling and transit that originated with French surrealism in the late 1920s and was subsequently theorized by Lettrists and Situationists in the 1950s. Psychogeography consisted in drifting through the city in search of evocative or destabilizing spots, which, for postwar American experimental filmmakers, were locations latent with (queer) sexual possibility. This approach allows us to re-interpret these films from an unprecedented perspective. So far conceptualized as cinematic renderings of trances and dreams triggered by the search for sexual identity, the present article shows that this body of work registers as well a material practice consisting in the covert sexualisation of urban space; this practice arises from the attempt of postwar queer subcultures to escape regulation and surveillance during repressive times.
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Vlasova, Victoria V. "Transformation of the Orthodox Religiosity in the 1920s–1990s in the Komi Republic." Slovenský národopis / Slovak Ethnology 68, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 250–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/se-2020-0014.
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Abstract This article analyses the influence of Soviet religious politics on society’s attitude to religion, as well as on the transformation of religious practices taking as an example the Komi Republic. I focus on the Orthodox tradition,1 as the vast majority of residents of the Komi Republic were Orthodox (Russian Orthodox Church, Old Believers). The article starts with a brief review of theoretical approaches to the study of the religious transformations during the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. The churches’ closing in the 1920s – 1930s and their partial reopening in the 1940s – 1950s are used to discuss changes in the manifestation of religiosity in public space. A correlation between gender, age and religious activity is demonstrated. The total control by the state over the church rituals led to a privatization of religious life, which significantly limited both the state and the church control over them. The article also describes how folk religious practices, unrelated to the church, influenced the believers’ resistance and adaptation to the political and ideological changes.
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Torma, Franziska. "Frontiers of Visibility." Transfers 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2013.030203.
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This article deals with the history of underwater film and the role that increased mobility plays in the exploration of nature. Drawing on research on the exploration of the ocean, it analyzes the production of popular images of the sea. The entry of humans into the depths of the oceans in the twentieth century did not revitalize myths of mermaids but rather retold oceanic myths in a modern fashion. Three stages stand out in this evolution of diving mobility. In the 1920s and 1930s, scenes of divers walking under water were the dominant motif. From the 1940s to the 1960s, use of autonomous diving equipment led to a modern incarnation of the “mermen“ myth. From the 1950s to the 1970s, cinematic technology was able to create visions of entire oceanic ecosystems. Underwater films contributed to the period of machine-age exploration in a very particular way: they made virtual voyages of the ocean possible and thus helped to shape the current understanding of the oceans as part of Planet Earth.
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García Yero, Cary Aileen. "To Whom It Belongs: The Aftermaths of Afrocubanismo and the Power over Lo Negro in Cuban Arts, 1938–1958." Latin American Research Review 57, no. 1 (March 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lar.2022.1.
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AbstractThis article explores the impact of Afrocubanismo on the development of Cuba’s arts during the 1940s and 1950s. The article follows the discursive output of artists, intellectuals, and cultural policymakers of different racial backgrounds over the deployment of lo negro to construct cubanidad. It argues that, if the 1920s and 1930s experienced a movement towards the construction of a homogeneous mestizo Cuba, the following decades reveal an effort by some artists to desyncretize lo cubano. While some intellectuals constructed notions of authenticity that circumscribed black art to black artists, many white Cuban artists in turn embraced elite Hispanic heritage as their main creative language while valorizing some Afro-Cuban artists’ recreations of lo negro. The article also demonstrates that the scholarly debates about cultural appropriation in recent decades have a long history within the Afro-Cuban community. It shows how Afro-Cuban artists and intellectuals pioneered arguments about the exploitative use of lo negro to make national art and the central role of culture in shaping racial inequality.
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DOYLE, PETER. "From ‘My Blue Heaven’ to ‘Race with the Devil’: echo, reverb and (dis)ordered space in early popular music recording." Popular Music 23, no. 1 (January 2004): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143004000042.
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With the dramatically improving fidelity of electric sound recording in the 1920s, aural spatiality – traces of room ambience and reverberation – became a factor in record production. Drawing on prior radio broadcast practice, a split occurred whereby ‘fine’ orchestral musics were recorded with relatively high levels of ambient or atmospheric sound while dance music, popular songs, humorous recitations and other ‘low’ forms were generally recorded with little or no reverberation. Through the 1930s and 1940s, popular recording occasionally, though increasingly, made use of mechanically fabricated echo and reverb to present a kind of sonic pictorialism, especially on singing cowboy and popular ‘Hawaiian’ recordings. Hollywood film sound practice in this period employed similar sonic space-making devices to denote states of terror, mystical revelation and supernatural transformations. The coming of rock ‘n’ roll in the 1950s, with its characteristic big echo and reverb production sounds, may be seen as the radical recombining of these contradictory antecedents, effected in such a way as to allow (and promote) disordered, non-pictorial sound spatialities.
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Lippy, William H., Leonard P. Berenholz, and John M. Burkey. "Otosclerosis in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s." Laryngoscope 109, no. 8 (August 1999): 1307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199908000-00022.
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Mrowczynski, Rafael. "Lawyering in Transition. Post-Socialist Transformations in Autobiographical Narratives of Polish and Russian Lawyers." Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej 12, no. 2 (May 31, 2016): 146–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8069.12.2.08.
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This paper presents preliminary findings on memories from the period of post-socialist transformation and on related narrative constructs of agency in autobiographical interviews with practicing lawyers from Poland and Russia. The study is based on 25 interviews with individuals born in the late-1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Six different types of narrative accounts about the period of post-socialist transformations are identified and described: (i) trailblazer narratives; (ii) follower narratives; (iii) narratives of volatility; (iv) narratives of continuity; (v) latecomer narratives and (vi) narratives of social decay.
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Saffle, Michael. "Family Values: The Trapp Family Singers in North America, 1938-1956." Canadian University Music Review 24, no. 2 (March 8, 2013): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1014583ar.
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Overlooked or ignored for decades by music historians and specialists in performance practices, the real-life Trapp Family Singers achieved enormous success especially in Canada and the United States during the late 1930s, 1940s, and early 1950s through their appeal to—and consequent reception in terms of—"family values." These values included, but were not altogether limited to, the Trapp's Christian faith, patriotic activities, and contributions to charitable causes, as well as the wholesome image associated with the family's private lives, their Vermont "Sing Weeks," and their more than 1,800 estimated concert appearances.
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Brumble, H. David. "Social Scientists and American Indian Autobiographers: Sun Chief and Gregorio's “Life Story”." Journal of American Studies 20, no. 2 (August 1986): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800015061.
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Social scientists collected many, many American Indian autobiographies during the 1930s, 1940s, and early 1950s, autobiographies of Apaches, Navajos, Hopis, Zunis, Papagos, Kiowas, Sioux, a Kwakiutl, autobiographies of shamans, shepherds, hunters, farmers, men, and women. Many of these are now moldering in the dark reaches of forgotten file cabinets, but a remarkable number were published, and for this we must be grateful. These narratives are to us a legacy, affording us some sense of what it means to see the world and the self according to ancient habits of mind.
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George, John. "The Virtual Disappearance of the White Male Sprinter in the United States: A Speculative Essay." Sociology of Sport Journal 11, no. 1 (March 1994): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.11.1.70.
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Over the past 30 years almost all world-class United States sprinters have been black. There were also many fast black sprinters in the United States before the 1960s, but in addition there were a considerable number of world-class white sprinters. In fact, during the 1940s and 1950s the fastest men were white. This was not the case during the 1930s, when the best male sprinters were black. This essay discusses the phenomenon and attempts to give reasons for it. Sociological explanations seem considerably more plausible than physical characteristics based on perceived racial differences.
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Sultson, Siim. "REPLACEMENT OF URBAN SPACE: ESTONIAN POST-WAR TOWN PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND LOCAL STALINIST INDUSTRIAL TOWNS." Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 40, no. 4 (December 14, 2016): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2016.1247999.
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The presented paper focuses on Estonian urban space research concerning both replacement of urban heritage and establishment of new urban design within the period of mid 1940s and 1950s. On the one hand, Stalinist principles brought by Soviet occupation reminded independent Estonian 1930s town planning ambitions. On the other hand, the new principles formulated a new paradigm that was unfamiliar to local urban space tradition. Estonian urban space was compelled to follow the Soviet doctrine by concept, forms and building materials. Sometimes suffering irrational demolitions the towns got axially arranged representative, but perspective and functional plans. Some existing towns (for instance Tallinn, Pärnu, Narva) got new centres due to war wreckages and the ideological reasons. Meanwhile new industrial towns as examples of Stalinist utopia were built in East-Estonia during 1940s–1950s in order to exploit local mineral resources by the Soviet regime. In comparison with Tallinn and Pärnu urban space of East-Estonian industrial towns Kohtla-Järve and classified Sillamäe – designed in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) – still need to be researched. Though different from the rest of Estonian towns by details and materials of façades city-like centres of Sillamäe and Kohtla-Järve are rather similar to Tallinn and Pärnu by their composition.
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Beznin, Mikhail A., and Tatiana M. Dimoni. "Nationalization and Denationalization of Ownership of the Means of Production in Soviet Russia." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 68, no. 3 (2023): 655–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.306.
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The article analyzes the dynamics of the role of the Soviet state in the most important institutional changes in the economic life of the country — property relations in the Soviet period. The article identifies the periods of trends in the nationalization and denationalization of ownership of the production capital of Soviet Russia, the most significant of which were the late 1920s — mid-1950s (the functioning of the state-dominated “Stalinist economic model”) and the second half of the 1950s–1980s (the period of the decline of the role of the state in the economy and the growth of the “privatization” potential). In addition to these trends, the article describes the most important aspects of the formation of a new class — the owner of the means of production. According to the authors of the article, this class initially emerged on the historical arena of Soviet Russia in the 1930s. At the time, it was characterized by a small differentiation of titles of the owner, the “collective nature” of actions in the implementation of property rights, depersonalization of proprietary rights. During the period of denationalization of economic life in the mid-1950s–1980s private interests of different groups leaders — economic, party, Soviet and others — intensified as did the desire for the fullness of proprietary rights by certain categories of owners and for personification of proprietary claims.