Journal articles on the topic '1919-'

Dr Stefan Szuman as a doctor in the German army (1914–1919). Biographical contribution The author reconstructs the biography of the Polish doctor, Dr Stefan Szuman (1889–1972), later a professor at Jagiellonian University (1928–1961) during his period in the German army (1914–1919). S. Szuman, who acquired the state right to perform the profession of doctor in the German Reich on 7 September 1914, as well as the level of medical doctor on 23 December 1914 at the Faculty of Medicine in the Ludwik Maximilian University of Munich, formally served in the German army in the years 1914–1919. He served as a military doctor on the eastern front in the fight against Russia (from January 1915 until April 1916), firstly in Mazovia and Kujawy, then in Volhynia. Later he served on the western front – from April 1916 until December 1917, on the border between France and Belgium. During the night of 30 November and 1 December 1917 he was heavily wounded in the leg during the Battle of Cambrai in the Nord-Pas-de- Calais region near Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle, next to Cambrai and Bouchain. For his service in the German army, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd class medal (at the turn of 1917/1918). After his recovery in Aachen and Torun, he was transferred to serve in the military hospital in the citadel in Hannover (from May until December 1918). After 9 December 1918, he returned to Torun, where he stayed until 17 May 1919, working as a garrison doctor in the clinic of his father – Dr Leon Szuman, still formally an officer in the German army until 19 March 1919 as a citizen of Germany. On 20 May 1919, he was accepted into the Polish Army at the rank of captain in Torun, which was still inside the German partition. On 31 May 1919, S. Szuman illegally crossed the Polish-German border near Torun and succeeded in reaching Wielkopolska.

The types of Scarabaeidae deposited in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History of Luxembourg are reported for the first time along with some historic and taxonomic remarks: Entypophanabiapicata Moser, 1913; Metabolusthibetanus Moser, 1914 (currently, Pseudosymmachia); Autosericaannamensis Moser, 1915 (currently, Maladera); Euphoresiaalboparsa Moser, 1913; Hybocamentaferranti Moser, 1917; Microsericaflaveola Moser, 1911; Triodontalujai Moser, 1917 (currently, Triodontella); Trochalusferranti Moser, 1917; Anomalacondophora Ohaus, 1913 (currently, Mimela); Amaurinaferranti Moser, 1911 (currently, Leucocelis); Amaurinavittipennis Moser, 1909; Cetonia (Eucetonia) kolbei Curti, 1914; Lomapteradichropusviridipes Moser, 1908; Cosmovalgusferranti Moser, 1912.

Ahmet Tetik meslekten tarihçi olmayıp Türk dili ve edebiyatı uzmanıdır. Lisans eğitimini Atatürk Üniversitesinde görmüş; doktorasını Marmara Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsünde yapmıştır. Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığında (ATASE) arşiv şube müdürlüğünde bulunmuştur. Adıgeçenin, Balkan Savaşları (1912-1913), Birinci Dünya Savaşı (1914-1918) ve Kurtuluş Savaşı (1919-1922) dönemleri hakkında yayına hazırladığı ATASE arşiv derleme kitap ve makaleleri mevcuttur. XII + 500 sayfa uzunluğundaki çalışma; sunuş, kuruluş ve kapatılış, İspanya-Fas 1914- 1916, Trablusgarp 1914-1916, Rusya 1914-1916, İran 1914-1916, Kafkas Cephesi 1914-1916, Ek Bilgiler (1. Fuat Balkan'ın Balkan Harbindeki Faaliyetlerine Dair Raporu, 2. Rusya'da Sakin Müslüman Türk Tatarların Haklarını Müdafaa Cemiyetinin 14 Kasım 1915 Tarihli Bildirisi, 3. İran Özel Komisyonu Raporu, 4. Harb-i Umumide Mücahiddin-i Mevleviye Alayı, 5. Ömer Naci Bey), Notlar ve Dizin bölümlerinden meydana gelmektedir. Birbirinden ilginç fotoğrafların yer aldığı eserde bibliyografya bulunmamaktadır. Ekler Balkan Savaşları ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı alanlarında birçok araştırmacı için değerli mehazdır. Ele alınan konuların coğrafi kapsamı ve stratejik özellikleri göz önüne alındığında, kitapta tek bir harita, savaş planı veya cephe krokisinin bulunmayışı hayret-i muciptir. Ciddi bir eksiklik teşkil ettiği düşünülen bu konuda ATASE Haritalar-Albümler koleksiyonundan yararlanılabilecek olunması aşikardır.

Ks. Henryk Grębski urodził się 2 sierpnia 1882 r. w Majdanie. Był absolwentem Gimnazjum w Rzeszowie. Przygotowanie do kapłaństwa odbył w Seminarium Duchownym w Przemyślu. Sakrament święceń przyjął 21 czerwca 1908 r. Pracował jako wikariusz w Cieklinie (1908-1910), Szebniach (1910-1913) i Jeżowem (1913-1914). Był kapelanem armii austriackiej (1914-1918) i Wojska Polskiego (1918-1919), a później wikariuszem w Grębowie (1920-1921). W roku 1921 został zamianowany proboszczem parafii w Kamieniu. Prócz zwykłej pracy duszpasterskiej zajął się doposażeniem kościoła. Angażował w działalność społeczną. Zmarł 2 listopada 1948 r.

Sorokin, Pitirim Alexandrovich, born January 21,1889, in the small village of Turia in Russia [died 1968]. Student at the Teachers' Seminary in the province of Kostroma in Russia (1903–6), at the evening school in St. Petersburg (1907–9), at the Psycho- Neurological Institute in St. Petersburg (1910–14); Magistrant of Criminal Law (1915); Ph.D in Sociology (1922); Privatdozent at the Psycho-Neurological Institute (1914–16), at the University of St. Petersburg (1916–17); Professor of Sociology at the same university (1919–22); Professor of Sociology at the Agricultural Academy (1919–22), at the University of Minnesota (1924–30); Chairman of the Department of Sociology at Harvard University from 1930. Member of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Peasant's Soviet (1917); Secretary to the Prime Minister [ Kerensky ] (1917); member of the Russian Constitutional Assembly (1918); sentenced to death and finally exiled by the communist administration (1922); emigrated to the United States (1923), naturalized (1930). Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Sociological Association; honorary member of the International Institute of Sociology of the Czechoslovakian Academy for Agriculture, of the German Sociological Society, and of the Ukrainian Sociological Society; President of the International Institute for Sociology (1936–37). Member of the Greek-Orthodox Church.

<p>Ο Ελληνοτουρκικός πόλεμος του 1919-1922 στη Μικρά Ασία υπήρξε προέκταση τόσο του Α' Παγκόσμιου Πολέμου όσο και των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων (1912-1913). Η ήττα του ελληνικού στρατού οδήγησε στην άφιξη δύο εκατομμυρίων προσφύγων στην Ελλάδα, συνιστώντας έτσι ένα μείζον επεισόδιο της ελληνικής Ιστορίας. Το παρόν άρθρο περιγράφει την καθημερινή ζωή και τις αναπαραστάσεις του Έλληνα στρατιώτη στο μέτωπο μέσα από άμεσες πηγές, όπως είναι οι επιστολές πού έστελναν οι στρατευμένοι στις «αδελφές τού στρατιώτου», οι εφημερίδες κ.ά. Στα κείμενα αυτά διακρίνονται οι διαφορετικές πτυχές της ζωής στο μέτωπο και ιδιαίτερα η κοινωνικότητα στη μάχη. Η μελέτη διερευνά τη δυνατότητα σύγκρισης της κατάστασης του Έλληνα στρατιώτη με εκείνη του Γάλλου στον Α' Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο. Η Μικρασιατική εκστρατεία (1919-1922), απόρροια τού συγκεκριμένου ιστορικού πλαισίου των δύο χωρών, βιώθηκε και «επιτελέστηκε» από τον Έλληνα στρατιώτη σύμφωνα με πρακτικές πού σχετίζονται με τις δυναμικές των συρράξεων του 1914-1918 και τού 1912-1913.</p>

1916 ile 1919 yılları arasında, o zamanki Krakov Müstahkem Mevkii hastanelerinde en az 50 Osmanlı askeri bulunmuştu. Bu askerlerin 47'si, 15. Kolordu subay, astsubay ve erlerinden oluşmaktaydı. İşbu birlik, 1916 ile 1917 tarihleri arasında Alman Güney Ordusu bünyesinde Doğu Galiçya Cephesinde savaşmıştı. Kalan üç asker ise, 1914 ile 1918 tarihleri arasında Kafkas Cephesinde savaşan birliklerde görev yapmış ve muhtemelen Rus esaretinden vatanlarına Polonya üzerinden dönerken 1919 yılında Krakov'a gelmişlerdi. Söz konusu askerlere ait ayrıntılı kimlik ve adres bilgileri, birbirinden bağımsız olarak oluşturulmuş iki arşiv kaynağında bulunmaktadır: Bunların birincisi, Krakov Türkolojisinin kurucusu Prof. Tadeusz Kowalski'nin Ekim 1917'de yazdığı not defteridir. "Materiały dialektologiczne tureckie, przewa˙znie niewydane" [Çoğunluğu Yayımlanmamış Türk Diyalektoloji Materyali] başlıklı bu defter, Krakov'daki Polonya Bilim Akademisi ve Polonya Yetenek Akademisi Bilim Arşivi'nde bulunmaktadır. İkincisi ise, Krakov Belediyesi Mezarlıkları Müdürlüğü Arşivi'nde muhafaza edilen "postmortem inceleme sertifikaları"dır. Bu iki kaynak üzerinde yapılan arşiv araştırması neticesinde, işbu makalede yer alan iki asker listesi oluşturuldu. Ayrıca, makalede askerlerin kimlik ve adres bilgilerinin yanısıra Galiçya Cephesiyle ilgili ve daha önce hiç yayımlanmamış şarkılar ile Krakov'da medfun Osmanlı şehitlerinin mezarlarıyla ilgili bilgiler sunulmaktadır.

Ovaj rad bavi se istraživanjem prirodnoga kretanja stanovništva i utjecaja modernizacijskih procesa na socijalnodemografske odrednice stanovništva župe Svetvinčenat od 1909. do 1918. godine. Glavni dio rada, podijeljen na tri glavna sadržajna dijela, predstavljaju podaci dobiveni analizom podataka matičnih knjiga krštenih, vjenčanih i umrlih. U razmatranom desetljeću analiziraju se usporedni podaci mirnodopskoga razdoblja (1909. – 1913.) i razdoblja Prvoga svjetskog rata (1914. – 1918.), tijekom kojega su, uz novačenje i rekviziciju uroda i stoke, župljani Svetvinčenta u svibnju 1915. obuhvaćeni i naredbom o evakuaciji stanovništva. Uz to, Istru je, a time i župu Svetvinčenat, 1917. pogodila jedna od najtežih suša 20. stoljeća. U radu se – uz analiziranje utjecaja i dinamike promjena u prirodnom kretanju stanovništva pod utjecajem nepovoljnih, izvanrednih okolnosti – analiziraju i osobitosti na razini mikrolokacija (naselja) župe. Istraživanje se temelji na matičnim knjigama krštenih, vjenčanih i umrlih, knjizi Status animarum iz 1910. župe Svetvinčenat te periodičnoj publikaciji austro-ugarskoga Ministarstva rata Popis gubitaka (Verlustliste).

Ovaj rad bavi se istraživanjem prirodnoga kretanja stanovništva i utjecaja modernizacijskih procesa na socijalnodemografske odrednice stanovništva župe Svetvinčenat od 1909. do 1918. godine. Glavni dio rada, podijeljen na tri glavna sadržajna dijela, predstavljaju podaci dobiveni analizom podataka matičnih knjiga krštenih, vjenčanih i umrlih. U razmatranom desetljeću analiziraju se usporedni podaci mirnodopskoga razdoblja (1909. – 1913.) i razdoblja Prvoga svjetskog rata (1914. – 1918.), tijekom kojega su, uz novačenje i rekviziciju uroda i stoke, župljani Svetvinčenta u svibnju 1915. obuhvaćeni i naredbom o evakuaciji stanovništva. Uz to, Istru je, a time i župu Svetvinčenat, 1917. pogodila jedna od najtežih suša 20. stoljeća. U radu se – uz analiziranje utjecaja i dinamike promjena u prirodnom kretanju stanovništva pod utjecajem nepovoljnih, izvanrednih okolnosti – analiziraju i osobitosti na razini mikrolokacija (naselja) župe. Istraživanje se temelji na matičnim knjigama krštenih, vjenčanih i umrlih, knjizi Status animarum iz 1910. župe Svetvinčenat te periodičnoj publikaciji austro-ugarskoga Ministarstva rata Popis gubitaka (Verlustliste).

This essay discusses the three poems that Yeats titled with dates, ‘September 1913’, ‘Easter 1916’, and ‘Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen’, in the context of ongoing centenary commemorations of the period of Irish decolonization. It does so by juxtaposing the historical function of dating and commemorating with the virtual possibility of encounters that never quite happened, establishing a trajectory through Yeats's poems that runs from James Connolly's not meeting Rosa Luxemburg to Paul Celan's commemoration of her murder in the 1919 Spartacist uprising in a poem from the late volume Schneepart. Drawing on Jacques Derrida's reading of Celan and the date, the essay uses this constellation of possibilities to reflect on the stakes of a commemoration that entertains possibility rather than closing off the past.

Casandria Walker, 1857, is transferred from the Nolidae (Collomeninae) to the Erebidae (Catocalinae), as the senior synonym of Acathodica Schaus, 1894. Consequently, the species formerly associated with Acanthodica are herein transferred to Casandria: C. albiplena (L. B. Prout, 1919) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. cabra (Dognin, 1894) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. chiripa (Dognin, 1894) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. coelebs (L. B. Prout, 1919) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. drucei (Dognin, 1889) (Calocampa), comb. n., C. emittens Walker, 1857 [=Agrotis daunus Druce, 1894)], syn. n., [=Acanthodica grandis (Schaus, 1894)], syn. n., C. fassli (Zerny, 1916) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. fosteri (Hampson, 1913) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. frigida (Jones, 1921) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. hages (Druce, 1900) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. lignaris (Schaus, 1894) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. penicillum (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874 (Agrotis), comb. n., C. sinuilinea (L. B. Prout, 1919) (Acanthodica), comb. n., C. splendens (Druce, 1889) (Agrotis), comb. n., C. xylinoides (Schaus, 1894) (Acanthodica), comb. n. The following species, formerly associated to Casandria are herein transferred to Motya Walker, 1859: M. araea (Schaus, 1911) (Casandria), comb. n., M. flotsama (Dyar, 1914) (Casandria), comb. n., M. insignis (Dognin, 1914) (Casandria), comb. n., M. steniptera (Schaus, 1911) (Casandria), comb. n. A table of all taxa formerly associated with both Casandria and Acanthodica are presented in the “Nommenclature summary”, and illustrations of both the types of C. emittens Walker, 1857 and of A. grandis Schaus, 1894, as well of a live C. splendens (Druce, 1889), are also presented.

In this study, two genera of Afrotropical Sesiidae, Tipulamima Holland, 1893 and Macrotarsipodes Le Cerf, 1916 stat. rev., are redefined and redescribed, the latter being resurrected from synonymy with the former as a valid genus. Both genera are confirmed to belong to the tribe Synanthedonini. The genera closest to Tipulamima are unknown. Macrotarsipodes is related to Macrotarsipus Hampson, [1893] from Southeast Asia and Lepidopoda Hampson, 1900 from Africa and Southeast Asia. The latter genus as well as Pedalonina are transferred to Synanthedonini. Uranothyris Meyrick, 1933 syn. nov. is regarded as a subjective junior synonym of Tipulamima. Checklists of the species assigned to Tipulamima and Macrotarsipodes are provided. One new species, Tipulamima hesperia sp. nov., from Guinea and Ghana and the previously unknown male of T. pterotarsa (Meyrick, 1933) comb. nov. (Uranothyris) are described and depicted. The following new combinations are introduced: Macrotarsipodes leptosceles (Bradley, 1968) comb. nov. (Synanthedon), M. pedunculata (Hampson, 1910) comb. nov. (Ichneumenoptera), M. sexualis (Hampson, 1910) comb. nov. (Macrotarsipus), M. tricinctus Le Cerf, 1916 comb. rev., Synanthedon malimba (Beutenmüller, 1899) comb. nov. (Sesia), Malgassesia ivondro (Viette, 1955) comb. nov. (Tipulamima), M. opalimargo (Le Cerf, 1913) comb. nov. (Sesia), Lepidopoda aericincta (Meyrick, 1928) comb. nov. (Aegeria), L. cyanospira (Meyrick, 1928) comb. nov. (Aegeria), L. dasysceles (Bradley, 1968) comb. nov. (Synanthedon), L. erythromma (Hampson, 1919) comb. nov. (Synanthedon), L. festiva (Beutenmüller, 1899) comb. nov. (Sesia), L. flavipalpis Hampson, 1910 comb. rev., L. nuba (Beutenmüller, 1899) comb. nov. (Sesia), L. rubripicta (Hampson, 1919) comb. nov. (Synanthedon), L. waterloti (Le Cerf, 1913) comb. nov. & stat. nov. (Macrotarsipodes), Episannina sylphina (Hampson, 1919) comb. nov. (Lepidopoda) (Synanthedonini), Chamanthedon auronitens (Le Cerf, 1913) comb. nov. (Sesia), Pyranthrene hypocalla (Le Cerf, 1937) comb. nov. (Tipulamima), P. nigriceps (Hampson, 1919) comb. nov. (Tipulamima) (Osminiini). Junior subjective synonyms are: Aegeria rubripalpis Meyrick, 1932 syn. nov. of L. rubripicta, Aegeria mercatrix Meyrick, 1931 syn. nov. of L. aericincta and Aegeria pyrostoma Meyrick, 1927 syn. rev. of L. erythromma. Lectotypes of Tipulamima haugi (Le Cerf, 1917), T. flammipes (Hampson, 1910) and Macrotarsipodes sexualis comb. nov. are designated. Clerodendrum paniculatum L. (Lamiaceae) is reported as a host plant of Tipulamima for the first time. The larvae of three species of Macrotarsipodes and several species of Lepidopoda are known to be pests of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Convolvulaceae).

Az 1912-ben megalapított Erzsébet Tudományegyetem 1914 őszén a jogi kar megnyitásával kezdte meg működését. A bölcsészeti karon csak 1918 elején, az orvosi karon 1918 őszén kezdődtek meg az előadások. A cseh légió 1919. január 1-én bevonult Pozsonyba, és innen kezdve kétségessé vált az egyetem további működésének lehetősége. 1919 szeptemberében a csehszlovák állam lefoglalta az intézmény valamennyi ingatlanát az Erzsébet Tudományegyetemen, így a bölcsészeti karon és orvosi karon megszűnt az oktatás.E karok tanárai és diákjai Magyarországra menekültek. A jogi karon még 1921 nyaráig tovább folyt az oktatás, majd e kart is bezárták. Az egyetem mint menekült tanintézet, a kolozsvári, ugyancsak menekült egyetemmel együtt Budapesten folytatta tevékenységét. 1923-ban az egyetem végleges helyét Pécs városában nyerte el.

A review of the phylactolaemate (freshwater) bryozoan collection at the Zoological Survey of India in Kolkata reaches the following conclusions: (1) Fredericella indica Annandale, 1909 from the Indian subcontinent is not the same as the species widely known as F. indica from the northern temperate zones; the latter species name is now changed to Fredericella borealis; (2) Plumatella bigemmis Annandale, 1919 is a junior synonym of Plumatella fungosa Pallas, 1768; (3) Plumatellia persica Annandale, 1919 is a junior synonym of Plumatella casmiana Oka, 1907; (4) Plumatella (Afrindella) testudinicola Annandale, 1912 combines two previously known species: Plumatella bombayensis Annandale, 1908 and Plumatella casmiana Oka, 1907; (5) Rumarcanella minuta (Toriumi, 1941) is a junior synonym of Stolella himalayana Annandale, 1911 which now becomes Rumarcanella himalayana based on statoblast hypertubercles; (6) Plumatella longigemmis Annandale, 1915 and Hyalinella (Australella) indica Annandale, 1915 are both junior synonyms of Hyalinella lendenfeldi (Ridley, 1886); (7) Stolella indica Annandale, 1909, Swarupella andamanensis Rao, 1961 and Swarupella kasetsartensis Wood, 2006, may all be synonymous. The species Plumatella bombayensis is confirmed, and its holotype is re-described. In addition to Fredericella borealis four new species are presented: Plumatella crispa, P. dhritiae, P. paltensis and P. raoi. Validity is rejected for the genera Afrindella, Australella, Stolella, and Swarupella. The genera Rumarcanella and Varunella require refinement and documentation. A taxonomic key to the Indian Phylactolaemata concludes this paper.

This Bibliographical Calendar is the second and concluding installment of our bibliographical calendar of diplomacy and international law to official transactions relating to World War One. The first installment,“100 Years Ago: A Bibliographic Calendar of Diplomacy and International Law: In The Years 1914 and 1915, “was published in Volume 42, Issue No. 3 of the International Journal of Legal Information, Winter 2014. The first installment of the Calendar covered the years 1914 and 1915. The present installment refers to the years 1916 to 1919.

The taxonomy and natural history of the ant genus Crematogaster are reviewed for the Costa Rican fauna. Thirtyone species are known, and a key is provided for these and two additional species from adjacent regions of Panama. Species boundaries are evaluated over their entire range when possible. The taxonomic history of the genus is one of unbridled naming of new species and subspecies, with no synthetic works or keys. Major taxonomic changes are proposed, with the recognition of several polytypic species with very broad ranges and the synonymization of the many names associated with them. Crematogaster pygmaea Forel 1904, suturalis Forel 1912, ornatipilis Wheeler 1918, erici Santschi 1929, and chacoana Santschi 1933 are synonymized under abstinens Forel 1899; centralis Santschi 1932 under acuta (Fabricius 1804); aruga Forel 1913 under arcuata Forel 1899; ludio Forel 1912, armandi Forel 1921, inca Wheeler 1925, and cocciphila Borgmeier 1934 under brasiliensis Mayr 1878; parabiotica Forel 1904 under carinata Mayr 1862; brevispinosa Mayr 1870, minutior Forel 1893, schuppi Forel 1901, recurvispina Forel 1912, sampaioi Forel 1912, striatinota Forel 1912, townsendi Wheeler 1925, and chathamensis Wheeler 1933 under crinosa Mayr 1862; barbouri Weber 1934 under cubaensis Mann 1920; antillana Forel 1893, sculpturata Pergande 1896, kemali Santschi 1923, accola Wheeler 1934, phytoeca Wheeler 1934, panamana Wheeler 1942, and obscura Santschi 1929 under curvispinosa Mayr 1870; descolei Kusnezov 1949 under distans Mayr 1870; projecta Santschi 1925 under erecta Mayr 1866; carbonescens Forel 1913 under evallans Forel 1907; palans Forel 1912, ascendens Wheeler 1925, and dextella Santschi 1929 under limata F. Smith 1858; agnita Wheeler 1934 under obscurata Emery 1895; amazonensis Forel 1905, autruni Mann 1916, and guianensis Crawley 1916 under stollii Forel 1885; surdior Forel 1885, atitlanica Wheeler 1936, and maya Wheeler 1936 under sumichrasti Mayr 1870; tumulifera Forel 1899 and arizonensis Wheeler 1908 under torosa Mayr 1870. The following taxa are raised to species: ampla Forel 1912, brevidentata Forel 1912, chodati Forel 1921, crucis Forel 1912, cubaensis Mann 1920, goeldii Forel 1903, malevolens Santschi 1919, mancocapaci Santschi 1911, moelleri Forel 1912, montana Borgmeier 1939, obscurata Emery 1895, rochai Forel 1903, russata Wheeler 1925, sericea Forel 1912, stigmatica Forel 1911, sub-tonsa Santschi 1925, tenuicula Forel 1904, thalia Forel 1911, uruguayensis Santschi 1912, and vicina Andre 1893. The following new species are described: bryophilia, flavomicrops, flavosensitiva, foliocrypta, jardinero, levior, monteverdensis, raptor, snellingi, sotobosque, and wardi.

Мета статті полягає в науковому осмисленні історії становлення дактилоскопії як науки на початку ХХ ст. крізь призму «Справи графа Ронікера» (1910–1914) (Варшава). Методологія. Методологічну основу дослідження становить сучасна теорія наукового пізнання соціальних явищ, що охоплює комплекс філософських (діалектичний), загальнонаукових (історичний, історіографічний, функціональний, інституційний) і спеціальних (історико-правовий, компаративний, біографічний) методів. Наукова новизна. На прикладі «Справи графа Ронікера» (1910–1914) і експертного висновку одного з перших спеціалістів-дактилоскопів Михайла Олександровича Жабчинського (1863 – після 1919) висвітлено історичні аспекти становлення дактилоскопії як науки на початку ХХ ст. Висновки. Ґрунтуючись на дорадянських періодичних виданнях, розглянуто маловідому сучасному читачу кримінальну справу польського аристократа, літератора графа Богдана Ронікера (1910–1914), обвинуваченого в убивстві свого шурина 17-річного гімназиста Станіслава Хржановського з метою усунути юнака з кола спадкоємців сім’ї Хржановських у разі розподілу майна між дітьми та збільшення частки, яку отримуватиме від цього дружина графа Ронікера. Серед головних підстав обвинувачувати графа Ронікера в скоєнні вбивства були результати дактилоскопічної експертизи, проведеної завідувачем реєстраційного бюро Варшавського сискного відділення Михайлом Олександровичем Жабчинським. Він провів дослідження вилучених із місця події потожирових плям чоловічих рук, порівнюючи їх із відбитками пальців графа Ронікера. При цьому експерт дійшов категоричного висновку, що «анализуемые четыре следа… безусловно принадлежат большим и указательным пальцам обоих рук графа Роникера». Варшавський окружний суд 5 вересня 1911 р. ухвалив вирок, за яким граф Ронікер визнавався винним в умисному вбивстві Станіслава Хржановського і засуджувався до 15 років каторжних робіт. У травні 1912 р. справу розглядала Варшавська судова палата. Вироком наглядової інстанції від 29 грудня 1913 р. графа Ронікера засуджено до 11 років каторжних робіт. Крапку в цій справі 27 листопада 1914 р. поставив Урядовий сенат, погодившись із вердиктом Варшавської судової палати.

ABSTRACT Wild waterfowl captured between 1915 and 1919 were tested for influenza A virus RNA. One bird, captured in 1917, was infected with a virus of the same hemagglutinin (HA) subtype as that of the 1918 pandemic virus. The 1917 HA is more closely related to that of modern avian viruses than it is to that of the pandemic virus, suggesting (i) that there was little drift in avian sequences over the past 85 years and (ii) that the 1918 pandemic virus did not acquire its HA directly from a bird.

Auckland's keenest advocate of the Arts and Crafts movement was Frederick Noel Bamford (1881-1952) who was the first director of the Auckland School of Architecture from 1917-19. Apprenticed to carpenter and architect Edward Bartley (1839-1919) during the years that St Matthews-in-the-city was being designed, Bamford excelled at drawing and travelled to London to become a student at the Royal Institute of British Architects' School in 1904. Along with fellow expatriate architectural student Arthur Patrick Hector Pierce (1879-1918), Bamford found work in the office of Edwin Lutyens (1869-1919), famed for his romantic English country houses. Bamford returned to Auckland in 1906, and was elected an Associate of the RIBA the following year. Pierce followed, and they formed an architectural partnership which became renowned for its houses in the English Domestic Revival style adapted for New Zealand conditions. Bamford and Pierce are best known for designing the glamourous Coolangatta, 464 Remuera Road (1911, demolished in 2006) for Canadian-born Alfred Foster, a surveyor and his wife Jessie, which Peter Shaw observes is almost an exact copy of a Lutyens house at Fulbrook, Elstead, Surrey, built in 1897. As well as indicating the rapid transmission the Lutyens country house typology to New Zealand, the story of the Bamford and Pierce partnership offers an intriguing insight into the social relationships of Edwardian Auckland. Pierce's father George was prominent in the Anglican Diocese, and one of the earliest commissions that Bamford and Pierce secured was for Bishopscourt, a home for the Anglican Bishop of Auckland, known as Neligan House (1909-10). Connections to the law firm of Hesketh Richmond (Bamford's father was Edwin Bamford, (1846-1928), Registrar-General of Lands) resulted in the commission for Waione (1910), a single storey house at 22 Domett Avenue, Epsom as well as two houses for wealthy heiress Jeannie Stirling Richmond (1854-1917) for construction on her Rockwood estate. Ngahere at 74 Mountain Road (1907-8) was designed for Richmond's newly married daughter Margaret MacCormick (1884-1972) is renowned for its butterfly floor plan. Woodend at Gilgit Road (circa 1914-15) was designed as the home of Noel Bamford's brother, lawyer Dr Harry Dean Bamford, who lectured in law at Auckland University College. In 1912, the year that his Remuera house went up in flames destroying £2000 worth of Arts and Crafts furniture, Bamford founded the Arts and Crafts Club in Auckland, becoming its inaugural president. The Club was to have a key role in promoting the adaptation of the ideology of William Morris, and incorporated Māori arts into its definition of craft.

A fines de 1915 y en el curso de 1916. les llamó la atención a RENE CRUCHET y otros médicos franceses algunos enfermos en los que predominaban síntomas encefálicos, pero sus observaciones fueron incompletas, debido a la incesante movilidad de los hospitales militares en las zonas de guerra; solo en Abril de 1917 CRUCHET, MOUTlER y CALMETTES fundados en 40 casos observaciones que catalogaro bajo la denominación de encef alo-mielitis, publicaron una exposición en el Bulletin de la Societé Medicale des hospitaux de París. Posteriormente en marzo de 1918 NETTER llamó la atención sobre la aparición en la región parisiense de una enfermedad epidémica , que por sus caracteres clínicos se semejaba a la observada en 1917 en Austria por VON ECONOMO y otros prácticos, denominándola encefalitis letárgica. En el curso de 1918 y 1919 han sido señalados nuevos casos en Inglaterra, Francia, Italia y otras naciones de Europa, en Australia, EE. UU. y otras ciudades de la América del Sur. Entre nosotros, en el mes de agosto de 1919 el Dr. MONET expuso en la Academia Nacional de Medicina la observación de un caso de encefalitis letárgica que él atendió; el Dr. ODRIOZOLA relató en la misma sesión una observación efectuada en su servicio del hospital "Dos de Mayo" y por último el Dr. JULIAN ARCE ha publicado un interesante trabajo con motivo de la observación de otro caso perfectamente estudiado por él.

Yu.A. Philiptschenko (1882-1930) founded 1919 the first Department of Genetics in our country. 1912 he defended his master's dissertation in zoology and shifted to genetics. Sep- tember 18, 1913 docent Philiptschenko started the first in Russia course of Genetics ("Doctrine of genetics and evolution"), 1915 he issued the first his book "Variability and evolution", 1917 - "Inheritance". 1929 a textbook "Genetics" was created on their basis. 1921 he organized at KEPS "Eugenics bureau", which be- came "Genetics laboratory of Academy of Sciences of the USSR. His scientific interests embraced: genetics of qualitative and quan- titative traits, including inheritance of mental abilities in humans, eugenics, evolutionary genetics. He offered the terms: "micro- evolution" and "macroevolution". Yu.A. Philiptschenko created a large scientific school.

Various issues in taxonomy and nomenclature of Diptera Chironomidae are discussed, in order to formalize and explain scientific names used in the Fauna Europaea database publications. General and specific remarks point out and exemplify the most common causes for erroneous data: insufficient consultation of the primary sources (literature and material), unjustified assumptions of type status, and uncritical handling of untested information. Recommendations are offered on how to avoid or solve such problems, and increase the stability and quality of the chironomid system. In addition to a number of changes affecting endings of species epithets, authorship, dates of publication, etc., the following acts and recognitions of nomenclature are proposed.Paramerina cingulata (Walker, 1856) remains valid in spite of being a junior homonym. Thienemannimyia geijskesi (Goetghebuer, 1934) by emendation replaces the incorrect original spelling "Ablasblesmyia Geijkesi". Diamesa starmachi Kownacki & Kownacka, 1970 is valid, D. starmachii is an incorrect (variant) original spelling. The new substitute name Cricotopus (Isocladius) maurii is proposed for C. (I.) polychaetus Hirvenoja, 1989, a junior secondary homonym of C. polychaetus (Kieffer, 1923). Dactylocladius longicalcar Kieffer sensu Thienemann (1926) = Eukiefferiella gracei (Edwards, 1929), a misidentification of Dactylocladius longicalcar Kieffer, 1911, is selected as the type species of Eukiefferiella Thienemann, 1926. Gymnometriocnemus and Pseudosmittia are available and valid from Edwards (1932). Limnophyes minimus (Meigen, 1818) is the valid name for Camptocladius foenisuga Potthast, 1914 syn. n. and C. hexatomus Potthast, 1914 syn. n. Metriocnemus cavicola Kieffer, 1921 is valid, M. "martinii" of Thienemann (1921) is a nomen nudum. Nanocladius dichromus (Kieffer, 1906) is the valid name for Chironomus bicolor Zetterstedt, 1838 (preoccupied by Waltl, 1837). Orthocladius (Eudactylocladius) almskari S ther, nom. nov., replaces the junior primary homonym O. (Eud.) schnelli S ther, 2004. Paralimnophyes longiseta (Thienemann, 1919) is the senior synonym of P. hydrophilus (Goetghebuer, 1921). Lindebergia Tuiskunen, 1984 has been a junior synonym of Pseudosmittia Edwards, 1932 since S ther & Ferrington (2003). Both Pseudosmittia hamata (Freeman, 1956) and P. neohamata Cranston, 1990 (= P. hamata Strenzke, 1960) comb n. are junior synonyms of P. danconai (Marcuzzi, 1947). Zalutschia tornetraeskensis (Edwards & Thienemann in Thienemann, 1941) is the correct spelling and authorship for the species originally described in Trissocladius. Chironomus (Camptochironomus) subaprilinus Kieffer, 1918 has been fixed as the type species of Camptochironomus Kieffer, 1918 by Goetghebuer (1937). Chironomus (Lobochironomus) dorsalis Meigen, 1818 is the valid name for C. longipes Staeger, 1839 syn. n., C. tricolor van der Wulp, 1874 syn. n., and C. bequaerti Goetghebuer, 1921 syn. n. The new substitute name Cladopelma goetghebueri is proposed for Chironomus lateralis Goetghebuer, 1934 (preoccupied by Walker in Curtis, 1837). Dicrotendipes septemmaculatus (Becker) is considered as the valid name for the type species of Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913: D. pictipennis Kieffer, 1913, a junior synonym. Dicrotendipes pulsus (Walker, 1856), not D. objectans (Walker, 1856), is the valid name for European material previously misidentified as D. modestus (Say, 1823). The type species of Glyptotendipes Kieffer, 1913 is Chironomus verrucosus Kieffer, 1911; a lectotype is designated, and the adult female diagnosed. The three subgenera in Glyptotendipes are reclassified; G. (Caulochironomus) Heyn, 1993 type species Chironomus caulicola Kieffer, 1913 is valid; G. (Heynotendipes) nom. nov. type species Chironomus signatus Kieffer, 1909 replaces G. (Trichotendipes) Heyn, 1993 (preoccupied by Trichotendipes Guha et al., 1985). Glyptotendipes imbecilis (Walker, 1856) is used as valid, in this correct original spelling. Glyptotendipes cauliginellus (Kieffer, 1913) takes precedence over G. gripekoveni (Kieffer, 1913), and becomes the valid name for Chironomus sparganii Willem, 1908 (preoccupied by C. sparganii Kieffer, 1908), G. gracilis Kieffer, 1918, G. iridis Kieffer, 1918 syn. n., G. scirporum Kieffer, 1924, and G. discolor Kieffer, 1926 syn. n. Kiefferulus Goetghebuer, 1922 is the valid name for Tendochironomus Lenz, 1937 syn. n. Polypedilum octopunctatum (Thunberg, 1784), for which a lectotype is designated, is the valid name for P. quadrimaculatum (Meigen, 1838) syn. n. The new substitute name Stempellinella edwardsi is proposed for Tanytarsus minor Edwards, 1929 (preoccupied by Kieffer, 1916). The type species of Stenochironomus Kieffer, 1919 is Chironomus pulchripennis Coquillett, 1902 by designation of Townes (1945). Stenochironomus gibbus (Fabricius, 1794), nomen protectum, is the valid name for S. parisiensis (Thunberg, 1784) syn. n., nomen oblitum. The following names require revisionary clarification, any future use should explicitly include the recent reference after which they are interpreted: Clunio adriaticus Schiner, 1856; Cluniobalearicus Bezzi, 1913; Chironomus "annularius" auctt.; Chironomus dorsalis auctt. not Meigen, 1818; Chironomus pallidivittatus auctt. not Malloch, 1915; Chironomus prasinus auctt. not Meigen, 1804; Chironomus venustus auctt. not Staeger, 1839; Chironomus viridis Macquart, 1834; Endochironomus albipennis (Meigen, 1830); Endochironomus tendens (Fabricius, 1775); Glyptotendipes foliicola Kieffer, 1918; Glyptotendipes sigillatus Kieffer, 1918; Tendipes abranchius Kieffer, 1913.

La desaparición de El Imparcial (en agosto de 1914) generó un vacío periodístico que fue ocupado por múltiples órganos informativos de corta duración, cuyo objetivo fue defender las posturas de las diversas facciones en pugna. Una vez concluida la “guerra de papel” (1914-1915), inició un periodo de hegemonía de la prensa adicta a Venustiano Carranza. A través de las historias de periódicos como El Demócrata, El Pueblo, El Universal y Excélsior, se explica el ascenso, la consolidación y los prolegómenos de la crisis del gobierno de Carranza. La “muerte” de El Pueblo en mayo de 1919 marcó un punto de inflexión en el periodismo revolucionario antes de que iniciara la lucha electoral de 1920. El desarrollo y la consolidación de la prensa carrancista no han sido suficientemente analizados por la historiografía, este texto propone una explicación al periodo de 1913 a 1919.

Nationalist activity in India between the years 1909 and 1916 has generally received an inadequate treatment from historians. It seems, quite simply, that this period is not sensational enough and historical accounts tend to skip from the excitement of the Swadeshi movement, the ‘Moderate’—‘Extremist’ split, the so-called ‘Extremist’ movement in general, and the Morley—Minto reforms of 1909 only to stop at the emergence of the Home Rule leagues or, even more likely, the serious political emergence of Gandhi after 1917. For example, despite writing of ‘continuities’ from 1885 to 1947, even Sumit Sarkar sees the nationalist movement expanding ‘in a succession of waves and troughs, the obvious high-points being 1905–1908, 1919–1922, 1928–1934, 1942 and 1945–46.’ Effectively, he is saying that the years from 1908 to 1919 were characterized by a ‘trough’ or lull.

The article deals with the prehistory and the circumstances of Sándor Ferenczi's university career, and also discusses the university affairs of another prominent Hungarian psychoanalyst, Géza Róheim. Ferenczi's application for lectureship at the Medical Faculty was refused by the conservative professors in 1913. However, after the revolution in 1918 the university students themselves demanded Ferenczi's invitation to teach at the university. The Faculty resisted again, but finally, in April 1919 Ferenczi was appointed as professor Chair of Psychoanalytic Studies and Psychoanalytic Clinic of the Medical Faculty of the Budapest University. His appointment was confirmed by the Communist government, which came to power in March 1919. Róheim's application for lectureship was also refused, by the Philosophical Faculty, in 1917. In contrast to various legends, Róheim was not rewarded with a university chair in 1919, although he gave lectures on anthropology for different audiences and supported the cultural politics of the Councils' Republic.

Buday Árpád (Marosgezse, 1879. január 17.– Szeged, 1937. április 7.). A kolozsvári egyetem magántanára (1911–1917), c. ny. rk. tanára (1917–1918), az Egyetemi Diákasztal és Diákotthon Felügyelő Bizottságának titkára (1904–1919). Magyarországra áttelepülve (1924-től) a Kolozsvárról Szegedre menekült egyetemen ny. r. tanára (1924–1937); közben a bölcsészkar dékánja (1931/1932. tanév), prodékánja (1932/1933. tanév). Az 1931/1932. tanévben – a nagy gazdasági világválság kirobbanását követő években – lett a szegedi egyetem Diákjóléti és Diákvédő Irodájának elnöke. A tanulmány igyekszik felvázolni „a diákvédő professzor” portréját.

In the article we analyze the press publications that covered the process of realizing the idea of consolidation and its theoretical reasoning in the journals of 1918—1919 in UNR and Ukrainian State. The subject of the research is newspaper materials of such press editions as «Nova Rada» (Kyiv, 1917—1919), «Kozatska Dumka» (Berdychiv, 1917), «Vidrodzennia» (Kiev, 1918), «Vistnyk Ukrainskoi Narodnoi Respubliky » (Kyiv, Vinnytsia, Kamianets-Podilsky, 1918—1919), «Respublikanski Visty» (Vinnytsia, 1918—1919), «Respublikanski Visty» (Kharkiv, 1918), «Zhyttia Podillia» (Kamianets-Podilsky, 1918—1919), «Kievskii Kommunist» (1918—1919) and others. Analysis of publications about consolidation reveals a wide range of factors that influenced the Act of Union on January 22, 1919 — historical, mental, ideological, political and informational. At the same time it reveals the inconsistency policy of the leaders of the Ukrainian Central Rada, in particular Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, of promoting the idea of the federation (which was de facto in opposition to the idea of consolidation). We have made comparative parallels of understanding the process of unification among Galician and Dnieper Ukrainians, taking into account the fact of the presence of Ukrainian lands within different empires — Russian and Austro-Hungarian, related to this fact internal contradictions among the Ukrainian political elite, open armed aggression against Ukraine. The repressions of the Russian authorities led to the destruction of the nationally-oriented Ukrainian political elite, whose numerous representatives did not know their native language. Additionally, the influence of socialist ideology caused the priority of social demands against national ones. Representatives of the Galicians, released after the revolution from the Siberian camps, have joined the government, administrative and educational institutions of Ukraine. The opponents of consolidation were the Bolsheviks, who saw the prospects of unification only under the red flag. In the journals were published texts of documents, described the process of the celebration on January 22, 1919, abstracts of V. Vynnychenko`s, S. Petliura`s, L. Tsehelsky`s and V. Olesnitsky`s speeches, published mottos for the necessity of the unity of the nation. Keywords: consolidation, Act of Union, federation, UNR, ZUNR, ukrainian press of 1918—1919.

Апстракт: У току Првог светског рата са простора Србије и Црне Горе, уз стотине хиљада припадника српског народа и неколико стотина свештеника и свештеномонаха, страдали су и архијереји и то на различите начине: убијени, интернирани и протерани у избеглиштво. У раду се прегледно приказује страдање архијереја од аустроугарског и бугарског окупатора. Архијереји чије је страдање описано су: Митрополит Србије Димитрије (Павловић) (1905–1920), Митрополит скопски Викентије (Крџић) (1905–1915), Митрополит пећки Гаврило (Дожић) (1913–1920), Епископ нишки Доситеј (Васић) (1913–1933), Епископ шабачки Сергије (Георгијевић) (1905–1919), Епископ велешко-дебарски Варнава (Росић) (1913–1920) и умировљени Митрополит рашко-призренски Нићифор (Перић) (1901–1911).

This short exposition starts with a brief discussion of situation before the completion of special relativity (Le Verrier’s discovery of the Mercury perihelion advance anomaly, Michelson–Morley experiment, Eötvös experiment, Newcomb’s improved observation of Mercury perihelion advance, the proposals of various new gravity theories and the development of tensor analysis and differential geometry) and accounts for the main conceptual developments leading to the completion of the general relativity (CGR): gravity has finite velocity of propagation; energy also gravitates; Einstein proposed his equivalence principle and deduced the gravitational redshift; Minkowski formulated the special relativity in four-dimentional spacetime and derived the four-dimensional electromagnetic stress–energy tensor; Einstein derived the gravitational deflection from his equivalence principle; Laue extended Minkowski’s method of constructing electromagnetic stress-energy tensor to stressed bodies, dust and relativistic fluids; Abraham, Einstein, and Nordström proposed their versions of scalar theories of gravity in 1911–13; Einstein and Grossmann first used metric as the basic gravitational entity and proposed a “tensor” theory of gravity (the “Entwurf” theory, 1913); Einstein proposed a theory of gravity with Ricci tensor proportional to stress–energy tensor (1915); Einstein, based on 1913 Besso–Einstein collaboration, correctly derived the relativistic perihelion advance formula of his new theory which agreed with observation (1915); Hilbert discovered the Lagrangian for electromagnetic stress–energy tensor and the Lagrangian for the gravitational field (1915), and stated the Hilbert variational principle; Einstein equation of GR was proposed (1915); Einstein published his foundation paper (1916). Subsequent developments and applications in the next two years included Schwarzschild solution (1916), gravitational waves and the quadrupole formula of gravitational radiation (1916, 1918), cosmology and the proposal of cosmological constant (1917), de Sitter solution (1917), Lense–Thirring effect (1918).

Csáth Géza 1897-től 1919-ig, halálának évéig írt naplót és naplószerű feljegyzéseket. Ennek teljes szöveganyaga a naplósorozat 2017-ben megjelent, utolsó kötetével vált hozzáférhetővé. A tanulmány a naplókiadások bonyolult hálózatát is felvázolja. A legújabb naplókötet (Sötét örvénybe süllyedek) az első világháború éveinek „mikrotörténetét” dokumentálja, melynek kontextusából különösen az 1917–1918., valamint az 1919. évre vonatkozó, kötetben ez ideig publikálatlan naplófeljegyzések érdemelnek figyelmet. Az előbbi két év a háború, az utóbbi Csáth életének utolsó éve, így az 1917 és 1919 közötti évekre vonatkozó naplófeljegyzések egyben sajátos befejezésnarratívát tárnak az olvasó elé.

U.S.food prices surged abruptly higher in 1910–1913, alarming urban consumers, who equated them with the high cost of living, but delighting farmers. Progressive reformers tackled detailed aspects of the food-price problem but had no overarching solution and no effective programs t o please both consumers and farmers. A volatile pattern of economic voting resulted, but unlike conventional models, it had countervailing tendencies, setting consumers against food producers. Food prices cost the Republicans heavily in the 1910 election and helped disrupt the party by 1912, ending the Republican “system of 1896.” In power, Democrats pursued primarily a southern-tinged agrarian agenda and narrowly preserved power through 1914 and 1916 but fell victim to interest-group conflicts in 1918 and economic disasters in 1920.

Based on archival materials and published sources the authors determine the Academician M. A. Dyakonov role as the Chairman of the Permanent Library Commission in the Russian Academy of Sciences (1915-1919) and simultaneously the Director of the Library of the Academy of Sciences (1916-1919).

Elokuussa 1914 syttynyt maailmansota johti tieteen, tekniikan ja sodankäynnin järjestelmien lopulliseen liittoon kaikissa teollistuneissa suurvalloissa. Tieteellis-teknilliset kompleksit organisoitiin yliopistojen, korkeakoulujen ja tutkimuslaitosten varaan. Valtion rahoittamia organisaatioita 1910-luvulla olivat esimerkiksi saksalainen Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., Britannian Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), ja Yhdysvaltojen National Research Council (NRC). Ruotsissa esitettiin vuonna 1916 voima- ja polttoainekysymyksiin perustuvan tutkimuslaitoksen perustamista. Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademin (IVA) perustettiin tarkoitusta varten 24. lokakuuta 1919. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan suomalaisen tutkimusjärjestelmän muotoutumista maailmansodan ja itsenäistymiskamppailun keskellä. Miksi Suomessa ei luotu vastaavaa tutkimusorganisaatiota kuin Ruotsissa? Lisäksi artikkelissa pohditaan, miten 1910-luvun kriisiaikojen jäljet näkyivät suomalaisen tiedejärjestelmän rakenteissa.

In the last century nationalism as a spiritual element - according to the 1919 state?ment of the historian, archaeologist and philosopher Vasile P?rvan - was a blessed plant grown on Romanian soil during the ?48 revolution, the ?59 union under Prince Cuza, the ?77 war of independence and the preparation of such a national project as the Union with the Romanian Kingdom of several Romanian-speaking provinces dominated by two em?pires - the Austrian and the Russian - epitomized by Transylvania which came finally to the motherland on the 1st of December 1918, the same day when the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was born. In the nationalism project, the Union Transylvania was a political priority. But we must add immediately that in the events of 1914-1916 in the neighbourhood of Romania a symbol of the national struggle became what Nicolae Iorga, in a famous lecture of 1915, called ?the heroic and martyr Serbia?.

Ten species of marine strombidiid ciliates were identified after protargol staining plankton samples. The taxonomic redescriptions include a diagnosis for Tontonia gracillima Faure-Fremiet, 1924, Strombidium wulffi (Wulff, 1919) Kahl, 1932, Strombidium acutum Leegaard, 1915, Strombidium constrictum (Meunier, 1910) Wulff, 1919, Strombidium compressum (Leegaard, 1915) Kahl, 1932, and Strombidium sulcatum Claparede & Lachmann, 1858. Four new species, Strombidium dalum n.sp., Strombidium epidemum n.sp., Strombidium rhynchum n.sp., and Strombidium tressum n.sp., are defined based primarily on the characteristics of the anterior oral polykinetids, numbers of oral polykinetids, and presence of anterior protuberance.

Afrotropical Astochia Becker, 1913 are taxonomically reviewed. Three new species are described (A. lumariussp. nov. (Malawi), A. silvasp. nov. (Kenya, Burundi), A. similissp. nov. (Nigeria)) and added to those already known (A. africana (Ricardo, 1919), A. armata (Becker, 1909), A. neavensis (Ricardo, 1919), A. sodalis (Wulp, 1899), A. strachani Oldroyd, 1970). A key to aid in species identification is provided in addition to notes on their distribution, phenology and biology.

The article is devoted to the newspaper «Priishimye», published in 1913–1919 in the city of Petropavlovsk, Akmola region (the territory of Kazakhstan now). It was in this newspaper that the first publication of Vsevolod Ivanov took place (the poem “Winter”, 1915). In 1915– 1916, the newspaper published stories by Vsevolod Ivanov, Anton Sorokin, Kondraty Tupikov and other Siberian writers. The editor of the newspaper since 1914 was Leonid Stepanovich Ushakov (1886 – after 1957). There are published three of his letters to Kondrati Nikiforovich Urmanov (real family Tupikov; 1894–1976), stored in the City Center for the History of the Novosibirsk Book named after N. P. Litvinov (Novosibirsk). The letters were written and sent to the writer in 1957. After the 1920s – early 1930s, Ushakov was not associated with the world of literature; he worked in the system of the State Planning Committee of the USSR and dealt with issues of economy and national economy. The letters to Urmanov contain valuable information about the literary life of Siberia at the beginning of the 20 th century, as well as about the biography and personality of L. S. Ushakov.

In the writing on institutional organisation and collective strike action among agricultural workers in Lowland Scotland during the early twentieth century until the outbreak of the Second World War, Richard Anthony has provided an extensive discussion on farm servants.2 However, in general, little attention has been given to casually employed workers. One such group, known as the Achill workers or the Irish ‘tattie howkers’, employed to harvest the potato crop in south-western and central Scotland, attempted to organise themselves and pursued collective strike action on a number of occasions. That group, which comprised some 1,500 to 2,000 workers, undertook strike action in 1907. That action was followed by intensive campaigns in 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, and 1938; a further attempted strike was also reported in 1912. Much of their collective action was assisted by institutional support from unions which were already organising workers. But workers also attempted to organise themselves with the assistance of these existing unions in the years 1918 to 1921, 1925, 1926 and 1929, and to form their own union in 1909, 1910 and 1938. This paper will examine these attempts during this period.

The authors examined antlion types in several collections and, as a result, 44 new synonymous names were found and 8 new combinations were established. Label data of the type specimens, distribution and some taxonomical comments were published. Acanthaclisis aurora Klapálek, 1912 n. syn. of Phanoclisis longicollis (Rambur, 1842); Creoleon pallida Fraser, 1950 n. syn. of Nohoveus lepidus (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834); Myrmeleon tschernovi Krivokhatsky, N. A., Shapoval & A. P. Shapoval, 2014 n. syn. of Myrmeleon bore (Tjeder, 1941); Myrmeleon montanus Navás, 1914 n. syn. of Myrmeleon trivialis Gerstaecker, 1885; Cueta elongata Navás, 1914 n. syn. of Cueta divisa Navás, 1912; Cueta externa Navás, 1914 n. syn. of Cueta indefinita Navás, 1914; Cueta gracilis Navás, 1924 n. syn. of Cueta indefinita Navás, 1914; Cueta simplicior Navás, 1934 n. syn. of Cueta indefinita Navás, 1914; Cueta pilosa Navás, 1934 n. syn. of Cueta indefinita Navás, 1914; Nesoleon scalaris Navás, 1912 n. syn. of Cueta pallens (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834). "Nesoleon lepidus Klug." is a wrong combination (Banks 1913) and not extant species. Cueta dissimulata Navás, 1913 n. syn. of Cueta trivirgata (Gerstaecker, 1894); Dendroleon qiongana Yang, 2002 n. syn. of Gatzara caelestis (Krivokhatsky, 1997); Dendroleon angulineura C.-k. Yang, 1987 n. syn. of Gatzara jubilaea Navás, 1915; Myrmeleon contractus Walker, 1860 n. comb. of Layahima contracta (Walker, 1860); Layahima nebulosa Navás, 1912 n. syn. of Layahima contracta (Walker, 1860); Distoleon cubitalis (Navás, 1914) n. comb. of Banyutus cubitalis (Navás, 1914); Formicaleo feai Navás, 1915 n. syn. of Banyutus cubitalis (Navás, 1914); Cymatala pallora C.-k. Yang, 1986 n. comb. of Banyutus pallorus (C.-k. Yang, 1986) and n. syn. of Banyutus cubitalis (Navás, 1914); Creoleon maurus Navás, 1923 n. syn. of Creoleon lugdunensis (Villers, 1789); Creagris interrupta Navás, 1914 n. syn. of Creoleon mortifer (Walker, 1853); Creagris loanguana Navás, 1913 n. syn. of Creoleon mortifer (Walker, 1853); Creoleon nigritarsis Navás, 1921 n. syn. of Creoleon mortifer (Walker, 1853); Creagris venosus Navás, 1914 n. syn. of Creoleon mortifer (Walker, 1853); Neeles roscidus Navás, 1937 n. comb. of Distoleon roscidus (Navás, 1937) and n. syn. of Distoleon nefandus (Walker, 1853); Distoleon symphineurus C.-k. Yang, 1986 n. syn. of Distoleon solitarius (Hölzel, 1970); Macronemurus interruptus Kolbe, 1897 n. syn. of Distoleon sylphis (Gerstaecker, 1894); Formicaleo turbidus Navás, 1915 n. syn. of Distoleon sylphis (Gerstaecker, 1894); Formicaleo lambarenus Navás, 1921 n. syn. of Distoleon sylphis (Gerstaecker, 1894); Formicaleo gilsi Navás, 1933 n. syn. of Distoleon sylphis (Gerstaecker, 1894); Neeles muzanus Navás, 1922 n. comb. of Distoleon muzanus (Navás, 1922) and n. syn. of Distoleon sylphis (Gerstaecker, 1894); Feina languidus Navás, 1931 n. syn. of Distoleon tholloni (Navás, 1914); Neuroleon parvissimus Fraser, 1952 n. syn. of Geyria lepidula (Navás, 1912); Formicaleo dumontinus Navás, 1933 n. comb. of Macronemurus dumontinus (Navás, 1933) and n. syn. of Macronemurus appendiculatus (Latreille, 1807); Macronemurus schoutedeni Navás, 1930 n. syn. of Macronemurus loranthe Banks, 1911; Macronemurus jejunus Navás, 1912 n. syn. of Macronemurus melanthe Banks, 1911; Macronemurus ianthe Banks, 1911 n. syn. of Macronemurus perlatus (Gerstaecker, 1885); Macronemurus nuncius Navás, 1913 n. syn. of Macronemurus perlatus (Gerstaecker, 1885); Formicoleo fictus Navás, 1913 n. syn. of Macronemurus perlatus (Gerstaecker, 1885); Formicaleo neavinus Navás, 1913 n. comb. of Macronemurus neavinus (Navás, 1913) and n. syn. of Macronemurus perlatus (Gerstaecker, 1885); Macronemurus wittei Navás, 1932 n. syn. of Macronemurus perlatus (Gerstaecker, 1885); Neuroleon lukhtanovi Krivokhatsky, 1996 n. syn. of Neuroleon erato Hölzel, 1972; Neuroleon nubilus Navás, 1913 n. syn. of Neuroleon (Ganussa) tenellus (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834); Tahulus sordidatus Navás, 1936 n. syn. of Pseudoformicaleo gracilis (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834); Indoleon tacitus sinicus C.-k. Yang in C.-k. Yang & X.-l. Wang, 2002 n. syn. of Indoleon tacitus (Walker, 1853); Myrmeleon lagopus Gerstaecker, 1894 n. comb. of Nedroledon lagopus (Gerstaecker, 1894), Nedroledon striatus Hölzel, 1972 n. syn. of Nedroledon lagopus (Gerstaecker, 1894); Paraglenurus lotzi Miller & Stange, 1999 n. syn. of Paraglenurus pumilus Yang, 1997. 49 photographs of type specimens are presented.

The study, based on archival sources and scientific publications, identifies a number of issues related to the history of the formation of women's educational institutions in Galicia in the early twentieth century. Coverage of the peculiarities of the formation and development of women's seminaries for teacher training in Ukraine as a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is considered on the example of the State Women's Teachers' Seminary in Berezhany. It has been found that the introduction of new educational institutions – men's and women's teachers' seminaries had been based on the Austrian state school law of 1869, which introduced significant changes in the process of teacher training. From the results of the article it has been identified that women's educational institutions had been created in the Austro-Hungarian Empire to provide public (primary) schools with teachers and aimed at professional self-realization of women. The research focuses on the women's teacher's seminary in Berezhany which was opened in 1910/1911. The article analyzes archival documents from the collection of the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in L’viv, in particular the materials of the fund № 179 "Curator of the L’viv School District", case 1111 "Case of transfer of premises in Senyavsky Castle in Berezhany by the local city community for a women's seminary". Based on the documents of the case on the transfer of the Senyavsky Castle in Berezhany by the local city community for the women's seminary, the content of the official correspondence of state and local authorities regarding the location and financing of the women's teacher's seminary in Berezhany during 1913-1926 has been revealed. It has been found that before the war, the magistrate of Berezhany had handed over a house and 1 ½ of morgue - land in the center to the needs of the seminary, but the construction of the seminary building had not been started due to the war. On March 5, 1915, the Ministry of Religion and Education in Vienna granted the Berezhany community an annual subvention of 6,000 kroons as donations to a house on a needs of a teachers' seminary. The war made it impossible to further pay that subvention in the school years from 1914/1915 to 1918/1919. Therefore, the school regional council, expressing a request to the magistrate of Berezhany, appealed to the Ministry of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to support the commitment of the Ministry of Finance regarding the annual subvention payment for 1919 and 1920. The Polish government refused any legal obligations to the Berezhany community to pay debts. subventions for the years 1914-1919 instead of the Austrian government. In the case of the seminary in Berezhany, the curator of the Lviv school district, in a letter dated January 4, 1923, proposed to accept the gift of the castle in Berezhany proposed by Mr. Yakub Potocki for the use of the teacher's seminary, which was rejected by the Ministry of Education of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, based on a careful analysis of the condition of the monument. As a result of an agreement with the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Religion and Education decided to distribute the community of Berezhany the amount of 20,000 Polish marks for the needs of the teachers' seminary. The article reveals that the historical experience of the formation and development of women’s education in Galicia on the example of the Berezhany Teachers’ Seminary as an important asset of Ukrainian science and education.

The microstructural evolution of the rail steels manufactured by Hanyang Iron Works was investigated through optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The OM and SEM images reveal that the microstructures are ferrite with a small amount of pearlite in the rail steel 1904, reticular ferrite and pearlite in the rail steels 1911 and 1921, and full pearlite in the rail steels 1917 and 1919, respectively. The EBSD results show that the rail steel 1904 holds the smallest average grain diameter owing to the pearlite with small size. Moreover, the average grain diameter of the pearlite cluster decreases in the rail steels manufactured after 1908, except for 1921, when it was on the verge of bankruptcy. The rail steels 1917 and 1919 exhibit a higher proportion of low angle grain boundaries and local misorientation with angles lower than 1°. Besides, the grain boundary misorientation holds a lower proportion in the range of 40~50° in the rail steels 1917 and 1919.

Franciszek Gawełek (1884-1919) był na przełomie XIX/XX wieku jednym z wiodących etnografów polskich. Trwale zapisał się także w dziejach bibliografii polskiej jako autor Bibliografii ludoznawstwa polskiego (Kraków 1914) i Bibliografii ludoznawstwa litewskiego (Wilno 1914). W 1918 roku podjął zabiegi o zatrudnienie na nowo utworzonym Uniwersytecie Poznańskim, które jednak zakończyły się niepowodzeniem. W następnym roku przystąpił do konkursu na stanowisko profesora na Uniwersytecie Lubelskim, którego władze postanowiły w roku akademickim 1919/1920 rozszerzyć swoją ofertę dydaktyczną o wykłady z zakresu etnografii i antropologii. Opinie o kandydacie przedstawione przez profesorów Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego i Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego były pozytywne, co sprawiło, że w połowie sierpnia 1919 roku F. Gawełek otrzymał od rektora ks. Idziego Radziszewskiego list z informacją o przyjęciu do pracy na Uniwersytecie Lubelskim na stanowisko kierownika Katedry Etnografii. Niestety katedry nie zdążył objąć, gdyż we wrześniu tego samego roku uległ śmiertelnemu wypadkowi.

The problem of the Dobrujan land frontier between the Bulgarian and Romanian national states, which officially came up after the San Stefano and Berlin (1878) peace treaties and was aggravated by the Peace of Bucharest (1913), dominated the bilateral relations for a few decades. The hereby study focuses on the period August 1914 – September 1915, when both South-Eastern European states were neutral towards the Great War. This context led to various proposals, projects and scenarios concerning the Romanian-Bulgarian relations and implicitly related to the fate of Dobruja. Our effort deals with three levels: the positions of the Great Powers, their relations with Bucharest and Sofia, and the direct relations between the two South-Eastern European states. Chronologically, this period is divided into several stages, marked by the Ottoman Empire’s entry in the war (1 November 1914), the deadlock of the negotiations between Bulgaria and the Entente (March 1915), Italy’s option to renounce neutrality (23 May 1915) and the onset of the final talks concerning Bulgaria’s option to join the Central Powers (July 1915). Among the most relevant sources, we need to mention the Romanian Military Archives from Piteşti and the works of synthesis written by the Bulgarian historians Georgi Markov, Ivan Ilčev and Žeko Popov, dealing with the period 1913-1919.

<p>W czasie I wojny światowej, w lipcu 1915 r. po ewakuacji władz rosyjskich, w Zamościu i jego okolicach z inicjatywy miejscowych prawników powstało sądownictwo obywatelskie. Funkcjonowało krótko, zostało rozwiązane przez austriackie władze okupacyjne. Utrzymano jednak sądy najniższej instancji, wiążąc je instancyjnie z organami administracji okupacyjnej i sądami wojskowymi. W Zamościu funkcjonował sąd pokoju i wojskowy sąd obwodowy (powiatowy). Po wydaniu przez władców Niemiec i Austro-Węgier aktu 5 listopada z 1916 r. zgodnie z zawartą w nim zapowiedzią przystąpiono do prac mających na celu przekazanie w polskie ręce wymiaru sprawiedliwości na okupowanych terenach Królestwa Polskiego. W dniu 1 września 1917 r. otwarto sądy królewsko-polskie, a wśród nich sąd pokoju w Zamościu. W wyniku inicjatywy władz miejskich Zamościa i lokalnych organizacji społecznych Rada Regencyjna Królestwa Polskiego podjęła decyzję o utworzeniu królewsko-polskiego Sądu Okręgowego w Zamościu. Został on uroczyście otwarty w dniu 1 czerwca 1918 r., a jego prezesem mianowano dotychczasowego zamojskiego sędziego pokoju Romualda Jaśkiewicza. W skład sądu weszło czterech sędziów okręgowych, czterech sędziów śledczych, a także prokurator okręgowy i trzech podprokuratorów. Stanowiska te objęli adwokaci, prawnicy pochodzący z Galicji oraz polscy prawnicy powracający z ogarniętej wojną domową Rosji. Niższe stanowiska (np. sędziów śledczych) obsadzane były również przez pierwszych aplikantów sądowych. W latach 1918–1919 można zaobserwować spory ruch kadrowy na tych stanowiskach. Okręg zamojski obejmował cztery powiaty: zamojski, biłgorajski, hrubieszowski i tomaszowski, z działającymi na ich obszarze 19 sądami pokoju. Wśród nich były dwa sądy pokoju w Zamościu, obejmujące tzw. okręg miejski i okręg wiejski. Na ich czele stali Zygmunt Kostkiewicz i Adam Sajkiewicz. W listopadzie 1918 r. sądy zamojskie zaczęły wydawać wyroki „w imieniu Republiki Polskiej”, a niedługo potem ich siedzibą stał się wyremontowany dla tych celów pałac Zamoyskich.</p>

This work provides information concerning the insufficiently studied period in the history of Sheremetev Hospital and Sklifosovsky Institute for Emergency Medicine in 1916–1925. The data of Russian historical and medical literature were used, some archival documents were introduced into scientific circulation, which explain the reasons for the significant reduction in the activities of the Sheremetev Hospital and the Hospice House in 1916, the closure of the hospital and the House in 1917, as well as the circumstances of the resumption of the Sheremetev Hospital in 1919, organization of the Moscow City Ambulance Station in 1919 and N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute for Emergency Medicine in 1923.

El presente artículo analiza el impacto de la presencia constitucionalista en Culiacán, capital de Sinaloa. Utilizando el método histórico, con base a una revisión documental de fuentes primarias del Archivo Histórico General del Estado de Sinaloa (1911-1915), Archivo Histórico Municipal de Culiacán (1911-1920); Archivo General de Notarias (1916); Archivo del General Jenaro Amezcua (1913); además de referencias bibliográficas de autores como Alan Knight, Paul Garner, entre otros, para comprender el periodo que transcurre de 1914 a 1920, durante la Revolución Mexicana en Sinaloa y Culiacán, se revisó el paso de las distintas facciones revolucionarias (maderistas, zapatistas, villistas) entre 1910 y 1915, acciones, naturaleza de las mismas, objetivos y repercusiones de su accionar. Entre los hallazgos de este trabajo se encuentran las modificaciones de las conmemoraciones de corte oficial como el Día de la Raza y la Revolución Mexicana, las cuales desplazan fiestas cívico-nacionalistas como el natalicio de Porfirio Díaz, entre otros. Los cambios se dieron principalmente en el nombre de las calles 2 de Abril, Martínez de Castro y Redo, Madero y Pino Suárez, 20 de Noviembre y Aquiles Serdán. Estas alteraciones fueron estructuradas desde las juntas patrióticas, espacios controlados por los ayuntamientos.

RESUMEN:El objetivo del artículo es aproximarnos a la controvertida biografía del comisario Manuel Brabo Portillo. El trabajo está basado en fuentes primarias y secundarias. El método utilizado es empírico. En el imaginario del mundo sindicalista revolucionario, Brabo Portillo era el policía más odiado, la reencarnación de la cara más turbia del Estado. Fue, así mismo, un espía alemán relacionado con el hundimiento de barcos españoles, el asesinato del empresario e ingeniero Barret y el primer jefe de los terroristas vinculados a la patronal barcelonesa. La conflictividad que afectó a España en el período de la Primera Guerra Mundial es fundamental para entender los orígenes del terrorismo vinculado al pistolerismo, que marcó la historia político social española del primer tercio del siglo XX.PALABRAS CLAVE: Brabo Portillo, pistolerismo, espionaje, sindicalismo, Primera Guerra Mundial.ABSTRACT:The objective of the article is an approach to the controversial biography of Police Chief Manuel Brabo Portillo. The work is based on primary and secondary sources. The method used is empirical. In the imagery of the revolutionary syndicalist world, Brabo Portillo was the most hated policeman, the reincarnation of the murkiest face of the state. He was also a German spy connected with the sinking of Spanish ships, the murder of businessman and engineer Josep Barret and the first head of the terrorists linked to Barcelona employers. The conflict that affected Spain during the period of the First World War is fundamental in order to understand the origins of terrorism linked to pistolerismo, which marked Spanish social political history during the first third of the twentieth century.KEY WORDS: Brabo Portillo, pistolerismo, espionage, syndicalism, First World War. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAisa, M., La efervescencia social de los años 20. Barcelona 1917-1923, Barcelona, Descontrol, 2016.Aguirre de Cárcer, N., La neutralidad de España durante la Primera Guerra Mundial (1914-1918). I. Bélgica, Madrid, Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, 1995.Alonso, G., “’Afectos caprichosos’: Tradicionalismo y germanofilia en España durante la Gran Guerra”, Hispania Nova, 15, 2017, pp. 394-415.Amador, A., El Terror blanco en Barcelona. Las bombas y los atentados personales. Actuación infernal de una banda de asesinos al servicio de la burguesía. El asesinato como una industria, Tarragona, Talleres gráf. Gutenberg, [1920?].Anglés, C., “Contra los sindicatos. Los procesos de la organización obrera. La impostura nunca ha sido justicia”, Solidaridad Obrera, 836 (1/8/1918), p. 1.Balcells, A., El Pistolerisme. Barcelona (1917-1923), Barcelona, Pòrtic, 2009.Ben-Ami, S., La Dictadura de Primo de Rivera (1923-1930), Barcelona, Planeta, 1984.Bengoechea, S., Organització patronal i conflictivitat social a Catalunya. Tradició i corporativisme entre finals de segle i la dictadura de Primo de Rivera, Barcelona, PAM, 1994.Bengoechea, S., El locaut de Barcelona (1919-1920), Barcelona, Curial, 1998.Bengoechea, S., “1919: La Barcelona colpista. 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U radu se propituju preteče razvoja medicine narodnog zdravlja od 1912. i djelovanje Andrije Štampara kao općinskog liječnika na području novogradiške Posavine od 1913. do 1918. Razmatraju se preteče medicine narodnog zdravlja kao pojave društava za čuvanje narodnog zdravlja u Beogradu i Zagrebu te povezanost Andrije Štampara s tim društvima. Analizom arhivskoga gradiva Hrvatskoga državnog arhiva, zakona, časopisa i novina pokušava se povezati teorijska faza djelovanja Andrije Štampara s praktičnom fazom koja započinje od 1912. radom u Karlovcu i nastavlja se preseljenjem u Novu Gradišku 1913. U radu se pokušava utvrditi koliko su iskustva u saniranju epidemija kolere i boginja u novogradiškoj Posavini i rad u ratnoj bolnici Crvenog križa u Novoj Gradiški utjecali na stvaranje osnovnih principa socijalne medicine i javnog zdravstva. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na set preventivno-epidemioloških mjera koje je Štampar primjenjivao tijekom epidemija 1913. – 1916. te ih je zaključno nazvao “savršenim”, što je pridonijelo i njihovoj implementaciji u postulate medicine narodnog zdravlja desetak godina poslije.

Cerebrospinal fever was rare in the British Army prior to World War I. An outbreak of the disease on Salisbury Plain in late 1914 posed new challenges. The War Office established the Central Cerebrospinal Fever Laboratory at the Royal Army Medical (RAM) College early in 1915 to conduct research, develop diagnostic tests and coordinate the military response. The Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) set up dedicated cerebrospinal wards for the hospitalisation and treatment of patients. The new Medical Research Committee (MRC) supported bacteriological studies of epidemic strains of the meningococcus responsible for the outbreak. The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, an independent research institution, acted as a key supplier of antimeningococcus serum. The mortality of military patients during 1915 was poor because the testing infrastructure was still developing, the RAMC had limited experience of treating cases, and the therapeutic serums available at the time seemed ineffective. The survival rate of home troops improved during the war—through the concerted efforts of the RAMC, MRC and Lister Institute—due to timely diagnosis, and early, intensive and prolonged treatment with improved serums. The Official History of the War highlights subsequent trials undertaken with strain-specific MRC serums in late 1918 and 1919 but fails to acknowledge that in late 1917/early 1918 the Lister Institute supplied the RAM College with large quantities of an efficacious multivalent serum and corresponding monovalent serums that were not included in a formal trial.