Dissertations / Theses on the topic '1920-2017 Criticism and interpretation'

This thesis examines the semi-autobiographical work of Maria Beig in the context of traditional and contemporary regional literature. It attempts to do justice to her work as a whole. The style and content of her work are discussed with reference to topics of literary theory relating to regional literature, such as the village novella, or anti-idyllic elements, to mention only those most discussed. A further emphasis of the thesis is the question of academic reception of regional literature, in relation to the genre generally and to Maria Beig's work--that of a "poeta non docta"--in particular. Finally there is a (short) discussion of "women's issues". Such a discussion cannot be omitted, as Maria Beig is a modern woman writer whose main characters are almost exclusively feminine, and whose texts often raise questions concerned with gender.
Included in the appendix are a transcript of an interview between Maria Beig and the author, and a self-written life story which Maria Beig made available to the author. These represent an indispensable aid to the reading and understanding of the thesis.

Keeper of the Protocols argues that Jens Bjørneboe was a consciously European author, of international stature, whose works cannot be properly understood if treated simply as the product of a "Scandinavian" writer. As Bjørneboe remains for the most part untranslated into English, the objectives of the study are two-fold: to introduce the works of Jens Bjørneboe, and to provide a detailed commentary on influence in his works from classic and contemporary sources. The first chapter serves as an introduction to Bjørneboe supplying a concise overview of his literary career as playwright, novelist, poet and essayist. In chapter two, his early achievements as a poet and novelist are discussed. The point of departure for the earliest works lies in the spiritual system of Anthroposophy and the powerful influence of Rilke. The chapter culminates with commentaries on his highly controversial debate-novels. The third chapter is an extended study of his pivotal trilogy known as "The History of Bestiality": Frihetens øyeblikk (1966), Kruttårnet (1970) and Stillheten (1973). While the trilogy represents a confrontation with Western , culture, it also depicts modern man in a world devoid of values and meaning. Here, the influence of Nietzsche and Sartre are traceable. In the trilogy, Bjørneboe's thinking on violence and society intersects with that of Michel Foucault and René Girard. The fourth chapter is a discussion of Bjørneboe and the theater. As a Norwegian dramatist who rejected Ibsen's form of theater, he found recourse alternately in Brecht, Strindberg and Tennessee Williams. Bjørneboe's major plays can best be understood in light of this set of influences. The fifth and final chapter examines the "anarchism" which was Bjørneboe's final philosophical resting place. The parallels with Camus's ideas in L'Homme revolté are readily discernible. Bjørneboe's final novel, Haiene (1974), which was to commence his "History of Freedom," is a sea novel which invites comparison with Conrad, particularly Conrad's conception of history. Bjørneboe's letters and unpublished autobiography show an increasing preoccupation with the split between social and metaphysical concerns. His final months, and his assessment of his own literary accomplishment, are reviewed in light of this conflict.
Arts, Faculty of
English, Department of
Graduate

For almost 35 years the work carried out by the Brazilian artist Lygia Clark between the 1950s and until her death, in 1988, has attracted the attention of both Brazilian and European scholars and critics. Since special attention has only been given to her post-1969 work, the work carried out until 1969 has been overlooked. In particular, I would argue that through the incorporation of the human body Clark's 1959-1964 Bicho series is the first spatial performative strategy developed by Clark during the 1960s and against which all her subsequent production needs to be read.
The present essay is thus an attempt to read as spatial performative strategies Clark's Bicho series with and against the Brazilian reception of Mondrian, reception which, as I would argue has been overlooked in the context of her work. Furthermore, I would argue that in order for us to better understand how the Bicho series unfold as spatial performative strategies the Brazilian reception of Mondrian must be approached through the Brazilian reception of Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology and political and cultural movements of the time. While the role played by Merleau-Ponty's incorporation of the human body in Clark's work has not been closely examined, Clark's engagement with the political and cultural movements of her time has been underestimated. I would argue that any attempt to give an account of Clark's practice needs to take into consideration the role these three aspects played in her engagement with the problem of representation.

The objective of this thesis comes from a desire to ponder on the role played by Benito Perez Galdos' novels. As a prolific Spanish journalist, novelist and "historian," his work offers a deep insight into the second half of the nineteenth-century society for it depicts historical situations of that particular moment. Through the evolution of the author's artistic representation, we will assess the values he seeks to impart. Moreover, in conjunction with this artistic evolution, there is our perception of the various political changes and turmoils, that is, we shall try to understand these historial events, not so much in a rational manner, but rather according to the author's philosophical perception.

This thesis examines the institutionalization and practice of literary historiography in Republican China through the writings of Zheng Zhenduo (1898-1956). On the basis of a careful reading of Zheng's three book-length histories of Chinese and world literature, written from the early 1920s to late 1930s, the thesis questions the characterization of Republican literary historical scholarship as simply iconoclastic (vis-a-vis Chinese tradition) or derivative (vis-a-vis the West). It shows that Zheng's literary historiography was actually comprised of multiple and sometimes contradictory approaches to the past. These approaches were shaped, on the one hand, by the demands of a professional discipline that was constructed on the ideal of a universal literature but also faced with the task of integrating the Chinese people into history; and, on the other, by a confrontation and creative negotiation with earlier readings and valuations of Chinese literature.

Arthur Boyd (1920-1999) presents art historians with an exceptionally complex critical dimension in terms of his position in twentieth century painting. Although he is considered to be one of the most distinguished Australian painters of the century, in terms of the originality and accomplishment exhibited over five decades (the other being Sir Sidney Nolan O.M,.R.A.), Boyd has been, to date, ill-served by contemporary historians. The earlier definitive publication, by Franz Philipp was published in London as early as 1967. There was subsequently a relatively brief study by Dr Ursula Hoff (1986). In both cases the research was valuable, given the social and cultural climate of each respective period, but their conclusions demand revision in the present perspective. Boyd's completed oeuvre is now open to revisionary analysis in art historical terms, in the light of evolving and more demanding criteria with respect to a properly contemporary social and cultural perspective. My work was in large part complete by 1996, after which the artist suffered terminally from a physically and mentally debilitating condition ; he died three years later. In a radical reappraisal I have accordingly reviewed the chronological progression of his work in various media. This is charted and analysed in terms of its transition from the relatively benign landscape and figurative subject material in the prewar period , then following the trauma of world war a transformation into a more psychologically riven genre of allegorical departures from harmony and visual cohesion; to work driven by global knowledge of atrocity and deprivation. As the postwar work developed, the artist's imagery reflected a deliberate level of appropriation of subject and composition. An awareness of European narrative painting grew at first hand, deployed by him subsequently to develop content via specific collaborations in graphic work, with established scholars and poets. In the 1960s and 1970s Boyd successfully evolved, with his exceptional technical proficiency and draughtmanship, a model whereby religious or historical narrative text was combined with an expanding repertoire of Boyd imagery. I have explored this process and its results to find an original connectivity not previously evaluated. This examines the development of the oeuvre as between thematic content and its expression through Boyd's personal language in painting. Of particular significance I have reappraised Boyd's Bride paintings of the 1950s in the light of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission's report, Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families, (1997). In doing so Boyd can be seen as both a courageous and a highly original artist who sought to expose the ills of society through painting. At the same time his work is the product of the ignorance of white Australians in their comprehension of the plight of Australia's dispossessed Indigenous race. These social aspects are here exposed for the first time in my conclusions as essential to the complete reappraisal of Arthur Boyd's ultimate standing in terms of present day critique.

This thesis examines how Gwyn Thomas and Ron Berry interact with and respond to landscape and environment in their fictional and non-fictional writing. Exploring how the writers negotiate the convergence of the industrial and the rural/natural in the uplands of the south Wales coalfield, in particular the Rhondda Fawr Valley, the study considers the literary geographies their work creates. Examining the themes of the cultural and political use of landscape and rural imagery, the manifestation of authority in landscapes, the impact of industrialisation and de-industrialisation, the uncanny underground environment and its dynamic interactions with the ground above, and post-industrial environmental issues, the study re-positions two industrial writers of Wales to reveal the significance of landscape, place and environment in their writing.

This dissertation is an investigation on the realist film theory of Siegfried Kracauer. It was principally conducted through film practice as exemplified by the ten short films that compose the omnibus film project, Life-world Series (dir. Joni Gutierrez, 2017, 118 minutes). To supplement the study's examination of Kracauerian cinematic realism (KCR), film criticism of selected works of Lino Brocka was also accomplished. The methodology involved three components: (1) research-based production of Life-world Series; (2) textual analyses of the said film collection and selected Brocka films; and (3) meta-analysis of the scholarly criticism on the Brocka film. This dissertation is the first to use film-making practice which was a part of the research project and devised to investigate KCR, which avows that the cinematic experience of physical reality as an object of contemplation fosters an intuitive understanding of the Lebenswelt (life-world) and, in turn, brings about the redemptive potential of film vis-à-vis the modern condition. The emergent design of Life-world Series opened the study to a wide range of possibilities that it could not have encountered if it limited itself to applying a particular theory as a framework in doing film criticism of pre-existing works. This project - through both its film practice and criticism components - is an interweaving of key notions from Husserlian phenomenology and the seven KCR tropes identified in the study, namely: (1) the quotidian; (2) the transient; (3) the refuse; (4) the fortuitous; (5) the indeterminate; (6) the flow of life; and (7) the spiritual life itself. The phenomenological engagement of this investigation has provided opportunities for expanding the inventory of KCR tropes, to conceivably include characteristics of the Lebenswelt which form part of the project's overall findings; that is, the life-world as: (1) expansive; (2) multi-layered; (3) flowing; (4) in the process of becoming; (5) resonantly intersubjective; (6) a thing of beauty; (7) relating to essences; (8) cyclical; (9) transcendent; (10) meaning-laden; (11) fragmented; and (12) malleable. The dissertation explicates how its phenomenological approach in inspecting KCR led to the construction of a prospective model of cinematic realism - the integrated quadrant model of Kracauerian cinematic realism (IQMKCR) - and finally, determines the implications and prospects of using film practice as an instrument in interrogating KCR.

John Graves's creative non-fiction has earned him respect in Texas letters as a seminal writer but scarce critical commentary of his work outside the region. Ecological criticism examines how language, culture and the land interact, providing a context in which to discuss Graves in relation to the southwestern literary tradition of J. Frank Dobie, Walter P. Webb, and Roy Bedichek, to southern pastoral in the Virgilian mode, and to American nature writing. Graves's rhetorical strategies, including his appropriation of form, his non-polemical voice, his experimentation with narrative persona, and his utilization of traditional tropes of metaphor, metonymy, and irony, establish him as a conservative and Romantic writer of place concerned with the friction between traditional agrarian values and the demands of late-twentieth-century urban/technological existence. Sequentially, Graves's three main booksGoodbye to a River (1960), Hard Scrabble (1974), and From a Limestone Ledge (1980)represent a movement from the pastoral mode of the outward journey and return to the more domestic world of georgic, from the mode of leisure and contemplation to the demands and rewards of hard work and ownership. As such they represent not only progression or maturation in the arc of the narrator's life but a desire to reconcile ideological poles first examined so long ago in Virgil: leisure and work, freedom and responsibility, rural and urban values.

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Este trabalho realiza uma leitura interpretativa das crônicas de Berna, escritas por Clarice Lispector e publicadas no Jornal do Brasil, entre 1967 e 1973, com destaque para os temas do exílio e da melancolia. Objetiva-se demonstrar como a produção literária da escritora está vinculada a sua própria experiência de deslocamento e segregação, representadas nos textos pelo recurso da ficcionalização de enunciadores que transitam em um estado subjetivo de melancolia e vazio, não se identificando com o espaço estrangeiro e com o outro que ali habita. A sustentação teórica acerca do conceito de recriação da experiência concentra-se em Garramuño (2012), a literatura de exílio encontra-se, sobretudo, em Nancy (1996) e Rouanet (2008), ao passo que o apoio para a discussão sobre a estética da melancolia veio principalmente de Freud (2011), Hassoun (2002) e Lambotte (2000). Nas crônicas, a autora explora a percepção do espaço público urbano, oferecendo um olhar que capta o cotidiano e o representa em um misto de crônica de viagem com reflexão lírica. A intenção é apresentar aspectos do projeto literário de Clarice Lispector, mobilizados na criação das crônicas de Berna, as quais podem ser lidas individualmente, mas também em conjunto, como se constituíssem um único texto. Desenvolve-se, então, um processo de busca de indícios para a recriação da tessitura literária da obra, por meio da análise das crônicas e da recorrência destas no romance A cidade sitiada, atentando, inclusive, para a preocupação recorrente da escritora em retornar ao texto já publicado para ressignificá-lo e reconstruí-lo, desenvolvendo assim uma escrita em Palimpsesto
This work undertakes an interpretative reading of The Chronicle of Bern written by Clarice Lispector and published in Jornal do Brasil between 1967 and 1973 highlighting the themes of exile and melancholy. It aims to demonstrate how the literary production of the writer is linked to her own experiences of displacement and segregation represented in the texts by the use of fictionalization of enunciators that transit in a subjective state of melancholy and emptiness and do not identify with the foreign space and the others who live there. The theoretical basis of the concept of recreating the experience focuses on Garramuño (2012), the exile literature can be found in Nancy (1996) and Rouanet (2008) whereas the support for the discussion of melancholy aesthetics came mainly from Freud (2011), Hassoun (2002) and Lambotte (2000).The writer explores the perception of urban public space in the chronicle offering a feeling that captures the everyday and represents it in a mixture of trip chronicle and lyric reflection. The objctive is to present the aspects of Clarice Lispector's literary project mobilized in the creation of The Chronicle of Bern which can be individually read, but can also be read all together as if they were a single text. Then, it develops a process of searching for evidence for the recreation of the literary texture of the work through the chronicle analysis and the recurrence of these in the novel A Cidade Sitiada, paying attention to the concern of the writer to return to text that has been already published to give another meaning and rebuild it developing a written in Palimpsest

This doctoral thesis contributes to the ongoing scholarly conversation on literary representation of musical sounds, forms, and compositions. My close examination of the tangible presences of Western art music in the fiction of three contemporary American novelists relocates traditional foci of intermediality and word and music studies from referential precision and structural equivalence across the arts to the problem of readerly experience of music through fictional narrative. Exploring a variety of diegetic encounters with music in William T. Vollmann's Europe Central (2005), William H. Gass's Middle C (2013), and Richard Powers's Orfeo (2014), I draw from cognitive narratology and the philosophy of music, among others, to construct a concise model of musical experience and a system of its literary correlatives, which can provide for the reader's enactive response to music-related themes and means in fiction. I discuss the different strategies the writers apply to communicate the presumably elitist experience of Western classical music as suggestive and relevant to their 21st-century readerships, whether big or small. I order my chapters dialectically, regarding the three authors' literary approaches to musical experience as thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. In Chapter I, Vollmann's intermedial transpositions of Dmitri Shostakovich's fictionalized works are shown to be framed by a mimetic bias, under which diegetic music functions as a characterization means for the author's historical preoccupations. The thesis (i) I infer from Vollmann's approach is that music is part of the fictional reality representative/informative/definitive of what that reality is like. Chapter II is devoted to Gass's metafictional distrust of representation, whereupon his novelistic narrative discards diegetic music almost completely and points out ways of experiencing verbal textures musically. Gass's method is thus antithetical (ii) to Vollmann's: music is a metaphor for creativity, indifferent to the subject matter and/or plot, which at representation level may well be a parodic perversion of the very idea of creativity. Powers's balanced treatment of musicalized content and form and his generous supply of multivalent experiential cues are forged to appeal to a broader reading audience, as I argue in Chapter III. In what I see as a synthesis (iii) of Vollmann and Gass, Powers's storyworld contains abundant diegetic music that constructs narrative settings and drives the events of the plot, but is itself graspable through musical metaphors. The findings of the thesis open new directions for research into musico-literary reception. Encouraging a revival of reader-response awareness in literary analysis, musicalized fiction is an untrivial subject for interactive theoretical scrutiny by psychologists and philosophers of music, transmedial narratologists, and cognitive scientists. Empirical studies of actual readers' experience of musicalized prose may prove particularly promising in further investigation of this intersectional phenomenon.

This study constitutes an inquiry into how Olive Schreiner‟s peripheral position as a colonial woman writer enabled her rewriting of feminine identity, specifically her subversion of Victorian feminine stereotypes. I focus particular attention on three novels: The Story of an African Farm (1890), and the posthumously published From Man to Man (1926) and Undine (1929). I employ a feminist literary approach to examine how Schreiner‟s hybrid identity as a British South African enabled her revisioning of femininity. If Schreiner is situated within the context of her time, it can be demonstrated that her negotiations of feminine identity are influenced by her dual intellectual and cultural heritage. On the one hand, she can be situated within a British tradition of women‟s writing – in particular, the New Woman fiction which emerged in the late nineteenth century. On the other hand, she can be situated within a nascent South African literary tradition – and demonstrates prototypically post-colonial concerns. Schreiner‟s writing style develops out of her colonial heritage and her experiences as a woman living in a patriarchal society. The resultant voice subverts the narrative traditions of the metropolitan novel in an attempt to articulate an alternative view of femininity. I examine in detail how Schreiner undermines and subverts Victorian stereotypes, and focus particular attention on the „fallen woman‟ and the „mother-figure‟. She attempts to challenge conventional Victorian conceptions of femininity by erasing the binary between the „angel‟ and the „whore‟ in order to create a New Woman. In Undine and The Story of an African Farm the full realisation of this New Woman is deferred, since both protagonists die, but From Man to Man is more nuanced, particularly in its emphasis on economic empowerment for women. Schreiner also destabilises traditional notions of motherhood, in order to offer glimpses of an alternative maternal role. It is my contention that, in her depiction of mother-figures and (un)fallen women, Schreiner challenges stock Victorian notions of femininity and, in the process, creates a space in which new possibilities for women can be imagined and negotiated.

Edwin Fissinger (1920-1990) was a conductor and prolific choral composer. His compositional techniques, settings of text, jazz-influenced harmonies, and melodic propulsion fulfill an important role in each of his compositions. In the eight choral cycles he composed, Fissinger unified each cycle through thematic and textual elements. Although this resulted in a logical progression of poetry and music, Fissinger's final choral cycle, Prairie Scenes, was not published as he intended. Rather, individual selections from the cycle were published by two different publishing houses, out of sequence, and sixteen years apart. Consequently, the eight pieces are not currently performed together. Today's choral conductors, singers, and audience do not fully appreciate the value of this choral cycle and cannot understand its intended context. It is necessary to provide an in-depth investigation of the original eight-piece work Prairie Scenes: A Choral Cycle to place the appropriate organizational set together. This study illustrates the importance of the unification of Fissinger's Prairie Scenes: A Choral Cycle through a study of the poetry, the thematic material as it relates to the natural elements of the prairies, the manuscripts, and interviews with Fissinger's publishers and colleagues. An examination of Fissinger's compositional technique to convey the meaning of the text reveals a clear link between Prairie Scenes and the North Dakota prairies and its seasons. A description of the development of the choral cycle throughout music history and a biography of Edwin Fissinger and his compositional style are also included.

Cette thèse propose une lecture croisée des épopées traditionnelles et postcoloniales dans un cadre transculturel. Une analyse comparée de Moby Dick de Herman Melville, Omeros de Derek Walcott et la trilogie de l’Ibis d’Amitav Ghosh nous permet de cerner spécificités de l’épopée moderne postcoloniale. Celle-ci s’inscrit dans la lignée des épopées traditionnelles d’Homère, Virgile, Arioste, Camões et Milton, tout en rivalisant avec elles. Les épopées traditionnelles et modernes ont recours à des conventions qui esthétisent l’expérience collective comme les comparaisons épiques, la généalogie présentée sous forme de prophétie et la mise en abyme ekphrastique. L’épopée traditionnelle met en avant la vision d’une société unifiée grâce à des conjonctions harmonieuses entre le trope et la diégèse, des continuités généalogiques entre l’ancêtre et le descendant ainsi que des associations autoréflexives ekphrastiques entre l’histoire impériale et le texte qui la glorifie. Dans cette perspective, la spécificité de l’épopée postcoloniale semble résider dans l’articulation ambivalente de la condition postcoloniale. Ainsi, chez Melville, Walcott et Ghosh, le style héroï-comique contrebalance les comparaisons épiques opérant des transfigurations héroïques. De même, de nouvelles affiliations hybrides forgées par les personnages coexistent avec des généalogies discontinues, sans en combler toutes les lacunes créées par le déracinement et la violence coloniale. Cette vision équivoque trouve son expression la plus franche dans les séquences ekphrastiques où les textes sont confrontés au choix impossible entre commémoration de l’expérience et regard critique vis-à-vis d’elle
This thesis offers collocational readings of traditional and postcolonial epics in transcultural frameworks. It investigates the specificities of modern postcolonial epic through a comparative analysis of Herman Melville’s Moby Dick, Derek Walcott’s Omeros, and Amitav Ghosh’s Ibis trilogy. It explores how these works emulate, but also rival, the traditional epics of Homer, Virgil, Ariosto, Camões, and Milton. Both traditional and postcolonial epic rely on generic conventions in order to aestheticize collective experience, setting it against the natural world (via epic similes), against history and imperial destiny (via genealogy and prophecy), and against the epic work itself (via ekphrasis). However, traditional epic emphasizes a unified worldview, characterized by harmonious conjunctions between trope and diegesis, genealogical continuities between ancestor and descendant, and self-reflexive ekphrastic associations between imperial history and the epic text commissioned to glorify it. From this perspective, the specificity of postcolonial epic can be formulated in terms of its ambivalent articulation of the postcolonial condition. In the works of Melville, Walcott, and Ghosh, tropes of heroic transfiguration are held in check by the mock-heroic, while empowering self-adopted hybrid affiliations co-exist, but cannot entirely compensate for, discontinuous genealogies marked by displacement, deracination, and colonial violence. This ambivalence finds its most powerful expression in the ekphrastic sequences where the postcolonial texts are most directly confronted with the impossible choice between commemorating experience and being critical of such commemoration

Orientador: Robert Wayne Andrew Slenes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Olive Emilie Albertina Schreiner (1855-1920), literata sul-africana de origem anglófona, é hoje lembrada essencialmente por sua contribuição para o campo dos estudos de gênero e sexualidade, bem como por seu romance de estréia - The Story of an African Farm, publicado em 1883. Centramos nossa análise no período de expansão econômico-territorial sul-africana - aqui delimitado entre os anos 1880 e 1902 - para apreender o diálogo da escrita de Schreiner com os impactos da política imperialista britânica nas relações entre ingleses e bôeres; ingleses e nativos e nativos e bôeres. É também neste período que a literata começa a articular sua idéia de nação sul-africana e assume uma política de combate à exploração do nativo pelo sistema capitalista, além de estruturar um discurso de apoio ao bôer. Para tanto, à leitura de The Story of an African Farm associamos também o estudo de obras que receberam até então pouco destaque: Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland (1897) e Thoughts on South Africa (1923*).
Abstract: Olive Emilie Albertina Schreiner (1855-1920), South African writer of anglophone origin, is nowadays remembered primarily for her contribution to the field of gender and sexuality studies, as well as for her debut novel, The Story of an African Farm (1883). Focusing our analysis on the economic expansion of South African territory - period delimited here between years 1880-1902 - we intend to explore the dialog of her writings with the impacts of British imperialist policy in the relations between British and the Boers, British and natives and between natives and Boers. It is also during this period that the literate begins to articulate her idea of a South African nation and engages herself in a policy to combat the exploitation of the native by the capitalist system, besides articulating a speech in support of the Boer cause. Therefore, to the reading of The Story of an African Farm we also associated the study of some works that received little attention so far: Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland (1897) and Thoughts on South Africa (1923*).
Mestrado
Historia Social
Mestre em História

Orientador: Suzi Frankl Sperber
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O trabalho aqui proposto aborda as relações existentes entre o romance A Hora da Estrela, publicado em 1977, por Clarice Lispector, e o filme homônimo de Suzana Amaral, lançado em 1985. Os elementos que estruturam a literatura e o cinema são diferentes e estabelecer parâmetros de comparação fez-se necessário. Assim, as análises aqui expostas estão centradas, sobretudo, no confronto entre a caracterização proposta para Macabéa no livro e no longa metragem. Para tanto, foram utilizadas diferentes correntes teóricas, que vão da teoria da literatura aos estudos sobre cinema. As especificidades de cada texto, livro e filme, ao mesmo tempo em que facilitam a pesquisa, já que os objetos de análise têm características próprias e podem, portanto, ser analisados separadamente, enredam-nos a possibilidades antes não pensadas, pois a transposição da história de Macabéa para o cinema suprime e insere elementos que devem ser confrontados: o texto de Suzana Amaral parece dizer a mesma coisa que o de Lispector, mas com recursos e linguagens diferentes. A supressão do narrador Rodrigo S.M., tão caro ao texto de Lispector, dá ao longa metragem maior destaque à sensibilidade da protagonista que, marcante no livro, é mesclada à tentativa de S.M. em comicizar e ridicularizar a heroína com o intuito de se afirmar dentro da sociedade. Rodrigo não existe no filme, fato que faz com que o texto de Suzana ganhe significações diferentes, pois a datilógrafa passa a ser vista através do olhar das demais personagens e não mais de um narrador. Mas é através do perfil sensível que Macabéa deve ser percebida, tanto em um texto quanto em outro, pois, no romance, a protagonista se desprende de S.M. através de pequenos luxos, pequenos prazeres, que são transpostos em grande número para o texto de Amaral. A emoção sentida por Macabéa em certas passagens ganha vida com a interpretação de Marcélia Cartaxo, que com poucas falas no filme, consegue traduzir para o cinema os sentimentos e as emoções de uma heroína, aparentemente calada por ser marginal, mas que na verdade usa a parcimônia como uma arma para enfrentar o sistema
Abstract: This essay shows the relations between the novel The Hour of the Star, published in 1977, by Clarice Lispector, and the movie, with the same title, directed by Suzana Amaral and released in 1985. The elements which structure literature and cinema are different , so it was necessary to establish parameters to compare them.. This way, the analysis exposed here is centered, specially, comparing Macabea's characterization in the novel and in the movie, as well. For that, were used many theoretical thoughts, which go from literature theory to cinema studies. The particularities of the both texts, novel and movie, when analyzed separately, can make the research easier, because the objects that are analyzed have own characteristics and may be studied with their specifies. In the other hand, the translation of Macabea's story to the cinema leave out and place elements which must be studied together with the both texts: Amaral film seems to say the same thing that Lispector's novel, but with different resources. The narrator suppression , so important to the novel, gives to the movie other focus, like Macabea's sensibility, which is presented in the book, but is mixed with Rodrigo S.M. tentative to ridicule the main character , narrator who aims to confirm himself inside the society. Rodrigo doesn't exist in the movie, that's why, Suzana's text wins different meanings, after all the dactylographer can be seen by the other characters and not anymore only by the narrator eyes. But, it is through the sensitive profile that Macabea can be seen : she has little luxuries, little pleasures, which are transported to Amaral's text. The emotion expressed by Macabea in the novel is in the movie with Marcelia Cartaxo interpretation, who has few speeches in the movie, but can translate to the film Macabea's feelings and emotions, apparently quiet because she is marginal, however she uses the silence to face up the society
Mestrado
Literatura e Outras Produções Culturais
Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

Ce travail a pour ambition de faire mieux connaître l'importance de la bibliophilie dans la création littéraire de 1830 à 1920. De la mise en scène du bibliophile, à la mise en livre d'une poétique, étudier les pratiques littéraires bibliophiles, c'est éclairer des processus d'écriture et la production conséquente de livres dont la matérialité fait sens. Une première partie étudie la transformation de la bibliophilie d’une collection comme une autre à une méthode d’écriture, par l’analyse des origines d’une pratique bibliophile littéraire et de ses figures comme Charles Nodier ou le Bibliophile Jacob. Entre pratique en société et lyrisme de l’objet, la bibliophilie se définit peu à peu au miroir de sa propre caricature. Une seconde partie s’intéresse à la bibliophilie comme source littéraire et mythique : entre bibliothèque réelle et bibliothèque imaginaire, la bibliophilie – « véritable machine à exploiter le temps » pour Pierre Louÿs – transforme en profondeur le rapport à la matérialité du livre chez des écrivains comme Marcel Schwob, Remy de Gourmont ou Alfred Jarry. Une troisième partie s'intéresse plus particulièrement à l’objet livre et à ses conditions de production et de réception. Des expériences de Mallarmé et de Charles Cros à celles d’Apollinaire et de Blaise Cendrars il semble bien qu’à une poétique nouvelle doive correspondre un objet livre nouveau – entre expérimentation (typo)graphique et tradition bibliophile
This work aims to help understand the importance of bibliophilia within literary creation between 1830 and 1920. From the publicising of the bibliophile to the publishing of poetry, to study bibliophilic literary practices is to shed light on both the writing process and the resulting production of books whose materiality is meaningful. A first part studies the beginnings of a bibliophilic literary practice and its figures, such as Charles Nodier or Bibliophile Jacob, to highlight the evolution of bibliophilia from a mere collection among others to an original writing process. Torn between social experience and lyricism of the object, bibliophilia progressively defines itself in response to its own caricature. A second part considers bibliophilia as a literary and mythical source: bringing real and imaginary libraries together, bibliophilia deeply changes the relationship to the materiality of books amongst writers such as Marcel Schwob, Remy de Gourmont or Alfred Jarry. A third part takes a closer look at the book as an object and at the conditions of its production and reception. From Mallarmé and Charles Cros' experiences to those of Apollinaire and Blaise Cendars, it appears that a new type of literature needs a new type of book, the combined result of (typo)graphic experimentation and bibliophilic tradition

This thesis examines the imagery of Jose Guadalupe Posada in the context of the Mexican Revolution with particular reference to the corrido as a major manifestation of Mexican culture. Particular emphasis is given to three corridos: "La Cucaracha," "La Valentina," and "La Adelita." An investigation of Posada's background, style, and technique places him in the tradition of Mexican art. Using examples of works by Posada which illustrate Mexico's history, culture, and politics, this thesis puts Posada into the climate of the Porfiriato and Revolutionary Mexico. After a brief introduction to the corrido, a stylistic analysis of each image, research into the background of the song and subject matter, and comments on the music draw together the concepts of image, music, and text.

Orientador: Marcos Aparecido Lopes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O trabalho é uma leitura da presença de Sevilha nos poemas de João Cabral de Melo Neto, tendo como foco o livro Sevilha andando (1989) dividido em duas partes, "Sevilha andando" e "Andando Sevilha". A pesquisa focaliza a segunda parte "Andando Sevilha", cujos poemas sobre a arquitetura, as manifestações culturais sevilhanas, incluindo a religião, integram a linhagem de assuntos populares e humanísticos desenvolvidos por João Cabral nos poemas sobre Sevilha e que caracterizam a mulher da primeira parte do livro, "Sevilha andando". O livro Sevilha andando representa o projeto poético humanístico de João Cabral ao retratar Sevilha em seus poemas como uma forma de expressão humana, destinada ao usufruto de sua população. A religião, tema incontornável da cultura ibérica por estar presente na história, na cultura, nas tradições, nos costumes e nos monumentos sevilhanos, é o foco da presente pesquisa e apresenta duas abordagens em "Andando Sevilha". Na primeira, este assunto é retratado em torno dos aspectos populares, coletivos e de união por vivificar os laços sociais, como é expresso no poema "Semana Santa". Na segunda, João Cabral abordará o aspecto manipulador da religião ao descrever as atitudes dos padres de Sevilha, irrelevantes à ordem social coletiva, nos poemas "O asilo dos velhos sacerdotes" e "Padres sem paróquia". Além disso, a temática religiosa foi pouco desenvolvida pelo poeta pernambucano em sua trajetória poética, por isso ganha destaque na presente pesquisa por ter relação com outros poemas de "Andando Sevilha". Com base no estudo dos poemas sevilhanos e da temática da religião é possível afirmar que João Cabral ocupa um lugar social vinculado ao seu processo de formação literária e à sua concepção de poesia, por isso os temas versados pelo poeta têm relação com a nova postura da linguagem de sua poesia que se deu com o convívio e estudo da literatura espanhola
Abstract: The work is an interpretation of the presence of Seville in the poems of João Cabral de Melo Neto, focusing on the book Sevilha andando (1989) divided into two parts, "Sevilha andando" and "Andando Sevilha". The research focuses on the second part of the book, "Andando Sevilha", whose poems about architecture, cultural manifestation, including religion are part of the lineage of popular and humanistic subjects developed by João Cabral in the poems about Seville, that characterize the woman of the first part of book, "Sevilha andando". The book Sevilha andando represents the poetic project humanistic of João Cabral because he portrays Seville in his poems as a form of human expression, for the enjoyment of its population. Religion, unavoidable topic of Iberian culture by being present in history, culture, traditions, customs and monuments in Seville, is represented in this research in its popular, collective and union aspects. Besides, religion vivifies the social bonds, if not; the poet will be positioned differently. These two ways of thinking about religion are expressed in "Semana Santa", "O asilo dos velhos sacerdotes" and "Padres sem paróquia". The religiosity is a theme few developed by the Pernambucano poet, because of it, this subject will be studied in this research by having relationship with other poems of "Andando Sevilha". Based on the study of the poems about Seville and the theme of religion in "Andando Sevilha", it's possible to say that João Cabral occupies a social position, linked to his process of literary formation and his conception of poetry, so the topics represented by the poet relate the new position of the language of his poetry which gave to the living and study of Spanish literature
Mestrado
Teoria e Critica Literaria
Mestra em Teoria e História Literária

The aim of this thesis is to arrive at a characterisation of twentieth century poetry and science by means of a detailed study of the work of four poets who engaged extensively with science and whose writing lives spanned the greater part of the period. The study of science in the work of the four chosen poets, Hugh MacDiarmid (1892 – 1978), Judith Wright (1915 – 2000), Edwin Morgan (1920 – 2010), and Miroslav Holub (1923 – 1998), is preceded by a literature survey and an initial theoretical chapter. This initial part of the thesis outlines the interdisciplinary history of the academic subject of poetry and science, addressing, amongst other things, the challenges presented by the episodes known as the ‘two cultures' and the ‘science wars'. Seeking to offer a perspective on poetry and science more aligned to scientific materialism than is typical in the interdiscipline, a systemic challenge to Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) is put forward in the first chapter. Additionally, the founding work of poetry and science, I. A. Richards's Science and Poetry (1926), is assessed both in the context in which it was written, and from a contemporary viewpoint; and, as one way to understand science in poetry, a theory of the creative misreading of science is developed, loosely based on Harold Bloom's The Anxiety of Influence (1973). The detailed study of science in poetry commences in Chapter II with Hugh MacDiarmid's late work in English, dating from his period on the Shetland Island of Whalsay (1933 – 1941). The thesis in this chapter is that this work can be seen as a radical integration of poetry and science; this concept is considered in a variety of ways including through a computational model, originally suggested by Robert Crawford. The Australian poet Judith Wright, the subject of Chapter III, is less well known to poetry and science, but a detailed engagement with physics can be identified, including her use of four-dimensional imagery, which has considerable support from background evidence. Biology in her poetry is also studied in the light of recent work by John Holmes. In Chapter IV, science in the poetry of Edwin Morgan is discussed in terms of its origin and development, from the perspective of the mythologised science in his science fiction poetry, and from the ‘hard' technological perspective of his computer poems. Morgan's work is cast in relief by readings which are against the grain of some but not all of his published comments. The thesis rounds on its theme of materialism with the fifth and final chapter which studies the work of Miroslav Holub, a poet and practising scientist in communist-era Prague. Holub's work, it is argued, represents a rare and important literary expression of scientific materialism. The focus on materialism in the thesis is not mechanistic, nor exclusive of the domain of the imagination; instead it frames the contrast between the original science and the transformed poetic version. The thesis is drawn together in a short conclusion.

This study seeks to develop an investigation into the presence of revolutionary theory of Karl Marx in political sociology of sociologist Florestan Fernandes. With that overall goal, put as the central focus of the analysis the category “revolution” of Marxian thought and the way the Brazilian sociologist promotes a recovery of the concept in order to develop explanations about the socio-political processes that occurred in Brazil governed by military dictatorship and the period know as “democratization”. Still, led by this overview seeks to build an argument that identifies possible connections consistent continuity between what Marx described as “Communist” intellectual allies in the ideological-political to the working class, and advocacy and support offered by the Florestan “Cuban Revolution”, the struggle for democracy “social” and against the traditional conservatism of Brazilian politics, and his admission to the Workers’ Party (PT) and a parliamentary constituency. In suggesting a discussion of how a Brazilian Marxist articulates in his political action and the main political ideas that involve the revolutionary conception of Marx, the research proposal developed here attempts to answer, within its possibilities and limitations, what it meant to be Florestan a “revolutionary” in Brazil and the relationship that this position has the meaning given the term by Marx.
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O presente estudo procura desenvolver uma investigação sobre a presença da teoria revolucionária de Karl Marx na sociologia política do sociólogo Florestan Fernandes. Orientado por esse objetivo geral, põe como foco central da análise a categoria “revolução” do pensamento marxiano e a forma como o sociólogo brasileiro promove uma recuperação do conceito, a fim de elaborar explicações a respeito dos processos sócio-políticos que ocorreram no Brasil governado pela ditadura militar e no período que ficou conhecido como “redemocratização”. Ainda, conduzido por essa perspectiva geral busca construir uma argumentação que identifique possíveis nexos de continuidade coerente, entre o que Marx descreveu como “comunista”, intelectual que se alia no plano ideológico-político à classe trabalhadora, e a defesa e apoio oferecido por Florestan à “Revolução Cubana”, a luta pela democracia “social” e contra o tradicional conservadorismo da política brasileira, e o seu ingresso no Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) como parlamentar constituinte. Ao sugerir uma discussão sobre como um marxista brasileiro articula em sua obra e ação política as principais idéias políticas que envolvem a concepção revolucionária de Marx, a proposta da pesquisa aqui desenvolvida intenta responder, dentro de suas possibilidades e limites, o que significou para Florestan ser um “revolucionário” no Brasil e a relação que essa posição tem com o sentido dado por Marx ao termo.

Orientador: Jeanne Marie Gagnebin de Bons
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O objetivo dessa dissertação de mestrado foi analisar a metáfora da caminhada, a partir da leitura comparativa entre duas obras: Auto da Alma, de Gil Vicente, e Morte e Vida Severina - Auto de Natal Pernambucano, de João Cabral de Melo Neto. Procurei investigar como essas produções desenvolvem, a partir do trabalho com poesia e com o auto, a caminhada como imagem central de construção do texto: em ambos, são personagens em deslocamento espacial e temporal que protagonizam os poemas. Partindo da revisitação a textos da tradição cristã e a textos literários que trabalham com a tópica da peregrinatio, levantei alguns temas e imagens comuns relativos à peregrinação, que guiaram minha leitura comparativa. Além da própria metáfora de vida como caminho e/ou peregrinação, há a questão da ajuda divina para essa realização, bem como os perigos de desvio e do cansaço; as paradas para descanso (e os diferentes valores atribuídos ao parar); a questão do nome/singularidade (ou possibilidade de representação de outros personagens) do peregrino central; as vestimentas que o viajante porta, ou das quais se desfaz ao longo da caminhada; a questão do alimento recebido (ou da falta dele) ao caminhar; assim como o que, intrinsecamente, constitui esse tipo de viagem: a partida e a chegada, e as dificuldades ao longo do caminho. As diferenças de contexto da produção de cada auto foram retomadas e discutidas, a fim de entender as diferenças de significação no aproveitamento que João Cabral faz do gênero através do qual Gil Vicente tanto escreveu. Um dos objetivos finais da pesquisa foi procurar entender por que o poeta brasileiro usa uma matéria cristã-católica em um texto de explícita crítica social. Encerrei, então, discutindo as implicações da construção de um auto natalino dentro do auto: como a afirmação de outra vida severina vem ao final do poema para mostrar o comprometimento coletivo com a caminhada
Abstract: The purpose of this reserach was to analyze the metaphor of the walk, by a comparative reading of two works: ?Auto da Alma?, by Gil Vicente, and ?Morte e Vida Severina - Auto de Natal Pernambucano?, by João Cabral de Melo Neto. It sought to investigate how these productions developed the walk as the central image of the text construction, by working with poetry and auto: both texts have characters in spatial and temporal displacement which star in the poems. Starting from revisiting the texts of the Christian tradition and literary texts that work with peregrinatio, it was raised some common themes and images on the pilgrimage, which guided my comparative reading. Beyond the metaphor of life as way, as pilgrimage, there is the matter of divine aid to fulfillment as well as the dangers of diversion and fatigue; the rest stops (and the different values assigned to the stop); the question of the pilgrim's name/singularity (or the possibility to represent others; the traveler's dressing (or disposes of them along the way); the question of food received (or lack of it) when walking; as well as what is inherently in a journey: departure and arrival, and difficulties along the way. The differences in the context of production of each auto were discussed in order to understand the significance of the use of this genre in João Cabral's poem - in which Gil Vicente wrote so much. One of the ultimate goals of the research was to try to understand why the Brazilian poet uses a Catholic-Christian's subject in a text with explicit social criticism. Then, we discuss the implications of building a Christmas auto within the auto: the affirmation of another severina's life comes at the end of the poem to show the collective commitment to walk
Mestrado
Teoria e Critica Literaria
Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

Ce travail propose une histoire de l’école de Genève à travers l’étude comparée des œuvres de Georges Poulet, Jean Starobinski et Jean-Pierre Richard. Une première partie retrace l’histoire intellectuelle du groupe à une époque marquée par l’influence de la phénoménologie, puis par la pensée structuraliste ; ainsi que par les tensions entre une nouvelle critique extrauniversitaire et une critique universitaire. En s’appuyant sur la correspondance inédite entre ces trois auteurs, ce récit historique permet de découvrir l’histoire du groupe de l’intérieur, et s’efforce de nouer la pensée à la vie. Une deuxième partie analyse les études de Poulet, Starobinski et Richard pour tenter de cerner la spécificité de leur démarche critique au-delà de leurs singularités de style et des différentes théories et méthodes auxquelles ces trois auteurs ont pu être associés. La notion de « geste critique » permet de proposer une analyse immanente de leurs textes, en se focalisant sur les mouvements de la pensée interprétative. Ces auteurs mobilisent images et métaphores pour penser l’acte et la relation critique, et cet imaginaire influe sur leurs gestes herméneutiques. Ceci rapproche leur pratique d’une pensée rêvante qui transforme l’interprétation des textes en un acte d’« imagination critique », compris comme la conjonction entre identification et prise de distance, discernement et force créatrice, logique et sensibilité
This dissertation proposes a history of the Geneva School through the comparative study of the works of Georges Poulet, Jean Starobinski and Jean-Pierre Richard. The first part traces the intellectual history of the group at a period in time marked by the influence of phenomenology and later, of structuralism; and by tensions between the new extra-academic criticism and traditional academic criticism. Based on the unpublished correspondence between these three authors, this historical account allows for the discovery of the group from within, and endeavors to link thought to life. The second part analyzes the works of Poulet, Starobinski and Richard in an attempt to grasp the specificity of the critical process, looking beyond their stylistic singularities and different theories and methods to which the three authors have been associated. The notion of “critical gesture” allows for an immanent analysis of their texts, focusing on the movements of interpretive thought. These authors employ images and metaphors to reflect on the critical act and on critical relations, and this imagination in turn influences their hermeneutic gestures. This brings their practice of dreamlike thought that transforms the interpretation of texts into an act of “critical imagination”, understood as the convergence between identification and distancing, discernment and creative force, logic and sensitivity

Esta pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem teórico-analítica da questão da representação da docência em textos de ficção científica de três autores norteamericanos do século XX: Isaac Asimov, autor do conto Como se divertiam, de 1951; Lloyd Biggle Jr, que escreveu Maneira doida de lecionar em 1966 e Connie Willis, cuja narrativa analisada tem o título Muito barulho por nada e data de 1990. Discutir as relações potencialmente passíveis de serem estabelecidas entre o imaginário retratado nessas obras e a visão neoliberal contemporânea do ato de ensinar como objeto de automatização e normatização estrita pode certificar o fato de que tais representações idealizadas tornaram-se, em grande medida, paradigmas advindos das práticas do capitalismo avançado (as quais têm como modelo primário a nação estadunidense) capazes de influenciar a forma como são entendidas, representadas e planejadas as relações entre a figura docente e as tecnologias em nosso país. Portanto, como objetivo primário, elencamos a tentativa de compreender como é realizada a construção discursiva da representação do trabalhador da educação (e das tecnologias imaginárias que cercam essa representação), inserindo-a nas dimensões culturais do imaginário norte-americano a fim de discutir sobre seus reflexos contemporâneos e seu conteúdo determinístico. Para isso, metodologicamente empregamos a recensão e análise bibliográfica de artigos científicos e textos literários nacionais e estrangeiros (que incluíram, mas não se limitaram, às obras designadas como objetos) e, entre as conclusões levantadas, apontamos a constatação de que a relação do corpus com a indústria cultural não permite um afastamento radical das teorias educacionais tradicionalistas familiares aos leitores que constituem o público-alvo dos autores, além de destacarmos vieses marcados pelo determinismo nos textos, embora seja, em alguns casos, apenas insinuado ou surja em contraste com produções posteriores do escritor. Como apontamento final, entretanto, é possível enxergar o conteúdo último dos textos do corpus como prioritariamente humanista: Asimov retrata o desejo de um ensino comunitário em lugar do isolamento do discente em nome da eficiência; Biggle Jr. discute, de forma subjacente, a desvalorização da figura do docente ante uma técnica voltada para a maximização de resultados econômicos e, por fim, Willis coloca em pauta as possibilidades e perigos de tentar se banir ideologias do ambiente escolar, dentro de um molde supostamente democrático que acaba servindo à aniquilação das possibilidades de aprendizado.
This research presents a theoretical-analytical approach to the question of representation of teaching in science fiction texts of American authors of the 20th century: Isaac Asimov, author of The fun they had! (1951); Lloyd Biggle Jr, who wrote And madly teach at 1966 and Connie Willis, whose analyzed narrative is called Ado and dates back to 1990. Discuss the relationships potentially liable to be established between the imaginary depicted in these works and the contemporary neoliberal vision of the act of teaching as the object of automation and strict standardization can certify the fact that such idealized representations have become, to a large extent, paradigms from the practices of advanced capitalism (which have as their primary model the American nation) capable of influencing how relationships between teachers and technologies in our country are understood, represented and planned. Therefore, as a primary objective, we attempt to understand how the discursive construction of the representation of the education worker (and the imaginary technologies surrounding this representation) is carried out, inserting it into the cultural dimensions of the North American imaginary in order to discuss its contemporary reflections and its deterministic content. In order to do this, we methodologically used the review and bibliographical analysis of scientific articles and national and foreign literary texts (which included, but were not limited to, works designated as objects), and, among the conclusions drawn, we pointed out that the relationship of the corpus with the cultural industry does not allow a radical departure from traditionalist educational theories familiar to the readers who constitute the target audience of the authors, in addition to highlighting perspectives marked by determinism in the texts, although in some cases, it is just insinuated or emerged in contrast to subsequent productions of the writer. As a final point, however, it is possible to see the ultimate content of the texts of the corpus as having a humanistic priority: Asimov portrays the desire for a communal education in place of the isolation of the student in the name of efficiency; Biggle Jr. discusses, in a subtle way, the devaluation of the teacher's figure before a technique focused at the maximization of economic results and, finally, Willis points out the possibilities and dangers of trying to ban all the ideology of the school environment, following a supposedly democratic mold that ends up serving the annihilation of the possibilities of learning.

This study explores the depictions of technology and scientists in the literature of five writers during the 1960s. Scientists and technology associated with nuclear, computer, and space science are examined, focusing on their respective treatments by the following writers: John Barth, Kurt Vonnegut, Thomas Pynchon, Isaac Asimov, and Arthur C. Clarke. Despite the close connections between the abovementioned sciences, space science is largely spared from negative critiques during the sixties. Through an analysis of Barth's Giles Goat-boy, Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle, Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49, Asimov's short stories "Key Item," "The Last Question," "The Machine That Won the War," "My Son, the Physicist," and Clarke's 2001: A Space Odyssey, it is argued that altruistic goals of space science during the 1960s protect it from the satirical treatments that surround the other sciences.

En remontant à la genèse de la réception de La Nuit des Morts-vivants (Romero, 1968) dans la presse américaine entre 1967-1971, la présente recherche vise à élucider sa trajectoire médiatique et, ce faisant, montrer le caractère progressif de sa consolidation en tant que film culte, œuvre d’art et phénomène digne d’intérêt public. L’investigation cherche ainsi à comprendre comment un film qualifié d’« orgie sadique » par sa première critique nationale dans le magazine Variety devient digne d’une projection au Musée d’Art Moderne à New York et donne naissance à de nombreuses interprétations, lancées en 1970 par sa critique européenne. La Nuit sera compris comme un reflet métaphorique à peine déguisé des conflits internes (tensions raciales, l’affaiblissement du patriarcat traditionnel) et externes (guerre du Vietnam) traversés par la société américaine. Au-delà l’immédiateté de ses images violentes de cannibalisme, son contenu sera jugé comme socialement subversif. Au final, ce petit film d’horreur produit par une équipe d’inconnus de Pittsburgh deviendra partie intégrale du patrimoine culturel des États-Unis et donc de la mémoire nationale. C’est dire que le travail des critiques fait bien davantage que d’informer une communauté de lecteurs, spectateurs, auditeurs, au sujet d’une nouvelle sortie culturelle. La tâche journalistique consistant à informer des publics anonymes est également une opération de médiation. En présentant La Nuit des Morts-vivants comme un miroir de la société, les critiques font de l’imaginaire une source de réflexion sur le vivre ensemble. Ce faisant, ils permettent à une collectivité nationale d’une société démocratique caractérisée par la communication de masse de se donner à voir à elle-même et d’avoir prise sur son passé et ses propres actions
The present research follows George A. Romero’s Night of the Living Dead’s reception in the American press between 1967 and 1971. The analysis of the film’s media career shows how it progressively becomes consolidated as a public phenomenon, cult film and a work of art. The aim of the investigation is to understand by what means a film qualified by its first national review in Variety as an “orgy of sadism” becomes worthy of projection at New York’s Museum of Modern Art and the object of numerous interpretations, initiated by European critics in 1970. Night will be interpreted as a barely disguised metaphor of interior and exterior conflicts that shook the United States in the late Sixties (racial tensions, weakening of the traditional patriarchy, Vietnam War). Beyond the immediacy of its violent imagery of cannibalism, its content will be seen as socially and politically subversive. In the end, this little horror film made by some Pittsburgh-based amateurs will be integrated into United States’ cultural heritage, i.e. the national memory. This indicates that (film) critics do more than just inform their readership about new cultural releases. A journalist’s job consisting of spreading information to anonymous audiences is also an operation of mediation. By presenting Night of the Living Dead as a mirror of the American society, the critics take up the imaginary as a source for reflection on the commonly shared world. By doing so, they enable a national collectivity of a democratic society characterized by mass communication to see itself and to have control on its own history and actions

Orientador: Francisco Foot Hardman
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Este trabalho pretende investigar as relações entre realidade e ficção em Mario Benedetti debruçando-se, para isso, sobre três romances do autor - Primavera con una esquina rota (1982), La borra del café (1992) e Andamios (1996) - cuja temática principal é o exílio e o desexilio políticos inseridos no contexto da ditadura militar. Pretende-se, na análise dos textos, estudar a função da presença de elementos autobiográficos e a composição literária realizada pelo autor que faz com que o leitor se depare, na totalidade da obra, com uma representação da realidade, e não o simples registro dela mesma. Discutindo, inclusive, conceitos como o de memória, ficção, identidade, linguagem e hibridez de gêneros
Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between fiction and reality in the work of Mario Benedetti. It focuses three novels that approach the topics of exile and return from exile in the context of Uruguay's civic-military dictatorship: Primavera con unaesquinarota (1982), La borradel café (1992) and Andamios (1996). It analyses the function autobiographical elements play in the author's narrative, and the literary style in these novels - that present readers with a representation of reality rather than simply registering facts. Additionally, this study discusses the concepts of memory, fiction, identity, language and cross-genre
Mestrado
Teoria e Critica Literaria
Mestra em Teoria e História Literária

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Lourenço
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Este trabalho procura discutir a interpretação do andamento histórico da sociedade brasileira, apresentada por Roberto Schwarz, a partir de duas de suas fontes: o livro RaÍzes do Brasil, de Sérgio Buarque de Holanda e alguns ensaios de Antonio Candido, com destaque para a "Dialética da malandragem". Este procedimento permitiu compreender de que modo algumas contribuições desses dois autores foram incorporadas ou recusadas quando da construção daquela interpretação. Possibilitou ainda compreender essas divergências como contribuições ao processo de fonnação do pensamento social brasileiro, uma vez que foram analisadas através do debate intelectual no qual surgiram
Abstract: The present dissertation strives to discuss the interpretation of the historical process of the Brazilian society presented by Roberto Schwarz, from two sources: the book Raizes do Brasil, by Sérgio Buarque de Holanda and some essays by Antonio Candido, chiefly the "Dialética da malandragem". The procedure enabled the comprehension of how the contributions of both authors were accepted or refused when that interpretation was made. It also enabled the comprehension of the divergences as contributions to the process of formation of the Brazilian social thought, since they were analyzed through the intellectual debate from which they came u
Mestrado
Sociologia
Mestre em Sociologia

Olive Schreiner's fiction is best understood in the context of her colonial situation : she experienced central Victorian spiritual dilemmas and social constrictions, but refracted through a rural colonial culture. A complex position of power and powerlessness, superiority and inferiority, individual assertiveness and self- abnegation, is the crux of her fictional world. Her formative years were spent within a culturally deprived rural environment in a dependent position as servant/governess, yet her reading gave her access to leading Victorian intellectuals who were trying to create a new synthesis out of the conflict between Darwin's revolutionary theory and faith in a God-given and unquestionable order, between science and faith, between a new spirit of 'realistic' enquiry and Christian dogma. The problem for the colonial novelist is similar to that of the provincial novelist : the writer seeking intellectual stimulus and cultural enrichment at the metropolitan centre often has to forego a sense of community, and a youthful emotional bond with a nourishing, indigenous landscape, frequently the original source of a sense of spiritual harmony and an underlying order in the universe itself. The colonial novelist thus expresses a tragic breach between individual and community, and a sense of irreconcilable needs. This process is best exemplified in the careers of women, because the difficulty in finding a suitable partner, and a fulfilling marriage, exemplifies the radical problem of reconciling nature and nurture, instinct and social convention. Solitariness, and death, can become the conditions of integrity. Nevertheless, Schreiner's analysis of social problems becomes more detailed and incisive as she develops, and social reform offers a way out of a doomed conflict. Schreiner's childhood reading of the Bible and her evangelical inheritance were crucial to her life and fiction. In both a spirit of charity and self-sacrifice was central, and contended with a popular Victorian view of Darwinism which saw nature as a struggle for survival, a competition between the 'fittest' in which power would be decisive. Schreiner's visionary optimism about moral and social progress was checked by a sense of natural cruelty, historical repetition and decadence, and the early influence of the doctrine of 'original sin'. Schreiner saw her fiction as having a social mission, but the mission could only be accomplished by a novelist true to her individual vision, and expressing her 'self' by aesthetic means. A novel should grow 'organically' from the artist's individual vision, and thus be analogous to a living and unfolding natural world, developing according to its awn inherent laws. Schreiner understood Art and Nature as complementary orders. Her theory of art is thorough and internally consistent : writing should be simple, sensuous, and passionate, and should reconcile social function and artistic design. The power and directness of colonial art reunited her with the Victorian metropolitan centre, though she experienced Victorian social issues in a particular, intensified form in South Africa. Nevertheless, her reponse to South African landscapes, her sense of its 'will to live' at the same time stimulated her own power of creativity, which would counter the stultifying effects of rural isolation and the social restraints on, and exploitation of uneducated women. Schreiner's spirit of militancy and a reliance on the individual conscience stemmed from her evangelical forebears, though she translated their religious non-conformism into social protest in the South African context. Her family was part of the missionary wing of Imperialism and at the same time part of the current of liberalism and enlightenment which clashed with a conservative slave-owning society in South Africa. Her own fiction expresses the plight of the 'slave' in a sequence of metaphorical transformations. The figures of the child, the young women, the servant, the convict, the slave, the prostitute, the black man and the black women interrelate and modify a simple portrait of victimization. Her fiction also draws on the homiletic tradition of evangelical literature,which used deathbed scenes as the carriers of a moral message. Schreiner's writing displays a characteristically Victorian range of non-fiction and fiction, pamphlets, letters, diaries satires, dream-visions, autobiographical fragments, and ambitious full-Iength novels. Her writing displays the Victorian concern with autobiographical and confessional literature as well as direct political and social intervention in a corrupt society. She shaped her life more and more consciously into a variety of narrative forms, from erotic fantasies and escapist to more outwardly-directed satirical and reformist fiction. Her early experience of homelessness economic and social dependence on strangers, as well as sexual vulnerability to men, was crucial in her formative experience. But here, too, she overcame a tendency toward masochism and narcissistic self-reflection to portray a women whose survival and growth expressed the strong side of Schreiner's vigorous and mature feminism. Schreiner's fictions, from the fragment "Diamond Fields" and the youthful Undine, to the early 'masterpiece' The Story of an African Farm, to the political satire Trooper Peter Halket and the encyclopedic though unfinished From Man to Man, display great narrative fertility, and an ability to modify and develop her own characteristic themes, images, and characters. An early multiplication of female victims gave way to the rich oppositions and multiple different-sex protagonists of African Farm, and the concentration yet divergence of the double-female protagonist situation of From Man to Man. All of her fictions move along a spectrum from protest to vision, realism to dream/allegory, and she inverts - and adapts the proportions in accordance with the aims of each particular work. Her fiction shows variety, creative richness, yet a growing economy of means and artistic control of genre. Her development as a novelist was away from a narcissitic focus on the self as victim towards a commitment to suffering forms of life outside the self. She also displayed a growing commitment to the social analysis of human suffering, and to South Africa as the crucible in which she had been formed, as a landscape which offered her an image of harmony to set against social malfunction, and as the strongest source of her own creativity.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1985.

自八十年代始，中國大陸文藝雜誌相繼出現一批帶筆記風格或直接以筆記體寫作的短篇小說。研究者不僅探討此等作品轉化運用傳統文體的寫作現象及美學特徵，更為配合「新時期」之文藝氣象，進而以「新筆記小說」的文類加以歸納，突出其「舊瓶新酒」的現代意義。新筆記小說與筆記傳統的連繫，無疑為論者提供最佳範本，展開「傳統」與「現代」對話和融合的可能性的探討。相關討論嘗試為新筆記小說爭取文學史位置，卻無法脫離「新」與「舊」、「傳統」與「現代」簡單的二分框架，弱化了這些短篇小說作為探索新時期寫作出路的尖兵角色。本文重新提出新筆記小說的研究，認為是理解八十年代文藝界重新定義、拓展現實主義和小說實踐的關鍵。新筆記小說作家結合筆記與小說的特性，其實已觸及敘事的真實與虛構的辯證，在中國的紀實傳統中力尋書寫現實的可能。本文分別以汪曾祺 (1920-1997)、林斤瀾 (1923-2009)和鍾阿城 (1949- )的新筆記小說為研究個案，探討三位作家如何借用筆記小說的文體結構和敘事特質，形構現實主義小說的另類形式，突破意識形態對「現實主義」小說的制約。與此同時，當「現實主義」在「現代性的追求」壓力下面臨一元性的崩解，新筆記小說作家堅持「擬真」的嘗試，顯得意味深長，本文將作進一步的討論。
Since the 1980s, a number of fictions written in the note-form have emerged in literary magazines on Mainland China. These works were put under a genre named "New Anecdote" (XinBiji Xiaoshuo, 新筆記小說) which implies the transformation from the classical anecdote to the modern anecdote. Researchers put emphasis mainly on the classical aesthetic characteristics found in the new form of the anecdote. However, it is observed that their studies were limited to the simple framework based on the binary oppositions of "old" and "new" as well as "traditional" and "modern". Such discussion had obscured the actual role of the new anecdotes being taken in the particular historical context of China in the New Era.
The form of "New Anecdote" is, in fact, a fusion of note and fiction, which can possibly hit the border of realistic and imaginary narratives. The practice of "New Anecdote" is closely related to the development of Realism in China in the Twentieth Century. Based on the discussion about "reality" from the writers of new anecdotes, this thesis attempts to point out that the "New Anecdote" is a key to understand how the writers of the time re-defined the realistic writings and their relationship to the society in China in the 1980s.
This thesis gives an in-depth analysis of the new anecdotes written by three contemporary writers, namely Wang Zengqi 汪曾祺 (1920-1997), Lin Jinlan 林斤瀾 (1923-2009) and Zhong Acheng (Ah Cheng) 鍾阿城 (1949- ). It will illustrate how these three writers make use of the structure and the narrative style of the anecdote to re-create new forms of realistic fiction, and to achieve their aims of breaking through the ideological constraints of Realism. Meanwhile,since realistic fiction has been considered as an antiquated and declining form under the development of aesthetic modernity in China in the 1980s, it is crucial to profoundly discuss the essence of the new anecdotes with reference to the socio-historical background of the New Era.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
王素韻.
Parallel title from English abstract.
Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-131).
Abstracts also in English.
Wang Suyun.

Il presente lavoro si propane di portare un contributo critico all'opera della Colombi, delineandone quegli aspetti salienti che caratterizzano la sua partecipazione alla scena letteraria come donna e come professionista. Le sue scelte poetiche, basate sull'ideale di un'intima, inscindibile unita donna-parola-lingua e sull'armoniosa corrispondenza vita-arte, contribuiscono ad acuire il confl itto con il repressivo e misogino ambiente ottocentesco. Si crea una continua tensione tra la tendenza all'adeguamento impasto dalla priorita di difendere la propria presenza e l'altrettanto forte spinta alla trasgressione come necessita di salvaguardare la coerenza a se stessa. L'ambivalenza vissuta verso il padre, depositario dell 'ordine sociale, si riflette, coerentemente con le premesse poetiche, nelle polemiche condotte nei confronti dei padri della letteratura. Se queste ultime tendono a rimanere contenute a livello metatestuale, in genera le, il genuino ed autentico messaggio letterario viene soprattutto espresso attraverso il gusto antifrastico dell'ironia ea livello metaforico e simbolico. La messa in luce della repressione e della morte dei valori femminili, la creativita intellettuale e fisica, che costituiscono la vera essenza dell'individuo e della stessa esistenza umana, va di pari passo con la maturazione di un sofferto compromesso con le dure leggi imposte dalla vita. Dalla crudelta di lavori alienanti alla brutale caduta degli ideali e dell'amore, si raggiunge, con le opere maggiori, un rinnovato equilibrio vita-arte che, nella sublimazione delle esperienze di morte, eleva l'espressione artistica a piano ultimo di salvezza e di realizzazione individuale. Nell'affermazione di un'arte firmata al femminile e posta al servizio della giustizia e della verita, si consuma cosi la disobbedienza nei confronti di ogni forma arbitraria di potere. Connotato al maschile, esso viene evidenziato nei suoi effetti deleteri ed alienanti anche nella connivenza e mancanza di una reale autenticita delle stesse donne, in particolare le madri. Dall'analisi dell'opera della Colombi emerge l'immagine di una scrittrice che si distingue non solo per la sua originalita e complessita, ma anche per l'indubbia modernita sia di stile che di problematiche
The aim of the present study is to offer a critical contribution on the writings of the Marchesa Colombi by tracing and developing those aspects of her work which best characterise her personality as a woman and as a writer. Her poetical choices, based on the ideal of an intimate, indivisible unity of woman-word-language and on the harmonious correlation between life and art, focus sharply on her conflict with the repressive and misogynist ambience of nineteenth-century Italy. Her works reveal a constant tension between the need to adapt in order to defend her own presence (as a writer) and the urge to transgress as a means to safeguard her inner, personal coherence. The author's ambivalence towards the father, depositary of the social order, is further reflected, in keeping with her poetical vision, in the polemical debates held with the fathers of Italian literature. Whereas these debates remain embedded within a metatextual discourse, the genuine and authentic message of her works is generally expressed on the metaphorical and symbolic levels and by an extensive antiphrastic use of irony. The need to stress the repression and death of feminine values, the intellectual and physical creativity which constitute the true essence of the individual, goes hand in hand with the artist's achievement of maturity as a painful compromise with the hard rules imposed by life. From the cruelty of a alienating labour to the brutal collapse of her ideals and of love, Colombi is able to achieve in her major works a new form of balance between life and art which, by sublimating the experience of death, elevates the artistic expression to the heights of personal salvation and of self-realization. By affirming her art as a product of the feminine mind at the service of justice and truth, she plays out her disobedience against all arbitrary forms of power. This study of the works of the Marchesa Colombi reveals the image of a writer who distinguishes herself not only for her originality and complexity but also for the marked modernity both in her style and in her choice of subject
Department of Classics & Modern European Languages
D.Litt. et Phil. (Italian)

Critics and historians of science fiction widely recognize the genre's importance as a forum for political ideas during the 1950s. But the political role of science fiction diminished during the 1960s, overshadowing the ongoing involvement of sf writers in future-related debates. This paper employs biography, autobiography, memoir, archival papers, recordings, and secondary sources to demonstrate that sf writers continued to discuss the future and its potential problems after the 1950s. Judith Merril and Isaac Asimov, two giants in science fiction, form the core of this paper's focus. Merril and Asimov began to discuss the future in essays, interviews, and documentaries in the 1960s. By the early 1970s, Merril and Asimov were examining the then-emerging problems of overpopulation and planetary ecology in mainstream non-fiction. Merril and Asimov demonstrate that sf writers still addressed political and social issues in the 1960s and early 1970s - even if their involvement increasingly took place outside the boundaries of science fiction literature.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate

The 'colony' in Olive Schreiner‟s fiction and non-fiction is a place or space, I shall argue, that is both dynamic and complex. The comings and goings, the stories, of the 'characters' in the space are not reducible to the division of indigene/settler. This dissertation takes as its starting point a still prevalent view that Schreiner's literary achievement displays a typical 'colonial blindness' in matters of dispossession and resistance: that the colonial person has little connection to his/her material surrounds. In reaction to what I regard as a binary language of response, my focus is on what I refer to as 'margins' in Schreiner's writings: that is, to apparently tangential incidents which add complexity to the conception of colony and, by extension, to that of the colonial novel. My argument is that in her treatment of a colony of diverse, conflicting stories, which are told in both fictional and non-fictional forms, Schreiner challenged the dichotomous language of colonialism (in its sharp delineations between indigene and settler) and imbued her times (1880s-1920s) with visionary potential: a potential that continues to have import where the reductive categories of indigene and settler retain purchase even in postcolonial times.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

Text in Afrikaans, with summaries in Afrikaans and English
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 383-403)
Die woordestryd oor goddelike inspirasie van alles wat in die Bybel staan, as gevolg van die uitgesproke stellings van Johannes Du Plessis, het tot ‘n krisis gelei wat as baken in die annale van die Ned. Geref. Kerk beskou word. Die meeste van sy standpunte word vandag as waarheid aanvaar en hy het bygedra tot die intellektuele debat oor die Bybel as Woord van God wat vandag nog aangaan. Du Plessis se herkoms, opleiding en verdienste as predikant en saakgelastigde van die Kerk word kortliks bespreek. Hy was die talentvolle seun en enigste kind van 'n Afrikaanse predikant en 'n Engelse vrou, die dogter van 'n sendeling van die LMS. Hy word professor aan die Kweekskool en met kennis opgedoen tydens verdere studie oorsee, het hy gewys op dele van die Bybel wat nie aan goddelike inspirasie toegeskryf kan word nie. Hy het dit ook duidelik gestel dat hy as teoloog en leermeester nie kon glo sonder om te probeer verstaan nie. Hy het sy bevindinge bekend gemaak in Het Zoeklicht, 'n maandblad wat bedoel was om as soeklig te dien om verskillende vorms van “duisternis” in beide godsdiens en die politiek, betref, aan die lig te bring. Oortuig van die waarde van die Hoër Kritiek, het hy dit as sy plig geag om wat hy deur wye leeswerk en kritiese ondersoek rakende die oorsprong, vorm en inhoud van die Ou Testamentiese boeke bekom het, bekend te maak. Artikels van dié aard, eers in De Kerkbode en daarna in Het Zoeklicht, het gelei tot beroering onder behoudende lesers wat gekant was teen enige veranderinge in die prediking. Hulle was veral ontstoke oor sy siening dat die belydenisskrifte wat spruit uit die dae van die Hervorming 500 jaar tevore, oop was vir herformulering. Klagtes dat Du Plessis op 'n gevaarlike pad was, was die begin van wat gelei het tot 'n krisis in die Kerk, en uiteindelik tot 'n buitengewone sinode in 1930 toe hy van sy pos onthef is. Die behoudende reaksie van die meerderheid was dat die Bybel die onfeilbare Woord van God is. Die gevolg was dat 'n groot aantal van die leiers van die Kerk, aanhangers van die Nasionale Party wat in 1948 aan bewind gekom het, tekste uit die Bybel gebruik het om die beleid van Apartheid Skriftuurlik te begrond. Ná byna veertig jaar van 'n onkritiese benadering tot die Bybel, is die geloof in 'n foutlose Bybel weer bevraagteken. Tussen die eerlike teoloë wat dit gewaag het om te wys op foute en inkonsekwenthede, was Ferdinand Deist en Willem Vorster. Albei het hulle opleiding as predikante voltooi maar het hulle nie beroepbaar gestel nie omdat hulle met verdere studie voortgegaan het en hulle openlik uitgespreek het teen die misbruik van Bybelse gegewens om apartheid te regverdig. Geskool aan die Kweekskool in Stellenbosch, het Deist hom onderskei as geleerde wat sy drang na dieper ondersoek gepaar het met 'n piëtisme waarop hy uiting gegee het in 'n stortvloed van akademiese en populêre geskrifte ― wat nie altyd gestrook het met sy stelling dat die Woord van God nie met 'n gelyk-aan-teken aan mekaar verbind kan word nie. Vorster, wat sy opleiding aan die Universiteit van Pretoria ontvang het, het ewe bekend geraak en het internasionale erkenning geniet vir sy toepassing van die semantiek op studies van die Nuwe Testament. Daarby het hy sy kennis van die Nabye Oosterse tale toepaslik gevind in sy bydrae tot The New Quest om meer te wete te kom oor die historiese Jesus, 'n Jood en Galileër wat vir 'n kort periode opgetree het as leermeester en eskatologiese profeet. In die studie van bydraes van die drie geleerdes tot ons verstaan van die Bybel, is ook aandag geskenk aan 'n ander aspek van die Bybel as problematiese teks: Die nadruk wat skrywers en redaktors van die Bybelse gebeure, geplaas het op mans as vaders en seuns ten koste van vroue, moeders en dogters. Die gevolg was dat meeste van die sogenaamde Kerkvaders genoeg in die Bybel kon vind om hulle te identifiseer met die neerhalende beeld wat in Die Openbaring (14:3-4) geskep word van vroue, opvallend in stryd met die inhoud van Genesis 1:26-31.
The controversy started by Johannes Du Plessis over the question whether everything in the Bible was inspired by God, caused a crisis in the Dutch Reformed Church, which is listed as a beacon in its history. Most of the points he raised are accepted as truth today, and started an intellectual debate that is still going on. Information relating to Du Plessis’ origins, training, and achievements as a minister and church official is briefly noted. He was the talented son, and only child of an Afrikaner father and minister of religion, and an English mother, the daughter of an LMS missionary. He became a professor at the Seminary in Stellenbosch, after his studies overseas had caused him to question parts of the Old Testament text that could not be regarded as divinely inspired. He also made it quite clear that believing without trying to understand was not possible for him as a theologian and teacher. He proclaimed his findings in Het Zoeklicht, a monthly magazine intended to serve as a searchlight and an organ to reveal the “darkness” that was still prevalent in both religion and politics. Aware of the value of Higher Criticism of the Old Testament, he regarded it his duty to make known what he had found in reading widely and in critical research on the origins, form and content of the books of the Bible. Articles to this effect published first in De Kerkbode and then in Het Zoeklicht, caused an outcry from conservative readers who were opposed to any changes in the teaching of the church. They were especially enraged by his view that the confessions drawn up by Reformers 500 years earlier, were open for review. Complaints that Du Plessis was on a dangerous path, marked the beginning of what was regarded as a crisis in the Church, and in the end led to Du Plessis being relieved of his post by a special Synod convened in 1930. The views of the conservative majority, however, prevailed. As a result, a large number of leading ministers and theologians, who openly supported the Nationalist government that came into power in 1948, provided assurance that the concept of separation of racial groups was in accordance with Scripture. After nearly forty years of an uncritical approach to the Bible, the belief in in-errancy was again questioned. Among the few theologians who dared to point out errors and inconsistencies in various texts, were Ferdinand Deist and Willem Vorster. Both trained as ministers, they chose to continue their studies and openly expressed themselves against the abuse of Biblical texts to support the ideology of apartheid. Trained at the Seminary in Stellenbosch, Deist turned out to be a noted scholar who combined his urge for honest critical study with a pietism expressed in a flood of academic and popular publications ― which were not always consistent with his own statement that The Word of God could not be connected to Scripture with an is-equal-to symbol. Vorster, who received his education at the University of Pretoria, became equally well known as a scholar and gained international recognition for his application of semantics in the study of the Gospels. He also applied his knowledge of languages in what came to be known as The New Quest for the historical Jesus who, as a Jew and a Galilean, distinguished himself during a brief period as a teacher and eschatological prophet. In the study of the contributions of these three outstanding men to our understanding of the Bible, another major aspect of the Bible as problematic text is addressed: The emphasis the authors and redactors of the Scriptures placed on the roles of men, fathers and sons, patently to the exclusion of women, mothers and daughters. As a result many of the so-called Church Fathers found in the Bible sufficient material to look down upon women ― the verdict expressed in Revelations 14:3-4 being one of numerous texts pointing to women as objects of derision in glaring contradiction to the contents of Genesis 1:26-31.
Biblical and Ancient Studies
D. Phil. (Biblical Studies)