Journal articles on the topic '1939-1945 Literature and the war'
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Verma, Neil. "Writing the radio war: Literature, radio and the BBC, 1939–1945." Journal of Radio & Audio Media 26, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2019.1570658.
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Böhler, Jochen, and Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk. "Collaboration and Resistance in Wartime Poland (1939–1945) – A Case for Differentiated Occupation Studies." Journal of Modern European History 16, no. 2 (May 2018): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2018-2-225.
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Collaboration and Resistance in Wartime Poland (1939-1945) - A Case for Differentiated Occupation Studies This article aims to diffenenciate the often simplistic depiction of war and occupation in Europe between 1939 and 1945 as a fight of good against evil. Such a description can be found not only in popular culture, but also, though less blatantly, in historical literature. Without questioning the overall responsibility of the Axis powers for the horrendous crimes committed during the war, this article argues for a more nuanced approach that takes into account the often complex nature of interaction between the occupiers and the occupied. Instead of invoking moral judgment, the authors aim to prioritize the historical analysis of the reality of Poland's occupation by the Nazis, recognizing that the parties involved had their own agency and often conflicting agendas. The authors apply this approach to two major phenomena: collaboration with, and resistance against the occupying forces. It thereby becomes clear that violence was exchanged not only between the occupants and the occupied, but also between different political and ethnic groups of the Polish society.
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Dinsman, Melissa. "Writing the Radio War: Literature, Politics, and the BBC. 1939–1945 by Ian Whittington." Modernism/modernity 28, no. 1 (2021): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mod.2021.0005.
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Chan, Julia. "Shangri-La on the Popular Front: ‘China’, the Global Left, and Auden and Isherwood’s Journey to a War." Modernist Cultures 17, no. 3-4 (November 2022): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2022.0376.
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This article examines W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood’s co-authored travelogue, Journey to a War (1939), as a product of the interwar global left culture, exemplified by the Popular Front campaign that spanned Europe and Asia (1936–1939). Set out to observe and report on the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), a less popular but more exotic alternative to the contemporaneous Spanish Civil War, the two writers found themselves caught in the impossible task of reconciling the ravages of war with images of Shangri-La that mediated Popular Front discourses on wartime China. Nonetheless, Auden and Isherwood’s difficult negotiations with Orientalist discourses also made the text a generative site for translations, exchanges and appropriations. This essay offers an account of the travelogue’s composition and contemporary reception in China, how it became a composite, mobile text.
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Ławniczak, Sonia. "Diary Writing during the Second World War in Sweden. Astrid Lindgren’s War Diaries 1939-1945." Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 98, no. 3 (2020): 733–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2020.9433.
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Hangen, Tona. "The Songs That Fought the War: Popular Music and the Home Front, 1939?1945." Journal of Popular Culture 40, no. 3 (June 2007): 560–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2007.00411.x.
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Sowiński, Andrzej J. "Przetrwać i zachować tożsamość. O pedagogii instytucji opiekuńczo-wychowawczych dla dzieci i młodzieży w Warszawie (1939-1945)." Język. Religia. Tożsamość. 1, no. 23 (December 15, 2021): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6150.
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It’s not easy to discuss,and think about the pedagogy when the nation suffers during the military conflict and invasion, which was the case of Poland during the Second World War – during such dramatic times the priority is survival. However, many years after the war, it is worth pointingout the effort and the dedication of teachers/educators who stayed with their students until the end. They remained in schools, orphanages and other educational institutions where kids could need them. Based on documents, literature and the personal experiencesof the author, the paper “Survive and save your identity” describes in a detail the activity of the Female Scouts who were the part of the RGO, an Organisation For the Youth of Warsaw in the years 1939-1945. The article manifests the importance of pedagogical and moral principles during the nations fight for survival.
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Марцинкявичюс, Андрюс. "Professor A. A. Sokolsky – A Russian Emigrant from Lithuania Who Rewrote the History of Saint-Petersburg in Florida." Literatūra 64, no. 2 (December 14, 2022): 8–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/litera.2022.64.2.1.
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The article explores biography and various aspects of public activity of the Russian refugee from Lithuania, lawyer, professor of Russian language and literature at the University of South Florida Anatole Sokolsky (1993–2006). Memoirs and articles published by him in the USA were used as the basic empirical material and the documents from the Lithuanian Central State Archive and private collection of the Sokolsky family served as auxiliary sources for the research. There is a lack of studies that analyze the history of representatives of Russian intelligentsia who were forced to escape Lithuania in the period of World War II (from 1939 to 1945) because of the danger of the Soviet regime. Publications by Sokolsky do not represent an example of professional literature, but it allows us to find out more not only about personal destiny and worldview of the author, the results of his social activities in favor of the Russian diaspora, but also about the life of Russian intelligentsia in the periods of interwar, World War II and emigration to the West.
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Malé, Jordi. "“Remaining for the moment without an audience”: The Literary and Civil Commitment of Carles Riba." Journal of Catalan Intellectual History 1, no. 11 (October 1, 2017): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jocih-2016-0003.
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AbstractCarles Riba (1893–1959) wrote several articles in which he showed his commitment to literature and reflected on the role of literature in society, as “Socrates in front of the judges” (1926), “Politicians and Intellectuals” (1927), “Literature and Rescuing Groups” (1938) and the presentations of the Revista de Catalunya (1939 and 1955). Many of these texts were written in turbulent political contexts: the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923–1929), the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and the post-war period under Franco (1939–1959). The aim of this paper is to study these articles and analyse Riba’s view of writers and intellectuals.
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Hubert, Rosario. "World Literature, Diplomacy, and War." Journal of World Literature 2, no. 4 (2017): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00204003.
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The Belgian poet Henri Michaux (1899–1984) visited Argentina in 1936 as guest of honor of the first South American PEN Club Congress. After publishing his impressions of the country in 1938 in an essay that the Argentinean officials considered utterly “undiplomatic” he was denied permission to return in 1939. This article explores the double function of diplomacy as institutional practice and rhetorical gesture by situating Michaux’s essay within a network of interwar textualities, namely, nationalist narratives of the South American landscape and emerging protocols of ethnographic discourse. This approach highlights international channels of circulation of literary texts and imaginaries beyond academia and the market that have not been significantly explored in debates on world literature in the Latin American context.
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SHAPOVAL, VIKTOR. "Obscure years of Soviet Roma literature (1939-1941)." Romani Studies: Volume 31, Issue 1 31, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/rs.2021.2.
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The history of Soviet Roma literature from the middle of 1938 to the beginning of the Second World War cannot be explored through an analysis of published books, since no books were published in those years. Moreover, a very specific chronological dilemma arises. In Soviet historiography, the events of the Second World War, which began on 22 June 1941, are considered separately from the events of the war that took place beyond the territory of the USSR. This period is also significant for the history of Soviet Roma literature, since for a period lasting almost two years - from September 1939 to June 1941 (when the interwar period formally ended) - Roma writers enjoyed a time of relative peace, which they spent in an intense search for new opportunities, interactions with authorities, and attempts to revive Roma book publishing. This article presents a study and analysis of this period based on previously unexamined archival documents and letters from Roma writers. The analysis of these documents helps create a picture of this time period and clarifies aspects of the plans and hopes that Roma writers had “relatively speaking, after the brief era of Romani Gutenberg.”
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Moloeznik, M. P. "75 years after the end of World War II: considerations on Mexico’s participation as a belligerent." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 8, no. 1 (August 23, 2020): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2020-8-1-46-60.
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The article attempts to explain the role that Mexico played during World War II (1939-1945). The Mexican armed forces, in particular the 201st air squadron, were directly involved in the hostilities at the end of the armed conflict, which had more of a symbolic significance. Nevertheless, it is necessary to emphasize the contribution of the army of Mexican workers – the Braceros, as well as of the thousands of Mexicans who sacrificed their lives in the uniform of the United States armed forces. In the present review of literature and key historical sources relevant to the topic, the author talks about Mexican heroes, World War II soldiers and considers the armed participation of Mexico in the war in the general context of the national development of this country, which borders with the United States. For Mexico, participation in World War II was an important event in the framework of the Mexican “economic miracle”, the modernization of the national armed complex, and the construction of the new world order (Mexico was one of the founders of the United Nations, taking an active part in the conference of San Francisco).
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Niu, Tingting. "An Analysis of Translation of War Literature in Journals (1931-1945)." Journal of Education, Teaching and Social Studies 3, no. 3 (December 3, 2021): p102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jetss.v3n3p102.
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The victory of the China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is of great significance to the whole Chinese nation because it is the first time in nearly a century that the Chinese people have won a complete victory against imperialism. A large number of translations of foreign war literature were published in anti-war periodicals. However, domestic scholars have not paid enough attention to the study of war literature translation in Anti-Japanese war periodicals, so the research results are relatively few. This paper researches the translation of war literature in three periodicals of the war period (The Anti-Japanese War Literature and Art, The Weekly Digest and Translation Series: A Comprehensive Translation of English Newspapers and Magazines), including a survey of the sources of the translations, the translators, the main ideas of the translations, the translation techniques and their significance. The study found that the translation introductions of war literature from these periodicals penetrated the readership of the public, enhanced the confidence of the nation in the victory the China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, promoted the awakening of the whole nation, inspired the people of the nation to join in the Anti-Japanese War, and made a special contribution to the victory of the China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
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Hughes, Theodore. "Korean Literature across Colonial Modernity and Cold War." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 126, no. 3 (May 2011): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2011.126.3.672.
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“East Asia” was one of the regions produced by cold war regimes of knowledge and incorporated into the post-1945 formation of multidisciplinary area studies in the United States. While the study of China and Japan has a much longer, pre-1945 history in the United States and Europe, other than an occasional book (often by a missionary or professional traveler), Korea was largely elided from the imaginings that were patched together to form the nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century discourse on what used to be called the Orient. This lack of a scholarly tradition may explain, in part, why the study of Korean literature (and history) was marginalized in academic departments through the early 1990s, even though the peninsula served as site of the Cold War turned hot during the Korean War (1950–53) and in many ways remains the linchpin organizing the East Asian geopolitical order and the United States military deployments that stretch from CONUS (the contiguous United States) across the Pacific to the DMZ. If Korean literature is belatedly becoming a discipline considered worthy of scholarly inquiry in United States universities, where East Asia until recently meant China and Japan, it is something of an irony that the recognition is taking place at a time when discipline-bound work has begun to reveal its limitations and the area of area studies finds itself in crisis, being interrogated as part of the post-1945 formation of the national security state and confronted by the turn to the transnational.
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Trauschweizer, Ingo. "American Ways of War since 1945." International Bibliography of Military History 32, no. 1 (2012): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115757-03201003.
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This essay considers the literature about an American way of war. It pays particular attention to the U.S. in the world since 1945, but also situates contemporary American warfare in its longer historical trajectory. It addresses the early Cold War era, the Vietnam War era, and the post-Cold War era as distinct periods in which different threats, or threat perceptions, shaped American strategy; yet it also shows underlying continuities in the national security ideology, heavy emphasis on technological solutions, and the search for proper operational approaches and doctrine.
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Charytoniuk-Michiej, Grażyna. "Literatura białoruska w Polsce po roku 1989. O potrzebie tworzenia bazy literackiej." Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 49 (December 31, 2014): 108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2014.012.
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Belarusian literature in Poland after 1989. About the necessity of developing a literature databaseSpeaking about Belarusian literature in Poland we focus on fiction, its translation into Polish and the study of literature. The existence of the Belarusian literature in Poland in the post-war period is indicated by the following bibliographies: a bibliography of translations for the period 1945–1994 (G. Charytoniuk, Literatura białoruska w Polsce. Bibliografia przekładów za lata 1945–1994, Białystok 1996) and a subject bibliography for the period 1945–1998 (G. Charytoniuk, Polskie białorutenika literackie. Bibliografia przedmiotowa 1945–1998, Białystok 1998). The new political, economical and social conditions in Poland after 1989 have had an influence on the situation of the Belarusian literature. In addition to the existing departments some new university departments and scientific branches have been organized. Their aim is to realize new scientific projects connected with the Belarusian literature in Poland and Belarus. A lot of nongovernment organizations (funds, partnerships, associations) have been organized not only in Bialystok region, but also in the other parts of the country. A new publishing market has been established which has focused on the modern literature of Central and Eastern Europe including Belarusian literature. The Internet also plays an important role in popularization of the Belarusian literature. That literature has been included in the database of the National library (Przewodnik Bibliograficzny, Bibliografia Zawartości Czasopism), regional libraries (Bibliografia województwa podlaskiego) and the digital library (Polska Bibliografia Literacka). The information is searched by institutional scientific depositories and digital libraries. The considerable part of the information has not been registered in the bibliographic database. In this situation it is necessary to develop an integral literature bibliographic database of the Belarusian literature in Poland. Literatura białoruska w Polsce po roku 1989. O potrzebie tworzenia bazy literackiejKiedy się mówi o literaturze białoruskiej w Polsce, trzeba mieć na uwadze literaturę piękną, jej przekłady na język polski i literaturę przedmiotu. O obecności literatury białoruskiej w Polsce powojennej świadczą bibliografie: przekładów obejmująca lata 1945-1994 (G. Charytoniuk, Literatura białoruska w Polsce. Bibliografia przekładów za lata 1945-1994, Białystok 1996) i przedmiotowa lat 1945-1998 (G. Charytoniuk, Polskie białorutenika literackie. Bibliografia przedmiotowa 1945-1998, Białystok 1998). Nowe warunki polityczne, społeczne i ekonomiczne w Polsce po 1989 roku wpłynęły i na sytuację literatury białoruskiej. Pojawiły się nowe uniwersyteckie katedry i zakłady naukowe. Realizują one projekty badawcze uwzględniające literaturę białoruską w Polsce i na Białorusi. Powstały liczne organizacje pozarządowe (fundacje, towarzystwa i stowarzyszenia) nie tylko na Białostocczyźnie, ale i w innych miejscach w kraju. Utworzył się nowy rynek wydawniczy, który zwrócił uwagę i na współczesną literaturę krajów Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, w tym białoruską. Ważną rolę w popularyzacji literatury białoruskiej pełni Internet. Literatura ta jest rejestrowana przez bibliografię narodową (Przewodnik Bibliograficzny, Bibliografia Zawartości Czasopism) i regionalną (Bibliografię Województwa Podlaskiego). Wyszukiwanie informacji ułatwiają instytucjonalne repozytoria naukowe i biblioteki cyfrowe. Znaczna część dokumentów pozostaje jednak poza rejestracją bibliograficzną. Pojawia się więc potrzeba stworzenia bazy literackiej dotyczącej literatury białoruskiej w Polsce, która dążyłaby do kompletności bibliograficznej.
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Hayes, Mick. "“Don’t blame the shopkeeper!!”." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 9, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 359–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-06-2017-0025.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the impact of zoning and pooling on brands, something not covered in depth in the historical literature. Also, the paper is intended to present research into how brands in the food, drink and confectionery industries during the Second World War used advertising in response to the government control of the market. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a close reading and interpretation of food, drink and confectionery brands advertisements from the Daily Express and Daily Mirror newspapers across the Second World War. Building on the work by Burridge (2008), it explores different message strategies used by brands in response to shortages, zoning and pooling. Findings While rationing has been discussed at length in the historical literature, zoning and pooling have not been. While brands provided information to their customers about rationing, shortages, zoning and pooling, the latter three also caused brands to apologise, look to the future and urge patience. Research limitations/implications This study is based on the Daily Express and Daily Mirror from August 1939 to September 1945. Further research could explore other publications or the period after the war as control continued. Exploration of brand and agency archives could also provide more background into brands’ objectives and decision-making. Originality/value This is the first research to explore the impact of forms of control other than rationing on advertising during the Second World War.
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Hill, Alexander. "Recent Literature on the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941–1945." Contemporary European History 9, no. 1 (March 2000): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300001089.
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Anthony Beevor, Stalingrad (London: Viking, 1998), 512 pp., £25.00, ISBN 0-670-87095-1. David Glanz, ed., The Initial Period of the War on the Eastern Front 22 June–August 1941 (London: Frank Cass, 1993, reprinted 1997), 511 pp., £22.50, ISBN 0-714-64298-3. David Glanz and Jonathan House, When Titans Clashed – How the Red Army Stopped Hitler (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 414 pp., £14.50, ISBN 0-700-60899-0. Leonid Grenkevich, The Soviet Partisan Movement 1941–1944 (London: Frank Cass, 1999), 368 pp., £17.50, ISBN 0-714-64428-5. Mark Harrison, Accounting for war – Soviet production, employment and the defence burden, 1940-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 338 pp., £40.00, ISBN 0-521-48265-8. Richard Overy, Russia's War (London: Penguin, 1997), 394 pp., £20.00, ISBN 0-713-99223-9. V. A. Zolotarev et al., Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina 1941–1945. Kniga 1 – Surovie ispitaniia (Moscow: Nauka, 1998), 542 pp., ISBN 5-020-10136-2. V. A. Zolotarev et al., Velikaia Otechestvennaia voina 1941–1945. Kniga 2 – Perelom (Moscow: Nauka, 1998), 499 pp., ISBN 5-020-09736-5.
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Saint-Amour, Paul K. "News of War: Civilian Poetry 1936–1945." Comparative Literature 72, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-7910005.
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Asensio Peral, Germán. "‘One does not take sides in these neutral latitudes': Myles na gCopaleen and The Emergency." International Journal of English Studies 18, no. 1 (June 26, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2018/1/282551.
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The years of the Second World War (1939-1945), a period known as The Emergency in Ireland, were pivotal for the development of the nation. Immediately after the outburst of the war in the continent, the Fianna Fáil cabinet led by Éamon de Valera declared the state of emergency and adopted a neutrality policy. To ensure this, the government imposed strict censorship control, especially on journalism and the media. The aim of the censorship system was to ensure that war facts were presented as neutrally as possible to avoid any potential retaliation from any of the belligerents. This censorship apparatus, however, affected many intellectuals of the time who felt that their freedom of expression had been restrained even more. One of these dissenting writers was Brian O’Nolan (1911-1966), better known as Flann O’Brien or Myles na gCopaleen. For more than twenty-six years (1940-1966), he wrote a comic and satirical column in The Irish Times entitled Cruiskeen Lawn. In his column, O’Brien commented on varied problems affecting Dublin and Ireland as a whole. One of the many topics he began discussing was precisely Ireland’s neutral position in the war. Therefore, this paper aims at examining Ireland’s neutral position in the war as seen through a selection of columns from Cruiskeen Lawn, devoting special attention to the oppression of censorship and the distracting measures developed by de Valera’s government.
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Zeidman, Lawrence A. "Neuroscience in Nazi Europe Part I: Eugenics, Human Experimentation, and Mass Murder." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 38, no. 5 (September 2011): 696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100054068.
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ABSTRACT:The Nazi regime in Germany from 1933 to 1945 waged a veritable war throughout Europe to eliminate neurologic disease from the gene pool. Fueled by eugenic policies on racial hygiene, the Nazis first undertook a sterilization campaign against “mental defectives,” which included neurologic patients with epilepsy and other disorders, as well as psychiatric patients. From 1939-41 the Nazis instead resorted to ”euthanasia” of many of the same patients. Some neuroscientists were collaborators in this program, using patients for research, or using extracted brains following their murder. Other reviews have focused on Hallervorden, Spatz, Schaltenbrand, Scherer, and Gross, but in this review the focus is on neuroscientists not well described in the neurology literature, including Scholz, Ostertag, Schneider, Nachtsheim, and von Weizsäcker. Only by understanding the actions of neuroscientists during this dark period can we learn from the slippery slope down which they traveled, and prevent history from repeating itself.
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Browne, Ray B. "The Songs that Fought the War: Popular Music and the Home Front, 1939-1945 by John Bush Jones." Journal of American Culture 30, no. 1 (February 23, 2007): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.2007.00502.x.
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Savenko, Elena N. "Historical Literature in Siberia during the Great Patriotic War." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)], no. 3 (June 28, 2015): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2015-0-3-56-59.
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The article is devoted to the publication of historical books in the Siberian region in 1941-1945. There is described the role of historical knowledge in the conditions of wartime. The author considers the basic directions of publication of the historical literature in Siberia during the Great Patriotic War. There is highlighted the demand for historical books among the Siberian readers.
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Kevo, Mario. "Conflict between Yugoslavia and the International Committee of the Red Cross in the aftermath of the Second World War." Review of Croatian history 18, no. 1 (December 14, 2022): 245–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v18i1.24287.
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The International Committee of the Red Cross from Geneva and its activities in the circumstances of the Second World War has been exclusively humanitarian, and the ICRC based it on the then applicable provisions and regulations of the International Law of War (the Law of Armed Conflict). In the aftermath of the Second World War, sporadic allegations began to arise on the ICRC's activities in the war’s circumstances, from 1939 to 1945. These allegations focused in particular on the ICRC's relations with the Authorities of the German Reich, and on the ICRC's activities in favor of the Jews during the war. Initially, the ICRC and its leadership has been facing sporadic accusations from various organizations or individuals, as well as accusations from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), that had no official relations with the ICRC, and shown open hostilities towards the ICRC in the aftermath of the Second World War. In mid-1946, the representatives of Yugoslav authorities accused the ICRC of protecting collaborators and war criminals and further aggravated the situation. The reason for the outbreak of the conflict was the issue of displaced persons, among other. The Yugoslav Red Cross started the conflict that continued through the official Yugoslav press, with the support of the Yugoslav authorities. Soon, both the Yugoslav Red Cross and the Yugoslav authorities extended their allegations towards the ICRC to the entire ICRC’s activities carried out during the war. Based on original archival sources, published sources and literature, the author presents the genesis of the conflict.
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Corretger, Montserrat. "The Literature of Exile after 1939: A Bridge between Catalan Collective Memory and Identity." Journal of Catalan Intellectual History 1, no. 11 (October 1, 2017): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jocih-2016-0006.
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AbstractThe present article reflects on and emphasises the importance of the still-unrecognised work by Catalan writers who bore witness to the exile of 1939 and the preceding historical period of the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939) and the Civil War (1936–1939). The article explores how these exiled writers and their literary corpora played a fundamental role in recovering Catalan historical collective memory and identity. In particular, it focusses on two writers, Domènec Guansé and Vicenç Riera Llorca, in the light of recent studies of literary history, which have begun this process of re-evaluating the literature of exile, and thereafter relates their work to the theories of Lowenthal, Ricoeur and Traverso regarding the past and memory.
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Hodel, Robert. "Leo Tolstoy and Andrei Platonov’s Prose of 1941–1945." Studia Litterarum 6, no. 2 (2021): 212–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/10.22455/2500-4247-2021-6-2-212-237.
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Comparative analysis of A. Platonov’s wartime stories (1941–1945) and Leo Tolstoy’s Sevastopol Stories, War and Peace and Hadji Murat is performed. Items reviewed: 1) Both Red Army fighters in Platonov’s works and soldiers in Tolstoy’s works identify themselves not with an abstract “Fatherland,” but with their local “small motherland.” 2) Both for Tolstoy and Platonov, neither skilful strategy nor overpowering armaments become the war decisive factor but every single soldier’s courage. The battle often develops as an intersection of planned and unforeseen happenings, and everyone bears his own responsibility in it. 3) Platonov’s “truth,” like Tolstoy’s “providence,” is linked to the attacked side and serves as a moral justification of resistance to the aggressor. 4) Platonov, however, like Tolstoy (who speaks as a consistent pacifist in his later works), sees the danger of moral degradation as the result of war, and degradation signs had been notable before the war. Sacrifices (including, in this context, Platonov’s own son) are not in vain only if there is better life after the war.
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Hodel, Robert. "Leo Tolstoy and Andrei Platonov’s Prose of 1941–1945." Studia Litterarum 6, no. 2 (2021): 212–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2021-6-2-212-237.
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Comparative analysis of A. Platonov’s wartime stories (1941–1945) and Leo Tolstoy’s Sevastopol Stories, War and Peace and Hadji Murat is performed. Items reviewed: 1) Both Red Army fighters in Platonov’s works and soldiers in Tolstoy’s works identify themselves not with an abstract “Fatherland,” but with their local “small motherland.” 2) Both for Tolstoy and Platonov, neither skilful strategy nor overpowering armaments become the war decisive factor but every single soldier’s courage. The battle often develops as an intersection of planned and unforeseen happenings, and everyone bears his own responsibility in it. 3) Platonov’s “truth,” like Tolstoy’s “providence,” is linked to the attacked side and serves as a moral justification of resistance to the aggressor. 4) Platonov, however, like Tolstoy (who speaks as a consistent pacifist in his later works), sees the danger of moral degradation as the result of war, and degradation signs had been notable before the war. Sacrifices (including, in this context, Platonov’s own son) are not in vain only if there is better life after the war.
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Sidorov, A. A. "Development of the US Plans for Post-War Japan during World War II." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 131–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-3-131-164.
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Signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on September 2, 1945 had formally ended the most destructive and bloody war in the history of mankind. Even before that a new balance of power on the international arena began to form, that would persist for almost half a century. At the same time, it was obvious from the outright that the Allies had very different views on how the post-war world order should look like. Traditionally, both Russian and foreign academic literature focused on their disputes regarding the German question. This paper provides a brief overview of the US Department of State planning and recommendation process for the post-war reconstruction of Japan in 1939–1945, which had eventually led to the formation of the socalled San Francisco subsystem of international relations. The first section of the paper outlines the challenges faced by the State Department when it came to planning the post-war architecture of the Far East. In that regard, the author pays particular attention to the staff shortage, which forced the Department of State to strengthen partnership with private research organizations and involve them in long-term planning.The author emphasizes that if before the United States entered the war the US planners adopted a rather tough stance on Japan, after the attack on Pearl Harbor their approaches paradoxically changed. The second section examines the contradictions and tensions between those politicians and experts who believed that in the establishment of the post-war order in the Far East the US should cooperate with China, and those who promoted rapprochement with Japan. These groups were unofficially referred to as the ‘Chinese team’ and the ‘Japanese crowd’ accordingly. The paper shows that as the end of the war approached, these contradictions gradually faded into the background. The needs to promote the interdepartmental cooperation and to reconcile the positions of the State Department, the Military and Naval Ministries on the future of Japan came to the fore. This work resulted in a series of memoranda, which laid the foundation for the US post-war policy towards Japan. In conclusion the author provides a general assessment of the strategic decision-making process in the United States during wartime and emphasizes its consistency, thoroughness and flexibility. As a result, it enabled the US to achieve what seemed impossible: to turn Japan from an ardent adversary of the United States in the Pacific into one of its most reliable allies, and it remains such today.
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Roberts, Gemma. "The Novel of the Spanish Civil War (1939-1975)." Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures 46, no. 1 (March 1992): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397709.1992.10733764.
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Wallace, James C. "A Religious War? The Cold War and Religion." Journal of Cold War Studies 15, no. 3 (July 2013): 162–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00374.
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Until recently, scholars of the Cold War had devoted little attention to the role of religion in the East-West standoff—its impact on events, institutions, and strategies. In recent years, however, this lacuna has begun to be filled by a burgeoning literature on different aspects of religion and the Cold War. The outpouring of scholarship has given a much more nuanced picture of how religion influenced U.S. foreign policy after 1945 both domestically and internationally. This article evaluates four recent books about the topic, distilling from them some of the key questions to be answered about the religious dimension of the Cold War.
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Leme, Pedro Luiz Squilacci, Maurício Galantier, Carlos Eduardo Marqui, Adriano Leite Soares, and José Henrique Busetti. "“Cirurgia de guerra” na Revolução de 1932 – Conceitos aplicados atualmente / “War surgery” in the 1932 Revolution - Concepts currently applied." Arquivos Médicos dos Hospitais e da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo 66, no. 1u (April 23, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26432/1809-3019.2021.66.002.
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Introdução: existem poucos relatos médicos em nosso meio sobre a organização de serviços hospitalares e sobre o tratamento dos feridos em conflitos bélicos, justificando a revisão histórica do atendimento realizado durante os combates ocorridos no estado de São Paulo, na Revolução Constitucionalista de 1932, avaliando conceitos que também são utilizados no século XXI. Objetivo: estudar os relatos do professor Alípio Corrêa Netto, de Eduardo Etzel e Francisco Cerruti sobre o atendimento dos feridos no conflito militar ocorrido no início do século XX, discutindo as condutas descritas e conceitos atuais. Métodos: análise de artigo publicado em 1934 nos Annaes da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, comentando com base na literatura do século XXI, praticamente 90 anos após a publicação inicial, conceitos que já eram empregados e permanecem atuais. Resultados: o planejamento prévio, o comprometimento dos profissionais, a sólida formação acadêmica e técnica dos envolvidos foram determinantes para resultados muito satisfatórios, em uma época ainda sem antibióticos, resultando em mortalidade relatada de 6,4% no hospital da cidade de Cruzeiro, mesmo em condições desfavoráveis como foi o atendimento de uma ampla frente de combate, no setor norte do conflito. Conclusão: muitos conceitos utilizados em cirurgia do trauma, atribuídos à experiência norte-americana após a Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945), já eram empregados antes de 1932.Palavras chave: Conflitos armados/história, Ferido de guerra, Ferimentos e lesões/históriaABSTRACTBackground: there are few medical reports in our country about the organization of hospital services as well as the treatment of the wounded in war conflicts, what justifies the historical review of the care provided during the fighting in the state of São Paulo, in the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, evaluating concepts which are still used in the 21st century. Aim: assess the reports by Professor Alípio Corrêa Netto, Eduardo Etzel and Francisco Cerruti on the care of the wounded in the military conflict that occurred in the beginning of the 20th century, discussing the medical conduct described and current concepts. Methods: analysis of an article published in 1934 in the Annaes da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, commenting on the literature of the 21st century, practically 90 years after the initial publication, concepts that were already used and remain current. Results: prior planning, the commitment of professionals, the solid academic and technical training of those involved were decisive for very satisfactory results, at a time still without antibiotics, resulting in a reported hospital mortality of 6.4% in the city of Cruzeiro, even under unfavorable conditions such as the care of a wide front of combat, in the northern sector of the conflict. Conclusion: several concepts used in trauma surgery, attributed to the American experience after the Second World War (1939-1945), had already been used before 1932.Keywords: Armed conflicts/history, War wounded, Wounds and injuries/history
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PERSSON, MAGNUS P. S. "Recent Literature on British Policy in the Middle East, 1945–67." Contemporary European History 14, no. 2 (May 2005): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777305002353.
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Youssef Chatani, Dissension among Allies: Ernest Bevin's Palestine Policy between Whitehall and the White House, 1945–1947 (London: Saqi Books, 2002), 156 pp., £25.00 (hb), ISBN 0–86356–999.Moshe Gat, Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East, 1964–1967: The Coming of the Six-Day War (London: Praeger, 2003), 216 pp., £39.99 (hb), ISBN 0–27597–514–2.Keith Kyle, Suez: Britain's End of Empire in the Middle East, 2nd edn (London: I. B. Tauris, 2003), 684 pp., £19.95 (pb), ISBN 1–86064–811–8.Robert McNamara, Britain, Nasser and the Balance of Power in the Middle East 1952–1967: From the Egyptian Revolution to the Six Day War (London: Frank Cass, 2003), 308 pp., £65.00 (hb), ISBN 0–71465–397–7.Jonathan Pearson, Sir Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis: Reluctant Gamble (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 252 pp., £52.50 (hb), ISBN 0–33398–451–X.
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Hutchings, William, and D. J. Taylor. "After the War: The Novel and England since 1945." World Literature Today 68, no. 3 (1994): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40150458.
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Koirala, Ranjana, and Ankit Nepal. "Literature Review on Ergonomics, Ergonomics Practices, and Employee Performance." Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (December 21, 2022): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/qjmss.v4i2.50322.
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Background: The modern history of ergonomics can be traced back to the world war from 1939 to 1945. From the 1960s to the 1990s, there were many changes made to ergonomics. Some of these were cognitive ergonomics, organizational ergonomics, positive ergonomics, and spiritual ergonomics. Ergonomics is becoming more of an issue in organizations in both developed and developing countries since the rise of occupational safety and health. Today, every company in the world puts more thought into making their workplaces safe.
Objective: The goal of this study is to fill in the gaps in the evidence between ergonomics and employee well-being, focusing on ergonomics, ergonomic practices, and employee performance.
Methods: This study uses an exploratory research design and gathers information from secondary sources to back up the title. Research papers are carefully chosen from scientific databases like Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar by making criteria for each part to make sure the idea goes into depth and analyzes the role of ergonomics in improving employee performance.
Results: Most research is done on physical ergonomics and organizational ergonomics. When people do research on ergonomics, they don't think much about how people act and think. Most ergonomics research is also done in industrial and developed countries, which makes sense. When it comes to research and use of ergonomics, developing countries are a long way behind. Most small businesses in developing countries don't care about ergonomics in the workplace.
Conclusion: Accessing and improving ergonomics in the workplace could improve employee performance and productivity while reducing burnout, absenteeism, and turnover rates. So, it's important to study ergonomics more, especially for places like Nepal.
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Astramowicz-Leyk, Teresa. "Program direction of „Gazeta Grudziądzka” 1894–1939 – selected aspects." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 292, no. 2 (August 2, 2016): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-135018.
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This article presents the principle programming assumptions of the „Gazeta Grudziądzka” (1894–1939), written and published by one of the leaders of the popular movement in Western Prussia, Wiktor Kulerski. The rectified information refers to the date of the publication of the first issue of the magazine and the address of the printing house. Polish literature from Grudziądz had a popular, nationalist and Catholic character. The founder and owner of the paper and his colleagues focused on these three values. The „Gazeta” reached its largest circulation before the First World War. Later, due to the territorial changes in Greater Poland, uprisings and the attitudes of the publisher during the First World War, it was not easy to attract readers. With the accession of Kulerski to the Polish People’s Party „Piast”, the paper became a press instrument of the popular movement. Moreover, after the founder’s death his son, Witold, took over the publishing company. The enduring feature of the „Gazeta Grudziądzka” program was economic anti-Semitism. Nationalism was strongly emphasized until the First World War, but it was presented as a defence against the Germanization of Polish society under Prussian occupation.
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Nilsson, Mikael. "The United States and Neutral Countries in Europe, 1945–1991." Journal of Cold War Studies 21, no. 4 (October 2019): 208–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00912.
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The post-Cold War era has led to a proliferation of scholarship on U.S. policy toward four neutral European countries—Austria, Finland, Switzerland, and Sweden—during the Cold War. This article provides a survey of the latest literature on U.S. policy toward these four countries as well as general comments about the U.S. government's approach to European neutrality from 1945 to 1991.
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Mellor, Leo. "Rachel Galvin, News of War: Civilian Poetry 1936–1945." Literature & History 28, no. 1 (May 2019): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306197319829559.
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Morawiec, Arkadiusz. "Polish Literature and the Extermination of the Soviet Prisoners of War." Narracje o Zagładzie, no. 6 (November 21, 2020): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/noz.2020.06.07.
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The article addresses the motif (and theme) of the Soviet prisoners of war in Polish literature. It presents historical facts which have inspired literary representations ofevents concerning the complex fates of the Soviet POWs both during the German-Soviet war (1941–1945) and after it came to its end. It also offers a discussion on the political and ideological determinants of the literary portrayal of the prisoner of war. Texts subjected to analyses include both works of fiction and memoirs, such as, among others, Igor Newerly’s Chłopiec z Salskich Stepów (The boy from the Steppes of the Sal), Seweryna Szmaglewska’s “Zagrycha” (The snack), or Wiesław Kielar’s Anus Mundi. 1,500 Days in Auschwitz/Birkenau. Particular attention is given to Wisława Szymborska’s poem “The Hunger Camp at Jasło” (“Obóz głodowy pod Jasłem”).
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Leonova, Lira Stepanovna. "Moscow university during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)." Moscow University Pedagogical Education Bulletin, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 78–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.51314/2073-2635-2012-1-78-99.
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The article is devoted to the many-sided life of the Moscow University during the Great Patriotic War. The author analyses specific features of wartime educational process, the scale and character of academic research, shows the feats of arms committed by students and stuff members of the University as well as their labor contribution to the cause of Victory, describes the moral atmosphere in the University's collective. The Moscow University added one of the most glorious pages to history of science and education, to history of our country during the war. The article is based upon biographical and statistic data, memoirs, education materials, scientific and research literature and other sources.
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Flothow, Dorothea. "Popular Children's Literature and the Memory of the First World War, 1919-1939." Lion and the Unicorn 31, no. 2 (2007): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/uni.2007.0016.
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Smith, Matthew B. "News of War: Civilian Poetry 1936–1945 by Rachel Galvin." SubStance 48, no. 3 (2019): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sub.2019.0030.
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Cornelsen, Elcio Loureiro. "A trajetória de um gaúcho na Guerra Civil Espanhola: Saga, de Erico Veríssimo." Aletria: Revista de Estudos de Literatura 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2317-2096.19.2.247-269.
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Resumo: Nossa contribuição visa a refletir sobre o processo de ficcionalização da Guerra Civil Espanhola no romance Saga, de Erico Veríssimo, publicado em 1940. Neste caso, a relação entre Literatura e História desempenha um papel fundamental, pois o escritor tomou por base o diário de um ex-brigadista brasileiro para escrever seu romance sobre a guerra fratricida que assolou a Península Ibérica entre os anos de 1936 e 1939. Saga também documenta o engajamento político de Erico Veríssimo, numa postura contrária ao regime autoritário vigente no Brasil, na época de sua publicação: o Estado Novo.Palavras-chave: Guerra Civil Espanhola; Erico Veríssimo; Saga.Abstract: This contribution aims at to reflect about the process of fictionalizing of the Spanish Civil War on Erico Veríssimo’s novel Saga, published in 1940. In this case, the relationship between Literature and History plays a fundamental role, since the writer used as basis the diary of a Brazilian ex-brigadist to write his novel about the fratricide war that destroyed the Iberian Peninsula between 1936 and 1939. Besides Saga documents Erico Veríssimo’s political engagement on a posture against the authoritarian regime in Brazil at the time from his publishing: the called “New State”.Keywords: Spanish Civil War; Erico Veríssimo; Saga.
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Danciu, Gabriela Cătălina. "Strategies for the survival of the Gusti School during 1939-1948." Sociologie Romaneasca 19, no. 1 (November 26, 2021): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33788/sr.19.2.6.
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This article presents and analyzes the survival strategies of the Gusti School during 1939-1948. The specialized literature includes consistent information about the Gusti School, the monographs and research carried out, the School’s publications and the institutions in which the members of the Gusti School have been active. However, this article points out the important moments of the gustist activity after 1939, as forms of survival, through the documentary analysis of the texts published at that time, the documents of the Romanian Academy, as well as the subsequent sociological materials. An important part of the actions that indicate a certain type of strategy were extracted: journalism, the insistence to increase the sociological activity, even in conditions of war or the work carried out in different administrative positions. How was the activity of the Gusti School viewed after 1939 and what were the survival strategies? What were the main methods and strategies for promoting the Gusti School? In what (emergency) formula did the student teams continue their work? Is it possible to research in a time of war? Answering all these questions, we conclude that during 1939-1948, despite oppressive actions and purges targeting the Gusti School, its representatives managed to impose themselves, continuing the work to the limit allowed by the given political situations.
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Rudinsky, Norma. "The Context of the Marxist-Leninist View of Slovak Literature 1945-1969." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 505 (January 1, 1986): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1986.99.
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This paper resulted from an attempt to explore factors determining or underlying the "Marxificalion" of Slovak literature after 1945-- an attempt motivated by a hunch that certain Marxisl-Leninisl principles had provided a different insight into Slovak literature from that provided by the liberal, democratic "aesthetic appreciation" school of criticism in prewar Czechoslovakia. The idea that Slovak literary criticism has thrived, relatively, since World War II is by no means new and was advanced, for example, by emigre crilics.
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Ovsiiuk, Oksana. "Daily Life of Population of Kyiv during 1943 — 1945 in Soviet and Domestic Scientific Literature." Ukrainian Studies, no. 3(56) (August 26, 2015): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.3(56).2015.245179.
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In the article it is proved that Soviet scientists examined living conditions of the population in the war period only in the context of other researches. There is an intense interest to this matter in the modern Ukrainian historiography. However, everyday life of population of Kyiv during1943 – 1945 has been scantily researched until now.
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Daud CMILT, Dazmin. "The Malaya Patriotic Fund Poster Stamp: Developing a Literature Review." Asian Culture and History 8, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v8n2p44.
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<p class="1Body">The purpose of this paper is to provide a perspective view pertaining to Malaya Patriotic Fund Poster Stamp which had been used in Malaya during the World War II period. It focuses on the developing a pool of information concerning the denomination, illustration, dimension, color, perforation and design details of the stamps from two main newspapers between the periods of 1939 and 1940. The objective of this study is to arrange and group information about the stamps using content analysis. This study deals with the qualitative approach to this poster stamp in developing a literature review. The findings show that 11 articles from the two newspapers matched with objective of the study. The findings are considered to create a roadmap to design a detail study for exploring Malaya Patriotic Fund Poster in the context of British Colony and World War II.</p>
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Fartushok, Tetiana V., Nadiia V. Fartushok, Yu M. Fedevych, and Vladyslav V. Pyndus. "HISTORY OF BIOCHEMISTRY IN LVIV." Wiadomości Lekarskie 75, no. 4 (2022): 881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202204124.
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The aim: The purpose of this literature review is to shed light on the development of biochemical knowledge in the Lviv region and on prominent figures in the development of biochemistry during the Second World War. Materials and methods: Review of literature published before 2020. We searched the literature using the search terms ‘biochemists’, ‘ Lviv National Medical University’, ‘second World War’. Conclusions: The development of biological research in Lviv can be divided into two historical stages: 1) from the beginning of the founding of Lviv University in 1661 to the First World War; 2) between the First and Second World Wars and after the Second World War. Biochemical research was initiated at the Medical Faculty of Lviv University. In 1939, the Lviv State Medical Institute was established on the basis of the Medical Faculty of the University, where a powerful department of biochemistry functioned, which was headed by a worldclass biochemist – Jakub Parnas.
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Vavulinskaya, Lyudmila. "Contemporary Historical Literature on Family and Motherhood in Postwar Decades (1945–1965)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 3 (July 2020): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.3.4.
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Introduction. The paper offers an analysis of historical studies on family and motherhood in post-war decades published in the 21st century, gives an account of the achievements of modern historiography on the subject, outlines the tasks for further studies. These topics have become compelling because of the declining value of motherhood and a prolonged demographic crisis in Russia. Methods. The historiographic analysis in this article is based on the thematic-chronological method supplemented with the systemic, typological and comparative-historical techniques permitting the literature available on the subject to be systematized and analyzed. The article primarily focuses on publications by Russian historians. Analysis. The main specific areas of research on family and motherhood are characterized. It is remarked that the pool of sources available has increased, and new research approaches and practices have been introduced. Contemporary authors have focused their attention on the analysis of the ideological background and principles of the Soviet gender policy, on the machinery of constructing the myth about equality of Soviet women. New aspects have been addressed, such as family private life, domestics role in its functioning, family conflict resolution practices, change in womans biological status over time, socio-ethical meaning of government awards for women, womans image reconstruction in post-war Soviet press. Researchers characterized the various stages in the Soviet family policy, marriage and family relationships in urban and rural communities. Studies on the legislative regulation of the family policy, social support to motherhood and childhood in postwar decades continued. The significance of the measures taken in this period to establish a system of medical aid and social guarantees and benefits for mothers was emphasized. The authors, however, remarked the persistent double work load on women, inequalities in payment rates and career. Results. The substantial progress has been achieved in the coverage of the issue of family and motherhood in two post-war decades. The tendency for multidisciplinary research has been growing; new aspects of the problem have been investigated. At the same time, the issue of the organization of the family welfare system, womens value systems, their attitudes towards the social policy and methods of adaptation to the living conditions should be addressed in more detail.
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HINDS, ALLISTER E. "GOVERNMENT POLICY AND THE NIGERIAN PALM OIL EXPORT INDUSTRY, 1939–49." Journal of African History 38, no. 3 (November 1997): 459–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853797007007.
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This paper examines the role of the imperial and colonial governments in the formulation of policy towards the Nigerian palm oil export industry between 1939 and 1949. It argues that for most of the war years colonial officials in Nigeria accepted that metropolitan needs and conditions should dictate policy in the oil palm produce industry. However, towards the end of the war, they began to question whether policies centred around the requirements of the metropole would preserve the future competitiveness of the industry. Thereafter, they pressed for measures which gave priority to the problems and necessities of the local industry and the colonial economy. While colonial policy was sensitive to the concerns of imperial and local government officials, for most of the period under review it was reluctant, and on occasions, unable to accommodate the measures necessary to harmonize imperial and colonial goals. Consequently, the anticipated expansion in palm oil exports failed to materialize and the future competitiveness of the industry remained in doubt.This article fills an important void in the current literature on the Nigerian palm oil export industry. To date insufficient attention has been paid to the thinking within imperial and colonial government circles which underpinned the policies adopted in the industry during World War II and the early post-war years, and which led to the failure of policy makers to achieve their objectives. Moreover, the current literature ignores the vigorous debate between the Colonial Office and the Nigerian colonial government, and among colonial government officials, over the best means by which the needs of the local palm oil industry could be reconciled with the demands of the metropole, especially between 1942 and 1949.
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Sagomonyan, Alexander. "Spaniards in the Great Patriotic War." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 1 (2022): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640018289-5.
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Hundreds of Spanish volunteers who had ended up in the Soviet Union in various ways during or after the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) took part in the Great Patriotic War. First, they were Spanish children, including teenagers. Secondly, several thousand members of the Spanish Communist Party and its leaders evacuated after the fall of the Republic. Thirdly, Spanish Republicans rescued by Soviet diplomats from French internment camps in 1939–1940. In addition, after the outbreak of war, the last of the pilots who had taken a pilot training course at the aviation school in Kirovabad remained in the USSR. The aim of this article is to systematise the information available in memoirs, archival sources and literature on the participation of Spanish volunteers in the war on the Soviet side and to draw conclusions as to the nature and forms of that participation. Soviet conscription centres did not have the authority to enrol Spaniards who did not have Soviet citizenship into the Red Army, and Spanish volunteers were allowed to go to the front thanks to several Soviet military officers who had fought in the Spanish Civil War. It is for this reason that the most massive and effective military efforts of the Spaniards behind enemy lines were in partisan and sabotage groups, as well as in the air force. The Spanish volunteers wrote a glorious chapter both in the history of their country and in the annals of the Great Patriotic War.