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Journal articles on the topic '1920s'
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1
Saleniece, Irēna, and Maija Grizāne. "Searching for New Identities: The Belarusian Minority in the Latvian-Belarusian Borderlands from the 1920s to the 1990s." Lithuanian Historical Studies 28, no. 1 (2024): 131–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-02801005.
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The research presented here is based on life stories that were collected during fieldwork in the Latvian-Belarusian borderland from 2003 to 2020 by the Oral History Centre of Daugavpils University. These oral testimonies of Belarusians disclose the circumstances that facilitated or interfered with their involvement in local society, and the changes which occurred in their sense of self-identity. The results of a comparison of three groups of Belarusians demonstrate major differences between identity, formed during the existence of the independent state, the Soviet period, and the post-Soviet period in Latvia’s history. The groups concerned are: (1) Belarusians born during the 1920s and 1930s in the territory of Latvia; (2) Belarusians born during the 1920s and 1930s who moved to the territory of Latvia in the 1940s and 1950s; and (3) Belarusians born during the 1940s and 1950s who moved to the territory of Latvia in the 1960s and 1970s. Belarusians of group 1 mostly integrated successfully into Latvian society, preserving their ethnic identity to some extent. The Soviet migrants (groups 2 and 3), influenced by communist ideology and russification, with some exceptions mostly identified with the ‘Soviet people’, ignoring ethnicity. These Belarusians integrated successfully into Soviet Latvia, but after the collapse of the USSR they had problems recognising the political changes, and needed support in finding their own place in Latvian society.
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Burlutskyi, Andriy. "Scenic Speech in the «New Ukrainian Theatre»: Specificity of Functioning." Bulletin of KNUKiM. Series in Arts, no. 34 (June 5, 2016): 10–19. https://doi.org/10.31866/2410-1176.34.2016.158193.
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The paper identifies specificity of forming and functioning of scenic speech in the period of formation of the «new Ukrainian theatre», whose framework chronologically unites the «silver» era (the 1920s) and the Ukrainian soviet theatre (the political theatre of the 1930s–1950s, the theatre of war time, the theatre of aesthetic innovations of the 1950s–1960s, and the «searching» theatre of the 1970s–1980s).
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Adom Getachew Talks to Ashish Ghadiali. "World makers of the Black Atlantic." Soundings 75, no. 75 (2020): 180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/soun.75.11.2020.
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In Worldmaking After Empire, Adom Getachew challenges standard histories of decolonisation, which chart the story of a simple shift from empire to independent nationhood. She shows that supporters of decolonisation have always sought to create something much more than nationalisms: they have engaged in a dynamic and rival system of revolutionary worldmaking, seeking an alternative international system that could replace the old inequitable dispensation. She charts this decolonial project from its roots in the works of Black Atlantic thinkers like W.E.B. Du Bois and C.L.R. James in the 1920s and 1930s. The key events she tracks are the challenges the project faced in the United Nations in the 1940s and 1950s; attempts at regional federation in late 1950s and 1960s; and the emergence of the New International Economic Order in the 1960s and 1970s. This a twentieth century tradition now ripe to be reclaimed and revived.
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Duan, J., L. Wang, L. Li, and Y. Sun. "Tree-ring-inferred glacier mass balance variation in southeastern Tibetan Plateau and its linkage with climate variability." Climate of the Past 9, no. 6 (2013): 2451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2451-2013.
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Abstract. A large number of glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have experienced wastage in recent decades. And the wastage is different from region to region, even from glacier to glacier. A better understanding of long-term glacier variations and their linkage with climate variability requires extending the presently observed records. Here we present the first tree-ring-based glacier mass balance (MB) reconstruction in the TP, performed at the Hailuogou Glacier in southeastern TP during 1868–2007. The reconstructed MB is characterized mainly by ablation over the past 140 yr, and typical melting periods occurred in 1910s–1920s, 1930s–1960s, 1970s–1980s, and the last 20 yr. After the 1900s, only a few short periods (i.e., 1920s–1930s, the 1960s and the late 1980s) were characterized by accumulation. These variations can be validated by the terminus retreat velocity of Hailuogou Glacier and the ice-core accumulation rate in Guliya and respond well to regional and Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly. In addition, the reconstructed MB is significantly and negatively correlated with August–September all-India monsoon rainfall (AIR) (r1871-2008 = −0.342, p < 0.0001). These results suggest that temperature variability is the dominant factor for the long-term MB variation at the Hailuogou Glacier. Indian summer monsoon precipitation does not affect the MB variation, yet the significant negative correlation between the MB and the AIR implies the positive effect of summer heating of the TP on Indian summer monsoon precipitation.
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Duan, J., L. Wang, L. Li, and Y. Sun. "Tree-ring inferred glacier mass balance variation in southeastern Tibetan Plateau and its linkage with climate variability." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 4 (2013): 3663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-3663-2013.
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Abstract. A large number of glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have experienced wastage in recent decades. And the wastage is different from region to region, even from glacier to glacier. A better understanding of long-term glacier variations and their linkage with climate variability requires extending the presently observed records. Here we present the first tree-ring-based glacier mass balance (MB) reconstruction in the TP, performed at the Hailuogou Glacier in southeastern TP during 1865–2007. The reconstructed MB is characterized mainly by ablation over the past 143 yr, and typical melting periods occurs in 1910s–1920s, 1930s–1960s, 1970s–1980s, and the last 20 yr. After the 1900s, only a few short periods (i.e., 1920s–1930s, the 1960s and the late 1980s) is characterized by accumulation. These variations can be validated by the terminus retreat velocity of the Hailuogou Glacier and the ice-core accumulation rate in Guliya and respond well to regional and Northern Hemisphere temperature anomaly. In addition, the reconstructed MB is significantly and negatively correlated with August-September all-Indian monsoon precipitation (AIR) (r1871–2008= −0.342, p < 0.0001). These results suggest that temperature variability is the dominant factor for the long-term MB variation at the Hailuogou Glacier. Indian summer monsoon precipitation doesn't affect the MB variation, yet the significant negative correlation between the MB and the AIR implies the positive effect of summer heating of the TP on Indian summer monsoon precipitation.
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Gracheva, Alla Mikhailovna. "N. V. GOGOL AND A. M. REMIZOV: AESTHETIC CONSTANT AND ANNIVERSARY VARIABLES." Russkaya literatura 4 (2022): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0131-6095-2022-4-58-71.
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The article analyzes the evolution of the Gogol theme in the writer’s work. In the mid-1900s — early 1920s, Remizov followed in Gogol’s footsteps, creating his own version of the «Petersburg text». From the late 1920s and into the 1930s, he mythologized the personality of the author of the Dead Souls, treating him as a half-demon, «stuck» between the two circles of a mystical universe, and as a prophetic writer who could share his «insights» with the readers. For Remizov, Gogol was one of the writers who subscribed to the «Russian mode theory». In the late 1940s and 1950s, Remizov plunged into the new stage of his «creative discovery» of Gogol’s legacy, linking it with the main theme of his work of the time — speculations on the Christian dogma of the resurrection of the dead.
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Didenko, К. "INVOLVEMENT OF THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION FOR CONSIDERATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CITY BUILDING PRACTICE." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (2020): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-185-191.
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Social aspects of the formation of architectural complexes in metropolian Kharkov have not yet been analyzed in homeland architectural theory. The study into "Kharkov constructivism", due to unfortunate historical ocurrence, is still in fact at the initial stage. Thesises of Kharkov authors illuminate this phenomenon in general or analyze some of the most significant sights. Approaches to the study of social aspects of architecture and urban development went through several stages. Architectural theory of the late 1940s- the beginning of 1950s was sharply critical of the architectural and urban planning experiments in the 1920s. The XXth century Soviet history of architecture in the 1960s and 1970s was marked by ideological rehabilitation of constructivism, including social experiments of the 1920s - early 1930s. A turn from apologetics of the 1960s - 1980s to critical analysis of the architecture and urban development of the avant-garde was indicated at the beginning of 2000s by the studies considering Soviet architectural and urban planning practice in the context of public behavior management as a tool for structuring general population to achieve political goals. Foreign studies into the Soviet avant-garde sprang up in the 1970s - early 1980s affected by Western sociology where architecture began to be viewed as a tool for managing social processes and new types of structures and models of urban planning organization- as “a transition from social to material”. Many studies highlighted the influence of Soviet architectural and urban planning programs of the 1920s and 1930s on the system and structure of public consciousness. There was established that large-scale housing, cultural and domestic construction was carried out as part of the capital's administrative and government center creation programs and the formation of an industrial complex. There were identified four conceptual approaches for housing construction, they were consistently implemented during the realization of the two above-mentioned programs: garden city, communal house, housing complex and social city. In these programs, the concepts of "garden city" and "communal houses" were practically tested and reasonably rejected, and the most productive models were residential complexes and social city. Keywords: social construction, architectural and urban concepts, soviet human, metropolian Kharkov.
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Pope, Rachel. "Processual archaeology and gender politics. The loss of innocence." Archaeological Dialogues 18, no. 1 (2011): 59–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203811000134.
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AbstractProviding a younger woman's perspective, and born out of the 2006 Cambridge Personal Histories event on 1960s archaeology, this paper struggles to reconcile the panel's characterization of a ‘democratization’ of the field with an apparent absence of women, despite their relative visibility in 1920s–1940s archaeology. Focusing on Cambridge, as the birthplace of processualism, the paper tackles the question ‘where were the women?’ in 1950s–1960s archaeology. A sociohistorical perspective considers the impact of traditional societal views regarding the social role of women; the active gendering of science education; the slow increase of university places for young women; and the ‘marriage bars’ of post-war Britain, crucially restricting women's access to the professions in the era of professionalization, leading to decades of positive discrimination in favour of men. Pointing to the science of male and female archaeologists in 1920s–1930s Cambridge, it challenges ideas of scientific archaeology as a peculiarly post-war (and male) endeavour. The paper concludes that processual archaeology did not seek to democratize the field for women archaeologists.
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Kim, Jiyoung. "The Multilayered Construction of Modern Mountain Tourism and Mt. Jiri Tourism Space: From 1920s to the 1960s." Center for Asia and Diaspora 13, no. 1 (2023): 5–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15519/dcc.2023.02.13.1.5.
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This study examines the multi-layered construction of the tourism space of Mt. Jiri by tracing how various actors spatially constructed both tourism in Mt. Jiri (starting in the 1920s) as well as the designation of Jirisan National Park in 1967. Modern tourism was introduced to Mt. Jiri in the 1920s, and Mt. Jiri tourism took shape between the mid-1930s and the late 1940s. As mountaineering resumed in the mid-1950s after the Yeosu-Suncheon Rebellion and the Korean War, the foundation for full-scale mountain tourism was laid. The Corea Alpine Club (CAC) and scholars’ academic research played a significant role in driving mountaineering movements, complemented by the development of hiking trails by Gurye Yeonhaban, an alpine club in the area of Mt. Jiri.
 By the late 1960s, Jirisan became a major travel destination, due in part to the publication of mountaineering magazines, mountaineering movements supported by the CAC and the Chosun Ilbo, and the designation of Jirisan National Park in 1967.
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Decker, Todd. "Fancy Meeting You Here: Pioneers of the Concept Album." Daedalus 142, no. 4 (2013): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00233.
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The introduction of the long-playing record in 1948 was the most aesthetically significant technological change in the century of the recorded music disc. The new format challenged record producers and recording artists of the 1950s to group sets of songs into marketable wholes and led to a first generation of concept albums that predate more celebrated examples by rock bands from the 1960s. Two strategies used to unify concept albums in the 1950s stand out. The first brought together performers unlikely to collaborate in the world of live music making. The second strategy featured well-known singers in songwriter-or performer-centered albums of songs from the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s recorded in contemporary musical styles. Recording artists discussed include Fred Astaire, Ella Fitzgerald, and Rosemary Clooney, among others.
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Torma, Franziska. "Frontiers of Visibility." Transfers 3, no. 2 (2013): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2013.030203.
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This article deals with the history of underwater film and the role that increased mobility plays in the exploration of nature. Drawing on research on the exploration of the ocean, it analyzes the production of popular images of the sea. The entry of humans into the depths of the oceans in the twentieth century did not revitalize myths of mermaids but rather retold oceanic myths in a modern fashion. Three stages stand out in this evolution of diving mobility. In the 1920s and 1930s, scenes of divers walking under water were the dominant motif. From the 1940s to the 1960s, use of autonomous diving equipment led to a modern incarnation of the “mermen“ myth. From the 1950s to the 1970s, cinematic technology was able to create visions of entire oceanic ecosystems. Underwater films contributed to the period of machine-age exploration in a very particular way: they made virtual voyages of the ocean possible and thus helped to shape the current understanding of the oceans as part of Planet Earth.
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Krasilnikova, E. I. "Historical Past and Historical-Cultural Heritage of Buryats as Reflected in Journal ‘Sibirskie Ogni’ (1920s-1980s): Memory Politics Aspect." Nauchnyi dialog 13, no. 4 (2024): 408–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-4-408-429.
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The aim of the article is to characterize representations of the history and historicalcultural heritage of the Buryats in the pages of the Sibirskie Ogni journal from the early 1920s to the late 1980s in the context of state memory politics. The methodological framework of the study was the field of “Memory Studies.” Conclusions were drawn about the intense ideologization of the historical past of the Buryats on the pages of the Sibirskie Ogni journal at all stages of the Soviet period, as well as the journal's disregard for Buryat heritage associated with the traditions of Buddhist East. Six stages of representation were identified. In the first stage (1920s), Buryat authors freely wrote in the journal about Buryat history, expressed historical grievances against Russia, and sought recognition of the value of Buryat historical-cultural heritage. In the second stage (1930s), only articles by Russian authors about Buryat history in a critical tone were published in the journal. In the third stage (1940s-1950s), Sibirskie Ogni journal printed articles with crushing criticism of inconvenient versions of Buryat history presented in national literature. In the fourth stage (1960s-1970s), Buryat history was not discussed at all in the journal. In the fifth stage (1980s), a flourishing of Buryat culture was proclaimed under the influence of Soviet leadership. After the collapse of the USSR, much was rethought and perceived as a historical mistake. The Sibirskie Ogni journal began publishing articles again on Buryat literary traditions, epic poetry, etc.
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Booker, Vaughn. "“An Authentic Record of My Race”: Exploring the Popular Narratives of African American Religion in the Music of Duke Ellington." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 25, no. 1 (2015): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2015.25.1.1.
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AbstractEdward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899–1974) emerged within the jazz profession as a prominent exponent of Harlem Renaissance racial uplift ideals about incorporating African American culture into artistic production. Formed in the early twentieth century's middle-class black Protestant culture but not a churchgoer in adulthood, Ellington conveyed a nostalgic appreciation of African American Christianity whenever hewrote music to chronicle African American history. This prominent jazz musician's religious nostalgia resulted in compositions that conveyed to a broader American audience a portrait of African American religiosity that was constantly “classical” and static—not quite primitive, but never appreciated as a modern aspect of black culture.This article examines several Ellington compositions from the late 1920s through the 1960s that exemplify his deployment of popular representations of African American religious belief and practice. Through the short filmBlack and Tanin the 1920s, the satirical popular song “Is That Religion?” in the 1930s, the long-form symphonic movementBlack, Brown and Beigein the 1940s, the lyricism of “Come Sunday” in the 1950s, and the dramatic prose of “My People” in the 1960s, Ellington attempted to capture a portrait of black religious practice without recognition of contemporaneous developments in black Protestant Christianity in the twentieth century's middle decades. Although existing Ellington scholarship has covered his “Sacred Concerts” in the 1960s and 1970s, this article engages themes and representations in Ellington's work prefiguring the religious jazz that became popular with white liberal Protestants in America and Europe. This discussion of religious narratives in Ellington's compositions affords an opportunity to reflect upon the (un)intended consequences of progressive, sympathetic cultural production, particularly on the part of prominent African American historical figures in their time. Moreover, this article attempts to locate the jazz profession as a critical site for the examination of racial and religious representation in African American religious history.
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Eero, Margit. "Reconstructing the population dynamics of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) in the Baltic Sea in the 20th century." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 6 (2012): 1010–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss051.
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Abstract Eero, M. 2012. Reconstructing the population dynamics of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) in the Baltic Sea in the 20th century. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1010–1018 . Long time-series of population dynamics are increasingly needed in order to understand human impacts on marine ecosystems and support their sustainable management. In this study, the estimates of sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) biomass in the Baltic Sea were extended back from the beginning of ICES stock assessments in 1974 to the early 1900s. The analyses identified peaks in sprat spawner biomass in the beginning of the 1930s, 1960s, and 1970s at ∼900 kt. Only a half of that biomass was estimated for the late 1930s, for the period from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s, and for the mid-1960s. For the 1900s, fisheries landings suggest a relatively high biomass, similar to the early 1930s. The exploitation rate of sprat was low until the development of pelagic fisheries in the 1960s. Spatially resolved analyses from the 1960s onwards demonstrate changes in the distribution of sprat biomass over time. The average body weight of sprat by age in the 1950s to 1970s was higher than at present, but lower than during the 1980s to 1990s. The results of this study facilitate new analyses of the effects of climate, predation, and anthropogenic drivers on sprat, and contribute to setting long-term management strategies for the Baltic Sea.
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Torres-Rouff, David. "Becoming Mexican: Segregated Schools and Social Scientists in Southern California, 1913––1946." Southern California Quarterly 94, no. 1 (2012): 91–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/scq.2012.94.1.91.
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““Becoming Mexican”” traces the establishment of segregated schools for children of Mexican descent in southern California in the 1910s and 1920s. The resulting substandard education led to poor test results. Based on these low scores, social scientists in the 1930s and 1940s concluded that Mexican students were inherently inferior, buttressing a biological definition of racial inferiority with far-reaching consequences.
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Кукулин [Kukulin], Илья [Ilya]. "Приватизация бунта: “вторая жизнь” раннесоветского монтажа [Privatization of a riot: “Second life” of the early Soviet montage]". Sign Systems Studies 41, № 2/3 (2013): 266–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2013.41.2-3.08.
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Privatization of a riot: “Second life” of the early Soviet montage. This paper deals with montage in the broad sense of the term: it is discussed not as a principle of film editing, but as an aesthetic method based on the contrasting combination of elements; in the case of literary narrative, montage can be defined as a contrasting parataxis. Being understood in that sense, montage became an international “grand style” of the post-WWI epoch. In the Soviet Union this new method had many ideological connotations. It represented history (the historical process as such) as creative and cruel violence. Otherwise, art montage was a method of designing the utopian vision. The following development of montage in Russian culture could be defined as a change of its semantic. It was expelled from the Socialist Realism mainstream (excluding poster graphics), but survived in unofficial art of the 1940s and became postutopian. During the “Thaw” period (the late 1950s to the early 1960s) montage methods could indicate the connection of an author with the Soviet or Western European avant-garde of the 1920s. The reconsideration of those methods followed two different ways: imitation of the “resurrection of revolutionary impulses” or deconstruction of Soviet historical and social imagination – also with the tools of montage. This very intensive dialogue with the aesthetic tradition of the 1920s came to an end at the beginning of the 1970s. The authors of uncensored art and literature in that period polemicized not with the 1920s, but with the 1960s. The “living” translation of the early Soviet montage aesthetics has been settled.
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Presnyakova, Inga A. "Swing Era’s Jazzing the Classics: Pro et Contra." Problemy Muzykal'noj Nauki / Music Scholarship, no. 4 (2022): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.56620/2782-3598.2022.4.076-086.
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The birth of jazzing the classics – the practice of jazz transcriptions of classical music – dates back to the Swing Era (from the second half of the 1920s to the first half of the 1940s). The most pronounced trend in jazzing the classics of the era of Swing was the transformation of themes from classical musical compositions (mostly, of a song-like romantic nature) into pop song and dance compositions. The high classics were losing their status of music for serious performance and listening, turning into “foot music” and a commodity for the music business. At the same time, some of the musical samples from the era from the 1920s to the 1940s anticipated such fundamental features of the practice of jazzing as a new stage in the history of jazz, which began at the turn of the 1950s and the 1960s, namely: the involvement of baroque and classicist music, concert types of performance, and the preservation of the entire music of the original composition in the resultant music. Despite its widespread distribution, jazzing the classics has long remained in the shadow of research attention. Meanwhile, it can become the subject of a multi-vector study – from techniques of transcription to major issues of a socio-cultural nature. The present article focuses its attention on expanding the documentary and historical base. An analysis of materials from the American periodicals from the 1920s to the 1940s makes it possible to recreate the pro et contra situation of the Swing Era in relation to jazzing the classics. The scholarly originality of the article lies in the expansion of the factual base associated with the history of jazzing the classics, the introduction of previously unknown names, compositions, and other materials of the American periodicals of the 1920s and 1930s into Russian musicology, and the identification of the influence of the jazzing practice of Swing Era on its subsequent stages.
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Horáček, Martin. "Czy to zawsze kwestia stylu? Problem właściwej terminologii architektonicznej w renowacjach zamków w Czechach i na Morawach od lat 90-tych XIX wieku do lat 20-tych XX wieku." Protection of Cultural Heritage, no. 18 (December 30, 2023): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/odk.3447.
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This study addresses castle renovations from the turn of the twentieth century up until the present, focusing on their stylistic aspect. Although castles (both ruined and inhabited) have been considered prominent subjects of heritage conservation since the beginning of the conservation movement, they require architectural additions to further their integration into contemporary life, even if a strictly conservationist approach is applied. In contrast to nineteenth-century European attitude to conservation, the twentieth- and twenty-first-century conservation professionals mostly recommend that the new elements comply with the preserved composition or scale, leaving the question of their style (i.e. a coherent architectural vocabulary) open. The study examines selected Czech examples that feature a substantial newly-added layer (Gothic in Bouzov, the 1890s–1900s; Art Nouveau and Art Deco in Nové Město nad Metují, the 1910s–1920s; Classical in Prague Castle, the 1920s–1950s; Technocratic in Lipnice, the 1970s–1980s; Romantic in Častolovice, the 1990s; Minimalist in Helfštýn, the 2010s). Drawing on these examples, the analysis raises the following questions: how should new additions relate to the authenticity and integrity of the renovated monuments and what variables influence this relationship? Should conservation authorities regulate the vocabulary of modern interventions?
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Sopin, Artyom Olegovich. "The Individual and Contemporary in Yuliy Raizman's Late Work." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 3, no. 3 (2011): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik33144-153.
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The article examines the films made in the 1960s and 1970s by the filmmakers who became popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Some particular aspects of their adaptation to the new means of artistic expressiveness and adherence to certain themes are analyzed as exemplified by the work of Yuliy Raizman who collaborated with screenwriter Ye. I. Gabrilovich, namely, by their mutual films Your Contemporary (1967), A Strange Woman (1977) and Raizman's Courtesy Call (1972).
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Arekeeva, S. T., and L. P. Fedorova. "ROLE AND PLACE OF PERIPHERAL WRITERS’ ARTISTIC CREATION IN THE HISTORY OF UDMURT LITERATURE." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, no. 4 (2022): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-4-889-894.
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The article studies the role and place of peripheral writers in the history of the development of Udmurt literature on the example of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan representatives. It highlights four generations of authors: a) generation of the 1900s-1920s, b) 1920s-1950s, c) 1950s-1970s, and d) 1980s-2010s. It identifies iconic figures of each period and studies the historical and cultural backgrounds that caused the phenomenon of their emergence. For the first time in the history of Udmurt literature, it attempts to make a comparative analysis of the socio-cultural factors that influenced the emergence of writers’ artistic personality among Udmurts of Zakamsk and Zavyatsk and caused the conceptual differences in their works in terms of understanding the world and human being. The article highlights and provides the general and specific features peculiar to the world perception and creative style of the authors that come from Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. It pays attention to specific creative personalities and their contribution to the development of Udmurt literature.
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Kiselev, Mikhail. "Carl Schmitt in the USSR." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 19, no. 2 (2020): 276–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2020-2-276-309.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the perception in the USSR of C. Schmitt and his works. It is shown that the Russian Empire paid attention to and criticized Schmitt’s 1912 work Law and Judgment. Soviet readers in the 1920s–1940s were already acquainted with the content of Schmitt’s key works such as Political Romanticism, Dictatorship, The Historical and Spiritual State of Modern Parliamentarism, Political Theology, The Concept of Political, The Age of Neutralizations and Depoliticizations, and On the Three Types of Juristic Thought, and a discussion of these works was a part of the intellectual life of the USSR in the 1920s–1940s. Moreover, Soviet Marxist-theorists of law, while criticizing Schmitt’s ideas, agreed with some of his ideas regarding the criticism of the bourgeois state and law until 1933. However, after 1933, Schmitt’s works in the USSR turned into an object of harsh criticism, and he himself was proclaimed a key fascist theoretician of state and law. Since the late 1940s, because of the so-called struggle with “cosmopolitanism”, Schmitt’s works received less attention. In the 1950s–1970s, Schmitt’s works appeared only in some critical statements, and the works of Soviet authors of the 1920s-1940s about Schmitt actually fell into oblivion. A new wave of interest in Schmitt began only in the second half of the 1980s, and his works can already be considered in the context of the intellectual history of modern Russia.
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Bogdanova, Olga A. "The Reception of Dostoevsky’s Novel The Adolescent in the Studies of Russian Authors in 1900s-1940s: Religious and Philosophical Understanding, Biography, Psychoanalysis." Dostoevsky and World Culture. Philological journal, no. 3 (2021): 157–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2619-0311-2021-3-157-195.
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The history of the perception of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel The Adolescent in the first half of the 20th century is divided into two large, qualitatively different periods: the Silver Age and the 1920s–1940s. The peculiarity of the first one is the discovery of Dostoevsky as a philosopher and religious thinker, while the second the awareness of him as an original artist. Therefore, in the first period, “ideological” and “spiritual” interpretations of The Adolescent prevailed, in the second – scientific studies of his poetics and especially of the manuscript corpus. The main areas of study of The Adolescent in the 1920s and 1940s were biography, psychoanalysis, and poetics, together with a continuous religious and philosophical understanding of the novel. The reviewed material is considered in chronological order. There is no clear distinction between Soviet and emigrant researchers, although there is a difference in the conditions in which they worked. Among the authors who wrote about The Adolescent in the 1900s and 1910s, symbolist and religious-philosophical interpretations predominate (D.S. Merezhkovsky, A.A. Blok, V.V. Rozanov, A.S. Glinka-Volzhsky, N.A. Berdyaev), judgments from the positions of naturalism, positivism, and Marxism are less common (A.I. Vvedensky, V.V. Veresaev, V.F. Pereverzev). If in the USSR of the 1920s–1940s references to The Adolescent in a religious and philosophical way are rare (N.O. Lossky), then in emigration they are quite numerous (metropolitan Antony Khrapovitsky, N.A. Berdyaev, A.Z. Steinberg, E.Yu. Kuzmina-Karavaeva, N.O. Lossky). In Dostoevsky’s biographies of the 1920s–1940s, the myth of the writer’s gloomy childhood prevails, as if depicted in the plot of Arkady Dolgoruky, the hero of The Adolescent (L.P. Grossman, I.D. Ermakov, K.V. Mochulsky), but in the same years, there is confidence in the evidence of Dostoevsky’s happy childhood (O. von Schultz, G.I. Chulkov). Psychoanalysis, authoritative in the 1920s, considered the family conflict of The Adolescent in the light of the Oedipus complex and the teachings of Z. Freud on the structure of the human personality (A.A. Kashina-Evreinova, B.A. Griftsov, I.D. Ermakov, P.S. Popov).
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Bogdanova, Olga A. "The Reception of Dostoevsky’s Novel The Adolescent in the Studies of Russian Authors in 1900s-1940s: Religious and Philosophical Understanding, Biography, Psychoanalysis." Dostoevsky and world culture. Philological journal, no. 3 (2021): 157–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2021-3-157-195.
Full textAbstract:
The history of the perception of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel The Adolescent in the first half of the 20th century is divided into two large, qualitatively different periods: the Silver Age and the 1920s–1940s. The peculiarity of the first one is the discovery of Dostoevsky as a philosopher and religious thinker, while the second the awareness of him as an original artist. Therefore, in the first period, “ideological” and “spiritual” interpretations of The Adolescent prevailed, in the second – scientific studies of his poetics and especially of the manuscript corpus. The main areas of study of The Adolescent in the 1920s and 1940s were biography, psychoanalysis, and poetics, together with a continuous religious and philosophical understanding of the novel. The reviewed material is considered in chronological order. There is no clear distinction between Soviet and emigrant researchers, although there is a difference in the conditions in which they worked. Among the authors who wrote about The Adolescent in the 1900s and 1910s, symbolist and religious-philosophical interpretations predominate (D.S. Merezhkovsky, A.A. Blok, V.V. Rozanov, A.S. Glinka-Volzhsky, N.A. Berdyaev), judgments from the positions of naturalism, positivism, and Marxism are less common (A.I. Vvedensky, V.V. Veresaev, V.F. Pereverzev). If in the USSR of the 1920s–1940s references to The Adolescent in a religious and philosophical way are rare (N.O. Lossky), then in emigration they are quite numerous (metropolitan Antony Khrapovitsky, N.A. Berdyaev, A.Z. Steinberg, E.Yu. Kuzmina-Karavaeva, N.O. Lossky). In Dostoevsky’s biographies of the 1920s–1940s, the myth of the writer’s gloomy childhood prevails, as if depicted in the plot of Arkady Dolgoruky, the hero of The Adolescent (L.P. Grossman, I.D. Ermakov, K.V. Mochulsky), but in the same years, there is confidence in the evidence of Dostoevsky’s happy childhood (O. von Schultz, G.I. Chulkov). Psychoanalysis, authoritative in the 1920s, considered the family conflict of The Adolescent in the light of the Oedipus complex and the teachings of Z. Freud on the structure of the human personality (A.A. Kashina-Evreinova, B.A. Griftsov, I.D. Ermakov, P.S. Popov).
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Zheng, Jingyun, Yingzhuo Yu, Xuezhen Zhang, and Zhixin Hao. "Variation of extreme drought and flood in North China revealed by document-based seasonal precipitation reconstruction for the past 300 years." Climate of the Past 14, no. 8 (2018): 1135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1135-2018.
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Abstract. Using a 17-site seasonal precipitation reconstruction from a unique historical archive, Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun, the decadal variations of extreme droughts and floods (i.e., the event with occurrence probability of less than 10 % from 1951 to 2000) in North China were investigated, by considering both the probabilities of droughts/floods occurrence in each site and spatial coverage (i.e., percentage of sites). Then, the possible linkages of extreme droughts and floods with ENSO (i.e., El Niño and La Niña) episodes and large volcanic eruptions were discussed. The results show that there were 29 extreme droughts and 28 extreme floods in North China from 1736 to 2000. For most of these extreme drought (flood) events, precipitation decreased (increased) evidently at most of the sites for the four seasons, especially for summer and autumn. But in drought years of 1902 and 1981, precipitation only decreased in summer slightly, while it decreased evidently in the other three seasons. Similarly, the precipitation anomalies for different seasons at different sites also existed in several extreme flood years, such as 1794, 1823, 1867, 1872 and 1961. Extreme droughts occurred more frequently (2 or more events) during the 1770s–1780s, 1870s, 1900s–1930s and 1980s–1990s, among which the most frequent (3 events) occurred in the 1900s and the 1920s. More frequent extreme floods occurred in the 1770s, 1790s, 1820s, 1880s, 1910s and 1950s–1960s, among which the most frequent (4 events) occurred in the 1790s and 1880s. For the total of extreme droughts and floods, they were more frequent in the 1770s, 1790s, 1870s–1880s, 1900s–1930s and 1960s, and the highest frequency (5 events) occurred in the 1790s. A higher probability of extreme drought was found when El Niño occurred in the current year or the previous year. However, no significant connections were found between the occurrences of extreme floods and ENSO episodes, or the occurrences of extreme droughts/floods and large volcanic eruptions.
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Powell, Douglas R., and Karen E. Diamond. "Approaches to Parent-Teacher Relationships in U.S. Early Childhood Programs during the Twentieth Century." Journal of Education 177, no. 3 (1995): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205749517700306.
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The nature of parent-teacher relationships in early childhood programs, including interventions for children with disabilities, is examined within a sociopolitical context across five eras of the twentieth century. Two general approaches are discerned: practices that view parents as learners in need of expert information and advice about child rearing, prevalent through the 1950s, and strategies involving parents as partners with educators in program decision-making, which began to surface in the 1960s. Attention is given to the influence of the Parent Teacher Association in the early 1900s as a response to societal changes stemming from the Industrial Revolution; contributions of the child study movement of the 1920s to parent education activities; effects of the Great Depression on ideas and practices related to individuals with disabilities; the growth of parent advocacy on behalf of children with disabilities; and the influence of the civil rights movement of the 1960s and widespread demographic changes of the 1970s on parent-teacher relationships. Current issues in forming and sustaining parent-teacher partnerships in early childhood programs are identified.
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Hounshell, David A. "Automation, Transfer Machinery, and Mass Production in the U.S. Automobile Industry in the Post–World War II Era." Enterprise & Society 1, no. 1 (2000): 100–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700015615.
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First experimented with in the 1920s and 1930s in the production of automobile engines, transfer machines became dominant in U.S. engine plants in the 1940s and 1950s, as automakers invested heavily in this equipment to meet pent-up demand following the war. Transfer machines thus became identified with “Detroit automation”. But with the advent of a “horsepower race”, firms found that transfer machines could not accommodate even minor changes in design. Late in the 1950s the industry developed and applied “building-block automation” to transfer machines to attain greater flexibility. Examining these developments contributes to our understanding of both specific industries and the general history of mass production and its alternatives.
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Swedberg, Richard. "European Economic Sociology, 1920s-1960s." Current Sociology 35, no. 1 (1987): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001139287035001006.
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Soucy, Rick D., Eric Heitzman, and Martin A. Spetich. "The establishment and development of oak forests in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 8 (2005): 1790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-104.
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The disturbance history of six mature white oak (Quercus alba L.) northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) hickory (Carya spp.) stands in the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas were reconstructed using tree-ring and fire-scar analysis. Results indicate that all six stands originated in the early 1900s following timber harvesting and (or) fire. These disturbances initiated a pulse of oak-dominated establishment. Most sites were periodically burned during the next several decades. Abrupt radial growth increases in all stands during the 1920s to 1940s reflected additional disturbances. These perturbations likely provided growing space for existing trees, but did not result in increased seedling establishment. Thus, multiple disturbances were important in the origin and development of the stands studied. By the 1930s and 1940s, oak establishment was replaced by shade-tolerant, fire-intolerant non-oak species; few oak recruited into tree size classes after the 1950s. The decrease in oaks and the increase in non-oaks coincided with fire suppression. Few scars were recorded during the past 6070 years. Prescribed fire may be an important management tool in regenerating oak forests in northern Arkansas.
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Bashilov, V. A., and V. I. Gulyaev. "A Bibliography of Soviet Studies of the Ancient Cultures of Latin America." Latin American Antiquity 1, no. 1 (1990): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971707.
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The study in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of the earliest history of native Latin Americans falls into two distinct periods. The first, associated with an interest in the ancient Mexican and Peruvian civilizations, can be divided into two stages: the 1920s to the early 1940s, when Soviet scholars first acquainted themselves with antiquities from the region and used them for historical parallels; and the late 1940s and early 1950s, when Soviet historians turned to an analysis of Latin American materials. The second period went through three stages: the first, from the early 1950s to the early 1960s, mainly was dominated by Yury Knorozov, who was engaged in deciphering the language of the Maya, and Rostislav Kinzhalov, who studied their art and culture. During the second stage, the early 1960s to the mid-1970s, more scholars and research institutions undertook studies of the early cultures of Latin America. The thematic range became wider as well, covering—besides Mesoamerica and the central Andean region—the Intermediate region and the Caribbean. The third stage, which started in the late 1970s and continues to the present day, witnesses ethnographers and archaeologists pooling their efforts in studying the region. There were several conferences in which specialists engaged in various fields of Latin American studies participated. Their contacts with foreign colleagues became wider; Soviet archaeologists and ethnologists took part in fieldwork in Latin America. The primary aims today are to introduce Soviet readers to archaeological materials from a number of cultural-historical regions (such as the southern fringes of Mesoamerica, Amazonia, the southern Andes, etc.), to detail Soviet studies of cultural complexes and historical processes in ancient America, and to compare them to the processes that took place in the Old World, with the aim of establishing shared historical “laws” and patterns.
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Bang, Hak-jin. "Analysis of ‘Anti-Japanese Music’ through Text Mining." Academic Association of Global Cultural Contents 62 (February 28, 2025): 87–121. https://doi.org/10.32611/jgcc.2025.2.62.87.
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This study finally analyzed 631 songs, excluding 170 overlapping songs and 129 songs with unknown production date, among 930 songs published in the <330 anti-Japanese music collection> and <600 songs of independence sung again>. After dividing the songs to be analyzed into 1900s, 1910s, 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, frequency and TF-IDF analysis, N-gram analysis, CONCOR analysis, and emotional vocabulary analysis were performed using text mining for each period. As a result of the analysis, the words appearing in the lyrics of anti-Japanese music reflected the appearance of each era from the 1900s to the 1940s and the aspect of the independence movement. During all periods of Japanese colonial era, anti-Japanese music was sung not only in Korea but also in various regions such as Manchuria, China, Russia, the U.S., and Japan, patriotic enlightenment movement, independence war theory, Korean-Chinese solidarity and conservatism. Therefore, anti-Japanese music is valuable as raw data that allow us to examine the history of the Korean independence movement from various angles. As it contains universal human values, anti-Japanese music is a genre that can be approached not only by Koreans but also by people around the world. Therefore, we hope that many follow-up studies on anti-Japanese music will continue.
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Tsyryapkina, Yulia N. "Evolution of Language Policy in Afghanistan Education System in the 1920s-2010s." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 5(139) (December 6, 2024): 70–78. https://doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2024)5-09.
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The article considers the processes of development of Afghanistan education system in the context of evolution of language policy in the years 1920s — 2010s. It was made clear that multi-level education system in Afghanistan was formed in the years of 1920s — 1930s and finally confirmed in the 1960s years. The most widely spread language in the sphere of business correspondence and education was Dari. The article finds out that Pashto as the language of the state-constituting ethnic group was enforced in the years 1930s — 1940s. On the basis of statistics data it has been proved that in 1960s the territorial and lingual differentiation in school education still remained. The analysis of academic curriculum has shown that in the education process much attention was paid to the language training of students, specifically they studied Pashto / Dari, Arabic, foreign language. The Government of the People's Democratic Party in the years 1980s made an attempt to introduce education provided by the Uzbek and Turkmen languages in the areas of indigenous dwelling of these ethnic groups. The article demonstrates that after the rise to power of Western-oriented governments of H. Karzai and A. Ghani, according to the Constitution of 2004 Pashto and Dari were accepted as the official languages, at the same time the status of languages of some ethnic minorities were strengthened, among other things including the education system, that shows the aspiration of the government to achieve equitable character of language policy.
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ZHURKOVA, DARIA A. "Reflecting on “Red Laughter”: English-Language Studies of Soviet Comedy." Art and Science of Television 18, no. 4 (2022): 13–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30628/1994-9529-2022-18.4-13-40.
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In this article, I address foreign English-language works on Soviet film comedy, tracing the waves of researchers’ interest to it, and identifying the time periods as well as film directors attracting scholars most often. The first surge of interest in Soviet film comedy came in the first half of the 1990s and was largely associated with the fall of the Iron Curtain. The major subject of research during those years were Soviet avant-garde cinema of the 1920s, musical comedies of the 1930s, and films of the Perestroika period. The second wave came in the 2010s with the emigration of a large number of Russian scholars who had personally witnessed the Soviet Union. Thanks to them, the range of the studied material has significantly expanded through the analysis of film comedies of the 1960s and 1970s. The main thematic directions and topics in the study of the comedy genre are structured in accordance with the history of film timeline. Soviet comedies of the 1920s–1930s are of specific interest to foreign researchers in terms of the ideological regulation of art, as well as in terms of how the mythology of the new socialist society was formed, and how Soviet filmmakers adapted or rejected Western standards. In the comedies of the 1960s and 1970s, scholars analyze the discordance between declared and unspoken humor and study the Aesopian language of famous comedy film directors (Ryazanov and Gaidai above all). Finally, in late-Soviet films, researchers note the growth of absurdist motifs as a sign of a complete and no longer hidden disillusionment with communist ideals.
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Crawford, C. J. "Evidence for spring mountain snowpack retreat from a Landsat-derived snow cover climate data record." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 3 (2013): 2089–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-2089-2013.
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Abstract. A Landsat snow cover climate data record (CDR) of visible mountain snow-covered area (SCA) across interior northwestern USA during spring was compared with ground-based snow telemetry (SNOTEL) snow-water-equivalent (SWE) measurements and mean surface temperature and total precipitation observations. Landsat spring SCA on 1 June was positively correlated with 15 May and 1 June SWE, negatively correlated with spring temperatures (April–June), and positively correlated with March precipitation. Using linear regression with predicted residual error sum-of-squares (PRESS) cross-validation, spring SCA was reconstructed (1901–2009) for the mountains of central Idaho and southwestern Montana using instrumental spring surface temperature records. The spring SCA reconstruction shows natural internal variability at interannual to decadal timescales including above average SCA in the 1900s, 1910s, 1940s-1970s, and below average SCA in the 1920s, 1930s, and since the mid 1980s. The reconstruction also reveals a~centennial trend towards decreasing spring SCA with estimated losses of −36.2 % since 1901. Based on the inferred thermal relationship between temperature and snow, strong evidence emerges for mountain snowpack retreat triggered by spring warming, a signal that includes both feedback and response mechanisms. Expanding snow cover CDRs to include additional operational satellite retrievals will add temporal SCA estimates during other snow accumulation and melt intervals for improved satellite-instrumental climate model calibration. Merging Landsat snow cover CDRs with instrumental climate records is a formidable method to monitor climate-driven changes in western US snowpack extent over 20th and 21st centuries.
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Chernysheva, Natal'ya, and Maria Butskikh. "AGRICULTURAL RESETTLEMENTS IN THE USSR IN THE MID-1920S – EARLY 1950S: MAIN STAGES, SCALE AND RESULTS." Socio-economic and humanitarian magazine, no. 1 (March 13, 2025): 63–73. https://doi.org/10.36718/2500-1825-2025-1-63-73.
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The objective of the study is to analyze agricultural resettlement in the USSR from the moment planned resettlement began until the beginning of the Virgin Lands Campaign. The analysis of stages, scales and determination of results of agricultural resettlement in the USSR in the mid-1920s – early 1950s is conducted. The stages of implementation of resettlement campaigns are determined, characteristics are given for each of them, the connection between resettlement and other types of migration are indicated. General scientific, special historical and statistical methods were used in the study. The authors relied on published and archival documents, which can be divided by type into statistical, regulatory and legal acts and directives of the party, office documents. During the studied period, resettlement activities were carried out in four stages (waves): Stage 1 – mid-1920s – 1930s; Stage 2 – 1939 – June 1941; Stage 3 – June 1941 – 1945; Stage 4 – 1946–1953. The most massive resettlements were in the second half of the 1920s (351.8 thousand people were resettled) and the late 1930s – early 1940s (743.5 thousand people were resettled). The contingent of resettlers was heterogeneous, and the scale and geography of resettlement also varied. During the Great Patriotic War, agricultural resettlements were urgent in nature, resettlements for work in fishing farms and settlement of territories after forced eviction prevailed. In the post-war years, the most important task of the resettlement policy was the settlement of annexed territories, and the settlement of the territory of Siberia and the Far East was also continued.
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Jaiser, Gerhard. "Tense Harmony: Thai Cinema and Popular Music." Plaridel 15, no. 1 (2018): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52518/2018.15.1-04jaiser.
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This paper follows the development of the special connection between Thai cinema and Thai popular music from the 1920s onward. The main argument is that the two dominant musical styles of luk krung and luk thung have become representative of different social groups within Thailand and that this diversification can also be found in Thai cinema. Luk thung, identified with the rural poor, was mostly rejected by producers and audience during the 1950s and 1960s. Only from the 1970s onward did a cinematic style that represented this sector of Thai society and culture develop. In this sense, one can view Thai cinema as an archive of Thai popular music.
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Mamonova, Irina G. "Kinetic Art: The Leningrad Experience, the 1920s–1990s." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 13, no. 3 (2023): 489–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2023.306.
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Kinetic works of Leningrad artists have never been studied as a separate topic. In 1965–1967, kinetic art broke into the Leningrad art scene with bright projects of a Moscow artist collective called “Dvizhenie” (“the Movement”). Soon, several young Leningrad artists became active members of the collective. At the beginning of the 1970s, the impulse given by the “Dvizhenie” led to the formation of an independent Leningrad art collective which worked on color music kinetic art performances but broke up short afterwards. Is it possible to talk about some kind of a separate Leningrad branch of kineticism? Leningrad artists whose works in the 1960s, the 1970s and later periods were related to the kinetic art perspective, and even explicitly aligned with it, did not identify themselves with kineticism. Even in the 2010s, no one talked about kineticism in connection with some exhibitions in Saint Petersburg which presented completely kinetic works of art. Today, in the wake of the growing interest in this movement in Russia in the context of recent exhibitions, the concept of kineticism has expanded to include new names. The article considers activities of Leningrad artists associated with this art movement in the field of theatrical kinetic performances (the “Dynamic” collective), three-dimensional counter-relief objects (L. Borisov), color light music and paintings visualizing music (V. Afanasyev), and architectural design / color light music projects (A. Lanin). The study also traces parallels between proto-kinetic works of Leningrad avant-garde of the 1910s–1920s, and works of Leningrad kinetic artists of the 1960s–1970s.
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Podlubnova, Yulia S. "Between the Russian Village and the Industrialization: an Essay About the Works of A. I. Zavalishin." Izvestia Ural Federal University Journal Series 1. Issues in Education, Science and Culture 28, no. 1 (2022): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv1.2022.28.1.006.
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The article offers an overview of the work of the writer and playwright Alexander Ivanovich Zavalishin starting with his texts of the 1910s and ending with the book “The Budenny’s hut” (1938). The feuilletons of the 1920s published in the newspaper “The Soviet Truth” (Chelyabinsk) are considered for the first time. The evolution of A. I. Zavalishin is outlined. It associated with the formation of the Ural writer within “newspaper literature” and further steps towards the success of the Soviet author. He did not only portray the current everyday life but also promote the values that were actualized by Soviet rhetoric and precisely in those forms that were approved and were in demand by the time. In the 1920s he created satire and scenes from village life, comedies and revolutionary dramas, in the 1930s wrote epic production dramas, a book about the heroics of the Civil War. The movement of A. I. Zavalishin from social literature of the 1920s to socialist realism of the 1930s is shown.
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Sereda, Oksana. "«True art» — «the need for the soul to express itself»: Hryhoriy Smolsky’s publicism." Proceedings of Research and Scientific Institute for Periodicals, no. 9(27) (2019): 422–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37222/2524-0331-2019-9(27)-26.
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The article deals with the journalistic achievements of the Ukrainian artist, local historian and publicist Hryhoriy Smolsky, analyzes the problems and genre of his articles in the Lviv press during the 1920s and 1970s. The long and thorny path of H. Smolsky to art was revealed. It is highlighted that this artist managed to restore his historical and artistic studios in Lviv only at the age of 28 years due to the then military situation in the Western Ukraine. It is emphasized that H. Smolsky was one of the five first students of the O. Novakivsky Art School and this was the defining moment in the formation of his artistic priorities. It became clear that the young artist’s collaboration with the Lviv press began in the late 1920s — he was part of the editorial board of «Literaturni Visti» and published two reviews on its pages. His publications about the history of the beginning and activities of the O. Novakivsky’s Art School in the «Novy Chas» newspaper and the «Svit» journal were rediscovered. It is accentuated on another facet of H. Smolsky’s talent — the writing of travel notes, which appeared in the 1930s in the «Dilo» and «Nazustrich» periodicals. It is highlighted that these features comprehensively revealed the artist’s journalistic talent. The H. Smolsky’s articles written during the German occupation, specifically in the «Lvivski Visti» diaries, were also introduced into the scholarly circulation and analyzed. It is revealed that with the advent of Soviet rule, the artist kept «silent» for 15 years and was not present in artistic life. A number of publications by H. Smolsky of the late 1950s and 1970s were studied. They prove that the author was able to maintain his socio-cultural position even in the conditions of the rigid ideological framework. The artist’s significant contribution in illuminating the history of the O. Novakivsky Art School’s achievements is highlighted. It is summarized that H. Smolsky is a talented publicist, and although his journalistic legacy (rediscovered today) has only 22 articles, those are an important source of study of the Ukrainian artistic environment of Galicia in the 1920s–1940s. Key words: H. Smolsky, journal, article, art, O. Novakivsky Art School.
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Introvigne, Massimo. "“Theosophical” Artistic Networks in the Americas, 1920–1950." Nova Religio 19, no. 4 (2016): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2016.19.4.33.
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Latin American scholars have discussed interbellum “Theosophical networks” interested in new forms of spirituality as alternatives to Catholicism, positivism and Marxism. In this article I argue that these networks included not only progressive intellectuals and political activists but also artists in Latin America, the United States and Canada, and that their interests in alternative spirituality contributed significantly to certain artistic currents. I discuss three central locations for these networks, in part involving the same artists: revolutionary Mexico in the 1920s; New York in the late 1920s and 1930s; and New Mexico in the late 1930s and 1940s. The Theosophical Society, the Delphic Society, Agni Yoga and various Rosicrucian organizations attracted several leading American artists involved in the networks.
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Quinn, Norman W. S. "Reconstructing Changes in Abundance of White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Moose, Alces alces, and Beaver, Castor canadensis, in Algonquin Park, Ontario, 1860-2004." Canadian Field-Naturalist 119, no. 3 (2005): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v119i3.142.
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The history of White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Moose, Alces alces, and Beaver, Castor canadensis, in Algonquin Park since the 1860s is reviewed and placed in the context of changes to the forest, weather, and parasitic disease. Deer seem to have been abundant in the late 1800s and early 1900s whereas Moose were also common but less so than deer. Deer declined through the 1920s as Moose probably increased. Deer had recovered by the 1940s when Moose seem to have been scarce. The deer population declined again in the 1960s, suffered major mortality in the early 1970s, and has never recovered; deer are essentially absent from the present day Algonquin landscape in winter. Moose increased steadily following the decline of deer and have numbered around 3500 since the mid-1980s. Beaver were scarce in the Park in the late 1800s but recovered by 1910 and appear to have been abundant through the early 1900s and at high numbers through mid-century. The Beaver population has, however, declined sharply since the mid-1970s. These changes can best be explained by the history of change to the structure and composition of the Park's forests. After extensive fire and logging in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the forest is now in an essentially mature state. Weather and parasitic disease, however, have also played a role. These three species form the prey base of Algonquin's Wolves, Canis lycaon, and the net decline of prey, especially deer, has important implications for the future of wolves in the Park.
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Bogdanova, Olga A. "Poetics and Textual Analysis of Dostoevsky’s Novel The Adolescent in the Studies of Russian Authors of the 1920s-1940s." Dostoevsky and World Culture. Philological journal, no. 4 (2021): 130–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2619-0311-2021-4-130-175.
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In the 1920s–1940s poetics became the main aspect of the study of The Adolescent both in the USSR and in Russian emigration. Of particular importance is the work on the handwritten corpus of the novel. The review examines the publications of the surviving manuscripts and the main studies devoted to their analysis. The stages of poetics studies and textual criticism on The Adolescent are traced in chronological order. The review consists of three sections: studies on the poetics and textual studies of The Adolescent in 1920s USSR (L.P. Grossman, N.P. Antsiferov, R.V. Ivanov-Razumnik, V.L. Komarovich, M.G. Davidovich, B.M. Engelgardt, S.A. Askoldov, S.N. Durylin, M.M. Bakhtin); Russian emigration about the poetics of The Adolescent in 1920s-1940s (I.I. Lapshin, R.V. Pletnev, A.L. Bem, P.M. Bicilli, K.V. Mochulsky); studies on the poetics of The Adolescent in 1930s-1940s USSR (G.I. Chulkov, A.S. Dolinin). The main issues that occupied Soviet and emigrant scholars of the 1920s and 1940s are highlighted: the ideological and artistic continuity of the novels The Devils, The Adolescent, and The Brothers Karamazov as the development of the idea of the plan for The Life of a Great Sinner; Dostoevsky’s creative method in the novel The Adolescent; the creative history and type of the novel; plot-compositional features and narrative strategies; motives and symbols; typology and characterology of heroes, including reminiscences from Griboedov and Pushkin, artistic polemics with L.N. Tolstoy and “duality”; prototypes of characters; speech style. The chapter on the novel in the book Dostoevsky. Life and Works by the emigrant scholar K.V. Mochulsky (1947) is recognized as the pinnacle of the study of The Adolescent in the first half of the 20th century, as it absorbed practically the entire research discourse on both sides of the USSR border and gave a complete picture of its problems and poetics. At the same time, the book is free from the traces of ideological coercion that Soviet scholars experienced in the 1930s and 1940s.
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Sit, Tsui, and Erebus Wong. "China’s modernization, rural regeneration and historical agency." Argumentum 5, no. 2 (2014): 139–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18315/argumentum.v5i2.4952.
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Like most of the once down-trodden colonized nations, China’s key historical project of the last 150 years has been to enforce modernization. The aim and mechanism of modernization has generally been simplified as industrialization, a process China has pursued since the mid-19th century. Wen Tiejun portrays China’s development in the last 150 years as ‘the four phases of industrialization of a peasant state’ with the ultimate aim of becoming a powerful modern state to counter European and Japanese imperialism, and later the United States’ embargo during the Cold War. The first attempt was the Yang Wu Movement initiated by the Qing dynasty from 1850 to 1895; the second the industrialization policy pursued by the Republican government from 1920s to the 1940s; the third the “state primitive accumulation of capital” practiced by the Communist Party regime from the 1950s to the 1970s; and the fourth the reform and open-door policy promoted by Deng Xiaoping since the late 1970s (Wen 2001). There has been intellectual consensus on modernization calling out for radical social reform in China in the 20th century. Since the 1920s all major intellectual thought has been in agreement that China needs a thorough social overhaul. The only difference was whether the model should be American capitalism or Russian socialism. Among these radical ideas and social programs, the rural reconstruction movement during the 1920s-30s represented by Liang Shuming and James Yen was a social initiative that was much neglected. It is of particular relevance to reconsider this intellectual heritage in post-development China. We will turn to this later in this essay.
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ABREU, MARCELO DE PAIVA. "Foreign Debt Policies in South America, 1929-1945." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 20, no. 3 (2000): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572000-1082.
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ABSTRACT This paper examines the similarities and contrasts of strategies adopted by the larger South American economies - Argentina, Brazil and Chile - in dealing with the problems raised by the fall of their export revenues coupled with the almost complete interruption of the inflow of foreign capital in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The characteristics of foreign indebtedness of these countries in the late 1920s and the ways the external shock affected their balance of payments from 1928-29 to 1933-34 are also considered. Their differentiated adjustment processes including debt adjustment schemes adopted during the 1930s and early 1940s are compared. Permanent debt settlements are described and discussed. Finally, it considers the links between growth performance of these countries and differentiated foreign debt policies.
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Smith, Judith. "Reading the 1920s in the 1940s." Journal of Women's History 13, no. 3 (2001): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2001.0075.
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Farrell-Beck, Jane, and Carol L. Hall. "Adolescent Consumers of Foundations, 1920s–1950s." Dress 31, no. 1 (2004): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/036121104805253171.
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Vanin Yu. V. "Soviet Union and Korea : 1920s–1930s." Journal of Northeast Asia Research 29, no. 2 (2014): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18013/jnar.2014.29.2.011.
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Orsini, Francesca. "World Literature, Indian Views, 1920s–1940s." Journal of World Literature 4, no. 1 (2019): 56–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00401002.
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Abstract “For any given observer,” David Damrosch argued in What is World Literature?, “even a genuinely global perspective remains a perspective from somewhere, and global patterns of the circulation of world literature take shape in their local manifestations.” Within world-system approaches that fix centres, peripheries and semiperipheries, or with approaches that consider world literature only that which circulates transnationally or “globally,” the relativizing import of this important insight remains inert or gets forgotten. As Indian editors and writers in the early decades of the twentieth century undertook more translations of foreign works and discussed the relationship between India and the world, overlapping understandings of world literature emerged in the Indian literary field. This essay explores three different visions of world literature from the same region and period but in different languages – English, Hindi, and Urdu – highlighting their different impulses, contexts, approaches, and outcomes in order to refine our notion of location. And whereas much of the recent debate and activities around world literature has revolved around the curriculum or around publishers’ series and anthologies, in the Indian case exposure to and discussion of literature from other parts of the world took largely place in the pages of periodicals.
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Vovchuk, Liudmyla. "Foreign Consulates in Odesa (1920s – 1930s)." Eminak, no. 1(41) (April 13, 2023): 160–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).628.
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The purpose of the research paper is to highlight the history of repatriation missions and consular institutions of Poland, Albania, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Japan and Spain in Odesa during 1922-1938, analysis of the main areas of activity within the consular district and the consular staff’s characteristics.
 The scientific novelty. The general picture of the foreign diplomatic presence in Odesa, represented by the repatriation missions of Turkey, Albania and Poland, as well as five consulates, has been reconstructed. Their personnel composition and key areas of activity are shown.
 Conclusions. With the creation of Soviet Ukraine, Odesa continued to remain a strategically important city for both European and Asian countries, which, having restored diplomatic and consular relations with the USSR, opened their consulates here. During the 1920s and 1930s, the repatriation missions of Poland, Albania, and Turkey operated in the city first (during 1922-1925), and later the consular offices of three European countries – Germany, Italy, Spain, and two Asian countries – Turkey and Japan. The foreign consular institutions’ diplomatic staff consisted exclusively of representatives of the countries they represented and were career diplomats. In turn, among the representatives of the administrative and technical staff were citizens of these countries and Soviet Ukraine, and the service staff consisted with local residents.
 Since its establishment, foreign consular representatives have contributed to the development of trade, economic, cultural and scientific relations of their countries with the UkrSSR. Important spheres of consulates’ activity were protection of the citizens’ interests of their countries, organization of material assistance for them and promotion of their departure to their homeland. In the process of gathering information about the socio-political situation in the USSR, the consuls recorded the unfolding of the Holodomor, pointing out its culprits, noted the negative consequences of collectivization and industrialization, etc.
 But, despite the constantly emphasized friendship in relations between the USSR and the countries listed above, their consulates and employees found themselves under the Soviet special services close supervision, which considered any consulates representatives’ actions as espionage. In order to be fully effective, the special services recruited representatives from both consulate employees and persons who were in contact with the consul. And after the consulates were closed, they began the process of “cleaning” them. In 1937-1938, the USSR’s relations with Italy, Germany, Turkey, Japan, and Spain became strained, which led to the closure of the consular network in Odesa.
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Moravčíková, Henrieta. "Building High Tatras: dilemma of form Architecture of 1960s and 1970s in the most famous Slovak mountain resort." Architectures of the Sun, no. 60 (2019): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/60.a.9yie08um.
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The High Tatra Mountains are the most prominent alpine center of recreation and sport in Slovakia. The development of this site dates back to the end of the 19th century. From the architectural point of view, the beginning of the 20th century, the 1920s, the 1930s and the post-war period of the 1960s and the 1970s should be considered the most interesting periods. At that time, the most important architectural works were created in the High Tatras, which in different ways dealt with the fundamental question: how to build in the mountains? Through the built results achieved in the region, it is now possible to study the success of this discussion.
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Park, KyumPyo, and Chinyoung Kim. "Gandhi's Stubbornness-Satyāgraha and Durāgraha." Journal of Meditation based Psychological Counseling 32 (December 31, 2024): 99–110. https://doi.org/10.12972/mpca.20240016.
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This study explores Gandhi’s characteristics such as Satyāgraha(眞理把持, holding firmly to truth), stubbornness and conviction by analyzing his declaration to suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement in the 1920s, his opposition to separate electorates for Untouchables in the 1930s, and his prayer meetings for Hindu-Muslim unity in the 1940s. Gandhi’s conviction, as reflected in these activities, can be interpreted as follows: In the 1920s, his conviction aligned with the spirit of satyagraha. In the 1930s, regarding the political rights of Untouchables, elements of duragraha began to emerge alongside satyagraha, showing a mix of both stances. By the 1940s, his focus on alleviating Hindu-Muslim tensions resulted in a practical loss of balance between conviction and stubbornness. The historical perspective and philosophical evaluation of Gandhi in this study may be an arbitrary diagnosis of his stubborn beliefs. However, the significance of this research lies in rediscovering the footsteps of a saint who sought truth and contemplated what was best for India.