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SANTOS-SILVA, ANTONIO, and LARRY G. BEZARK. "The primary types of Bisaltes (Bisaltes) Thomson of the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, with notes and synonymies regarding other species of this subgenus and Bisaltes (Craspedocerus) Aurivillius (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae)." Zootaxa 5165, no. 1 (July 13, 2022): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5165.1.4.
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Photographs of the primary type (holotype or syntype) of eleven species of Bisaltes are provided for the first time: Bisaltes buquetii Thomson, 1868; Bisaltes flaviceps Breuning, 1940; Bisaltes fuscoapicalis Breuning, 1950; Bisaltes fuscodiscalis Breuning, 1943; Bisaltes fuscomarmoratus Breuning, 1966; Bisaltes pictus Breuning, 1940; Bisaltes strandi Breuning, 1940; Bisaltes subreticulatus Aurivillius, 1920; Bisaltes triangularis Breuning, 1940; Bisaltes (Craspedocerus) ptericoptoides Breuning, 1942 and Craspedocerus poecilus Aurivillius, 1900. Bisaltes (Bisaltes) picticornis Galileo & Martins, 2003 is synonymized with Bisaltes (Bisaltes) spegazzinii Bruch, 1911; Bisaltes (Bisaltes) petilus Galileo & Martins, 2009 is synonymized with Bisaltes (Bisaltes) pulvereus (Bates, 1866); Bisaltes (Bisaltes) argentiniensis Breuning, 1971 is synonymized with Bisaltes (Bisaltes) adustus (Burmeister, 1865); and Bisaltes (Bisaltes) columbianus Breuning, 1971 is synonymized with Bisaltes (Craspedocerus) poecilus Aurivillius, 1900. Photographs of the four primary types of species of Bisaltes (Bisaltes) at the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo are provided. The inclusion of Bisaltes venezuelensis in this genus is questioned. The difference between Bisaltes (Bisaltes) and Bisaltes (Craspedocerus) is discussed and questioned.
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Гареева .,, Г. Н., and И. А. Мустафина . "Тема войны и мира в башкирской поэзии." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 97, no. 4 (2023): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/trnio-05-2023-194.
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В конце тридцатых годов ХХ века, в пору усиления международной напряженности, в башкирской поэзии одной из центральных тем становится тема войны и мира. Один из ведущих поэтов того времени Рашит Нигмати в стихотворениях и поэмах «Голос истории» (1935), «Письма к дочери» (1938), «Военные эпизоды» (1940), «Он повседневно совершает подвиг» (1940). Основное направление творчества Р.Нигмати в годы Великой Отечественной войны более емко и точно определено в названии его книги «Песни любви и ненависти» (1941). Также тема Великой Отечественной войны нашла свое яркое отражение в сборниках стихов другого не менее талантливого поэта Мустая Карима. В поэтических сборниках «Мой конь» (1943), «Стихотворения» (1945), поэмах «Декабрьская песня» (1942), «Ульмасбай» (1942-1944), «Черные воды» (1961). М.Карим отразил трагизм войны, героизм наших солдат, гуманистическую миссию Красной Армии
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Mazur, Marcin Łukasz. "Chóralne wydania polskich kolęd na obczyźnie w czasach II wojny światowej." Muzyka 67, no. 2 (July 8, 2022): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.36744/m.1295.
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Podczas wojny i okupacji w wielu miejscach, w których przebywali Polacy powstawały chóry i zespoły śpiewacze. Na ich potrzeby zostały wydane na obczyźnie śpiewniki z polskimi kolędami w opracowaniach na chór a cappella. Śpiewnikom tym poświęcony jest niniejszy artykuł. W l. 1940–46 w Villard-de-Lans koło Grenoble działało polskie Gimnazjum i Liceum im. C. Norwida. Na potrzeby chóru szkolnego, prowadzonego przez Ernesta Bergera (1904–58), matematyka i dyrektora szkoły powstał Zbiór pieśni kościelnych E. Bergera (Villard de Lans 1941). Rudolf Rygiel (1910–86), uczestnik kampanii wrześniowej, w 1940 r. dotarł do Francji, gdzie włączył się czynnie do działalności ruchu oporu oraz działał jako dyrygent i kompozytor. W 1941 r. wydał trzeci zeszyt Echa ojczystego zawierający dwadzieścia trzy kolędy na chór męski a cappella. Jednym z najważniejszych polskich zespołów w Wielkiej Brytanii był założony w 1940 r. Chór Wojska Polskiego. Z chórem pracował m.in. Henryk Hosowicz (1910–69), który na potrzeby zespołu wydał dwa śpiewniki kolędowe na czterogłosowy chór męski a cappella: 16 kolęd (1940) i 50 kolend (1942). W 1944 r. w Jerozolimie nakładem Ministerstwa Wyznań Religijnych i Oświecenia Publicznego wydany został obszerny Zbiór pieśni polskich w opracowaniu Juliusza Leo (1901–62), który zawiera 180 utworów: 150 świeckich i 30 religijnych. W grudniu 1945 r. Sekcja Wydawnicza 2 Korpusu wydała zbiór kolęd na chór męski a cappella w przedwojennych opracowaniach Kazimierza Garbusińskiego i Gerarda Płachetki. Autor zbioru Kolendy polskie (1945), ppor. Feliks Kapała (ur. 1909), był weteranem walk nad Bzurą, a potem jeńcem Oflagu VIIA Murnau. W zbiorze Kapały znajduje się dwadzieścia pięć kolęd w różnych układach. Kompozytor Szymon Laks (1901–83) w czasie wojny był więźniem obozu w Oświęcimiu. Zbiór pt. Pięć kolęd został wydany już po wojnie przez Związek Polskich Kół Muzyczno-Teatralnych we Francji. Omówienie wymienionych wojennych wydań kolęd na zespoły chóralne jest przyczynkiem do historii polskiej tradycji muzycznej.
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Отрощенко, Иванна Витальевна. "Тувинская Народная Республика накануне вхождения в состав СССР глазами советского дипломата." New Research of Tuva, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25178/nit.2019.4.17.
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В статье исследуется ряд резонансных аспектов политической истории Тувинской Народной Республики накануне ее присоединения к Советскому Союзу. Дневниковые записи поверенного в делах СССР в ТНР М. Г. Сущевского (1942–1943) позволяют, в частности, проанализировать ранний, подготовительный этап этого процесса и локализировать хронологическую дату, с которой советское руководство начало прорабатывать этот вопрос, — 18 марта 1943 г. Уделяется внимание и другим явлениям общественно-политической жизни ТНР, связанным с принятием тувинской элитой решения о присоединении к СССР, таким как деятельность государственных органов (Малого хурала), политические репрессии, которые продолжались в республике и в 1940-е гг.Освещаются вопросы эмиграции тувинских аратов в МНР и принудительное переселение этнических тувинцев из Монголии в Туву 1930–1940-х гг. Рассматривается вопрос о границе, который с начала 1930-х гг. стал ключевым в отношениях между МНР и ТНР и оставался таким до вхождения Тувы в состав СССР в октябре 1944 года.Исследование опирается в том числе на неопубликованные «Дневники поверенного в Делах СССР в ТНР т.т. Сущевского и Бударина». 10.12.1942–30.11.1943», которые хранятся в Архиве внешней политики Российской Федерации, в фонде 06 «Секретариат В. М. Молотова».
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POLOTOW, DANIELE, and ANTONIO D. BRESCOVIT. "Revision of the new wandering spider genus Ohvida and taxonomic remarks on Celaetycheus Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Ctenidae)." Zootaxa 2115, no. 1 (May 22, 2009): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2115.1.1.
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The new ctenid genus Ohvida is proposed to include eight species: Ohvida fulvorufa (Franganillo, 1931) comb. nov. (type species) (= Celaetycheus cabriolatus Franganillo, 1930 syn. nov.; = C. cabriolatus pardosiformis Franganillo, 1930 syn. nov.; = C. fulvorufus afoliatus Franganillo, 1931 syn. nov.), O. isolata (Bryant, 1940) comb. nov., O. vernalis (Bryant, 1940) comb. nov., O. brevitarsus (Bryant, 1940) comb. nov., O. coxanus (Bryant, 1940), comb. nov., and three new species, O. turquino sp. nov. (all species from Cuba), and O. andros sp. nov. and O. bimini sp. nov. (both species from The Bahamas). Species of Ohvida differ from all other ctenid spiders by the presence of a retrodorsal projection on the cymbium of the male pedipalp and by a basal position of the lateral spurs on the female epigyne. The genus Celaetycheus Simon, 1897 is reviewed to only include its type species, C. flavostriatus Simon, 1897 from Brazil. We propose the following synonyms and new combinations: Ctenus ottleyi (Petrunkevitch, 1930) (= Celaetycheus strenuus Bryant, 1942 syn. nov. and C. modestus Bryant, 1942 syn. nov.); Ctenus delesserti (Caporiacco, 1947) comb. nov., and Leptoctenus paradoxus (F.O. P.-Cambridge, 1900) comb. nov. Celaetycheus modestus Bryant, 1942 is considered incertae sedis.
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PESCHANSKI, DENIS. "Legitimacy/Legitimation/Delegitimation: France in the Dark Years, a Textbook Case." Contemporary European History 13, no. 4 (November 2004): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777304001870.
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The history of France's defeat, occupation and subsequent liberation may be read, and written, as a constant struggle for legitimacy. Here the diverse candidates for legitimacy are analysed (Pétain, de Gaulle and the internal Resistance) as well as the agents of legitimation, and the arbiters of that process of legitimation (French society, the German occupier, Britain and the United States). Four successive configurations are distinguished within that struggle for legitimacy: summer 1940 to spring 1941, the time of the defeat; summer and autumn 1941, when French society called into question the legitimacy of the Vichy French State; the crossroads of greatest legitimacy between late 1942 and mid-1943, which also marked the period of greatest fragility for de Gaulle; and spring to autumn 1944, when the key question was which state should be rebuilt.
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Богатов, В. В. "Семья, детство, начало пути в науку, "Природа"." Priroda, no. 3 (2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0032874x20030060.
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Всегда интересно узнавать, с чего начиналась жизнь выдающихся людей, где истоки их дарований, почему и как удалось им так много свершить. Поэтому так ценна информация о родных и близких Владимира Леонтьевича Комарова, о детстве и молодости известного ботаника, члена-корреспондента (1914) и академика (1920), вице президента (1930-1936) и президента (1936-1945) АН СССР, Героя Социалистического Труда (1943), президента Всесоюзного ботанического общества (с 1930 г.) и почетного президента Географического общества СССР (с 1940 г.).
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Barros, Gustavo. "O desenvolvimento do setor siderúrgico brasileiro entre 1900 e 1940: Crescimento e substituição de importações." Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 45, no. 1 (March 2015): 153–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-4161201545153gbs.
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Resumo No início do século XX, o setor siderúrgico brasileiro tinha muito pouca expressão prática. Contudo, quando a Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional foi criada, em 1941, como uma resposta ao problema siderúrgico nacional, o setor siderúrgico doméstico já era bem mais significativo. De fato, entre 1900 e 1940, e sobretudo nas décadas de 1920 e 1930, o setor siderúrgico brasileiro foi capaz de conduzir um importante processo de desenvolvimento. A reconstrução desse processo de evolução setorial, centrado no processo global de crescimento da produção siderúrgica, na sua composição e na substituição de importações que o setor foi capaz de realizar, é o objeto deste trabalho. Além disso, o artigo faz uma avaliação crítica dos dados quantitativos disponíveis sobre o setor no período, complementando-os e os expandindo, e procura fazer um uso analítico mais sistemático deles.
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Labanca, Nicola. "L'esercito e la contraerea 1940-1943." ITALIA CONTEMPORANEA, no. 263 (December 2011): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ic2011-263002.
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Questo articolo, basato su fonti archivistiche inedite, analizza l'organizzazione della difesa contraerea, la parte ‘attiva' della protezione antiaerea allestita dal regime fascista durante la seconda guerra mondiale. Essa rivelava forti contraddizioni: il ruolo centrale era del ministero della Guerra, ma la direzione era presso il ministero dell'Interno; militare era il sottocapo di Stato Maggiore per la difesa territoriale (che fu molto attivo nel cercare di riformare l'organizzazione della difesa aerea), ma i suoi poteri erano limitati. Nel primo anno di guerra, 1940- 1941, la contraerea del regime fascista non dovette fronteggiare attacchi analoghi a quelli portati contro la Germania nazista. Nel secondo, 1941-1942, alcune riforme furono introdotte e in questo settore il rapporto fra Italia e Germania fu percepito come importante dal regime fascista. Verso la fine della guerra fascista, fra 1942 e 1943, l'Italia subě i maggiori bombardamenti e la difesa contraerea si rivelň complessivamente insufficiente. Nel gioco fra riforme e struttura del sistema, nonostante l'attivismo del sottocapo, le sfide si rivelarono troppo forti per i mezzi che il regime poteva attivare.
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Rudling, Per Anders. "The Cult of Roman Shukhevych in Ukraine: Myth Making with Complications." Fascism 5, no. 1 (May 26, 2016): 26–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-00501003.
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Ukrainian president Viktor Iushchenko’s posthumous designation of Roman Shukhevych (1907–1950), the supreme commander of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (upa) as a Hero of Ukraine in 2007 triggered intense, and polarized debates in Ukraine and abroad, about Second World War-era Ukrainian nationalism and its place in history. Particularly sensitive are Roman Shukhevych’s whereabouts in 1940–1943, when he served in German uniform, as a Hauptmann, or captain, in the battalion Nachtigall in 1941 thereafter, in 1942–1943 in Schutzmannschaft battalion 201, taking part in ‘anti-partisan operations’ in occupied Belarus. This article analyzes the controversy regarding the memory of Roman Shukhevych.
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Antonello, Anna. "The Milan-Hamburg axis: Italy for German readers (1940-1944)." Modern Italy 21, no. 2 (May 2016): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2016.10.
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This article aims at showing how and why two cultural periodicals, namely the German edition ofTempo, published by Mondadori between 1940 and 1943, and the German magazineItalien, the official periodical of theDeutsch-Italienische Gesellschaftfrom 1942 to 1944, contributed to shaping the German readership’s idea of contemporary Italian literature. The analysis of the contents of these journals shows a rather diversified cultural offer, promoting authors that would be later associated with the anti-fascist struggle. To this end, the article will particularly focus on the way these periodicals presented Elio Vittorini, who would be heralded as one of the most engaged writers of post-war Italy.
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Libionka, Dariusz. "Polska hierarchia kościelna wobec eksterminacji Żydów – próba krytycznego ujęcia." Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały, no. 5 (November 9, 2009): 19–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32927/zzsim.303.
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Tekst traktuje o postawach polskiej hierarchii katolickiej wobec eksterminacji Żydów. Przedmiotem opisu są działania podejmowane na rzecz konwertytów w latach 1940–1941, postrzeganie przez przedstawicieli wyższego duchowieństwa antyżydowskich zajść w Warszawie (wiosna 1940) i mordów Żydów w Łomżyńskiem (lato 1941), a wreszcie bezpośrednie reakcje biskupów na dokonującą się na ziemiach polskich Zagładę. Szczególnie znaczenie ma kwestia wyjaśnienia przyczyn konsekwentnego pomijania tematu eksterminacji Żydów w korespondencji z Watykanem – papieżem Piusem XII i Sekretariatem Stanu - w latach 1942-1943. Z uwagi na jej rangę w strukturach kościelnych w okresie okupacji w centrum zainteresowania znalazła się postać arcybiskupa krakowskiego Adama Sapiehy. Tekst przynosi również analizę wypowiedzi hierarchów znajdujących się poza krajem (prymasa Augusta Hlonda i biskupa Karola Radońskiego) na temat Żydów i Zagłady, a także omawia stosunek przedstawicieli hierarchii kościelnej do zorganizowanej i indywidualnej akcji pomocy Żydom. Celem autora jest próba zrekapitulowania dotychczasowej wiedzy w oparciu o dostępne badaczom źródła kościelne (polskie i watykańskie) i dokumentację polskiej konspiracji, wskazanie na kontrowersje obecne w dotychczasowych interpretacjach, a także na kierunki i ograniczenia dalszych badań tego zagadnienia.
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Ceva, Lucio. "La campagna di Grecia 1940-1941 Riflessi politici e conseguenze strategiche." ITALIA CONTEMPORANEA, no. 258 (September 2010): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ic2010-258004.
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Nell'ottobre 1940 l'Italia aggredě la Grecia subendo rovesci rimediati. Solo nell'aprile-maggio 1941 i tedeschi, attraversando Ungheria, Romania e Bulgaria, soggiogarono l'intero paese, Creta compresa. Mentre in Italia barcollava il prestigio del fascismo, in Grecia l'orgoglio per le vittorie sull'Italia era pagato con anni di occupazione militare tedesca. Lo studio della consistenza e dei piani della Wehrmacht prova che la campagna di Grecia non influě né sulla data d'inizio (22 giugno 1941) dell'attacco all'Urss né sul suo esito disastroso dovuto a incredibile sottovalutazione della potenza sovietica. Neppure successivamente la Grecia divenne un fattore importante, benché nel 1943 Hitler vi concentrasse forze aeree nel timore che gli angloamericani, approfittando del crollo italiano, invadessero la Balcania. Tale sarebbe stata la volontŕ di Churchill che sperava di provocare anche l'intervento della Turchia. Ma Roosevelt decise invece che le maggiori forze puntassero sull'invasione della Francia (giugno 1944). La Grecia fu liberata da forze britanniche nell'autunno 1944 senza contrasto da parte dei tedeschi che mantennero indisturbato il controllo delle isole egee sino all'epilogo del maggio 1945.
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Jordal, Bjarte H. "An integrated taxonomic revision of Ctonoxylon (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) reveals new Malagasy species originating from multiple recent colonisations of the island." ZooKeys 1203 (May 28, 2024): 95–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1203.123757.
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Ctonoxylon is a strictly Afrotropical genus of bark beetles breeding under bark of rainforest trees and lianas. A taxonomic revision of the genus included a molecular phylogenetic analysis of ten species based on three gene fragments and was compared to a morphology-based tree topology for all 24 currently recognised species. Four species are described as new to science: Ctonoxylon torquatum, sp. nov., Ctonoxylon tuberculatum, sp. nov., Ctonoxylon quadrispinum, sp. nov., all from Madagascar, and Ctonoxylon pilosum, sp. nov. from Cameroon. Ctonoxylon hirsutum Hagedorn, 1910, stat. rev. is resurrected from synonymy with C. flavescens Hagedorn, 1910, and C. atrum Browne, 1965 stat. rev. from its synonymy with C. methneri Eggers, 1922 (as C. hamatum Schedl, 1941). The following species have new synonymies suggested: Ctonoxylon festivum Schedl, 1941 (= C. dentigerum Schedl, 1941, syn. nov.), C. methneri Eggers, 1922 (= C. hamatum Schedl, 1941, syn. nov., = C. griseum Schedl, 1941, syn. nov.), C. montanum Eggers, 1922 (= C. longipilum Eggers, 1935, syn. nov., = C. nodosum Eggers, 1940, syn. nov.), C. camerunum Hagedorn, 1910 (= C. conradti Schedl, 1939, syn. nov.), and C. spinifer Eggers, 1920 (= C. setifer Eggers, 1920, syn. nov.). New country records are noted for C. festivum (Tanzania), C. flavescens (Uganda), C. camerunum (Liberia), C. crenatum Hagedorn, 1910 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), C. spathifer Schedl, 1941 (Ghana), C. atrum (Cameroon), and C. spinifer (Madagascar), with patterns in distribution and colonisation of Madagascar discussed. An identification key with pictures of all species is provided.
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Cremers, Hartwig. "Czernowitz 1941/1942 – der Einsatz des deutschen Konsuls Fritz Schellhorn für die Juden / Czernowitz 1941/42 – the Efforts of the German Consul Fritz Schellhorn for the Jews." Südost-Forschungen 73, no. 1 (August 8, 2014): 444–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sofo-2014-0120.
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Abstract This essay treats actions of Fritz Gebhard Schellhorn (1888-1982), physician, member of the German diplomatic service since 1920, German consul in Cernăuţi / Czernowitz (Romania) 1934-1944, resident in Jassy in the period 1940/41. It describes his efforts and resulting successes in preventing the continuation of the murder of Jews by a SS-„Sonderkommando“ in Cernăuţi in July 1941 and stopping the deportation of Jews from Cernăuţi saving up to 20 000 human beings in October 1941. In addition, the essay questions the prevailing interpretation of the role of Traian Popovici, lord mayor of Cernăuţi and presents some thoughts on the motivation of Schellhorn and the reception of this incidents.
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LAM, TRUONG XUAN, WANZHI CAI, MASAAKI TOMOKUNI, and TADASHI ISHIKAWA. "The assassin bug subfamily Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Vietnam: an annotated checklist of species." Zootaxa 3931, no. 1 (March 11, 2015): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3931.1.7.
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A checklist of all known Vietnamese species of the assassin bug subfamily Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) is presented with distributional and taxonomic notes. Sixty-five species in 35 genera of the subfamily are recognized in Vietnam. Eleven genera and 32 species are reported herein for the first time from this country. Newly recorded genera are Henricohahnia Breddin, 1900, Kalonotocoris Miller, 1941, Lingnania China, 1940, Lopodytes Stål, 1853, Macracanthopsis Reuter, 1881, Sclomina Stål, 1861, Serendiba Distant, 1906, Serendus Hsiao, 1979, Vesbius Stål, 1866, Villanovanus Distant, 1904, and Yolinus Amyot & Serville, 1843. New record species are Biasticus confusus Hsiao, 1979, B. flavinotus (Matsumura, 1913), Cosmolestes annulipes Distant, 1879, C. pulcher Hsiao, 1979, Cydnocoris fasciatus Reuter, 1881, C. gilvus (Burmeister, 1838), Endochus nigricornis Stål, 1859, Henricohahnia vittata Miller, 1954, Isyndus heros (Fabricius, 1803), I. pilosipes Reuter, 1881, Kalonotocoris curvipes Miller, 1941, Lingnania braconiformis China, 1940, Lopodytes spectabilis Miller, 1941, Macracanthopsis nodipes Reuter, 1881, Sclomina erinacea Stål, 1861, Serendiba nigrospina Hsiao, 1979, S. staliana (Horváth, 1879), Serendus geniculatus Hsiao, 1979, Sphedanolestes annulipes Distant, 1903, S. gularis Hsiao, 1979, S. impressicollis (Stål, 1861), S. pubinotus Reuter, 1881, S. trichrous Stål, 1874, S. xiongi Cai & Cai, 2004, Sycanus croceus Hsiao, 1979, Velinus annulatus Distant, 1879, V. malayus (Stål, 1863), V. rufiventris Hsiao, 1979, Vesbius purpureus (Thunberg, 1784), V. sanguinosus Stål, 1874, Villanovanus nigrorufus Hsiao, 1979, and Yolinus albopustulatus China, 1940. All the species are examined with Vietnamese materials except for Agriosphodrus dohrni (Signoret, 1862), Cydnocoris russatus Stål, 1867, and Sycanus atrocoeruleus Signoret, 1862.
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Kollinger, Franziska. "Elsa Barraines politische Verflechtungen (1940/1944/1949)." Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 78, no. 2 (2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/afmw-2021-0007.
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Jarkowska-Natkaniec, Alicja. "Powojenne procesy członków Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst w okupowanym Krakowie. Casus Dawida Lieblinga." Studia Żydowskie. Almanach 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/sz.549.
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Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie działalności Judishe Ordnungsdienst (OD) okupowanego przez Niemców Krakowa w latach 1940-1945. W zakresie tematycznym mieści się organizacja OD w dzielnicy żydowskiej Kazimierz w 1940 r., w getcie krakowskim w latach 1941-1943 oraz w niemieckim obozie koncentracyjnym w Płaszowie w latach 1942-1945. Główny wątek poprzedzony jest analizą historii OD w polskich miastach Warszawie i Łodzi, również okupowanych przez Niemców. Pozostałe getta służą do przedstawienia ogólnej sytuacji organizacji. Opisano również, co działo się z funkcjonariuszami po wojnie przez pryzmat polskiego prawa. Procesy funkcjonariuszy OD toczyły się przed Specjalnym Sądem Karnym w Krakowie w latach 1945-1947. Celem niniejszego artykułu było również przedstawienie powojennego procesu byłych członków Jüdische Ordnungsdienst w okupowanym Krakowie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sprawy Dawida Lieblinga. Proces oskarżonego Lieblinga, który był członkiem Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst i Żydowskiej Organizacji Bojowej, odbył się przed Specjalnym Sądem Karnym w Krakowie 26 maja 1946 roku. Zarzut kolaboracji został przez sąd odrzucony.
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Abd Wahab, Norazilawati, Arba'iyah Mohd Noor, and Ruzaini Sulaiman@Abd Rahim. "PERKEMBANGAN KEGIATAN PERUSAHAAN DALAM KALANGAN MASYARAKAT MELAYU DI TERENGGANU, 1900-1941." SEJARAH 30, no. 2 (December 6, 2021): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol30no2.2.
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This study aimed to examine the extent to which industrial activities namely textile, copper and boat industries carried out by the Malay community in Terengganu from 1900 to 1941 were able to increase the income of theMalay community and the state itself. Many previous studies that had been conducted on Terengganu only focused on commercial economic activities such as mining, rubber cultivation and fisheries. However, how the changes and developments experienced by theMalay community in Terengganu stem from the development of industrial activities thatinvolved handicrafts entirely had been rarely studied. This study used a qualitative method that involved the collection and analysis of data from primary sources obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia such as CO 840/1 (Terengganu Administration Report, 1910-1930), CO 840/2 (Terengganu Administration Report 1931-1940), Terengganu State Secretary File and Terengganu British Adviser File. In addition, secondary sources were also used such as journals, books, book chapters and magazines to further strengthen the study conducted.The findings of the study found that the industrial economy from 1900 to 1941 was one of the most important activities in Terengganu along with the commercial economy such as mining, rubber cultivation and fisheries. In fact, the industrial activities carried out by the Malay community also contributed to the income of many entrepreneurs and increased the state's economic income at that time.
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Pilipenko, Igor V. "SPECIFICITIES OF IMPLEMENTING CLEARING ARRANGEMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE 1930s – 1980s." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 10/1, no. 130 (2022): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.10.01.006.
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The implementation of clearing arrangements in international settlements of the Russian Federation is one of the systemic solutions that allow developing external trade under toughened anti-Russian sanctions imposed by the Western states. This article analyzes the international experience of the 1930 s – 1980 s when clearing trade was used particularly intensively. We consider features of bilateral clearing in Western and Southern Europe as well as in USSR in the 1930 s, the proposition of J. M. Keynes in 1941–1944 to create the International Clearing Union and the proliferation of bilateral clearing agreements after World War II during the period of the 1940 s – 1960 s including those concluded between market and centrally planned economies. Particular attention is paid to the functioning of the European Payments Union (EPU) in the 1950 s, to the development of bilateral, trilateral and multilateral clearing within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in the 1940 s – 1980 s, including the use of transferable ruble through the International Bank for Economic Co-operation (IBEC) as well as to the 40-year long Soviet-Finnish bilateral clearing trade experience.
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KALECKI, M. "WAR FINANCE IN 1940, 1941 AND 1942." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 5, no. 9 (May 1, 2009): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1943.mp5009001.x.
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Bielańska, Anita. "Non solo "Ladri di biciclette". L’Italia fascista nei primi film di Vittorio de Sica." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia de Cultura 1, no. 9 (2017): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20837275.9.1.18.
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Abstrakt L’articolo prende in esame l’opera prima del regista Vittorio De Sica, in particolare i suoi primi quattro film: "Rose scarlatte" (1940), "Maddalena zero in condotta" (1941), "Teresa Venerdì" (1941) e "Un Garibaldino in convento" (1942). Oltre a collocare l’opera del regista italiano nel contesto politico, sociale e culturale dell’ultimo decennio del regime fascista, vengono analizzati i messaggi impliciti delle singole pellicole, abilmente nascosti sotto una maschera comica: p.es. l’emancipazione femminile, il carattere repressivo delle istituzioni e la problematica del "Strapaese e Straccittà". Nie tylko "Złodzieje rowerów" – faszystowskie Włochy w pierwszych filmach Vittoria de Siki Artykuł analizuje cztery pierwsze filmy Vittoria De Siki: "Szkarłatne róże" (1940), "Magdaleno, dwója ze sprawowania" (1941), "Teresa Venerdì" (1941) oraz "Un Garibladino in convento" (1942), pod kątem ich kontekstu politycznego, społecznego i kulturowego. Analiza poszczególnych dzieł pozwala ukazać ich zawoalowane przesłanie (np. dotyczące emancypacji kobiet, represyjnej natury instytucji oraz problematyki "Strapaese i Straccittà"), ukryte pod maską komizmu.
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Меньшикова, Евгения Николаевна, and Константин Викторович Козлов. "«Всё управление движением в руках женщин…»: к истории феминизации службы движения белгородского отделения Южной железной дороги НКПС СССР (1920-е – 1940-е гг.) (по материалам первичных партийных организаций)." Via in tempore. История. Политология 47, no. 3 (October 16, 2020): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2687-0967-2020-47-3-598-606.
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В статье на основе документов первичных партийных организаций железнодорожников воссоздается история процесса феминизации службы движенияБелгородского отделения Южной железной дороги НКПС СССР в 1920-е – 1940-е гг.Охарактеризованы исторические обстоятельства вовлечения женщин в сферу железнодорожного транспорта в послереволюционный период. Описаны условия и сферы профессиональной деятельности железнодорожниц в 1920-е гг., занятых в основном в «обслуживающем» сегменте службы движения. Выявлены факторы приобретения женщинами в 1930–1940-е гг. «командных» железнодорожных профессий (поездных диспетчеров (ДНЦ), начальников станции (ДС), дежурных по станции (ДСП)), главными из которых являлись повышение уровня образованиянаселения страны в целом и женщин конкретно, а также Великая Отечественная война.
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Losada, Leandro. "El mercado matrimonial de las familias tradicionales argentinas, 1900-1940. Algunas dimensiones y tendencias." Secuencia, no. 82 (January 15, 2013): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.18234/secuencia.v0i82.1144.
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El artículo estudia el mercado matrimonial delas familias tradicionales argentinas entre 1900y 1940, a partir de una muestra de 550 casamientosy del análisis de sus pautas sociales yculturales. El periodo elegido incluye elmomento de máximo esplendor de esas familiasen la sociedad argentina (entre 1900 y mediadosde la década de 1910 aproximadamente)así como el arco temporal en que se produjo elocaso de su gravitación (las décadas de 1920 y1930). El propósito es pensar la relación entrelas pautas matrimoniales y el ascenso y la declinaciónde la elite tradicional, un problema hastael momento descuidado por la historiografíaargentina.Fecha de recepción:octubre de 2010Fecha de aceptación:febrero de 2011Palabras clave:
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ZANDERS, VIESTURS. "1918–1944 METŲ LATVIJOS KNYGININKYSTĖS TYRIMAI: AUTORIAI, TEMOS, LEIDINIAI, SPAUDA." Knygotyra 48 (January 1, 2015): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/kn.v48i0.8112.
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Knygininkystės tyrimai Latvijoje pradėti XVIII amžiuje, kai pasirodė pastoriaus ir bibliofilo L. Bergmanno esė apie Rygos spaustuves. Kai kurias svarbias leidyklas aprašė A. Bucholtzas ir A. Poelchau XIX a. – XX a. pradžioje.Nors Latvijos valstybės įkūrimas 1918 m. savaime sudarė naujas knygų leidybos sąlygas, jis neatnešė esminių knygininkystės tyrimo permainų. Ne taip kaip kitoms humanitarinių tyrimų sritims, knygotyrai valstybė neskyrė finansinės paramos ir nesukūrė institucijų. Tyrimo darbą dirbo ne tik specialistai (leidėjai, spaustuvininkai ir bibliografai), bet ir kitų sričių tyrinėtojai (istorikai, kalbininkai, literatūrologai).Kai kurias naujas mintis apie viduramžių ir reformacijos laikotarpio Livonijos knygos kultūrą paskelbė Baltijos šalių vokiečių kilmės istorikas L. Arbusowas. Bibliofilo J. Misinio ir istoriko V. Pengeroto darbai nagrinėjo spaustuvių istoriją Latvijoje. V. Pengeroto Latvijos knygininkystės apžvalga buvo išspausdinta leidinyje „Gutenberg-Jahrbuch“ (1935).Periodiniame leidinyje „Latvju Grāmata“ (Latvijos knyga, 1922–1931) buvo skelbiama įvairi informacija apie to meto Latvijos ir užsienio knygininkystę, tačiau mokslinių darbų buvo mažai. Dėl negausių skaitytojų ir pasaulinės ekonominės krizės ketvirtajame dešimtmetyje žlugo žurnalas „Latvijas Grāmatrūpniecības Apskats“ (Latvijos knygų gamybos apžvalga, 1928–1931). Žurnale „Bibliotekārs“ (Bibliotekininkas, 1937–1940), kurį leido Latvijos bibliotekininkų draugija, buvo išspausdintas reikšmingas jo redaktoriaus ir bibliofilo G. Šaurumo straipsnis apie senuosius latviškus spaudinius užsienio biblio tekose. Per 30 publikacijų įvairiais knygininkystės klausimais (tarp jų apie Latvijos XVI–XVIII amžiaus knygas ir mokymo literatūrą) pasirodė leidinyje „Izglītības Ministrijas Mēnešraksts“ (Švietimo ministerijos mėnraštis, 1920–1939). Reikia pažymėti, kad tuo laikotarpiu sukaupta faktinė medžiaga vėliau buvo naudojama monografijose apie Latvijos knygininkystę, išleistose septintajame ir aštuntajame XX a. dešimtmetyje. Tuo metu taip pat pasirodė populiari Latvijos knygininkystės studija Knyga, jos istorija (K. Dziļleja, 1935). Išleisti reprezentaciniai leidiniai apie Latvijos knygų parodas Maskvoje (1940) ir Leipcige (1942). Vokiečių okupacijos metais pasirodė knygininkystės problemas nagrinėjančių straipsnių „Izglītības Mēnešraksts“ (Švietimo mėnraštis, 1942–1944) ir „Latvju Grāmatnieks“ (Latvijos bibliofilas, 1943–1944). Latvijos nepriklausomybės praradimas ilgam sustabdė šalies knygotyros raidą. Kai kurie autoriai (K. Draviņš) dirbo tremtyje. Kiti (J. Straubergs, K. Egle) negalėjo atsidėti moksliniam darbui, nes sovietų valdžia draudė jiems dirbti profesinį darbą universitetuose ir bibliotekose.
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Watt, David Harrington. "The Private Hopes of American Fundamentalists and Evangelicals, 1925-1975." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 1, no. 2 (1991): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.1991.1.2.03a00020.
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Much of the best recent scholarship on conservative Protestantism in the middle decades of this Century focuses on what is sometimes called the “mainstream” of interdenominational evangelicalism. Although this variety of evangelicalism was deeply influenced by and, indeed, in some respects the direct successor to the fundamentalist movement of the 1910's, 1920's, and 1930's, it did not begin to assume its present shape until the early 1940's. The formation of the National Association of Evangelicals in 1942 is a convenient symbol of the emergence of what we now think of as constituting the evangelical mainstream.Drafting a perfect definition of this mainstream is impossible; drafting a good working description of it is not. In the present context, “evangelical mainstream” simply refers to that network of born-again Christians associated with the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, the National Association of Evangelicals, and Campus Crusade for Christ; with schools such as the Moody Bible Institute, Füller Seminary, and Wheaton College; with publishing firms like Eerdman's and Zondervan; and with magazines such as Christianity Today, Eternity, and Moody Monthly.
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Antoniuk, Yaroslav, Volodymyr Trofymovych, and Liliya Trofymovych. "OUN(M) SECURITY BODIES DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR (1940 – 1944)." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, no. 30 (November 30, 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-30-29-35.
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The article analyzes the activities of the security bodies of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists of the Melnyk direction during the Second World War. It was proven that the bodies were created by some former OUN intelligence officers, who were led by Yaroslav Haivas, in February 1940 on the territory of the General Government. In March 1941, the counterintelligence group, which was involved in identifying Bandera’s agents, of the sub-unit was separated. In the summer of 1941, the development of the OUN(M) security bodies network had begun on the territory of Western Ukraine. They resembled the OUN intelligence of the 1930-s by their structure. They reached the greatest development in southern Volyn. In the autumn of 1941, Melnyk security bodies extended their influence on Ukrainian lands to the east of Zbruch. Faced with German repression, they did not dare to confront the armed resistance, considering it was hopeless. Melnyk’s security bodies had high hopes for achieving strong positions in the occupation administration. They primarily focused on the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police. The development of the OUN(M) cells was slow even in the Western Ukraine. It mostly occured in the towns controlled by Germans. The article clarified that Melnyk’s counterintelligence forces sometimes managed to identify and even eliminate individual Bandera agents. However, they could not effectively resist the much stronger OUN (Bandera) Security Service. In the summer of 1943, Melnykivtsi were finally defeated in that confrontation. Banderites surrounded a few armed formations of the OUN(M) and attached them to the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. After those events the Melnyk movement started to decline. The last OUN(M) security service boivka operated until the autumn of 1944 in the Drohobych region.
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Korneyev, V. A. "Review of the Genus Geloemyia (Diptera, Pyrgotidae), with Discussion of its Taxonomic Position." Vestnik Zoologii 49, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 497–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2015-0061.
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Abstract Review of the Genus Geloemyia (Diptera, Pyrgotidae), with Discussion of its Taxonomic Position. Korneyev, V. A. - Species assigned to Geloemyia Hendel, 1908, Trichempodia Malloch, 1930 syn. n., Parageloemyia Hendel, 1933 syn. n., and Dicranostira Enderlein, 1942 syn. n. are shown to be congeneric. Geloemyia is refined to include eight species: Geloemyia cheni Kim, Han & Korneyev, sp. n., Geloemyia cockerelli (Malloch, 1930) comb. n. (= Trichempodia cockerelli Malloch, 1930), Geloemyia dorsocentralis (Hering, 1940) comb. n. (= Adapsilia dorsocentralis Hering, 1940), Geloemyia quadriseta Hendel, 1933, Geloemyia stylata Hendel, 1908, Geloemyia wonjuensis (Kim & Han, 2001) comb. n. (= Parageloemyia wonjuensis Kim & Han, 2001) from Eastern Asia, Geloemyia namibica sp. n., from mainland Africa (Namibia) and Geloemyia trifasciata (Enderlein, 1942) comb. n. (= Trichempodia trifasciata Enderlein, 1942) from Madagascar. Geloemyia nigrofasiata Hendel, 1933 based on a single male is supposed to be a junior synonym of G. quadriseta Hendel, 1933, based on females, but the synonymy is tentative. A key to species is provided. The genus Geloemyia belongs in the tribe Pyrgotini forming (or belonging to) a basal lineage in the subtribe Adapsiliina together with Pyrgotomyia Hendel, 1914 and Porpomastix Enderlein, 1942.
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Noël, Mathieu. "Une biographie politique et intellectuelle de Louis Francoeur." Revue d’histoire de l’Amérique française 66, no. 3-4 (June 11, 2014): 419–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025536ar.
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Cet article est une biographie politique et intellectuelle de Louis Francoeur (1895-1941), l’un des journalistes canadiens-français les plus influents des années 1930. Nous présentons sa carrière tout en portant une attention particulière à son parcours politique et intellectuel. D’abord intéressé par la vie ecclésiastique, il quitte l’ordre des Bénédictins au début des années 1920 pour entreprendre une carrière dans le journalisme et la politique. À partir de l’été de 1940, il anime à Radio-Canada l’émission quotidienne La situation ce soir, dans laquelle il présente et commente les actualités entourant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Louis Francoeur était un conservateur nationaliste et catholique, mais de tendance plus progressiste que traditionaliste.
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Rogut, Dariusz. "„Kontrrewolucjonista i sabotażysta”. Major dr Franciszek Michał Amałowicz ps. „Tatar” – lekarz, oficer Wojska Polskiego i Armii Krajowej w obozach sowieckich." Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy 24, no. 4 (2023): 186–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.32089/wbh.phw.2023.4(286).0007.
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Franciszek Michał Amałowicz „Tatar” (1903–1970) participated in the battles for Lviv in 1918 and then fought in the Polish-Bolshevik war of 1919–1920 and the Third Silesian Uprising. As a Doctor of Medical Science and a major in the Polish Army he saw action during the Polish campaign of 1939. During 1940 Amałowicz served in the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and from 1942 he commanded the 3rd region „Dęby” of the „Obroża” District (Rembertów). From November 1944, as a victim of Soviet repression he was imprisoned in various camps in Poland and the USSR. He returned to Poland in 1954, where he was operationally investigated by the Security Service.
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Young, William R. "Academics and Social Scientists versus the Press: the Policies of the Bureau of Public Information and the Wartime Information Board, 1939 to 1945." Historical Papers 13, no. 1 (April 20, 2006): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030485ar.
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Résumé Pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale, le gouvernement canadien commence à recourir aux techniques des sciences sociales pour élaborer ses politiques d'information. Ceci n'est pas sans susciter de vives oppositions de la part des gens de la presse qui estiment que, dans un gouvernement élu démocratiquement, toute manipulation de l'information brime la liberté du citoyen puisqu'elle l'empêche de se faire une opinion personnelle de l'événement. Au fait, les années de guerre voient alterner à la tête de l'organisme gouvernemental chargé de l'information publique des hommes représentant tantôt les gens de la presse, tantôt les adeptes des sciences sociales. C'est ainsi que se succèdent Gardiner, un partisan de la presse, qui est en poste de juillet 1940 à juin 1941, puis, Thorson, un supporteur des sciences sociales, qui est en fonction jusqu'à mai 1942; vient ensuite Vining, un tenant de la presse, de mai 1942 à février 1943, suivi de Grierson, un fervent des sciences sociales de février 1943 à janvier 1944. Après lui, on opte définitivement pour les instruments qu'offrent ces dernières. En janvier 1944, la direction passe à Dunton, un journaliste qui a travaillé sous Vining et Grierson. Pendant son mandat, on développera des techniques qui se réclament nettement des sciences sociales; elles s'étendront d'ailleurs assez rapidement à d'autres agences du gouvernement, voire même, elles permettront au parti libéral de se faire réélire en 1945. En somme, la guerre a accéléré l'intégration des méthodes des sciences sociales dans le cadre de l'administration gouvernementale; cependant, elle n'a pas apporté de solution au problème que soulevèrent les journalistes tout au long de cette période: celui de la manipulation de l'information dans un état démocratique.
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Abd Wahab, Norazilawati, Arba'iyah Mohd Noor, Ruhaizan Sulaiman, and Ruzaini Sulaiman. "Peranan Badan Kerajaan dalam Perusahaan dan Perniagaan Orang Melayu di Terengganu, 1900-1941." SEJARAH 31, no. 1 (June 25, 2022): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol31no1.4.
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Government bodies play an important role in generating a balanced development of a state. In fact, the development of a society is also closely related to the systems and policies that have been established by a government body. This happens because the government body is one of the main agents and driving tools in changing society from a static and traditional to a more developed and progressive society. Therefore, this article aims to see the extent of the role played by government bodies such as Terengganu Town Council (Majlis Bandaran Terengganu), Terengganu Arts and Craft Society (TACS), Malayan Art and Craft Society (MACS), Malayan Agri-Horticultural Association (M.A.H.A), British Empire Exhibition (B.E.E) and the Trade and Industry's Office in helping the Malay enterprise and business activities in Terengganu from 1900 to 1941. This study used a qualitative method which had involved collecting and analysing data from primary sources obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia such as CO 840/1 (Terengganu Administration Report, 1910-1930), CO 840/2 (Terengganu Administration Report 1931-1940), Terengganu State Secretary File, and British Adviser Terengganu File. In addition, secondary sources such as journals, books, book chapters, and magazines were also utilised to further strengthen the study conducted. The results of the study found that the existence of various government bodies in Terengganu managed to play a significant role in developing Malay enterprises and businesses in Terengganu from 1900 to 1941.
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Babich, Irina L. "Ingush in the Social and Political Life of the European Emigration in the 1920–1940." Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2022-1-12-19.
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The aim of this study is to describe the main directions of the social and political activities of the highlanders of the North Caucasus in the European emigration in the 1920-1940s using the example of one of the famous Ingush leader - Murzaly Kuriev. The study of the peculiarities of the political life of North Caucasian emigrants is an important and actual part in the field of foreign Caucasian studies. It can to understand like the modern political trends as the social paradigms. The article was prepared on the basis of archival materials collected in France and Russia. In this article is study life of Kuriev in detail. He lived 35 years before the revolution 1917 very good. Kuriev made an excellent military career in the Russian Empire, haved family and son. He lost all this during the evacuation together the Russian troops in 1920. In 1921 he went to Paris. He had money, created a new family. He took an active part in the social and political life among the North Caucasian emigration. By the 1940s. Kuriev hadn’t money, did not work, he lived in poverty. He decided to work in german’s office (1942-1944). As a result he was accused of working for the Germans. However, the North Caucasian emigrants helped him, and he escaped punishment. Nevertheless, in 1947 he left for a residence in Germany, where he died in 1952. The author comes to the conclusion that in emigration Kuriyev only partially realized himself. Obviously, he had more abilities for a military career than for social and political activities. In emigration, firstly, Kuriev changed his monarchical views on the Russian Empire and on the place of Ingushetia in the Russian Empire to create an independent state in the North Caucasus, and secondly, he disappointed with many leaders of the North Caucasian emigration. Both characteristics of social and political life in the 1920-1940 were typical for many leaders of the highlanders of the North Caucasus in emigration.
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Delgado Idarreta, José Miguel. "Ocio en la revista anual Rioja Industrial (1940-1969)." Brocar. Cuadernos de Investigación Histórica, no. 47 (January 23, 2024): 131–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/brocar.5469.
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La revista anual Logroño Ilustrado nació en 1920. En el año 1921 tomó el nombre definitivo de Rioja Industrial. Fue fundada por los hermanos Notario, dueños de la Imprenta Artes Gráficas Industriales. Nació en los años finales de la Restauración, y perduró a lo largo de la dictadura de Primo de Rivera, Segunda República, y Franquismo. Solo dejó de publicarse en los años de la guerra civil (1937-1939), además de en 1924, 1942 y 1944. Se financió con los anuncios que aparecían principalmente en la primera y tercera parte de la revista. La segunda parte estaba dedicada a los trabajos de los ocios culturales, deportivos y festivos. Por ello, nos fijaremos en aspectos como toros, cine, teatro, música, artes, deportes y fiestas que proyectan a la sociedad desde el ocio en los años del franquismo entre 1940 y la desaparición de la revista en 1969.
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Srougo, Shai. "The Jewish workers in the port of Thessaloniki (1939-1943): Their war experience as workers, Greeks and Jews." Journal of Modern European History 18, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 352–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894420924909.
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This article explores the last chapter in the long history of the Jewish port workers in the waterfront of Thessaloniki—the World War II years. The Jewish blue-collar workers and white-collar workers shared a common history, and at the same time, each had a different story to tell on the drama of the war. Their everyday experience in the roles of workers, soldiers, non-combatants, and as Greek civilians reveals the Jewish role in shaping the space of the wartime port during three periods: Greek neutrality (September 1939 to September 1940), the Greek-Italian War (October 1940 to March 1941), and German occupation from April 1941 to March 1943, when the port became an ‘Aryan’ space.
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Magoga, Giulia, Matteo Montagna, Laura Marziali, and Bruno Rossaro. "Revision of type and non-type material assigned to the genus Orthocladius by Goetghebuer (1940–1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (Diptera: Chironomidae)." Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 57, no. 2 (2017): 723–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aemnp-2017-0097.
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Selected type and non-type material belonging to the genus Orthocladius van der Wulp, 1874 (Diptera: Chironomidae) sensu GOETGHEBUER (1940-1950), deposited in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), originally comprising specimens dry pinned or stored in isinglass, were mounted on microscope slides and re-examined. Other chironomids present in the RBINS collection belonging to other genera were also examined. Fifty slides were prepared and identified to species, or to generic level when the condition of the specimens did not allow species identification. The following types, representing taxa formerly considered as nomina dubia, were examined and the concerned species are stated here as valid: Georthocladius collarti (Goetghebuer, 1941) comb. nov., Georthocladius scaturiginis (Goetghebuer, 1940) comb. nov., Lapposmittia succinea (Goetghebuer, 1942) comb. nov., Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) tolleti Goetghebuer, 1944 (new subgenus placement), Orthocladius (Orthocladius) timoni Goetghebuer & Timon-David, 1939, Pseudorthocladius hockaiensis (Goetghebuer, 1933). Orthocladius (Orthocladius) mitisi Goetghebuer, 1938, previously stated as junior synonym of Orthocladius (Orthocladius) glabripennis (Goetghebuer, 1921), is reinstated as valid species. The following new synonyms are proposed: Georthocladius (Georthocladius) collarti = Parachaetocladius retezati Albu, 1972: 19, syn. nov.; Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) rufiventris (Meigen, 1830) = Orthocladius franzi Goetghebuer, 1949, syn. nov.; Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) skirwithensis Edwards, 1929 = Orthocladius nigritus Goetghebuer, 1938, syn. nov. = Paratrichocladius spiesi Ashe & O’Connor, 2012; Hydrobaenus distylus (Potthast, 1914) = Orthocladius antennalis Goetghebuer, 1944, syn. nov. Lectotypes of Orthocladius collarti Goetghebuer, 1941, Orthocladius antennalis Goetghebuer, 1944, Orthocladius timoni Goetghebuer & Timon-David, 1939, and Orthocladius hockaiensis Goetghebuer, 1933 are designated. Non-type material assigned to Orthocladius was also mounted on slides and identified. Although a list of the non-Orthocladius taxa is also provided, no taxonomic changes are proposed for the latter.
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Henriksson, Riitta, Marika Salminen, Seija Arve, Matti Viitanen, and Sini Eloranta. "Koettu terveys, elintavat ja fyysinen toimintakyky – vuosina 1920 ja 1940 syntyneiden kohorttien vertailu." Gerontologia 31, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23989/gerontologia.63511.
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Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli vertailla vuosina 1920 (n = 1032) ja 1940 (n = 956) syntyneiden 70-vuotiaiden kotona asuvien turkulaisten koettua terveyttä, elintapoja ja fyysistä toimintakykyä. Tiedot koetusta terveydestä, elintavoista (tupakointi, alkoholinkäyttö ja painoindeksi) ja fyysisestä toimintakyvystä (päivittäiset toiminnot, välineelliset toiminnot ja päivittäisiä toimintoja haittaavat oireet) kerättiin kyselylomakkeiden ja haastatteluiden avulla. Tulosten mukaan vuonna 1940 syntyneet kokivat terveytensä ja fyysisen toimintakykynsä paremmiksi kuin vuonna 1920 syntyneet. Lisäksi 1940 syntyneillä oli vähemmän päivittäistä toimintaa haittaavia oireita kuin vuonna 1920 syntyneillä. Alkoholin käyttö ja ylipaino sen sijaan olivat yleisempiä 1940 syntyneiden kuin 1920 syntyneiden keskuudessa. Tulokset ovat tärkeitä suunniteltaessa ennaltaehkäiseviä palveluita ikääntyville.
Self-perceived health, health behaviour and physical functioning – a comparison of two cohorts born in 1920 and 1940
The aim of the study was to compare differences in self-perceived health, health behaviour and physical functioning between community-dwelling 70-year-old citizens of Turku born in 1920 (n=1032) and 1940 (n=956). Data of self-perceived health, health behaviour (smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index) and physical functioning (activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, symptoms causing difficulties in daily living) were collected using questionnaires and interviews. According to the results, self-perceived health and physical functioning were better among those born in 1940 than among those born in 1920. In addition, symptoms causing difficulties in daily living were less frequent in 1940 cohort than in 1920 cohort. However, alcohol consumption and overweight were more common in 1940 cohort compared to 1920 cohort. These results are applicable in planning of preventive services for older people.
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Wertheim, Stephen. "Instrumental Internationalism: The American Origins of the United Nations, 1940–3." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 2 (February 20, 2019): 265–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009419826661.
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Why did the United States want to create the United Nations Organization, or any international political organization with universal membership? This question has received superficial historiographical attention, despite ample scrutiny of the conferences that directly established the UN in 1944 and 1945. The answer lies earlier in the war, from 1940 to 1942, when, under the pressure of fast-moving events, American officials and intellectuals decided their country must not only enter the war but also lead the world long afterwards. International political organization gained popularity – first among unofficial postwar planners in 1941 and then among State Department planners in 1942 – because it appeared to be an indispensable tool for implementing postwar US world leadership, for projecting and in no way constraining American power. US officials believed the new organization would legitimate world leadership in the eyes of the American public by symbolizing the culmination of prior internationalist efforts to end power politics, even as they based the design of the UN on a thoroughgoing critique of the League, precisely for assuming that power politics could be transcended.
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SANTOS-SILVA, ANTONIO, JAMES E. WAPPES, and MARIA HELENA M. GALILEO. "Descriptions and synonymies in American Desmiphorini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae)." Zootaxa 4375, no. 4 (January 25, 2018): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4375.4.1.
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Estoloides (Parestoloides) Breuning, 1940, and Mimestoloides Breuning, 1974 are synonymized with Estoloides Breuning, 1940. Mimestoloides Breuning, 1980 is synonymized with Spinestoloides Breuning, 1954. Estoloides aurantius Martins & Galileo, 2010 is synonymized with E. scabracaulis Chemsak & Noguera, 1993. Estoloides modica Chemsak & Noguera, 1993 is synonymized with E. chamelae Chemsak & Noguera, 1993. Estoloides (Spinestoloides) spinipennis Breuning, 1974, is synonymized with Esthlogena monticola (Fisher, 1942). Estoloides (Spinestoloides) Breuning, 1954 is considered a genus different from Estoloides. Notes on Pseudestoloides Breuning and Heyrovsky, 1961, Pseudestoloides costaricensis Breuning and Heyrovsky, 1961, Pseudestoloides affinis Martins and Galileo, 2009, and on the type of Estoloides (Parestoloides) costaricensis Breuning, 1940, are provided. Pseudestoloides hiekei Breuning, 1974, is transferred to Estoloides. The following new combinations are established: Spinestoloides monticola; Spinestoloides fasciatus (Martins & Galileo, 2010); Spinestoloides benardi (Breuning, 1980); Estoloides andresi (Breuning, 1974); and Estoloides hiekei (Breuning, 1974). With the synonymy of Estoloides (Parestoloides), the following species have the subgenus removed from their names: Estoloides basigranulata Breuning, 1943: E. costaricensis Breuning, 1940; E. esthlogenoides Breuning, 1943; and E. parva Breuning, 1940. The following new species are described: Estoloides vandenberghei, from Nicaragua; E. maesi, from Nicaragua; E. nayeliae, from Mexico; E. noguerai, from Mexico and Nicaragua; E. chiapensis, from Mexico; E. pubescens, from Mexico; E. schusteri, from Guatemala; E. dthomasi, from Mexico; E. morrisi, from Mexico; E. giesberti, from Honduras; E. uyucana, from Honduras; Spinestoloides hefferni from Panama; and Pseudestoloides bingkirki from Nicaragua. The male of Spinestoloides spinipennis (Breuning, 1954), and the female of Estoloides prolongata are described for the first time. Keys to separate Estoloides, Pseudestoloides and Spinestoloides, from each other, and to species of Pseudestoloides and Spinestoloides are provided. Estoloides chamelae is newly recorded from Chiapas, Colima, Oaxaca and Guerrero in Mexico; E. prolongata is newly recorded from Costa Rica; and E. rufipes is newly recorded from the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. The holotypes of Estoloides alboscutellaris Breuning, 1943 (Fig. 13), E. annulicornis Breuning, 1940 (Fig. 14), and E. reflexa Breuning, 1940 (Fig. 15) are also figured for the first time.
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Rajsfus, Maurice. "Drancy, un camp de concentration très ordinaire." Chroniques allemandes 12, no. 1 (2008): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/chral.2008.888.
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La relative passivité des Français face au système concentrationnaire instauré en France sous l’occupation doit être située dans le contexte d'une certaine tradition xénophobe qui au cours des années 30 évolue en s’accentuant. En été 1940, les camps ouverts sous la Troisième République vont changer de nature avec la mise en place d’un système répressif radical par Vichy et les Allemands. En mai et en août 1941, la police française va ainsi rafler en région parisienne plusieurs milliers de Juifs étrangers. C'est pour les enfermer que le 20 août 1941, le camp de Drancy verra le jour, semblable à tous les camps nazis par son mode d’organisation et de fonctionnement. Drancy sera surtout le principal camp de déportation français. Entre juin 1942 et août 1944, environ 60000 personnes vont transiter par le camp, à destination d’Auschwitz.
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Huttenbach, H. R. "THROUGH US DIPLOMATIC EYES (1940–1944): THE SOVIETIZATION OF ESTONIA (June 1940 – December 1941)." Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Humanities and Social Sciences 41, no. 1 (1992): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/hum.soc.sci.1992.1.02.
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Andrade, Rômulo de Paula, and Gilberto Hochman. "O Plano de Saneamento da Amazônia (1940-1942)." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 14, suppl (December 2007): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702007000500011.
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Aborda o Plano de Saneamento da Amazônia e o contexto político de sua formulação, entre 1940 e 1941, o papel de Getúlio Vargas, a atuação de seus principais protagonistas como Evandro Chagas, João de Barros Barreto e Valério Konder, as suas principais propostas e o seu ocaso a partir de 1942, por conta da criação do Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública (SESP), fruto dos acordos de cooperação entre Brasil e Estados Unidos, com o envolvimento de ambos na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Inclui a reprodução do Plano publicado em dezembro de 1941 nos Arquivos de Higiene.
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BORGES, ZULEICA M., and MARCIA S. COURI. "Revision of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Brazil with synonymic notes, identification key to the species and description of three new species." Zootaxa 2179, no. 1 (August 6, 2009): 1–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2179.1.1.
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Toxomerus Macquart (Diptera: Syrphidae) species from Brazil are revised, including the examination of most of the types. Thirty six species are confirmed. Twenty seven are synonymized: T. dispar (Fabricius, 1794) [=T. vicinus (Macquart, 1846), T. tridentatus (Rondani, 1868) T. annulifer (Bigot, 1884), T. ruficaudatus (Bigot 1884), & T. triangulatus (Hull, 1942)], T. duplicatus (Wiedemann, 1830) [=T. vatius (Walker, 1852), T. gemini (Hull, 1941), T. arcturus (Hull, 1943), T. bipunctatus (Hull, 1943)], Syrphus basalis Walker, 1837 [=T. portius (Walker, 1852), T. rhea (Hull, 1949), T. harlequinus (Hull, 1951)], T. pictus (Macquart, 1842) [=T. jaguarinus (Bigot, 1884), T. maculatus (Bigot, 1884)], T. pulchellus (Macquart, 1846) [=T. punctatus Sack, 1921], T. virgulatus (Schiner, 1868) [=T. confusus (Schiner, 1868)], T. laenas (Walker, 1852) [=T. barbulus (Walker, 1852), T. nitidiventris (Curran, 1930), T. vitreus (Hull, 1941)], T. norma (Curran, 1930) [=T. mulio (Hull, 1941)], T. productus (Curran, 1930) [=T. triradiatus (Hull, 1942), T. camilla (Hull, 1951), T. cyrillus (Hull, 1951), T. vanessa (Hull, 1951)], T. watsoni (Curran, 1930) [=T. lanei (Hull, 1942)], T. steatogaster (Hull, 1941) [=T. steatornis (Hull, 1943)], T. idalius (Hull, 1951) [=T. eurydice (Hull, 1951)]. Two new combinations are presented: Mesogramma apegiensis Harbach, 1974 (=Toxomerus apegiensis) and Syphus basalis Walker, 1837 (= Toxomerus basalis); six new records for Brazil are included: T. difficilis (Curran, 1930), T. idalius (Hull, 1951), T. productus (Curran, 1930), T. purus (Curran, 1930), T. sylvaticus (Hull, 1943) and T. undecimpunctatus (Enderlein, 1938). Three new species are described: Toxomerus mosaicus, Toxomerus papaveroi and Toxomerus paraduplicatus.
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Prinke, Andrzej. "Kierownik magazynu koszykarni: okupacyjny epizod z życia prof. Józefa Kostrzewskiego (1940-1943) w relacji prof. Alfreda hr. Wielopolskiego." Przegląd Archiwalno-Historyczny 3 (2016): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2391-890xpah.16.012.14900.
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W tekście przedstawiono wspomnienie dotyczące fragmentu okupacyjnego okresu życia czołowego polskiego prehistoryka i współzałożyciela Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego – prof. Józefa Kostrzewskiego. Autorem przytoczonej pracy jest prof. Alfred hr. Wielopolski, politolog i ekonomista, a także historyk ekonomii i prawa. Odnaleziony w Bibliotece Zakładu im. Ossolińskich we Wrocławiu maszynopis, relacjonuje życie prof. w okresie od grudnia 1940 do lutego 1944 roku, kiedy prof. Kostrzewski ukrywał się w majątku Klemensówka k. Niska. Manager of the basket workshop warehouse: the period of occupation in the life of professor Józef Kostrzewski (1940–1943) in the account of professor count Alfred Wielkopolski The text presents the recollection of the occupational period in the life of a leading Polish prehistorian and a co-founder of the Poznań University, professor Józef Kostrzewski. The author of the work quoted is professor count Alfred Wielkopolski, a political scientist, economist and economic and law historian. The manuscript found in the library of the National Ossoliński Institute in Wrocław provides the account of Kostrzewski’s life in the period between December 1940 and February 1944, when he remained in hiding in the Klemensówka estate, near Nisko.
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Lerner, Victoria. "Exiliados de la Revolucióón mexicana: El caso de los villistas (1915––1921)." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 17, no. 1 (2001): 109–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2001.17.1.109.
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As a result of the Mexican Revolution, many politicians from various factions were forced into exile between 1906 and 1940, particularly between 1910 and 1920. The subject has merited little attention until the present despite the fact that its study can provide another perspective on the Mexican Revolution, the one of the opponents who were defeated. This study focuses on the exile of the villistas that began in the autumn of 1915 and ended at the beginning of the 1920s. The article considers who were the villista exiles, how they escaped from Mexico, how they adapted economically in the United States, and when they returned to their country. It also examines certain political tendencies and their later activities between 1920 and 1940. Four political activities in the United States intended to change the political situation in Mexico are considered. Finally, the article examines how U.S. authorities, closely involved with their Mexican counterparts, treated the exiles. LaRevolucióón mexicanacausóó elexilio de muchos polííticos de distintas facciones entre 1906 y 1940, sobre todo entre 1910 y 1920. Este tema ha merecido muy pocaatencióón hasta elmomento presente,a pesarde que atravéés de éélpodemos aproximarnos desde otra perpectiva a la Revolucióón mexicana, desde el punto de vista de los opositores que muchas veces fueron los vencidos. Este estudio se centra en el exilio de los villistas que empezóó en el otoñño de 1915 y terminóó a principios de la déécada de 1920. En este artíículo se analiza quiéénes fueron los exiliados villistas, cóómo escaparon de Mééxico, su acomodo econóómico y laboral en Estados Unidos y el retorno a su patria, dejando ver ciertas tendencias polííticas de su actuacióónpolíítica ulterior entre 1920y 1940.Se desmenuzan cuatro actividades polííticas que emprendieron en Estados Unidos para cambiar la situacióón mexicana. Finalmente se abarca la forma en que fueron tratados durante su exilio en los Estados Unidos, por las autoridades de este paíís que estaban estrechamente vinculadas con las mexicanas.
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Thomas, Jean-Pierre. "Etretat 1900-1940." Études Normandes 55, no. 1 (2006): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/etnor.2006.1625.
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MERMIN, N. DAVID, and NEIL W. ASHCROFT. "HANS BETHE'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOLID-STATE PHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 16 (June 30, 2006): 2227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206034716.
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Hans Bethe's doctoral research was primarily in solid-state physics. During the late 1920's and early 1930's he played a major role in developing the new quantum theory of solids. Though nuclear physics became his main interest in the mid 1930's, he continued to write papers in solid-state physics into the late 1940's, and remained interested in the subject all his life.
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BOLZ, HELMUT, and THOMAS WAGNER. "Neobarombiella, a diverse, newly described genus of Afrotropical Galerucinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)." Zootaxa 3463, no. 1 (September 7, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3463.1.1.
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Galerucinae with elongate basal metatarsi have traditionally been assigned to the “Monoleptites”. In recent studies itbecame clear that several species could not be placed in genera that have already been described. We here describe andredescribe species that form a distinct monophyletic group, defined by their external and genitalic characters, asNeobarombiella gen. n. This new genus is based on the examination of 3,554 specimens from continental Africa, andcontains 35 valid species and 36 new synonyms: Neobarombiella flavilabris (Weise, 1903) comb. n. (= Candezeaacutangula Weise, 1903 syn. n.; = Candezea vivida Weise, 1909 syn. n.; = Barombia benguelensis Laboissière, 1921 syn.n.; = Barombia gregaria Laboissière, 1931 syn. n.; = Barombiella bifasciata Laboissière, 1939 syn. n.; = Barombiellaclypeata Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; = Barombiella ghesquierei Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; = Barombiella trifasciata Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; = Barombiella vicina Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; = Barombiella wittei Laboissière, 1940 syn.n.); Neobarombiella nigrita (Jacoby, 1894) comb. n.; (= Candezea morio Jacoby, 1906 syn. n.); Neobarombiellapictipennis (Jacoby, 1894) comb. n.; Neobarombiella nigrocaerulea (Jacoby, 1897) comb. n. (= Candezea moliroensisJacoby, 1900 syn. n.; = Monolepta kwaiensis Weise, 1903 syn. n.; = Barombia ruficollis Laboissière, 1920 syn. n.; =Barombia ruficollis var. marginata Laboissière, 1920 syn. n.; = Barombia humeralis Laboissière, 1932 syn. n.; =Barombiella monardi Laboissière, 1939 syn. n.; = Monolepta (Candezea) nigeriae Bryant, 1940 syn. n.); Neobarombiellavariopennis (Jacoby, 1897) comb. n.; Neobarombiella punctatolineata (Jacoby, 1899) comb. n. (= Monolepta opulentaJacoby, 1903 syn. n.; = Barombia gibbosa Laboissière, 1920 syn. n.); Neobarombiella salisburiensis (Jacoby, 1899)comb. n.; Neobarombiella pygidialis (Jacoby, 1906) comb. n. (= Monolepta prasina Weise, 1907 syn. n.; = Monoleptaalutacea Weise, 1915; = Barombia truncata Laboissière, 1929 syn. n.); Neobarombiella mendica (Weise, 1909) comb. n.(= Monolepta pruni Bryant, 1937 syn. n., = Barombiella mimula Laboissière, 1939 syn. n.); Neobarombiella vittigera(Weise, 1912) comb. n. (= Barombia quadrilineata Laboissière, 1921 syn. n.); Neobarombiella punctata (Laboissière,1920) comb. n.; Neobarombiella flavicollis (Laboissière, 1923) comb. n. (= Barombiella piceobasalis Laboissière, 1940syn. n.); Neobarombiella suturalis (Laboissière, 1923) comb. n.; Neobarombiella senegalensis (Laboissière, 1923) comb.n. (= Barombiella leopoldi Laboissière, 1929, syn. n.; = Barombiella clathrata Laboissière, 1939 syn. n.; = Barombiellacostai Laboissière, 1939 syn. n.; = Barombia bicincta Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; = Barombiella mutabilis Laboissière,1940 syn. n.; Barombiella pallida Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; = Barombiella variabilis Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; =Barombia basalis Laboissière, 1940, syn. n.); Neobarombiella pakhassana (Laboissière, 1931) comb. n. (= Monoleptagossypiperda, Bryant, 1947 syn. n.); Neobarombiella sculptipennis (Laboissière, 1939) comb. n. (= Barombiella striataLaboissière, 1939 syn. n.); Neobarombiella apicalis (Bryant, 1956) comb. n.; Neobarombiella bilineata (Bryant, 1958)comb. n.; Neobarombiella multistriata (Bryant, 1958) comb. n.; Barombia jobiti Laboissière, 1920 is here transferred toBonesioides [Bonesioides jobiti (Laboissière, 1920) comb. n.]. The following 16 species are newly described:Neobarombiella budongoensis sp. n., N. congoensis sp. n., N. cornuta sp. n., N. emma sp. n., N. fassbenderi sp. n., N.frohnorum sp. n., N. frontalis sp. n., N. grotefendi sp. n., N. lineata sp. n., N. medvedevi sp. n., N. naumanni sp. n., N.nigrosuturalis sp. n., N. reichartzi sp. n., N. spielbergi sp. n., N. susannae sp. n., and N. zambiae sp. n. Neobarombiella isdescribed in detail, redescriptions are provided for all valid species, and comprehensive descriptions of the new speciesinclude figures of both external and genitalic characters, and distribution maps. A key is provided to facilitate speciesidentification. An analysis of phylogenetic aspects is given in which characters of species in the genus Neobarombiella are compared to closely related genera.
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ROSE, EDWARD P. F. "BRITISH MILITARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF MALTA, PART 2: THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1939–1945." Earth Sciences History 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 186–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-41.1.186.
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ABSTRACT During the Second World War, the central Mediterranean island of Malta was famously besieged by the Italian navy and intensively bombed by Italian and later German air forces, from June 1940 until Allied victory in North Africa in May 1943 brought an end to the siege. It was then scheduled as a staging post to support the Allied invasion of Sicily from North Africa in July 1943 and of mainland Italy from Sicily in September. From 1941 until 1945, two Tunnelling Companies Royal Engineers, overlapping in succession, excavated underground facilities safe from aerial or naval bombardment. In 1943 and then 1944–1945, two Boring Sections Royal Engineers in succession drilled wells to enhance water supplies, initially for increased troop concentrations. Borehole site selection was guided in 1943 by the Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (Edward Battersby Bailey: 1881–1965) and by geologists Captain Frederick William Shotton (1906–1990) and Major Gordon Lyall Paver (1913–1988). In 1944, it was guided by geologist Captain Howard Digby Roberts (1913–1971), leading a detachment from 42nd Geological Section of the South African Engineer Corps that pioneered earth resistivity surveys on the island. Overall, these military studies generated a new but unpublished geological map of the island at 1:31,680-scale and refined knowledge of its geological structure: a much faulted but otherwise near-horizontal Oligo-Miocene sedimentary sequence. Further refinement was achieved as a consequence of the 1944–1945 drilling programme, led principally by geologist Captain Thomas Owen Morris (1904–1989) of the Royal Engineers. By 1945, this had helped to develop an improved water supply system for the island, and plans to develop groundwater abstracted from a perched upper aquifer (in the Upper Coralline Limestone and underlying Greensand formations, above a ‘Blue Clay’) as well as from the main lower aquifer, near sea level (in the Globigerina Limestone and/or underlying Lower Coralline Limestone formations).
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Matveeva, Irina G. "History of Vyborg branch of Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library, 1940–1941, 1944–1945." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 4 (29) (2016): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2016-4-15-18.
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