Journal articles on the topic '1923-'

Впервые представлены показатели воспроизводства населения Алтайской и Новониколаевской губерний с целью охарактеризовать развитие демографического перехода после Первой мировой и Гражданской войн в 1920-1927 гг. Были сделаны выводы, что демографические кризисы не остановили поступательный процесс демографического перехода, а лишь на время прервали его. Коэффициенты рождаемости в губернии были сверхвысокими, коэффициенты смертности до 1926 г. были выше «нормы», тенденция снижения смертности наметилась лишь к 1927 г. Определены причины изменений численности населения, наивысший рост численности пришелся на 1926 г., минимальный уровень наблюдался в 1920-1922 гг. Показатели брачности в 1920-1924 г. были стабильно высокими, средний показатель был выше 10%о. С 1925 г. интенсивность брачности снизилась, но средний показатель в 1925-1927 гг. оставался выше среднего (8,7%), брачность была высокой, как следствие, с 1923 г. мы наблюдаем увеличение прироста населения губерний. Хронологические рамки охватывают 1920-1927 гг. Выбор нижней границы связан с возможностью сравнить самые кризисные эпидемические коэффициенты 1920-1922 гг. с «нестабильными» послевоенными. Верхняя граница — 1927 г. — определяется значительным снижением коэффициента смертности в обеих губерниях. В работе выдвинуты следующие задачи: на основе архивных документов определить изменения численности и режима воспроизводства населения губернии; выявить отличия в воспроизводстве населения Новониколаевской и Алтайской губерний. Метод вычисления общих коэффициентов воспроизводства населения и табличный метод применялись во всей работе.

The aim of the study. Characteristics of the Czechoslovak and Austrian krones, the German mark, the Polish zloty, the American dollar, and the Soviet ruble (chervinets) as the main currencies in interwar Czechoslovaczczyna; their «presence» in the wallets of Ukrainian emigrants. The research methodology is based on the principles of specifically historical, problematically chronological, objectivity and integrity and on the use of methods of analysis and synthesis. The scientific novelty consists in description the official bank exchange rates of the Czechoslovak, Austrian krone, Polish zloty, German «golden» mark and Reichsmark, and the Soviet Ruble-Chervonets in relation to the American dollar, the acquisition of one or another currency of the gold standard. Conclusions. In 1918 - 1925 and 1923 - 1939 both Austrian and Czechoslovak crones were in circulation on the territory of the First Republic of Czechs and Slovaks. The koruna česká was most desired in the wallets of the «Prague Ukrainians». In the interwar CzSR banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, and 5,000 krones were in circulation. They were printed in Prague. Among the coins, geler denominations of 5, 10, 20, and 50 were common. The coins were minted in the town of Kremnica (Eastern Slovaczczyna). At first, from 1918 to 1925, Austrian crowns prevailed on the territory of the Czechoslovak Republic. After the collapse of Austro-Hungary Czechoslovaczczyna assumed the role of stabilizer of the Austrian crone. In 1918 - 1921, one Czechslovak crone was worth six Austrian crones (1:6). In 1921 - 1923, one Czechoslovak crone was equal to fourteen Austrian crowns (1:14). In 1924-1925 the correlation crones was 1:60. After 1925 the Austrian krone was completely withdrawn from Czechoslovak monetary circulation. The formation of the Czechoslovak krone took place in 1923. Since the Czechoslovak krone did not have a gold standard until 1929, it was «pegged» to the American dollar. In 1923 - 1935 the ratio of the Czechoslovak crone to the American dollar was 100:2.96 (100:3). The ratio of the «golden» German mark to the American dollar in 1921 was 75:1. In 1924, the Reichsmark was put into circulation in Germany in order to overcome hyperinflation. Until 1936, the Reichsmark did not have a gold standard, so its exchange rate against the American dollar in 1924 was ̶ 4 Reichsmarks 20 pfennigs for 1 American dollar. In 1924 - 1936 one Reichsmark «rose» in price to ten crones (1:10). As for the Polish zloty, there is no reliable information about its correlation to the Czechoslovak crown in the interwar period. We have the bank rate of the Polish zloty on the eve of the Second World War (from January to August 1939): 10.57:100. Until 1922, together with the Soviet ruble, there was a Chervonets in international currency circulation, which had 7.74234 g of pure gold in the gold standard, which corresponded to the pre-revolutionary gold coin with a denomination of 10 ruble. In 1923, the Chervonets strengthened its position and the minting of Chervonets coins of the appropriate weight (the so-called «Seeder») began. This Chervonets was used for settlements with European countries. And this is what changed the international authority of the Soviet currency. Until 1925, Chervonets wos in demand on international exchanges, but in 1927 their minting was stopped. In the same year 1927, it was forbidden to import and export Chervonets outside the USSR. In 1922 - 1924, one Soviet Chervonets equaled two American dollars and twenty cents (1:2.20). From 1925 to 1928, the ratio of the Chervonets to the dollar was slightly lower - 1:1.94. Since 1928, the Chervonets was completely removed from international circulation, and the Soviet ruble remained unconverted. According to the data of the State Bank of the USSR in 1936, 5 Soviet rubles and 6 kopecks were equal to 1 American dollar in calculations through the Swiss franc.

In this article the main attention of the author is devoted to the problem of the decisive influence of the Communist International and its tactic “the united workers front” (1921—1928) on the policy of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) towards the Labour Party, the British Congress of Trade-Unions and the first Labour Government (1924). The author also examines the influence of Comintern on the activity of the CPGB before parliament elections of 1922, 1923, 1924 and during the General Strike of 1926.

Ключові слова: Уманщина, голод 1921-1923 рр., Петро Курінний, білошовицький режим, воєнний комунізм. Анотація У статті проаналізовано ego-документи родини Курінних (передусім щоденник Петра Федоровича Курінного та особисте листування йог осина Петра Петровича Курінного). Наголошено на основних причинах голоду 1921-1923 рр., його масштаби на території історичної Уманщини. Результатом наукової розвідки є систематизація відомостей з архіву родини Курінних про голод, основні заходи більшовицької влади зі збору податків, вилучення продовольства у населення, здійснення репресивних заходів у боротьбі з селянським повстанським рухом. Посилання Gurevich, 1923 – Gurevich M. B. Golod i Selskoe Khoziaistvo Ukrainy. Ocherk [Famine and agriculture of Ukraine. Essay] / Matvei Borisovich Gurevich. Kharkov: Pervaia Gosudarstvennaia Tipografiia im. tov. Petrovskogo G. I., 1923. 47 s. [in Russian] Didenko, 1962 – Didenko G. D. Rabochii klass Ukrainy v gody vosstanovleniia narodnogo khoziaistva (1921–1925) [Working class of Ukraine in the years of restoration of the national economy (1921-1925)] / Grigorii Demianovich Didenko. K.: Izd-vo AN USSR, 1962. 375 s. [in Russian] Kyrylenko, 2015 – Kyrylenko V. P. Holod 1921–1923 rokiv u Pivdennii Ukraini [The famine of 1921–1923 in Southern Ukraine]. Dys. … kand. ist. nauk. Ministerstvo osvity i nauky Ukrainy; Mykolaivskyi natsionalnyi universytet im. V. O. Sukhomlynskoho. Mykolaiv, 2015. 230 s. [in Ukrainian]. Kulchytskyi, 1993 – Kulchytskyi S. V. Nevidomi storinky holodu 1921–1923 rr. v Ukraini [Unknown pages of the famine of 1921–1923 in Ukraine] / S. V. Kulchytskyi, O. M. Movchan. K.: In-t istorii Ukrainy, 1993. 70 s. [in Ukrainian]. Movchan, 2002 – Movchan O. M. Teror holodom v Ukraini v 1921–1923 rokakh [The famine terror in Ukraine in 1921-1923] / O. M. Movchan // Problemy istorii Ukrainy: fakty, sudzhennia, poshuky. Kyiv: Instytut istorii Ukrainy NAN Ukrainy, 2002. №7. C. 66-78. [in Ukrainian]. Movchan, 1988 – Movchan O. N. Trudiashchiesia USSR v borbe s prodovolstvennym krizisom pri perekhode k nepu [Workers of the USSR in the fight against the food crisis in the transition to the nep] / Olga Nikolaevna Movchan. K.: Naukova dumka, 1988. 124 s. [in Russian] NA IA NANU – Naukovyi arkhiv Instytutu arkheolohii NAN Ukrainy [Scientific archive of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine] [in Ukrainian]. Poliakov, 1975 – Poliakov Iu. A. 1921-i: pobeda nad golodom [1921: victory over hunger] / Iurii Aleksandrovich Poliakov. M.: Politizdat, 1975. 112 s. [in Russian] Torhalo, 2014 – Uman i umanchany ochyma P. F. Kurinnoho [Uman and Uman residents through the eyes of P. F. Kurinnyi] / Uklad. Yu. V. Torhalo / Uman: Vydavets «Sochinskyi», 2014. 428 s. [in Ukrainian]. Khenkin, 1988 – Khenkin E. M. Ocherki istorii borby Sovetskogo gosudarstva s golodom (1921–1922) [Essays on the history of the struggle of the Soviet state against hunger (1921–1922)] / Evel Moiseevich Khenkin. Krasnoiarsk: Izd-vo Krasnoiarskogo un-ta, 1988. 171 s. [in Russian] Khomenko, 1927 – Khomenko A. P. Naselennia Ukrainy (1897–1927 rr.) [Population of Ukraine 1897‒1927] / Arsenii Petrovych Khomenko. Kharkiv: Derzhavne vydavnytstvo Ukrainy, 1927. 79 s. [in Ukrainian]

The article analyzes the structural features of the first Kazakh spelling rules. The structure of the Kazakh spelling, supplemented in 1914, 1918, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1927 is described and compared with modern spelling articles. Spelling articles based on the principles of Akhmet Baitursynuly are considered to be the beginning of the spelling on the basis of the Latin script of 1929, as well as the spelling based on modern Cyrillic graphics. The article compares the spelling articles supplemented in different years and analyzes the structural features of the spelling articles.

The article analyzes the structural features of the first Kazakh spelling rules. The structure of the Kazakh spelling, supplemented in 1914, 1918, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1927 is described and compared with modern spelling articles. Spelling articles based on the principles of Akhmet Baitursynuly are considered to be the beginning of the spelling on the basis of the Latin script of 1929, as well as the spelling based on modern Cyrillic graphics. The article compares the spelling articles supplemented in different years and analyzes the structural features of the spelling articles.

L. Tesnière's three year's stay in Ljubljana (1921-1924) resulted in his personal contacts with a selected group of eminent Slovene scientists and creative writers. Some of them later established an interesting correspondence with him. So far 17 Tesnière's letters from the period 1921-1938 have been identified in the Manuscript collection of NUK. They are addressed to Ivan Prijatelj (3, 1921-1923), Oton Župančič (2, 1923- 1928), Anton Debeljak (2, 1923-1938) and Joža Glonar (10, 1924-1934). It is reasonable to expect that some more of his letters will come into our evidence when the literary archives of our philologists and men of letters who were active in the period 1920-1954 will be thoroughly inspected. Nevertheless, T.'s correspondence as preserved in our library even in its present modest extent represents important and interesting material for further research work in his life and scientific activity.

Ключові слова: релігійні свята, Уманська округа, місцева преса, радянська влада, 1923–1925 роки, антирелігійна політика. Анотація У статті розглядається офіційне ставлення партійних, державних, громадських структур в Уманській окрузі до релігійних свят у 1923–1925 рр. Проаналізовані відповідні матеріали вміщені на сторінках газети «Робітниче-селянська правда» – органу Уманського окружного комітету КП(б)У і окрвиконкому Уманщини. Зроблено висновок, що в Уманській окрузі, як і загалом в радянській Україні у той період, відносно більш толерантне офіційне ставлення до релігії поєднувалося із подальшим насадженням нетерпимості до неї. Це досить виразно виявлялося в неприйнятті релігійних свят та всього пов’язаного з ними і вело до руйнації традиційних духовно-культурних цінностей тих релігійних конфесій, які були представлені у цьому регіоні. Посилання «Seider», 1923 – «Seider» y «Tainaia vecheria» ["Seider" and "The Last Supper"] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 22 bereznia. № 63. S. 2. Pidpys: F. N. [in Ukrainian]. Antyrelihiina propahanda, 1923 – Antyrelihiina propahanda v s. Tanskomu [Anti-religious propaganda in the village of Tanske] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 11 kvitnia. № 78. S. 3 Pidpys: V. B. [in Ukrainian]. Antyrelihiina propahanda, 1924 – Antyrelihiina propahanda v s. Taliankakh [Anti-religious propaganda in the village of Talianki] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1924. 16 sichnia. № 9. S. 2. Pidpys: M. [in Ukrainian]. Babenko, 2010 – Babenko L. Osoblyvosti antyrelihiinoi propahandy 1920-kh rokiv ta yii alternatyvy [Features of anti-religious propaganda of the 1920s and its alternatives] // Filosofski obrii. 2010. № 24. S. 222–235. URL: http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/25951/18-Babenko.pdf?sequence=1 [in Ukrainian]. Baidachenko, 1925 – Baidachenko H. Proty Peruna y Khrysta – elektryka y radio [Against Perun and Christ – electricity and radio] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1925. 31 hrudnia. № 298. S. 3 [in Ukrainian]. Bezbozhnyk, 1923 – Relihiina dyskusiia v s. Nesterivtsi [Religious discussion in the village of Nesterivka] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 29 kvitnia. № 94. S. 2. Pidpys: Bezbozhnyk [in Ukrainian]. Bliau, 1923 – Bliau D. Blahochestyvыe masloboishchyky [Pious chippers] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 16 travnia. № 107. S. 4 [in Russian]. Bondarchuk, 1925 – Relihiinyi durman ta babski zabobony [Religious dope and women superstitions] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1925. 5 liutoho. № 28. S. 2. Pidpys: Bondarchuk [in Ukrainian]. Borotba komnezamu, 1923 – Borotba komnezamu s. Kniazhykiv z relihiinymy zabobonamy [The struggle of the komnezam of the village of Knyazhyky with religious prejudices] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 29 kvitnia. № 94. S. 2. Pidpys: B. [in Ukrainian]. Brusianin, 1925 – Brusianin V. Komu potribni relihiini sviata? [Who needs religious holidays?] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1925. 12 kvitnia. № 83. S. 1 [in Ukrainian]. Vecher antyrelyhyoznoi propahandы, 1923 – Vecher antyrelyhyoznoi propahandы v teatre «Kommuna» [An evening of anti-religious propaganda at the Kommuna theater] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 11 kvitnia. № 78. S. 3. Pidpys: D. [in Russian]. Vecher v klube, 1923 – Vecher v klube polyhrafystov [Evening at the club of printers] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 4 kvitnia. № 74. S. 2. Pidpys: D. [in Russian]. Vidhadai, 1923 – Bez boha khlib matymesh, a z bohom torbu chipliatymesh [Without God you will have bread, and with God you will cling to a bag] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 15 veresnia. № 209. S. 3. Pidpys: Selkor Vidhadai [in Ukrainian]. Vitrynska, 2016 – Vitrynska O. V. Polityka radianskoi vlady shchodo yudaizmu v Ukraini v 1921–1929 rokakh. [The policy of the Soviet government towards Judaism in Ukraine in 1921–1929] Dys… kand. ist. nauk. Poltava, 2016. 254 s. URL: https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Vitrynska_Olena/Polityka_radianskoi_vlady_schodo_iudaizmu_v_Ukraini_v_1921–1929_rokakh.pdf [in Ukrainian]. Volska, 1925 – Ne derzhit uchniv vdoma v relihiini sviata [Do not keep students at home on religious holidays] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1925. 19 hrudnia. № 290. S. 3. Pidpys: Selkorka Volska [in Ukrainian]. Haievska, 2013 – Haievska T. Derzhavni radianski sviata: istoryko-kulturolohichnyi aspekt [State Soviet holidays: historical and cultural aspect] // Kulturolohichna dumka. 2013. № 6. S. 153–159. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/ Kultdum_2013_6_21 [in Ukrainian]. Demennyi, 1923 – Shkola s. Kamianechoho boretsia z relihiinymy zabobonamy [School in the village of Kameneche struggles religious prejudices] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 14 kvitnia. № 81. S. 2. Pidpys: Demennyi [in Ukrainian]. Didus, 1923 – Antyrelihiina propahanda na paskhalni sviata v s. Hromakh [Anti-religious propaganda on Easter holidays in the village of Gromy] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 4 kvitnia. № 74. S. 2. Pidpys Didus [in Ukrainian]. Yev. Hen, 1924 – Shcho take sviato rizdva? [What is a Christmas holiday?] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1924. 25 hrudnia. № 225. S. 2. Pidpys: Yev. Hen [in Ukrainian]. Zakrepym pobedu, 1923 – Zakrepym pobedu [Let's consolidate the victory] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 4 kvitnia. № 74. S. 1 [in Russian]. K antyrelyhyoznoi propahande, 1923 – K antyrelyhyoznoi propahande v paskhalnыe dny [To anti-religious propaganda on Easter days] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 24 bereznia. № 65. S. 1 [in Russian]. K Komsomolskoi paskhe, 1923 – K Komsomolskoi paskhe [For Komsomolskaya Easter] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 29 bereznia. № 69. S. 3 [in Russian]. Kak obmanыvaiut, 1923 – Kak obmanыvaiut Yehovu [How Jehovah is Deceived] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 1 kvitnia. № 72. S. 2 [in Russian]. Kyrydon, 2017 – Kyrydon A. M. Indoktrynatsiia radianskosti: obriadovo-sviatkovyi kanon yak marker formuvannia ateizovanoho suspilstva (1920–1930-i rr.) [The indoctrination of Sovietness: a ceremonial-festive canon as a marker of the formation of an atheistic society (1920s–1930s)] // Umanska starovyna. 2017. Vypusk 3. S. 5–20. URL: http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?I21DBN=LINK&P21DBN=UJRN&Z21ID=&S21REF=10&S21CNR=20&S21STN=1&S21FMT=ASP_meta&C21COM=S&2_S21P03=FILA=&2_S21STR=umanst_2017_3_3 [in Ukrainian]. Labenskyi, 1924 – S. Kniazhyky [The village of Knyazhiki] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1924. 6 serpnia. № 107. S. 3. Pidpys: Labenskyi [in Ukrainian]. Litstudiia, 1925 – Litstudiia «Pluhu» pry Umanskim Ahrotekhnikumi [Litstudio "Plow" at Uman Agricultural College] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1925. 15 kvitnia. № 85. S. 2. Pidpys: P. K. [in Ukrainian]. Makukha, 1923 – Borotba z relihiinymy zabobonamy v s. Pidvysokomu [Struggle against religious prejudices in the village of Pidvysoke] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 29 kvitnia. № 94. S. 2. Pidpys: Makukha [in Ukrainian]. Matukhno, 2017 – Matukhno Yu. O. Problema klasyfikatsii radianskykh sviat u pershe porevoliutsiine desiatylittia [The problem of classifying Soviet holidays in the first post-revolutionary decade] // Naukovi pratsi istorychnoho fakultetu Zaporizkoho natsionalnoho universytetu. 2017. Vyp. 48. S. 139–142. URL: http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=2&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&IMAGE_FILE_DOWNLOAD=1&Image_file_name=PDF/Npifznu_2017_48_27.pdf Medsanrabotnyky, 1923 – Medrabotnyky ne otstaiut [Medical workers are not lagging behind] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 6 kvitnia. № 76. S. 2 [in Russian]. Na obshchem sobranyy, 1923 – Na obshchem sobranyy transportnykov y stroytelei [At a general meeting of transport workers and builders] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 31 bereznia. № 71. S. 3 [in Ukrainian]. Naiblyzhchi zavdannia, 1924 – Naiblyzhchi zavdannia raionnykh komisii po protyrelihiinii propahandi [Immediate tasks of district commissions for anti-religious propaganda] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1924. 11 sichnia. № 7. S. 3 [in Ukrainian]. Novoselytskyi, 1923 – Novoselytskyi F. Stradaiushchye y voskresaiushchye bohy y yskuplenye ymy liudskykh hrekhov [Suffering and resurrecting gods and their atonement for human sins] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 20 bereznia. № 61. S. 2 [in Russian]. Paskhalnaia kampanyia, 1923 – Paskhalnaia kampanyia [Easter campaign] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 28 bereznia. № 68. S. 3 [in Russian]. Polytprosvet, 1923 – Prazdnyk Paskhy y paskhalnыe obriadы [Easter holiday and Easter ceremonies] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 20 bereznia. № 61. S. 2. Pidpys: Polytprosvet Ukoma KSM [in Russian]. Polishchuk, 2009 – Polishchuk V. Onoprii Turhan – zhurnalist i pysmennyk [Onopriy Turgan is a journalist and writer] URL: https://umanliteratura.ucoz.ua/news/v_polishhuk_onoprij_turgan_zhurnalist_i_pismennik/2010-12-20-256 [in Ukrainian]. Popova, 1925 – Popova O. Sviatkuimo ne bozhi sviata, a sviata pratsi y peremohy [Let us celebrate not God's holidays, but the holidays of work and victory] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1925. 12 kvitnia. № 83. S. 2 [in Ukrainian]. Proletshkola, 1923 – Proletshkola protyv boha [Proletarian school against god] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 28 bereznia. № 68. S. 2 [in Russian]. Rabkor, 1923 – Budem borotsia s relyhyei kak y s vooruzhennыm vrahom [We will fight religion like an armed enemy] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 3 kvitnia. № 73. S. 3. Pidpys: Rabkor K. [in Ukrainian]. Rabota ahytpropa, 1923 – Rabota ahytpropa v aprele [Agitprop work in April] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 9 travnia. № 101. S. 3 [in Russian]. Robitnyk, 1924 – Osvitu zhintsi na seli [Education for a woman in the countryside] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1924. 8 liutoho. № 18. S. 3. Pidpys: Robitnyk [in Ukrainian]. Robitnyche zhyttia, 1924 – Robitnyche zhyttia [Working life] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1924. 23 kvitnia. № 48. S. 3 [in Ukrainian]. Sylantiev, 2005 – Sylantiev V. I. Vlada i pravoslavna tserkva v Ukraini (1917–1930 rr.) [Authorities and the Orthodox Church in Ukraine (1917–1930)] Avtoref. dys… dokt. ist. nauk. Kharkiv, 2005. 46 s. [in Ukrainian]. Syrotiuk, 1924 – Zubrytskyi KNS ne porvav shche z relihiieiu [The Zubrytsia CРР has not yet broken with religion] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1924. 5 sichnia. № 4. S. 2. Pidpys: Syrotiuk [in Ukrainian]. Sidorenko, 1923 – Sidorenko Z. Neobkhidna chystka komnezamu s. Pobiinoi [It is necessary to clean the komnezam of the village of Pobiyna] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 19 kvitnia. № 85. S. 2 [in Ukrainian]. Soloviov, 1924 – Soloviov D. Nebazhane yavyshche [An undesirable phenomenon] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1924. 16 sichnia. № 9. S. 2 [in Ukrainian]. Tabel, 1924 – Tabel sviat i nerobochykh dniv. Oboviazkova postanova Kyivskoho hubvykonkomu № 49 vid 19 bereznia 1924 roku [Table of holidays and non-working days. Mandatory Resolution of the Kyiv Provincial Executive Committee № 49 of March 19, 1924] // Vistnyk Kyivskoho hubvykonkomu. 1924. 2 kvitnia. № 14. S. 2 [in Ukrainian]. Tarapon, 2016 – Tarapon O. Derzhavni sviata v Ukraini 1920–1930-kh rr. yak zasib formuvannia radianskykh politychnykh tsinnostei [Public holidays in Ukraine in the 1920s and 1930s as a means of forming Soviet political values] // Aktualni pytannia humanitarnykh nauk: mizhvuzivskyi zbirnyk naukovykh prats molodykh vchenykh Drohobytskoho derzhavnoho pedahohichnoho universytetu imeni Ivana Franka. Drohobych, 2016. Vyp. 15. S. 96–102. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/apgnd_2016_15_13 [in Ukrainian]. Tolko 40 pyshchevykov, 1923 – Tolko 40 pyshchevykov ne odurachenы relyhyei [Only 40 food workers are not fooled by religion] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 31 bereznia. № 71. S. 3 [in Russian]. Turhan, 1924 – Turhan O. Proty staroho rizdva [Against old Christmas] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1924. 24 hrudnia. № 224. S. 2 [in Ukrainian]. Fiialko, 1923 – Fiialko S. Antyrelihiina propahanda v s. Ksendzivtsi [Anti-religious propaganda in the village of Ksendzivka] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 19 kvitnia. № 85. S. 2 [in Ukrainian]. Flerovskyi, 1923 – Flerovskyi Y. Stradaiushchyi, umershyi y voskresshyi... [Suffering, dead and resurrected...] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 6 kvitnia. № 76. S. 3 [in Russian]. Flierovskyi, 1925 – Flierovskyi I. Zvidky pishly tserkovni sviata [Where did the church holidays come from?] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1925. 10 kvitnia. № 81. S. 2 [in Ukrainian]. Tserkvy, 1923 – Tserkvy, kostelы, synahohy – pod klubы y teatrы [Churches, churches, synagogues - for clubs and theaters] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1923. 6 kvitnia. № 76. S. 2 [in Russian]. Chuchalin, 2019 – Chuchalin O. P. Vplyv ateistychnoi propahandy radianskoi presy na relihiinu sytuatsiiu v USRR u 1920–1930-ti rr. [The influence of atheistic propaganda of the Soviet press on the religious situation in the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s] // Hileia: naukovyi visnyk. 2019. Vypusk 142(1). S. 182–188. URL: http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi- bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?I21DBN=LINK&P21DBN=UJRN&Z21ID=&S21REF=10&S21CNR=20&S21STN=1&S21FMT=ASP_meta&C21COM=S&2_S21P03=FILA=&2_S21STR=gileya_2019_142(1)__39 [in Ukrainian]. Yunenko, 1925 – Yunenko S. Nash KNS [Our СPP] // Robitnyche-selianska pravda. 1925. 16 sichnia. № 9. S. 3 [in Ukrainian].

В работе впервые представлены абсолютные и относительные показатели роста численности горожан крупных сибирских городов Барнаула и Бийска. Были сделаны выводы, что в рамках периода коэффициенты рождаемости в Барнауле были сверхвысокими, кроме 1916 г. и 1922 г. В Бийске показатели рождаемости были еще выше. Коэффициенты смертности также были очень высокими, в 1917 г. и 1920 г. сравнимыми с коэффициентами рождаемости, а в 1915 г. в Барнауле, в 1921 г. и 1922 г. в обоих городах эти коэффициенты были выше коэффициентов рождаемости, что вызвало отрицательный естественный прирост. Аномальные колебания коэффициентов на протяжении периода свидетельствовали о демографической катастрофе. Показатели брачности в 1913-1920 гг. были стабильно средними, с 1921-1927 гг. интенсивность брачности резко выросла, средний показатель был выше 15%о. С 1923 г. тенденцией динамики населения стало снижение смертности как следствие высокой брачности, последовательное увеличение прироста населения. Хронологические рамки исследования охватывают 1913-1927 гг. Выбор нижней границы объясняется возможностью сравнить довоенные «стабильные» коэффициенты с «нестабильными» послевоенными. Верхняя граница — 1927 г. — определяется резким увеличением коэффициента прироста населения в Барнауле. Цель исследования заключается в характеристике изменения режима воспроизводства населения в городах в указанный период. Выдвинуты задачи: на основе данных метрических книг и архивных документов определить изменение численности и режима воспроизводства горожан, выявить отличия в динамике населения Барнаула и Бийска.

The Goetheanum is one of the masterpieces of Twentieth Century architecture. The present building is the second iteration of Dr Rudolf Steiner’s ideas of organic architecture for the site on a hill overlooking the Swiss village of Dornach. The Goetheanum was intended as a theatre and the global headquarters of the Anthroposophical Society. Goetheanum I was a quaint all timber structure, opened on 26 September 1920. In 1921, Rudolf Steiner considered that a rebuild would be quite different. On 31 December 1922, Goetheanum I was destroyed by fire. By July 1923, funds were guaranteed for a new build. Shortly after the Christmas Conference of 1923, Rudolf Steiner presented a 1:100 scale clay model of Goetheanum II. In June 1924, the building application was submitted, and in November approved. Site work began in Rudolf Steiner's lifetime, but he died on 30 March 1925. On 29 September 1928, Goetheanum II was officially opened with plays, lectures and Eurythmy performances. This was a building, unlike any other, a grand sculpture in reinforced concrete. The furbishing of the interior proceeded over the following decades. The present paper relates the story of Goetheanum II, citing contemporary sources and illustrated with historical and present-day images.

El presente artículo es el resultado de una investigación centrada en las líneas de acción que siguieron los tres últimos gobiernos de la Restauración en el Protectorado de Marruecos, una vez consumado el derrumbe de la Comandancia General de Melilla en el verano de 1921. Del mismo modo explora la actuación de Primo de Rivera, desde que perpetró el golpe de Estado en septiembre de 1923 hasta que se ejecutó la operación de desembarco en Alhucemas en septiembre de 1925. Entre 1921 y 1925 se sucedieron varias alternativas en el plano estratégico. Por un lado, se dio preferencia a la vía militar, planteándose hasta en cuatro ocasiones llevar a cabo un desembarco en la bahía de Alhucemas: febrero de 1922, agosto de 1922, julio de 1923 y finalmente el que se llevó adelante en septiembre de 1925. En el extremo opuesto, durante las presidencias de José Sánchez Guerra y Manuel García Prieto, entre marzo de 1922 y septiembre de 1923, se defendió la acción «puramente civil», priorizando así la vía de la negociación. Hubo una tercera línea de actuación, cuando a partir de septiembre de 1924 el dictador llevó adelante una «rectificación de frentes» que consistió en el repliegue de las fuerzas a líneas más fuertes y seguras, con el objeto de reducir efectivos y gastos.

El presente artículo es el resultado de una investigación centrada en las líneas de acción que siguieron los tres últimos gobiernos de la Restauración en el Protectorado de Marruecos, una vez consumado el derrumbe de la Comandancia General de Melilla en el verano de 1921. Del mismo modo explora la actuación de Primo de Rivera, desde que perpetró el golpe de Estado en septiembre de 1923 hasta que se ejecutó la operación de desembarco en Alhucemas en septiembre de 1925. Entre 1921 y 1925 se sucedieron varias alternativas en el plano estratégico. Por un lado, se dio preferencia a la vía militar, planteándose hasta en cuatro ocasiones llevar a cabo un desembarco en la bahía de Alhucemas: febrero de 1922, agosto de 1922, julio de 1923 y finalmente el que se llevó adelante en septiembre de 1925. En el extremo opuesto, durante las presidencias de José Sánchez Guerra y Manuel García Prieto, entre marzo de 1922 y septiembre de 1923, se defendió la acción «puramente civil», priorizando así la vía de la negociación. Hubo una tercera línea de actuación, cuando a partir de septiembre de 1924 el dictador llevó adelante una «rectificación de frentes» que consistió en el repliegue de las fuerzas a líneas más fuertes y seguras, con el objeto de reducir efectivos y gastos.

The article investigates periodicals of Ukrainian students in the Czechoslovakia in the 1920s and 1930s — reveals 19 titles of journals that were published in the cities of the largest concentration of academic youth: Prague, Podebrady, and Brno. A list of these publications in alphabetical order, indicating the place of publication and the years of publication, is given in Appendix 1. All of these journals were reviewed de visu and analyzed for biographical publications on Ukrainians who died and were buried in the Czechoslovak Republic. The following materials have been found on the pages of five student publications, namely: «Ukrainsky Student» (Prague, 1920, 1922—1924) — contains 3 publications, «Studentsky Vistnyk» (Prague, 1923—1931) — 15, «Zhyttia» (Prague, 1924—1926) — 1, «Nasha Hromada» (Podebrady, 1924—1926) — 7, and «Natsionalna Dumka» (Prague, 1924—1927) — 5 publications. The deceased’s information was mostly printed in obituaries with more or less detailed biographies, but there were also small essays, memoirs, brief reports of death or funeral, and so on. Often, such information was published under a separate heading called «Memory of the Dead» (or «Posthumous News» or «Obituary»). In general, the pages of these student journals revealed information about 25 Ukrainians who were buried in the Czechoslovak Republic during 1923—1929. Based on the published information, an alphabetical index of these persons with biographical information about them was compiled (25 surnames, «Appendix 2»). The materials found are a valuable (and in many cases, the only) source of biographical information on Ukrainian immigrants who died and are buried in the Czechoslovak Republic, as well as helping to establish and preserve their burial sites. Keywords: Ukrainian students, Ukrainian emigration to the Czechoslovakia, periodicals, interwar period, Ukrainian burials in the Czech Republic.

[Reza Khan] seemed to me a strong and fearless man who had his country's good at heart. —Sir Edmund Ironside, recalling late 1920 Reza… has never spoken for himself, nor… [his] Government… but only on behalf of his country… —Sir Percy Loraine, January 1922 He is secretive, suspicious and ignorant; he appears wholly unable to grasp the realities of the situation or to realise the force of the hostility he has aroused. —Harold Nicolson, September 1926 I fear we can do nothing to humanise this bloodthirsty lunatic. —Sir Robert Vansittart, December 1933 Born in obscurity about 1878 and soon orphaned, Reza Pahlavi enlisted at fifteen in a Russian-officered Cossack brigade. Rising through the ranks, he provided force for a February 1921 coup d'état, seizing power for journalist Sayyid Zia alDin Tabatabai. Reza Khan provided strength in the new government and rose from army commander to minister of war (April 1921) to prime minister (1923) and, after failing to make a republic in 1924, to the throne in 1925. As shah he ruled with increasingly arbitrary power until Britain and Russia deposed him in 1941. He died in exile in 1944.

The taxonomy and natural history of the ant genus Crematogaster are reviewed for the Costa Rican fauna. Thirtyone species are known, and a key is provided for these and two additional species from adjacent regions of Panama. Species boundaries are evaluated over their entire range when possible. The taxonomic history of the genus is one of unbridled naming of new species and subspecies, with no synthetic works or keys. Major taxonomic changes are proposed, with the recognition of several polytypic species with very broad ranges and the synonymization of the many names associated with them. Crematogaster pygmaea Forel 1904, suturalis Forel 1912, ornatipilis Wheeler 1918, erici Santschi 1929, and chacoana Santschi 1933 are synonymized under abstinens Forel 1899; centralis Santschi 1932 under acuta (Fabricius 1804); aruga Forel 1913 under arcuata Forel 1899; ludio Forel 1912, armandi Forel 1921, inca Wheeler 1925, and cocciphila Borgmeier 1934 under brasiliensis Mayr 1878; parabiotica Forel 1904 under carinata Mayr 1862; brevispinosa Mayr 1870, minutior Forel 1893, schuppi Forel 1901, recurvispina Forel 1912, sampaioi Forel 1912, striatinota Forel 1912, townsendi Wheeler 1925, and chathamensis Wheeler 1933 under crinosa Mayr 1862; barbouri Weber 1934 under cubaensis Mann 1920; antillana Forel 1893, sculpturata Pergande 1896, kemali Santschi 1923, accola Wheeler 1934, phytoeca Wheeler 1934, panamana Wheeler 1942, and obscura Santschi 1929 under curvispinosa Mayr 1870; descolei Kusnezov 1949 under distans Mayr 1870; projecta Santschi 1925 under erecta Mayr 1866; carbonescens Forel 1913 under evallans Forel 1907; palans Forel 1912, ascendens Wheeler 1925, and dextella Santschi 1929 under limata F. Smith 1858; agnita Wheeler 1934 under obscurata Emery 1895; amazonensis Forel 1905, autruni Mann 1916, and guianensis Crawley 1916 under stollii Forel 1885; surdior Forel 1885, atitlanica Wheeler 1936, and maya Wheeler 1936 under sumichrasti Mayr 1870; tumulifera Forel 1899 and arizonensis Wheeler 1908 under torosa Mayr 1870. The following taxa are raised to species: ampla Forel 1912, brevidentata Forel 1912, chodati Forel 1921, crucis Forel 1912, cubaensis Mann 1920, goeldii Forel 1903, malevolens Santschi 1919, mancocapaci Santschi 1911, moelleri Forel 1912, montana Borgmeier 1939, obscurata Emery 1895, rochai Forel 1903, russata Wheeler 1925, sericea Forel 1912, stigmatica Forel 1911, sub-tonsa Santschi 1925, tenuicula Forel 1904, thalia Forel 1911, uruguayensis Santschi 1912, and vicina Andre 1893. The following new species are described: bryophilia, flavomicrops, flavosensitiva, foliocrypta, jardinero, levior, monteverdensis, raptor, snellingi, sotobosque, and wardi.

This article is the first to examine in detail the complete corpus of Biblical quotations in the poetry of Maria Shkapskaya, including unpublished handwritten texts. The article uses the material in books Mater dolorosa (1921), Chas vecherniy (1913—1917) (The Evening Hour (1913—1917), 1922), Baraban Strogogo Gospodina (The Drum of the Strict Master, 1922), Krov’-ruda (Blood-ore, 1922), Zemnye remyosla (The Earthly Crafts, 1925) and the poem “Yav’” (“Reality,” 1923), as well as texts from the notebooks of 1903—1907, 1913—1920 and Vcherashnee, a project of a book of poems (Yesterday, 1916) with a preface by Z. Gippius. The intention is to explain the role and significance of the biblical corpus of texts for the author's poetry. The task is to consider in chronological order all the poems by Maria Shkapskaya that are somehow related to the texts of the Holy Scripture, while clarifying the author’s basic principles of working with these texts. The thematic inversions characteristic of Shkapskaya’s poetry are revealed. The general thesis states that the nature of Shkapskaya’s appeal to the texts of Holy Scripture has changed over the years, and her attitude to them has consistently shifted from neutral-calm to a tense one that requires dialogue. Growing increasingly more conflicted and questioning over time, Shkapskaya’s quoting of biblical texts assumes the nature of a personal experience, which clearly indicates the author’s reflections in this direction and a deeply religious understanding of the surrounding reality and poetic creativity as such.

У статті досліджені основні напрямки діяльності видатного українського правника початку XX ст. В. Старосольського, розглянуто його біографію. В. Старосольський – відомий український громадсько-політичний діяч, адвокат. Він був типовим представником українсько-польського прикордоння, походив із змішаної сім'ї. Він стає активним захисником у національному правозахисному русі в Західній Україні. Як адвокат бере активну участь в політичних процесах польських властей проти украінцв-членів ОУН, УВО, громадських і політичних діячів різної ідеологічної орієнтації В. Старосольський намагався впливати на процес конструктивного розв'язання болісної української проблеми у Польщі. В. Старосольський завжди вважав, що найкращою формою вирішення конфліктів у українсько-польських взаєминах є діалог. В. Старосольський протягом свого непересічного життя обіймав посади заступника міністра закордонних справ Української Народної Республіки (1919-1920 рр.), доктора права і професора Українського державного університету в Кам'янці-Подільському (1919-1920 рр.), Українського вільного університету в Празі (1921-1928 рр.) і Української Господарської академії в Подебратах (1922-1928 рр.). Як громадський діяч і адвокат він був дійсним членом Наукового товариства ім. Т. Шевченка у Львові (1923 р.), головою Української соціал-демократичної партії (1937-1939 рр.), Членом-засновником Товариства українських юристів у Львові (1909 р.), членом правління Спілки українських адвокатів у Львові (1929-1939 рр.), Львівської палати адвокатів (1928-1939 рр.), Вищій раді адвокатів Польщі у Варшаві (1937-1939 рр.), членом-засновником Українського юридичного товариства у Чехословаччині (1923 р). У науковій сфері В. Старосольський реалізував себе як член редакцій юридичних журналів, автор ряду юридичних і соціологічних робіт, монографій, посібників.

The university in Vilna (Lithuanian: Vilnius), now Vilniaus universitetas, founded in 1579 by Stefan Batory (Stephen Báthory), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, was a centre of Polish botany in 1780-1832 and 1919-1939. The Botanic Garden established by Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert (1741–1814) in 1781 (or, actually, from 1782) survived the loss of independence by Poland (1795), and a later closure of the University (1832), and it continued to function until 1842, when it was shut down by Russian authorities. After Poland had regained independence and the University was reopened as the Stefan Batory University (SBU), its Botanic Garden was established on a new location (1919, active since 1920). It survived as a Polish institution until 1939. After the Second World War, as a result of changed borders, it found itself in the Soviet Union, and from 1990 – in the Republic of Lithuania. A multidisciplinary research project has been recently launched with the aim to create a publication on the history of science at the Stefan Batory University. The botanical part of the project includes, among others, drafting the history of the Botanic Garden. Obtaining electronic copies of archival documents, e.g. annual reports written by the directors, enabled a more thorough analysis of the Garden’s history. Piotr Wiśniewski (1884–1971), a plant physiologist, nominated as Professor in the Department of General Botany on 1 June 1920, was the organiser and the first director of the Garden. He resigned from his post in October 1923, due to financial problems of the Garden. From October 1923 to April 1924, the management was run by the acting director, Edward Bekier (1883–1945), Professor in the Department of Physical Chemistry, Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. For 13 subsequent years, i.e. from 1 May 1924 to 30 April 1937, the directorship of the Garden was held by Józef Trzebiński (1867–1941), a mycologist and one of the pioneers of phytopathology in Poland, Head of the Department of Botany II (Agricultural Botany), renamed in 1926 as the Department of Plant Taxonomy, and in 1937 – the Department of Taxonomy and Geography of Plants. From May 1937 to 1939, his successor as director was Franciszek Ksawery Skupieński (1888–1962), a researcher of slime moulds. Great credit for the development of the Garden is due to the Inspector, i.e. Chief Gardener, Konstanty Prószyński (Proszyński) (1859–1936) working there from 1919, through his official nomination in 1920, until his death. He was an amateur-naturalist, a former landowner, who had lost his property. Apart from the work on establishing and maintaining the Garden’s collection, as well as readying seeds for exchange, he published one mycological paper, and prepared a manuscript on fungi, illustrated by himself, containing descriptions of the new species. Unfortunately, this work was not published for lack of funds, and the prepared material was scattered. Some other illustrations of flowering plants drawn by Prószyński survived. There were some obstacles to the further development of the institution, namely substantially inadequate funds as well as too few members of the personnel (1–3 gardeners, and 1–3 seasonal workers). The area of the Garden, covering approx. 2 hectares was situated on the left bank of the Neris river (Polish: Wilia). It was located on sandy soils of a floodplain, and thus liable to flooding. These were the reasons for the decision taken in June 1939 to move the Garden to a new site but the outbreak of the Second World War stood in the way. Despite these disadvantageous conditions, the management succeeded in setting up sections of plants analogous to these established in other botanical gardens in Poland and throughout the world, i.e. general taxonomy (1922), native flora (1922), psammophilous plants (1922), cultivated plants (1924/1925), plant ecology (1927/1928), alpinarium (1927–1929), high-bog plants (1927–1929), and, additionally – in the 1920s – the arboretum, as well as sections of aquatic and bog plants. A glasshouse was erected in 1926–1929 to provide room for plants of warm and tropical zones. The groups representing the various types of vegetation illustrated the progress in ecology and phytosociology in the science of the period (e.g. in the ecology section, the Raunkiaer’s life forms were presented). The number of species grown increased over time, from 1,347 in 1923/1924 to approx. 2,800 in 1936/1937. Difficult weather conditions – the severe winter of 1928 as well as the snowless winter and the dry summer of 1933/34 contributed to the reduction of the collections. The ground collections, destroyed by flood in spring of 1931, were restored in subsequent years. Initially, the source of plant material was the wild plant species collected during field trips. Many specimens were also obtained from other botanical gardens, such as Warsaw and Cracow (Kraków). Beginning from 1923, printed catalogues of seeds offered for exchange were published (cf. the list on p. ... ). Owing to that, the Garden began to participate in the national and international plant exchange networks. From its inception, the collection of the Garden was used for teaching purposes, primarily to the students of the University, as well as for the botanical education of schoolchildren and the general public, particularly of the residents of Vilna. Scientific experiments on phytopathology were conducted on the Garden’s plots. After Vilna was incorporated into Lithuania in October 1939, the Lithuanian authorities shut down the Stefan Batory University, thus ending the history of the Polish Botanic Garden. Its area is now one of the sections of the Vilnius University Botanic Garden (“Vingis” section – Vilniaus universiteto botanikos sodas). In 1964, its area was extended to 7.35 hectares. In 1974, after establishing the new Botanic Garden in Kairenai to the east of Vilnius, the old Garden lost its significance. Nevertheless, it still serves the students and townspeople of Vilnius, and its collections of flowering plants are often used to decorate and grace the university halls during celebrations.

Neste artigo enfoca-se o papel dos visitantes que chegavam à Deutsche Schule urbana, Collegio Allemão de Pelotas, no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, provenientes da Verein für das Deutschtum im Ausland (V.D.A.), (Sociedade de Apoio ao Deutschtum no Exterior), em 1921, 1923, 1924, 1925 e 1933, situada em Hamburgo e Berlim, na Alemanha. O objetivo desses visitantes era inspecionar o projeto educacional alemão e a manutenção do Deutschtum, que mesclava elementos do nacionalismo alemão, vigente, à cultura escolar deste educandário em tempos de Nacionalização do Ensino no Brasil. Consequência dessas visitas era o envio de livros, material didático e professores alemães, bem como a troca de correspondência entre os alunos do educandário de Pelotas e alunos alemães. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, bibliográfica e documental cujas fontes principais são os Relatórios Escolares da Deutsche Schule de Pelotas dos anos 1921, 1923, 1924, 1925 e 1933.* * *This paper focuses on the role of visitors arriving at the urban Deutsche Schule, German College of Pelotas, in the south of Rio Grande do Sul from the Verein für das Deutschtum im Ausland (VDA), a Society for Supporting Deutschtum Abroad, in 1921, 1923, 1924, 1925 and 1933, located in Hamburg and Berlin, Germany. The purpose of these visitors was to inspect the German educational project and the maintenance of the Deutschtum, which merged elements of German nationalism, in force, into the school culture of this educandário in times of Nationalization of Teaching in Brazil. The consequence of these visits was the sending of books, didactic material and German teachers, as well as the exchange of correspondence between the students of the educator of Pelotas and German students. It is a qualitative, bibliographical and documentary research whose main sources are the School Reports of the Deutsche Schule of Pelotas of years 1921, 1923, 1924, 1925 and 1933.

Pierwszym kółkiem rolniczym w Szadku było powstałe w 1906 r. Kółko Rolnicze im. Stanisława Staszica założone z inicjatywy właściciela dóbr Wola Krokocka, Jerzego Karola Kurnatowskiego, które jednak ze względu na brak wsparcia finansowego wkrótce upadło. W 1907 r. z inicjatywy właściciela majątku ziemskiego w Prusinowicach, Kazimierza Czarnowskiego, w Szadku powstało większe i dysponujące środkami finansowymi kółko rolnicze, które działało w strukturach Centralnego Towarzystwa Rolniczego i podlegało najpierw terenowemu gubernialnemu oddziałowi tego towarzystwa w Kaliszu, a następnie powiatowemu oddziałowi w Sieradzu. W latach 1907–1926 kolejnymi prezesami kółka rolniczego byli: Kazimierz Czarnowski (1907–1908), ks. Stanisław Mirecki (1908–1911), Franciszek Paczkowski (1911–1914), Hoppe (1914–1920), Jan Wróblewski (1920–1922), Adam Nencki (1923–1925), Stanisław Leopold (1925) i Michał Zabłocki (od 1926). Działalność kółka koncentrowała się na modernizacji i odbudowie rolnictwa przy wsparciu ziemiaństwa i duchowieństwa.

Ōtani Kōzui (1876-1948) was the first Japanese, or perhaps the first foreigner to point towards Turkey (Feb. 1924) as soon as the Republic was declared (Oct. 1923); the first to bring foreign direct investment to the Turkish Republic through his collaboration with the founding father of the Republic of Türkiye, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk at the Ankara Gazi Farm (Feb. 1927); the first to make a foreign industrial investment with his collaboration with Memduh Gökçen in Bursa (Apr. 1929). Ōtani was also one of the co-founders of the Japanese-Turkish Trade Association in Osaka (Nov. 1925), the Japanese-Turkish Association in Tokyo (June 1926), and he was the author of the lines on “Ōtani Kōzui Epitaph” dedicated to Turkish soldiers who lost their lives at the Ertuğrul Firgate Incident in 1890, erected at the Kushimoto Ertuğrul Memorial (Mar. 1929). This paper traces his footprints in the early years of the newly founded Republic of Türkiye.

Ōtani Kōzui (1876-1948) was the first Japanese, or perhaps the first foreigner to point towards Turkey (Feb. 1924) as soon as the Republic was declared (Oct. 1923); the first to bring foreign direct investment to the Turkish Republic through his collaboration with the founding father of the Republic of Türkiye, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk at the Ankara Gazi Farm (Feb. 1927); the first to make a foreign industrial investment with his collaboration with Memduh Gökçen in Bursa (Apr. 1929). Ōtani was also one of the co-founders of the Japanese-Turkish Trade Association in Osaka (Nov. 1925), the Japanese-Turkish Association in Tokyo (June 1926), and he was the author of the lines on “Ōtani Kōzui Epitaph” dedicated to Turkish soldiers who lost their lives at the Ertuğrul Firgate Incident in 1890, erected at the Kushimoto Ertuğrul Memorial (Mar. 1929). This paper traces his footprints in the early years of the newly founded Republic of Türkiye.

The article discusses the history of publication of two works by Alexander Kuprin (1870–1938) and Ivan Shmelev (1873–1950) in “Russkaya Gazeta” (“Russian newspaper”), which is an emigrant newspaper issued in Paris in 1923–1925. Their publication remained unnoticed by modern researchers. The article examines Kuprin’s participation in this periodical, as well as the historical context of Kuprin’s article “Diaries and Letters” (1923) published in this newspaper at the beginning of 1924, and dedicated to the publication of the “Diary of Emperor Nicholas II”. In particular, the author discusses the history of the “Diary”’s publication in Berlin in 1923 and the peculiarities of the reaction to its appearance among the Russian emigration. He also discusses the history of the publication of I.S. Shmelev’s political fairy tale “Preobrazhenets” (1919–1923–1927). Particular attention is paid to the edition of this tale, which was published together with Kuprin’s article in the same issue of “Russkaya Gazeta” (January 7, 1924). For the first time, the article presents the full text of Kuprin’s article, as well as the text of Shmelev’s fairy tale in its 1923 edition, in comparison with its final version published in 1927.

The tribes Goniaderini Lacordaire, 1859 and Lupropini Lesne, 1926 within the tenebrionid subfamily Lagriinae Latreille, 1825 have previously been shown to be non-monophyletic by molecular phylogenetic analyses. The tribes and constituent genera are here reviewed and redefined morphologically. As part of tribal redefinitions, we establish PrateiniNew Tribe with type genus Prateus LeConte, 1862. We reestablish the subtribe Phobeliina Ardoin, 1961 Revised Status, which is transferred from Goniaderini and placed as a subtribe of Lagriini Latreille, 1825 where it is comprised of Phobelius Blanchard, 1842, and Rhosaces Champion, 1889 (previously in Lagriini: Statirina Blanchard, 1845). The fossil tribe Archaeolupropini Nabozhenko, Perkovsky, & Nazarenko, 2023 is transferred from Lagriinae to Tetratomidae: Tetratominae Billberg, 1820. Keys to extant tribes and subtribes of Lagriinae and genera of Goniaderini, Lupropini, and Prateini are provided. Generic and species-level changes from this work are as follows: Prateini is comprised of the following 15 genera: Antennoluprops Schawaller, 2007, Ardoiniellus Schawaller, 2013, Bolitrium Gebien, 1914, Enicmosoma Gebien, 1922, Indenicmosoma Ardoin, 1964, Iscanus Fauvel, 1904, Kuschelus Kaszab, 1982, Lorelopsis Champion, 1896, Mesotretis Bates, 1872, Microcalcar Pic, 1925, Micropedinus Lewis, 1894, Paratenetus Spinola, 1845, Prateus, Terametus Motschulsky, 1869, and Tithassa Pascoe, 1860. Lorelus Sharp, 1876 is Returned to Synonymy with Prateus, resulting in the following 49 New Combinations: Prateus angulatus (Doyen & Poinar, 1994), P. angustulus (Champion, 1913), P. armatus (Montrouzier, 1860), P. biroi (Kaszab, 1956), P. blairi (Kaszab, 1955), P. brevicornis (Champion, 1896), P. breviusculus (Champion, 1913), P. caledonicus (Kaszab, 1982), P. carolinensis (Blair, 1940), P. chinensis (Kaszab, 1940), P. clarkei (Kulzer, 1957), P. crassicornis (Broun, 1880), P. crassepunctatus (Kaszab, 1982), P. cribricollis (Kaszab, 1940), P. curvipes (Champion, 1913), P. dybasi (Kulzer, 1957), P. fijianus (Kaszab, 1982), P. fumatus (Lea, 1929), P. glabriventris (Kaszab, 1982), P. greensladei (Kaszab, 1982), P. guadeloupensis (Kaszab, 1940), P. hirtus (Kaszab, 1982), P. ivoirensis (Ardoin, 1969), P. kanak (Kaszab, 1986), P. kaszabi (Watt, 1992), P. laticornis (Watt, 1992), P. latulus (Broun, 1910), P. longicornis (Kaszab, 1982), P. mareensis (Kaszab, 1982), P. marginalis (Broun, 1910), P. niger (Kaszab, 1982), P. norfolkianus (Kaszab, 1982), P. obtusus (Watt, 1992), P. ocularis (Fauvel, 1904), P. opacus (Watt, 1992), P. palauensis (Kulzer, 1957), P. politus (Watt, 1992), P. priscus (Sharp, 1876), P. prosternalis (Kaszab, 1982), P. pubescens (Broun, 1880), P. pubipennis (Lea, 1929), P. punctatus (Watt, 1992), P. quadricollis (Broun, 1886), P. queenslandicus (Kaszab, 1986), P. rugifrons (Champion, 1913), P. solomonis (Kaszab, 1982), P. tarsalis (Broun, 1910), P. unicornis (Kaszab, 1982), and P. watti (Kaszab, 1982). Microlyprops Kaszab, 1939 is placed as a New Synonym of Micropedinus resulting in the following New Combinations: Micropedinus ceylonicus (Kaszab, 1939) and M. maderi (Kaszab, 1940). LorelopsisRevised Status is revalidated as a genus and eight species formerly in Lorelus are transferred to it resulting in the following six New Combinations: Lorelopsis bicolor (Doyen, 1993), L. glabrata (Doyen, 1993), L. exilis (Champion, 1913), L. foraminosa (Doyen & Poinar, 1994), L. minutulis (Doyen & Poinar, 1994), L. trapezidera (Champion, 1913), and L. wolcotti (Doyen, 1993). Lorelopsis pilosa Champion, 1896 becomes a Restored Combination. In Goniaderini, Aemymone Bates, 1868 Revised Status and Opatresthes Gebien, 1928 Revised Status, which were recently considered as subgenera of Goniadera Perty, 1832, are restored as valid genera based on new character analysis resulting in the following New Combinations: Aemymone hansfranzi (Ferrer & Delatour, 2007), A. simplex (Fairmaire, 1889), A. striatipennis (Pic, 1934) and Restored Combinations: Aemymone cariosa (Bates, 1868), A. crenata Champion, 1893, and A. semirufa Pic, 1917. Gamaxus Bates, 1868 is Returned to Synonymy with Phymatestes Pascoe, 1866, and the type species Gamaxus hauxwelli Bates, 1868 is placed as a New Synonym of Phymatestes brevicornis (Lacordaire, 1859). The following seven genera are placed as New Synonyms of Anaedus Blanchard, 1842: Microanaedus Pic, 1923, Pengaleganus Pic, 1917, Pseudanaedus Gebien, 1921, Pseudolyprops Fairmaire, 1882, Spinolyprops Pic, 1917, Spinadaenus Pic, 1921, and Sphingocorse Gebien, 1921. Fourteen species described by Pic in Aspisoma Duponchel & Chevrolat, 1841 (not Aspisoma Laporte, 1833) are returned to Tenebrionidae as valid species of Anaedus. These synonymies necessitate the following 51 New Combinations: Anaedus albipes (Gebien, 1921), A. amboinensis (Kaszab, 1964), A. amplicollis (Fairmaire, 1896), A. anaedoides (Gebien, 1921), A. angulicollis (Gebien, 1921), A. angustatus (Pic, 1921), A. australiae (Carter, 1930), A. bartolozzii (Ferrer, 2002), A. beloni Fairmaire, 1888), A. biangulatus (Gebien, 1921), A. borneensis (Pic, 1917), A. carinicollis (Gebien, 1921), A. conradti (Gebien, 1921), A. cribricollis (Schawaller, 2012), A. gabonicus (Pic, 1917), A. himalayicus (Kaszab, 1965), A. inaequalis (Pic, 1917), A. jacobsoni (Gebien, 1927), A. lateralis (Pic, 1917), A. latus (Pic, 1917), A. longeplicatus (Gebien, 1921) , A. maculipennis (Schawaller, 2011), A. major (Pic, 1917), A. nepalicus (Kaszab, 1975), A. nigrita (Gebien, 1927), A. notatus (Pic, 1923), A. pakistanicus (Schawaller, 1996), A. pinguis (Gebien, 1927), A. punctatus (Carter, 1914), A. raffrayi (Pic, 1917), A. rufithorax (Pic, 1917), A. rufus (Pic, 1917), A. serrimargo (Gebien, 1914), A. sumatrensis (Pic, 1917), A. terminatus (Gebien, 1921), A. testaceicornis (Pic, 1921), A. testaceipes (Pic, 1917), A. thailandicus (Schawaller, 2012), A. trautneri (Schawaller, 1994); and 13 restored combinations: Anaedus boliviensis (Pic, 1934), A. claveri (Pic, 1917), A. diversicollis (Pic, 1917), A. elongatus (Pic, 1934), A. guyanensis (Pic, 1917), A. holtzi (Pic, 1934), A. inangulatus (Pic, 1934), A. inhumeralis (Pic, 1917), A. mendesensis (Pic, 1917), A. minutus (Pic, 1917), A. rufimembris (Pic, 1932), A. rufipennis (Pic, 1917), A. subelongatus (Pic, 1932). The new synonymies with Anaedus necessitate the following six New Replacement NamesAnaedus maculipennis (for Spinolyprops maculatus Kulzer, 1954), A. grimmi (for Aspisoma forticornis Pic, 1917), A. minimus (for Anaedus minutus Pic, 1938), A. merkli (for Anaedus diversicollis Pic, 1938), A. ottomerkli (for Anaedus lateralis Pic, 1923), A. schawalleri (for Anaedus nepalicus Schawaller, 1994). Capeluprops Schawaller, 2011 is removed from Lupropini and provisionally placed in Laenini Seidlitz, 1895. Plastica Waterhouse, 1903 is transferred from Apocryphini Lacordaire, 1859 to Laenini. Paralorelopsis Marcuzzi, 1994 is removed from Lupropini and provisionally placed in Lagriinae incertae sedis. Pseudesarcus Champion, 1913 is transferred from Lagriinae incertae sedis to Diaperinae incertae sedis. Falsotithassa Pic, 1934 is transferred from Lupropini to Leiochrinini Lewis, 1894 (Diaperinae). Mimocellus Wasmann, 1904 is transferred from Lupropini to Tenebrionidae incertae sedis, and likely belongs in either Diaperinae or Stenochiinae.

The available information about the cleptoparasitic bees of the genus Sphecodes in Southeast Asia is summarized. Thirty-one species are currently known from this area. Four new species are described: Sphecodes discoverlifei Astafurova & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. (Laos), S. engeli Astafurova & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. (Laos, Vietnam), S. ilyadadaria Astafurova, sp. nov. (Indonesia), and S. pseudoredivivus Astafurova & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. (Laos). Nine species are newly recorded from South East Asia: S. chaprensis Blüthgen, 1927 (Laos), S. howardi Cockerell, 1922 (Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand), S. kershawi Perkins, 1921 (Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand), S. laticeps Meyer, 1920 (Thailand, Vietnam), S. montanus Smith, 1879 (Laos), S. sauteri Meyer, 1925 (Laos), S. sikkimensis Blüthgen, 1927 (Laos, Myanmar), S. simlaensis Blüthgen, 1924 (Laos), and S. turneri Cockerell, 1916 (Laos). Based on type specimens, new synonymies have been proposed for Sphecodes kershawi Perkins, 1921 = S. javanensis Blüthgen, 1927, syn. nov.; S. simlaensis Blüthgen, 1924 = S. simlaellus Blüthgen, 1927, syn. nov.; S. laticeps Meyer, 1920 = S. biroi mariae Cockerell, 1930, syn. nov. Lectotypes are designated for Sphecodes biroi Friese, 1909, S. simlaellus Blüthgen, 1927, and S. laticeps Meyer, 1920. The female of Sphecodes sauteri Meyer, 1925, and the male of S. turneri Cockerell, 1916 are described for the first time.

The events that marked the period 1920-1924 are undoubtedly those of an interior character such as the Congress of Lushnja and the Vlora War (1920), the parliamentary elections (1921 and 1923), the June uprising (1924), etc. while the external ones are undisputed the recognition of Albania and its borders at the London Conference (9 December 1921) and its admission to the League of Nations (1921). The democratic system imposed by the Congress of Lushnja, proved to be ineffective. That is, because it didn’t bring political and economic stability in the country, but on the contrary caused instability in large proportions, all because of the coup d’etat and the numerous uprisings that characterized the period 1920-1922. When the armed political struggle in Albania intensified, nationalist and moderate concepts were created in the Albanian politics. During this period, the Albanian political scene was divided into several political views through North-South contradictions, Muslim-Christian, Zogu-Noli, Conservative-Liberal, and so on. This diversity of religious, regional, political and conceptual character led to political rivalry within the Albanian leadership in Albania over the 1920-1924 period, in the name of democratic principles, even with non-democratic means. By thus creating not only a serious political climate, but also an attempt for radical changes in the country's government, such as the June Uprising of 1924.

The events that marked the period 1920-1924 are undoubtedly those of an interior character such as the Congress of Lushnja and the Vlora War (1920), the parliamentary elections (1921 and 1923), the June uprising (1924), etc. while the external ones are undisputed the recognition of Albania and its borders at the London Conference (9 December 1921) and its admission to the League of Nations (1921). The democratic system imposed by the Congress of Lushnja, proved to be ineffective. That is, because it didn’t bring political and economic stability in the country, but on the contrary caused instability in large proportions, all because of the coup d’etat and the numerous uprisings that characterized the period 1920-1922. When the armed political struggle in Albania intensified, nationalist and moderate concepts were created in the Albanian politics. During this period, the Albanian political scene was divided into several political views through North-South contradictions, Muslim-Christian, Zogu-Noli, Conservative-Liberal, and so on. This diversity of religious, regional, political and conceptual character led to political rivalry within the Albanian leadership in Albania over the 1920-1924 period, in the name of democratic principles, even with non-democratic means. By thus creating not only a serious political climate, but also an attempt for radical changes in the country's government, such as the June Uprising of 1924.

Celem autora artykułu jest przedstawienie materiałów związanych z kościołem parafialnym w Kokaninie. Materiały znajdują się w Archiwum Diecezjalnym we Włocławku i nigdy wcześniej nie były publikowane. Prezentowane spisy inwentarzowe pochodzą z lat 1921, 1922, 1925, 1928 oraz 1929 i wykonane zostały przed przejęciem parafii w zarząd przez nowych administratorów - ks. Władysława Jankowskiego, ks. Dominika Jędrzejewskiego, ks. Jerzego Bekiera. The parish church in Kokanin in the light of inventory lists of 1921, 1922, 1925, 1928, 1929 The aim of the author of the article is a presentation of materials related to the parish church in Kokanin. Those materials can be found in the Diocesan Archives in Włocławek and have never been published before. The presented inventory lists come from 1921, 1922, 1925 and 1929, and were made before the parish was taken over by new administrators – the priests: Władysław Jankowski, Dominik Jędrzejewski, Jerzy Bekier.

The paper explains changes which become necessary in water mite taxonomy after revision of material from museum collections and recent field work. Todothyas Cook, 1974, not Acerbitas Özdikmen, 2006, must replace the preoccupied genus name Thyas Koch, 1836; Acerbitas is ranked as a subgenus of Todothyas. The following synonyms are established: Family Hydryphantidae: Todothyas distincta (Tuzovskij, 2007) = Todothyas colligera (K.Viets, 1923); Todothyas incerta (Lundblad, 1941) = Todothyas barbigera (K.Viets, 1908); Georgella intermedia Walter, 1927 (G. dauphinensis nom. nov. K.O.Viets, 1987) = G. koenikei Maglio, 1906; Hydrobaderia Özkan, 1985 = Hydryphantes Koch, 1841; Hydrobaderia ilicaensis Özkan, 1985 = Hydryphantes crassipalpis Koenike, 1914; Hydryphantes algeriensis Walter, 1925 = H. dispar (Schaub, 1888); Hydryphantes bayeri nonundulatus K. Viets, 1919 = H. planus Thon, 1899; Hydryphantes intermedius Daday, 1901 = H. dispar (Schaub, 1888); Hydryphantes spinipes Walter, 1922 = H. ruber (Geer, 1787); Panisus clypeolatus (Maglio, 1909) = P. torrenticolus Piersig, 1898; Panisus sarasini Bader, 1981 = P. michaeli (Koenike, 1896); Protzia multipora Walter, 1922 = P. squamosa Walter, 1908; Protzia macrognatha Walter, 1944 = P. distincta Walter, 1922; Sindacoides Bader, 1992 = Panisopsis K.Viets, 1926; Sindacoides ticinensis Bader, 1992 = Panisopsis setipes (K.Viets, 1911); Thyasella mandibularis torrenticola Schwoerbel, 1958 = T. mandibularis Lundblad, 1924. Hydryphantes pyrenaicus E. Angelier 1985, published as a nomen nudum, refers to H. armentarius Gerecke, 1996. Family Anisitsiellidae: Bandakia bieberi Bader, 1994 = B. concreta Thor, 1913. Family Oxidae: Oxus koenikei Thor, 1899 = O. longisetus (Berlese, 1885). Family Sperchontidae: Mixosperchon K. Viets, 1926 = Hispidosperchon Thor, 1901; Charoelia Bader, 1988 = Sperchon Kramer, 1877; Charoelia schloethi Bader, 1985 = Sperchon mutilus Koenike, 1908; Sperchon sandozi Bader, 1988 = S. hispidus Koenike, 1895; Sperchon monstruosus Bader, 1957 = S. hibernicus Halbert, 1944; Sperchonopsis phreaticus Biesiadka,1975 = S. procera Láska, 1965 stat. nov. Family Torrenticolidae: Monatractides bicinctus (Láska, 1933), M. parvipalpis (Halbert 1944), M. robustus (Halbert 1944), T. (Monatractides) hibernica Conroy, 1984 = M. madritensis (K. Viets, 1930). Redescriptions are given for numerous further species, redefining diagnostic characters and geographical distributions. Todothyas colligera (K. Viets, 1923) and Wandesia propinqua Walter, 1947 are redefined and newly established as separate species. Parathyas primitiva Lundblad, 1935 is transferred to the genus Todothyas Cook, 1974. Sperchon vaginosus Thor, 1902 is re-established as a distinct species in the ’denticulatus-group’. Torrenticola laskai Di Sabatino spec. nov. is introduced as a new name for Mediterranean populations attributed by several authors to T. lativalvata K. Viets, 1952. Torrenticola amplexa minutivalvata Lundblad, 1956 is elevated to species rank.

منذ تأسيس الجمهورية التركية عام 1923 ، سعى الرئيس التركي مصطفى كمال اتاتورك( 1923 – 1938 ) الى أنتهاج سياسة أستقلالية جديدة تطمح بالنهوض بواقع تركيا على مستوى جميع الاصعدة، وذلك من خلال فلسفته السياسية القائمة على (( السلم في الداخل، السلم في الخارج)) .حاولت تركيا تحسين علاقاتها مع جميع الدول ، وتاتي المجر ضمن تلك الدول، وذلك من خلال الزيارات الرسمية المتبادلة بين الطرفين ، وعقد بعض المعاهدات الدبلوماسية التي تقرب بين كلتا الدولتين .يسعى البحث الموسوم ب(( العلاقات التركية المجرية 1926 – 1931 )) لدراسة طبيعة الشراكة والتقارب السياسي بين تركيا والمجر خلال المدة الزمنية الممتدة بعد قيام الجمهورية التركية عام 1923 حتى نهاية أحداث الازمة الاقتصادية العالمية ، لما لها من أثر سياسي وأقتصادي لمجرى الاحداث الدولية في تلك المدة. قسمت الدراسة الى مقدمة ومبحثين وخاتمة، كرس المبحث الاول لدراسة ( المصالح المشتركة بين تركيا والمجر 1926-1928 ) ، اما المبحث الثاني فقد خصص لمعالجة ( العلاقات التركية المجرية 1929-1931 ) وهي المدة المحددة بأحداث الازمة الاقتصادية العالمية ، فضلاً عن خاتمة تضمن أهم نتائج البحث .

Проблема выбора стратегии общественного развития, адекватной оценки состояния и тенденций развития социума является одной из актуальных проблем исследования политической элиты России ХХ в. В условиях советского авторитарного режима принятие стратегических политических решений могло совершаться только внутри высшего слоя партийно-государственной элиты. Автор статьи аргументирует наличие в рамках большевизма трёх версий доктрины новой экономической политики в 1923—1926 гг.: левой («троцкистской»), центристской и правой («бухаринской»). Автор выявляет сходства и различия данной доктрины на стадиях кризиса 1923—1924 г. и «расширения» нэпа (осень 1924 — весна 1926 гг.). Автор опровергает ряд политизированных мифов о взглядах Л.Д. Троцкого, Л.Б. Каменева, Н.И. Бухарина на новую экономическую политику. Автор статьи отмечает объективные экономические и политические факторы, которые сделали невозможным термидорианское перерождение большевистской доктрины нэпа, привели к догматизации трактовок состояния многоукладного общества и перспектив его развития. В итоге выбор стратегии социалистической модернизации в середине 1920-х гг. был подчинен прагматическим интересам борьбы за власть.

Проблема выбора стратегии общественного развития, адекватной оценки состояния и тенденций развития социума является одной из актуальных проблем исследования политической элиты России ХХ в. В условиях советского авторитарного режима принятие стратегических политических решений могло совершаться только внутри высшего слоя партийно-государственной элиты. Автор статьи аргументирует наличие в рамках большевизма трёх версий доктрины новой экономической политики в 1923—1926 гг.: левой («троцкистской»), центристской и правой («бухаринской»). Автор выявляет сходства и различия данной доктрины на стадиях кризиса 1923—1924 г. и «расширения» нэпа (осень 1924 — весна 1926 гг.). Автор опровергает ряд политизированных мифов о взглядах Л.Д. Троцкого, Л.Б. Каменева, Н.И. Бухарина на новую экономическую политику. Автор статьи отмечает объективные экономические и политические факторы, которые сделали невозможным термидорианское перерождение большевистской доктрины нэпа, привели к догматизации трактовок состояния многоукладного общества и перспектив его развития. В итоге выбор стратегии социалистической модернизации в середине 1920-х гг. был подчинен прагматическим интересам борьбы за власть.

Władysław E. Sikorski urodził się 20 maja 1881 r. w Tuszowie Narodowym pod Mielcem. Ukończył Politechnikę Lwowską. Do 1918 r. działał w ruchu niepodległościowym, był współtwórcą Legionów Polskich i Naczelnego Komitetu Narodowego. W 1915 r. popadł w konflikt z Józefem Piłsudskim na tle sposobów odbudowy państwowości polskiej u boku Austro-Węgier i werbunku do Legionów Polskich. Od 12 października 1918 r. służył w Wojsku Polskim. W czasie wojny polsko-bolszewickiej (1919–1920) podczas bitwy warszawskiej w sierpniu 1920 r. dowodził z powodzeniem 5 Armią. Po zabójstwie prezydenta Gabriela Narutowicza 16 grudnia 1922 r. jeszcze tego samego dnia powołany został na stanowisko prezesa Rady Ministrów RP i ministra spraw wewnętrznych. W tym trudnym i niebezpiecznym dla Polski czasie, wbrew pozorom, to funkcja nie tyle premiera, co ministra spraw wewnętrznych dawała gen. Władysławowi Sikorskiemu realną władzę i możliwość bezpośredniego oddziaływania na sytuację wewnętrzną w kraju, zwłaszcza na stan jego bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego. Generał Sikorski dokonał zmian personalnych w strukturze resortu, usuwając z niego osoby odpowiedzialne politycznie i służbowo za wypadki grudniowe 1922 r. Realizował politykę administracyjną resortu, której głównym celem było utrzymanie spokoju i bezpieczeństwa publicznego poprzez zwalczenie partii i ugrupowań politycznych, które wprost i jawnie zmierzały do obalenia dotychczasowego porządku polityczno-społecznego. Wiele uwagi minister spraw wewnętrznych poświęcał sprawom mniejszości narodowych, zwłaszcza ukraińskiej i białoruskiej, jak też sytuacji społeczno-politycznej na Kresach Wschodnich. Przygotował całościową politykę państwa wobec mniejszości narodowych, której podstawą była koncepcja asymilacji politycznej (państwowej). Gabinet gen. W. Sikorskiego upadł 26 maja 1923 r., a w stanie dymisji działał do 28 maja 1923 r. W latach 1923–1943 gen. W. Sikorski pełnił m.in. funkcję ministra spraw wojskowych (1924–1925), a po klęsce wrześniowej 1939 r. na obczyźnie (we Francji i Anglii) sprawował funkcję premiera Rządu Obrony Narodowej i Naczelnego Wodza. Zginął w katastrofie lotniczej w Gibraltarze 4 lipca 1943 r.

Artykuł prezentuje sylwetkę księdza Antoniego Orchowskiego (1872−1923), administratora i proboszcza parafii w Kwiatkowicach (1904−1906), Męce (1907−1913), Brudzewie Kolskim (1913−1920) i Szadku (1920−1923). Gorliwy kaznodzieja, duszpasterz, dziekan szadkowski, patriota, publicysta i poeta. Udzielał się na niwie społecznej u progu niepodległości Polski. Kapłan otwartego serca na potrzeby parafian, pełen pokory, wyśmienitego intelektu, którego imię w każdym czasie winno być z czcią wspominane.

The study deals with the net-winged beetle genus Cautires Waterhouse, 1879, which is distributed mainly in the rain forests of the Oriental region. We discuss morphology and relationships among Oriental Metriorrhynchini and we propose Bulenides Waterhouse, 1879 to be a junior subjective synonym of Cautires Waterhouse, 1879. Almost all species previously classified in Bulenides were studied, transferred to Cautires and they were placed in C. obsoletus and C. pauper groups, both proposed here. The C. obsoletus species group from Indo-Burma is reviewed and seven species, which are new to science, are described: Cautires bolavensis sp. n. (Laos), C. matsudai sp. n. (Thailand), C. kundratai sp. n. (Thailand), C. dembickyi sp. n. (India), C. hergovitsi sp. n. (Laos), C. jendeki sp. n. (Laos), and C. yunnanus sp. n. (China). These species are placed in the Cautires obsoletus group. C. testaceus (Pic, 1921) and C. regalis (Kleine, 1929) from the same region are redescribed and also placed in the C. obsoletus group. A key to the C. obsoletus species group from Indo-Burma is presented, and their distribution and biology are briefly discussed. The following new combinations are proposed for the species transferred from Bulenides and placed in the Cautires obsoletus group: Cautires adventicius (Kleine, 1926), comb. n., C. apicalis (Pic, 1925), comb. n., C. ater (Pic, 1921), comb. n., C. atropunctatus (Pic, 1925), comb. n., C. basilanus (Pic, 1925), comb. n., C. adumbratus (Kleine, 1926), comb. n., C. aterrimus (Kleine, 1926), comb. n., C. bicoloratus (Kleine, 1930), comb. n., C. coccineus (Kleine, 1930), comb. n., C. cognatus (Bourgeois, 1883), comb. n., C. corporaali (Pic, 1921), comb. n., C. duplicatus (Kleine, 1928), comb. n., C. imitator (Kleine, 1930), comb. n., C. inhumeralis (Pic, 1921), comb. n., C. javanicus (Bourgeois, 1883), comb. n., C. lineatus (Pic, 1921), comb. n., C. longissimus (Pic, 1921), comb. n., C. obsoletus (Waterhouse, 1878), comb. n., C. nebulosus (Kleine, 1930), comb. n., C. nigromaculatus (Pic, 1925), comb. n., C. pudicus (Kleine, 1931), comb. n., C. purpureus (Pic, 1922), comb. n., C. regalis (Kleine, 1929), comb. n., C. reticulatus (Kleine, 1930), comb. n., C. rianganus (Pic, 1925), comb. n., C. sijthoffi (Kleine, 1926), comb. n., C. singularithorax (Pic, 1925), comb. n., C. testaceus (Pic, 1921), comb. n., and C. triangularis (Kleine, 1930), comb. n. The following species are transferred to the Cautires pauper group: C. pauper (Waterhouse, 1878), comb. n., C. arens (Kleine, 1926), comb. n., C. argilosus (Kleine, 1926), comb. n., C. lyciformis (Kleine, 1932), comb. n., C. malayensis (Kleine, 1930), comb. n., C. nigricolor (Pic, 1925), comb. n., and C. turbidus (Waterhouse, 1878), comb. n. Several species are transferred to Cautires without an assignment to the species group: C. aridus (Kleine, 1926), comb. n., C. basalis (Pic, 1925), comb. n., C. dubius (Waterhouse, 1878), comb. n., C. flavoreticulatus (Kleine, 1932), comb. n., C. longeareolatus (Kleine, 1936), comb. n., C. papuanus (Kleine, 1935), comb. n., C. philippinensis (Kleine, 1930), comb. n., C. socius (Kleine, 1935), comb. n. Several homonyms in Cautires resulted from new combinations and new names are proposed: Cautires pseudoapicalis nom. n. (for Cautires apicalis Kleine, 1926 preoccupied by Cautires apicalis (Pic, 1925)), Cautires borneensis nom. n. (for Cautires bicoloratus Kleine, 1932 preoccupied by Cautires bicoloratus (Kleine, 1930)), Cautires sundaicus nom. n. (for Cautires javanicus Kleine, 1927 preoccupied by Cautires javanicus (Bourgeois, 1883)), Cautires fruhstorferi nom. nov. (for Cautires lineatus (Pic, 1921) preoccupied by Cautires lineatus (Hope in Gray, 1831)), Cautires slamatensis nom. nov. (for Cautires obsoletus Kleine, 1926 preoccupied by Cautires obsoletus (Waterhouse, 1878)), Cautires kinabalensis nom. nov. (for Cautires lyciformis (Kleine, 1932) preoccupied by Cautires lyciformis Pic, 1922), Cautires johannesi nom. n. (for Cautires nigricolor (Pic, 1925) preoccupied by Cautires nigricolor Pic, 1922), Cautires africanus nom. n. (for Cautires reticulatus Kleine, 1930 preoccupied by Cautires reticulatus (Kleine, 1930)), Cautires congoensis nom. n. (for Cautires triangularis Kleine, 1930 preoccupied by Cautires reticulatus (Kleine, 1930)).

У статті досліджується діяльність Єврейського громадського комітету допомоги на території Херсонського повіту упродовж 1920–1923 рр. З’ясовано, що на території Херсонського повіту були розташовані такі єврейські колонії: Великий і Малий Нагартав, Велика і Мала Романівка, Добра, Ефінгар, Ново-Полтавка, Львова, Новий Берислав, Інгулець, Велика і Мала Сейдеменуха, Бобровий Кут, Ново-Житомир, Ново-Вітебськ, Ново-Подольськ, Ново-Ковно, Кам’янка, Ізлучиста. Встановлено, що основною передумовою та причиною створення та функціонування філантропічної місії Єврейського громадського комітету допомоги у Херсонському повіті стали єврейські погроми та голод 1921–1923 рр., який забрав життя мільйонів людей і став найстрашнішою катастрофою ХХ ст. Доведено, що діяльність благодійної місії на Херсонщині була зосереджена, головним чином, на допомозі голодуючим дітям та дорослим, утворенні харчових пунктів, наданні медичної допомоги, розподілу одягу й взуття тощо. З’ясовано, що упродовж 1921–1923 рр. Єврейському громадському комітету допомоги вдалося створити найбільш розширену мережу харчових пунктіву у Херсонському повіті. Доведено, що окрім гуманітарної допомоги, комітет надавав також вагому фінансову допомогу, а також брав активну участь у розбудові народного господарства та у подоланні наслідків розрухи у Херсонському повіті протягом 1922–1923 рр. Автор прийшла до висновку, що за допомогою діяльності Єврейського громадського комітету допомоги, вдалося перемогти голод, впоратися з розрухою та розбудувати єврейські колонії у Херсонському повіті.

Hace falta más estudios que se dediquen a la conformación del cuento en Colombia, el cual llegó hacia finales del siglo XIX y se consolidó en el siglo XX. El presente trabajo pretende aportar a dichas investigaciones a través del análisis de tres revistas: Sábado, Cyrano y Lectura Breve, las cuales se insertan en lo que se considera la “literatura antioqueña”. Para ello, se utiliza la teoría literaria de polisistemas de Itamar Even-Zohar. Se muestra el contexto histórico en el que aparecen las publicaciones, las cuales tenían como interés construir una literatura regional, también se habla del contenido y la historia de cada una, y la nómina de autores.

Article aims to analyze the impact of the Ruhr crisis 1923 on the history of the international relations in Europe after the WWI. This crisis, which began by the occupation of the Ruhr region by the French and Belgian troops and ended by the approval of the new reparation plan (Dawes plan) in 1924, played the crucial role in the transformation of the international order (so-called Versailles order), envisaged by the Paris peace conference of 1919–1920. Author scrutinizes such aspects, as the links between the Ruhr crisis and the specifics of the WWI ending, he discerns the crisis' consequences in the Western and Eastern Europe, the role of the Anglo-American mediation in the regulation of the Franco-German conflict, according to the British and US interests. The essay concludes that the Ruhr crisis made critical impact on the consolidation of the Versailles order. The events unfolded in 1923, created the conditions for the "international turn" of 1924–1925, including the formation of the Anglo-Franco-German "European concert" instead of the Entente disintegrated during the crisis. Author demonstrates the direct link between the events of 1923 and the further stabilization of Europe negotiated during the London (1924) and Locarno conferences (1925), though this link sometimes remains "under shadow" in the major studies of the international relations in Europe after WWI. Besides this, the novelty of the article is explained by the rarely used documents from the British and French archives analyzed by the author.

BackgroundTo examine the trends in activities of daily living (ADL) disability in older Chinese adults in Hong Kong between 2001 and 2012.MethodsUsing data from the Elderly Health Centres (EHCs) of the Department of Health comprising a total of 54 808 community-dwelling Chinese adults aged ≥65 years in 1 early cohort (1904–1917) and 10 3-year birth cohorts (1918–1920, 1921–1923, 1924–1926, 1927–1929, 1930–1932, 1933–1935, 1936–1938, 1939–1941, 1942–1944, 1945–1947), we examined trends in ADL disability by using age-period-cohort (APC) models. ADL disability was defined as being unable to perform at least 1 of 7 ADL activities (bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, feeding, grooming, walking) independently. Cross-classified random-effects logistic regressions were performed for each of the APC trends with adjustment for age, period, cohort, sociodemographic, lifestyle, comorbidity and self-rated health.ResultsThe mean age of the cohort was 70.9±4.7 (range 65–99) years. The prevalence rate of ADL disability was 1.6%. ADL disability increased with age (p<0.001) and the gradient of the increase was steeper in the older age groups. At the same age, women (1.7%) were more likely to report ADL disability than men (1.4%, p=0.001). For both genders, there was an increase in ADL disability between 2003 and 2012; adjustment for age, cohort and other covariates has diminished the trends observed among men. There was no cohort effect in ADL disability.ConclusionsADL disability in older adults has increased over the last decade. Further study is required to identify possible causes behind the disability trends.

Raksts veltīts Rīgas Politehniskā institūta (RPI) absolventa (1900) agronoma Borisa Jenkena (Борис Карлович Єнкен; 1873–1943) dzīvei un radošajam mantojumam. B. Jenkens bija Ukrainas nacionālās lauksaimniecības organizators, zinātnieks, selekcionārs, pedagogs, vēsturnieks un agrārās zināt- nes bibliogrāfs. Pētījums veikts, izmantojot maz zināmus un nesen plašākai publikai lietošanai nodotus dokumentus Krievijas Federācijas un Ukrainas arhīvos, kā arī monogrāfijas un publikācijas periodiskajos izdevumos. Rakstā analizēti zinātnieka dzīves un darbības periodi, kas skar nacionālās lauksaimniecības izmēģinājumu organizāciju un ieviešanu galvenokārt selekcijas un sēklaudzēšanas jomā. Akcents likts uz B. Jenkena zinātniski pedagoģisko darbību Ukrainā: Harkovā (1908–1919; 1925–1926; 1930), Odesā (1924), Maslovkā (1927–1929) un Kijevā (1928–1929).

ஆய்வுச் சுருக்கம் கமராஜர் 1903 ஜூலை 15 ஆம் நாள் தமிழ்நாட்டின் விருதுநகரில் குமாரசாமி நாடார் மற்றும் சிவகாமி அம்மாள் ஆயோருக்கு மகனாகப் பிறந்தார். அவரது இயற்பெயர் காமாட்சி, பின்னர் காமராஜர் என்று மாற்றப்பட்டது. காமராஜர் தந்தை குமாரசாமி ஒரு வணிகர். காமராஜுக்கு நாகம்மாள் என்ற தங்கை இருந்தாள். காமராஜ் 1907 இல்தொடக்கக் கல்வியில் சேர்ந்தார், 1908 இல் அவர் ஏனாதி நாராயண வித்யா சாலை என்கிற பள்ளியில் அனுமதிக்கப்பட்டார். 1909 இல் காமராஜ் விருதுப்பட்டி உயர்நிலைப் பள்ளியில் அனுமதிக்கப்பட்டார். காமராஜின் தந்தை அவருக்கு ஆறு வயதாக இருந்தபோது இறந்தார், அவரது தாயார் குடும்பத்தை நடத்த வேண்டிய கட்டாயம் ஏற்பட்டது. 1914 ஆம் ஆண்டில் காமராஜ் தனது தாயையும் குடும்பத்தையும்கவனிப்பதற்காக பள்ளியை விட்டு வெளியேறினார். ஒரு சிறுவனாக, காமராஜ் தனது மாமாவின் கடையில் பணிபுரிந்தார், அந்த நேரத்தில் அவர் இந்திய ஹோம்ரூல் இயக்கப் பொதுக் கூட்டங்களிலும் ஊர்வலங்களிலும் கலந்து கொள்ளத் தொடங்கினார். தினசரி செய்தித்தாள்களைப் படிப்பதன் மூலம் நிலவும் அரசியல் நிலைமைகளில் ஆர்வத்தை வளர்த்துக் கொண்டார். ஜாலியன்வாலா பாக் படுகொலை அவரது வாழ்க்கையில் தீர்க்கமான திருப்புமுனையாக அமைந்தது - அவர் தேசிய சுதந்திரத்திற்காக போராடவும் வெளிநாட்டு ஆட்சிக்கு முற்றுப்புள்ளி வைக்கவும் முடிவு செய்தார். 1920 இல், அவருக்கு 18 வயதாக இருந்தபோது, அவர் அரசியலில் தீவிரமாக இருந்தார். காங்கிரசில் முழுநேர அரசியல் பணியாளராக சேர்ந்தார். 1921 இல் காமராஜ் காங்கிரஸ் தலைவர்களுக்காக விருதுநகரில் பொதுக் கூட்டங்களை ஏற்பாடு செய்தார். காந்தியைச் சந்திக்க அவர் ஆர்வமாக இருந்தார், 1921 செப்டம்பர் 21 அன்று காந்தி மதுரைக்குச் சென்றபோது காமராஜ் பொதுக் கூட்டத்தில் கலந்து கொண்டு காந்தியை முதல்முறையாகச் சந்தித்தார். காங்கிரஸ் பிரச்சாரத்தை சுமக்கும் கிராமங்களுக்கு அவர் சென்றுவந்தார். 1922 இல் ஒத்துழையாமை இயக்கத்தின் ஒரு பகுதியாக வேல்ஸ் இளவரசரின் வருகையை காங்கிரஸ் புறக்கணித்தது. அவர் மெட்ராஸுக்கு வந்து நிகழ்வில் பங்கேற்றார். 1923-25ல் காமராஜ் நாக்பூர் கொடி சத்தியாக்கிரகத்தில் பங்கேற்றார். 1927 ஆம் ஆண்டில், கமராஜ் மெட்ராஸில் வாள் சத்தியாக்கிரகத்தைத் தொடங்கினார், நீல் சிலை சத்தியாக்கிரகத்தை வழிநடத்த தேர்வு செய்யப்பட்டார், ஆனால் சைமன் கமிஷன் புறக்கணிப்பைக் கருத்தில் கொண்டு இது பின்னர் கைவிடப்பட்டது.

Стаття присвячена дослідженню соціальних причин дитячої безпритульності в Україні 1920-х років. Автори аналізують як історичні джерела сучасників досліджуваного явища, так і праці науковців, які працювали вже за часів незалежності України. Серед безпритульних були діти до18 років, які перебували в умовах, небезпечних для їх життя та фізичного розвитку, діти-сироти, діти, які втратили зв'язок з батьками, підкидки, а також підлітки, яким нема з чим жити через матеріальну незахищеність. Багато з них вважалися безпритульними, хоча в основному вони були бездомними, тому що вони були в соціально занедбаних сім'ях. Протягом 20-х років соціально-економічні джерела безпритульність дітей змінилася. Якщо в 1923 році серед безпритульних дітей робітників було 61%, селян 23%, то в 1925/26 р. робітники – 32%, селяни 50%, а наприкінці 20-х років вихідці з с.72% безпритульного контингенту дітей. У 1928 р. 55% вуличних дітей виявилися «свіжими», тобто.вони поповнили свої ряди протягом 1924-1928 рр., тому ні державним органам, ні громадським об’єднанням не вдалосяподолати це аномальне явище суспільного розвитку.

Galerucinae with elongate basal metatarsi have traditionally been assigned to the “Monoleptites”. In recent studies itbecame clear that several species could not be placed in genera that have already been described. We here describe andredescribe species that form a distinct monophyletic group, defined by their external and genitalic characters, asNeobarombiella gen. n. This new genus is based on the examination of 3,554 specimens from continental Africa, andcontains 35 valid species and 36 new synonyms: Neobarombiella flavilabris (Weise, 1903) comb. n. (= Candezeaacutangula Weise, 1903 syn. n.; = Candezea vivida Weise, 1909 syn. n.; = Barombia benguelensis Laboissière, 1921 syn.n.; = Barombia gregaria Laboissière, 1931 syn. n.; = Barombiella bifasciata Laboissière, 1939 syn. n.; = Barombiellaclypeata Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; = Barombiella ghesquierei Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; = Barombiella trifasciata Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; = Barombiella vicina Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; = Barombiella wittei Laboissière, 1940 syn.n.); Neobarombiella nigrita (Jacoby, 1894) comb. n.; (= Candezea morio Jacoby, 1906 syn. n.); Neobarombiellapictipennis (Jacoby, 1894) comb. n.; Neobarombiella nigrocaerulea (Jacoby, 1897) comb. n. (= Candezea moliroensisJacoby, 1900 syn. n.; = Monolepta kwaiensis Weise, 1903 syn. n.; = Barombia ruficollis Laboissière, 1920 syn. n.; =Barombia ruficollis var. marginata Laboissière, 1920 syn. n.; = Barombia humeralis Laboissière, 1932 syn. n.; =Barombiella monardi Laboissière, 1939 syn. n.; = Monolepta (Candezea) nigeriae Bryant, 1940 syn. n.); Neobarombiellavariopennis (Jacoby, 1897) comb. n.; Neobarombiella punctatolineata (Jacoby, 1899) comb. n. (= Monolepta opulentaJacoby, 1903 syn. n.; = Barombia gibbosa Laboissière, 1920 syn. n.); Neobarombiella salisburiensis (Jacoby, 1899)comb. n.; Neobarombiella pygidialis (Jacoby, 1906) comb. n. (= Monolepta prasina Weise, 1907 syn. n.; = Monoleptaalutacea Weise, 1915; = Barombia truncata Laboissière, 1929 syn. n.); Neobarombiella mendica (Weise, 1909) comb. n.(= Monolepta pruni Bryant, 1937 syn. n., = Barombiella mimula Laboissière, 1939 syn. n.); Neobarombiella vittigera(Weise, 1912) comb. n. (= Barombia quadrilineata Laboissière, 1921 syn. n.); Neobarombiella punctata (Laboissière,1920) comb. n.; Neobarombiella flavicollis (Laboissière, 1923) comb. n. (= Barombiella piceobasalis Laboissière, 1940syn. n.); Neobarombiella suturalis (Laboissière, 1923) comb. n.; Neobarombiella senegalensis (Laboissière, 1923) comb.n. (= Barombiella leopoldi Laboissière, 1929, syn. n.; = Barombiella clathrata Laboissière, 1939 syn. n.; = Barombiellacostai Laboissière, 1939 syn. n.; = Barombia bicincta Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; = Barombiella mutabilis Laboissière,1940 syn. n.; Barombiella pallida Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; = Barombiella variabilis Laboissière, 1940 syn. n.; =Barombia basalis Laboissière, 1940, syn. n.); Neobarombiella pakhassana (Laboissière, 1931) comb. n. (= Monoleptagossypiperda, Bryant, 1947 syn. n.); Neobarombiella sculptipennis (Laboissière, 1939) comb. n. (= Barombiella striataLaboissière, 1939 syn. n.); Neobarombiella apicalis (Bryant, 1956) comb. n.; Neobarombiella bilineata (Bryant, 1958)comb. n.; Neobarombiella multistriata (Bryant, 1958) comb. n.; Barombia jobiti Laboissière, 1920 is here transferred toBonesioides [Bonesioides jobiti (Laboissière, 1920) comb. n.]. The following 16 species are newly described:Neobarombiella budongoensis sp. n., N. congoensis sp. n., N. cornuta sp. n., N. emma sp. n., N. fassbenderi sp. n., N.frohnorum sp. n., N. frontalis sp. n., N. grotefendi sp. n., N. lineata sp. n., N. medvedevi sp. n., N. naumanni sp. n., N.nigrosuturalis sp. n., N. reichartzi sp. n., N. spielbergi sp. n., N. susannae sp. n., and N. zambiae sp. n. Neobarombiella isdescribed in detail, redescriptions are provided for all valid species, and comprehensive descriptions of the new speciesinclude figures of both external and genitalic characters, and distribution maps. A key is provided to facilitate speciesidentification. An analysis of phylogenetic aspects is given in which characters of species in the genus Neobarombiella are compared to closely related genera.

The reviews is devoted to the three-volume collection of the well-known Crimean Tatar ethnographer and Turkologist, the first director of the Bakhchisarai Palace Museum Usein Bodaninsky, whose works were published by Sh. Mardzhani Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan in Kazan and Simferopol in 2018–2020. The first volume, which appeared in 2019, includes different research works published by Bodaninsky from 1917 to the beginning of the 1930s. The second volume (2018) contains unpublished diaries of the Bakhchisarai Palace Museum written by Bodaninsky in 1924–1926, when he was the director of this scientific and cultural institution. The third volume (2020) is divided into three parts. The first of them includes commented written materials, ethnographic and archeological sketches in facsimiles of the expeditions carried out by Bodaninsky in the Crimea in 1925–1928, as well as his notes of the Crimean earthquakes happened in 1927. The second part includes unpublished documentation, annual reports and plans of the Bakhchisarai Palace Museum dated 1922–1929 and the beginning of 1934. The third section contains letters, statements, notes composed by Bodaninsky from 1920 to 1932. The materials published in three volumes should be evaluated as a valuable contribution to the study of the history and ethnography of the Muslim Crimea, archeology and early Soviet museum work among the Crimean Tatars.

The elateriform family Callirhipidae Emden, 1924 is catalogued. The family contains 14 genus-group taxa, of which 10 are currently considered as valid and four as synonyms. The family contains 214 available species-group names, of which 175 represent currently valid species and subspecies, and 39 are synonyms. For each taxon, all references known to the author are listed. For species-group taxa, type locality, type material, current status and known distribution are given. Lists of unavailable names and taxa excluded from the family Callirhipidae are presented. A systematic checklist of the family is appended. The following new synonyms are proposed: Simianus Blanchard, 1853 = Simianellus Emden, 1924 syn. nov.; Callirhipis javanica Laporte de Castelnau, 1834 = Callirhipis impressicollis Fairmaire, 1887 syn. nov. = Callirhipis armitagei Pic, 1916 syn. nov. = Callirhipis angustata Pic, 1943 syn. nov.; Callirhipis lineata Waterhouse, 1877 = Callirhipis ruficollis Pic, 1943 syn. nov.; Callirhipis separata Gemminger, 1869 = Simianellus bicolor costatus Emden, 1932 syn. nov.; Callirhipis sirambea Pic, 1921 = Callirhipis (Helleriola) henrikseni Emden, 1934 syn. nov.; Callirhipis suturalis Waterhouse, 1877 = Callirhipis scutellata Fairmaire, 1887 syn. nov. = Callirhipis aureoscutata Pic, 1938 syn. nov.; Callirhipis tonkinea Pic, 1907 = Callirhipis tonkinea var. diversa Pic, 1926 syn. nov.; Celadonia hoodii (Saunders, 1834) = Callirhipis laportei var. notaticollis Pic, 1912 syn. nov.; Ennometes cribratus (Waterhouse, 1877) = Simianus cribripennis Fairmaire, 1893 syn. nov.; Ennometes impressiceps Pic, 1922 = Ennometes ruficornis Pic, 1943 syn. nov.; Simianus terminatus Fairmaire, 1887 = Simianus pyrochroides Pic, 1921 syn. nov. = Simianus pyrochroides var. lateniger Pic, 1925 syn. nov. Callirhipis hoodii Saunders, 1834 is designated as the type species of the genus Celadonia Laporte de Castelnau, 1840. Revised and new statuses are here proposed for the following taxa: Callirhipis (Cal- lirhipis) impressa Montrouzier, 1857 stat. revalid.; Callirhipis (Callirhipis) samoensis Pic, 1921 stat. revalid.; Ennometes cerrutii (Pic, 1927) stat. revalid.; Ennometes ruficeps Pic, 1926 stat. nov. from Ennometes rouyeri var. ruficeps; Celadonia bocourti Pic, 1927 stat. nov. from Simianides laportei var. Bocourti; Simianus diversicornis Pic, 1925 stat. nov. from Simianus pyrochroides var. diversicornis; Simianus reductus Pic, 1925 stat. nov. from Simianus pyrochroides var. reductus. The new replacement name Callirhipis (Parennometes) pici Hájek, nom. nov. is proposed for Callirhipis costata Pic, 1927, preoccupied by C. costata Waterhouse, 1877. The following new combinations are established: Callirhipis (Ennometidium) impressiceps (Pic, 1922) comb. nov. from Ennometes; Callirhipis (Ennometidium) obscura (Pic, 1927) comb. nov. from Ennometes; Callirhipis (Parennometes) carolinensis Blair, 1940 comb. nov. from Callirhipis s. str.; Callirhipis (subgenus ?) pauloplicatus (Pic, 1943) comb. nov. from Simianus; Celadonia bicolor (Laporte de Castelnau, 1834) comb. nov. from Callirhipis; Celadonia gounellei (Pic, 1916) comb. nov. from Callirhipis; Celadonia hoodii (Saunders, 1834) comb. nov. from Callirhipis; Celadonia laportei nigroimpressa (Pic, 1950) comb. nov. from Callirhipis; Celadonia luteonotata (Pic, 1907) comb. nov. from Callirhipis; Celadonia scapularis (Laporte de Castelnau, 1834) comb. nov. from Callirhipis; Ennometes incertus (Emden, 1936) comb. nov. from Callirhipis (Parennometes); Ennometes onoi (Blair, 1940) comb. nov. from Callirhipis (Parennom- etes); Ennometes tarsalis (Emden, 1932) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus basalis (Emden, 1924) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus bicolor (Fairmaire, 1893) comb. nov. from Homoeorhipis; Simianus bituberculatus (Schultze, 1915) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus bituberculatus dilatatus (Emden, 1932) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus confusus (Emden, 1932) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus croceosellatus (Fairmaire, 1887) comb. nov. from Homoeorhipis; Simianus cyaneicollis (Waterhouse, 1877) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus globicollis (Emden, 1924) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus incisus (Emden, 1924) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus laetus (Waterhouse, 1877) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus latepunctatus (Pic, 1943) comb. nov. from Ennometes; Simianus maculaticeps (Pic, 1921) comb. nov. from Homoeorhipis; Simianus malaccanus (Pic, 1916) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus melanocephalus (Emden, 1924) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus mesomelaenus (Fairmaire, 1887) comb. nov. from Homoeorhipis; Simianus nigripennis (Emden, 1932) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus nigriventralis (Schultze, 1915) comb. nov. from Simianel-lus; Simianus obscurus (Emden, 1924) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus obscurus sikkimensis (Emden, 1932) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus palawanicus (Emden, 1932) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus pascoei (Waterhouse, 1895) comb. nov. from Callirhipis; Simianus ruber (Pic, 1929) comb. nov. from Horatocera; Simianus separatus (Gemminger, 1869) comb. nov. from Callirhipis; Simianus thoracicus (Emden, 1924) comb. nov. from Simianellus; Simianus ustus (Fairmaire, 1887) comb. nov. from Homoeorhipis. Lectotypes are designated for the following taxa: Callirhipis angustata Pic, 1943; Callirhipis armitagei Pic, 1916; Callirhipis aureoscutata Pic, 1938; Callirrhipis cribrata Waterhouse, 1877; Callirhipis hoodii Saunders, 1834; Callirhipis (Helleriola) henrikseni Emden, 1934; Callirhipis javanica Laporte de Castelnau, 1834; Callirhipis lineata Waterhouse, 1877; Callirhipis orientalis Laporte de Castelnau, 1834; Callirhipis ruficollis Pic, 1943; Callirrhipis sirambeus Pic, 1921; Callirhipis suturalis Waterhouse, 1877; Callirhipis tonkinea Pic, 1907; Callirhipis tonkinea var. diversa Pic, 1926; Ennometes impressiceps Pic, 1922; Ennometes ruficornis Pic, 1943; Simianus pyrochroides Pic, 1921 and Simianus pyrochroides var. lateniger Pic, 1925.

Lapovo was the battlefield of great political struggles until the introduction of dictatorship. Results of the electons were very important, because like the biggest place in county of Lepenica, Lapovo has the largest number of voters. Often these votes decided the winner of the election in the county of Lepenica. The strongest political party in Lapovo was the Democratic Party the thirties of the twentieth century. She won all parlamentary elections. The only victory that thePeople's Radical Party achived in the municipal elections was in 1923 year. In the period from 1920 to 1929, for the presidente of the municipality of Lapovo was voted for three times. After the municipal electons 1920, Vlaja Cvetković from the Democratic Party become president of the municipality, in order to be replaced in 1923 by Milojko Pavlović from the People'sRadical party. After the elections in 1926, Vlaja Cvetković become again the precidente of the municipality of Lapovo.

The article considers the correspondence of emigrants with the party center in Soviet Russia in 1920–1925 as a historical source. These materials are currently almost unknown to researchers and have not been introduced into scientific circulation. The purpose of the article is to describe the state of the problem research, key documentary publications and research by Russian and foreign authors. The importance of secret correspondence is noted as a source due to the availability of information that is not reflected in other materials. Systematic correspondence with overseas Socialist party centers in Russia began in 1921, the most active correspondence was in 1921–1922, 1923, while later the intensity of correspondence reduced. The greatest attention in correspondence was paid to cooperation of party work in Russia and in emigration, the press, quantity and geography of local subordinated organizations in Soviet Russia, program and tactical questions of the Socialists-Revolutionaries. The most discussed topics in 1922–1923, were the trial of leaders of Socialist-Revolutionaries in Moscow, the protection of foreign SRS defendants and counter-propaganda campaigns in European countries. Finally, the correspondence contains interesting information about the conflicts within the Bolshevik leadership, and the daily life of the population of Soviet Russia during the NEP period. The correspondence of the foreign delegation of the SR party with the leading party centers of Soviet Russia is a valuable and diverse historical source. These materials significantly complement our understanding of the Socialists-Revolutionaries in the first half of the 1920s. In addition, they contain important information about the political and socio-economic situation in Soviet Russia during this period.

The paper evaluates the growth, structure, production, quality, leaf area index and dendrochronology of 100 years old Austrian pine (Pinus nigra ARNOLD) monoculture situated in the forest type group Fageto-Quercetum in the locality Horn&eacute; Lefantovce (Nitrianska Streda Forest District, Topoľčianky Forest Enterprise). Codominant trees, trees with stem of high quality, with medium-sized crown, medium dense and straight crown are the most abundant in the stand. The tree number in the stand is 1,024 trees/ha, basal area 51.75 m2/ha, growing stock 571.56 m3/ha, aboveground biomass stock 348.76 t/ha and leaf area index 21.85 ha/ha. Dendrochronological analyses examined the response in individual sample trees and minimum annual ring width was found in 1920, 1922, 1925, 1929, 1933, 1938, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1952, 1954, 1963, 1968, 1976, 1982, 1990, 1993, 1998, 2001. Marked maximum values of annual ring width in the years 1919, 1923, 1926, 1930, 1936, 1937, 1941, 1948, 1951, 1955, 1959, 1966, 1972, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1997 were found as a positive productive feature. Beginning in the year 1993, dry Austrian pine trees occurred in the stand as a result of&nbsp;the fungal infection by Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko et Sutton.

The article explores the genre specifi city of Mikhail Bulgakov’s theatrical albums from the collection of the Institute of Russian Literature. Using the materials of Bulgakov’s fi rst theatrical album (1925–1927), the stage history of the play The Days of the Turbins and the further development of the plot of the Theatrical Novel (Notes of the Deceased) are clarifi ed. The materials of the albums are compared with Bulgakov diary entries of 1923–1924 (My Diary / Under the Heel).

Los congresos internacionales son un medio excelente para valorar la primera proyección de la arqueología española en Europa y América hasta el estallido de la Guerra Civil. Se pueden distinguir tres grandes fases, 1900-1913, 1914-1922 y 1923-1936. En la primera etapa, los principales arqueólogos extranjeros que trabajaban en España, Breuil, Obermaier o Schulten, publicaron principalmente en revistas francesas y alemanas. En cambio, fue Siret quien utilizó más estos congresos para proyectar su investigación en el extranjero, que eludieron investigadores españoles como Gómez-Moreno y Catalina García. En otros casos como Mélida y Rivero, representaron a España en los congresos de Arqueología Clásica de El Cairo y Roma, pero no presentaron trabajos. Durante el parón por la Primera Guerra Mundial de una década entre 1914-22, que impidió la celebración en Madrid del XV Congreso Internacional de Antropología y Arqueología Prehistórica en 1915, obtenido gracias a las gestiones de Cerralbo, se produjo la incorporación a cátedras de Bosch Gimpera en 1916 y Obermaier en 1922, a la vez que como directores de museos lo hicieron Taracena en 1916 y Cabré en 1922. A ellos se sumaron en la universidad, pocos años después, Pericot y Mergelina en 1925, Carriazo en 1927 o Castillo y García Bellido en 1931. Bosch Gimpera fue el investigador con mayor proyección internacional desde 1923, inicialmente con apoyo económico del Institut d’Estudis Catalans y la culminó como secretario del IV Congreso Internacional de Arqueología Clásica en Barcelona (1929), que sirvió para debutar en estos congresos a investigadores como Juan Cabré, Encarnación Cabré, Navascués, Pérez de Barradas, Pericot o Taracena, quienes comenzaron a asistir ya más regularmente presentando trabajos en Coimbra-Oporto (1930), Argel (1930), Londres (1932) o las previstas inicialmente para Oslo (1936). Otro cambio importante, después de numerosas ausencias, fue la participación significativa de americanistas interesados en la América Precolombina a partir del congreso de Sevilla (1935). Las dos conclusiones principales de este trabajo son que el peso de los investigadores extranjeros en la arqueología española fue mucho menor de lo que se ha pensado, incluso en el primer periodo hasta 1913, diluyéndose posteriormente. En segundo lugar, la proyección científica de Bosch Gimpera antes de la Guerra Civil y de Pericot después estuvo basada en la activa participación de ambos en congresos internacionales.